ow“

,w‘_ __. . ,. .._.......1_.._...__..

 
$2.:
A maifiinllic

E.
“I”;-\.
E
E

 
.1uIIlmHIl|lml|}|l|llilﬂ|mw-
lli............

   
“THE FARMER IS OF JIIORE CONSEQUENCE THAN THE FARM, AND SHOULD BE FIRST 1]|1PROTE1).”

:

VoL. 7,~—No. 14. 2)
WHOLE No. 118.

SCHOOLCRAFT, MICH., JULY 15, 1881.

_i. Your SrBscn1rT10.v
(will Expire with No.

Entered at the Post Oﬂice at Schoolcfaft
as Second Class matter.

Wu  titilsitsx‘

(E1Vl’LA.RG-ED)

Published on the First and Fifteenth of
every month,

AT FIFTY GENTS PER ANNUM,

Eleven Copies for $5.00.

J. T. COBB,‘ Editor and Manager,

To whom all communications should be addressed,
at Schoolcraft, Mich.

Communications for, and Correspondence relating
to the Agricultural Department of the Gnaxea Vis-
ITOB, should be directed to A. C. GLIDDEN, Paw Paw.

Remittances should be by Registered Letter, Money
Order, or Draft.

INDEX TO THIS NUMBER.

Old VVays and the New— Observations of Rev. Gabe
Tucker—Weeds——Boys-—Green Mani_ire—Cult1_va-
tion of Whes.t.—Corn Meal for Ch1ckens—W hy
Butter is Poor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l

i The Editor's Table—Freedom and Equality——The

Agricultural College» J ones‘ J oi tings——The Cypress
and Jessamine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..

Broad Wagon Tires—Good Roads—Merino Sheep——
The Fourth in western Oakland County—Annual
Picnic of Ingham Co. Pomona Grange—Adultera—
tion of Food—-What to Do with Our Daughters. . 3

Our Wanderings-—Prepa_ring for the Boston Meeting
—The Poorest Countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 4

The Years are Passing Byv—A Tax Comm_iss1on——A
, Rapid Stump Extra.ctor—Tuppe_i‘ on Aerial Navi-
gatiou—A Question of "Revision”——The Anglo-
French Tunnel—Who Saw It First—A Barrel Full
of Bees-—Excursion to the Industrial Exhibition at

Toronto——Notices of Meetings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . «J

M Husba.nd—What the Grange has Done for the
I‘armer—Laughter and Smiles——I-Iouse-Cleaning in
Crinkleton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 6

Sound Advice——The Cousins—Docks—The Great Ce-
lestial Event——Hay and Grain_Crops— Government
Appropriation in Aid of Agriculture-—Multum in
Parvo—-The Reaper Death . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I

The Machine and VVomen's Work—Ads . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Officers National Grange.

MAsran——J. J. TVOODMAN, (Paw Paw) Michigan.

OVEBsEEB.——PUT. DARDEN. - - Mississippi.
LEc'ruaan—-I-IENRY ES]-IBAUGH, - Missouri.
S'.l‘EWAB.D—-A. J. VAUGHN, - Mississippi.
Assr. S'rawsan—WlLLIAM SIMS, - Kansas

CBAPLAIN-—S. H. ELLIS, - — - Ohio.
TBEASUBEB—F. M. MCDOWELL, - New York.
SECBETABY—WM. M. IRELAND, Washington, D.C.

GATE-KEEPER--0. DINWIDDIE, - Indiana.
CmzEs~MRS. J. J. WOODMAN, - Michigan.
POMONA—-MRS. PUT. DARDEN, - Mississippi-

FLOEA-—MRS. I. W. NICHOLSON, - New Jersey.
Lam! Assr. SrEw.uzn— MRS. WM. SIMS, Kansas.

Executive committee-

D. WYATT AIKEN, - - South Carolina.
H, J AMES, - - - - Indiana.
W. G. WAYNE, - - - New York.

Officers Michigan state Grange. .

M.—-C. G. LUCE, - - - Gilead.
0.——A. N. WOODRUFF, - - Watervliet.
L.-—C. L. WHITNEY, - - - Muskegon.
S.—S. A. TOOKER, - - - - Lansing.
A. S.—A. E. GREEN, - - , Farmingt-on.
C.—SALMON STEEL, - Manton, Wexford Co.
T.—S. F. BROWN, - - - Schoolcraft.
Sac.-J. T. COBB, - - - Schoolcraft.
G. K.——-ELIJ AH BARTLETT, - - Dryden.
Cnans.——Mas. A. S. STANNARD, - - Lowell.
POKONA.—MB8. H. D. PLATT, - - Ypsilanti.
, FLOEA.—ME8. A N. VVOODRUFF, Watervliet.
L. A. S.—Mns. A. E. GREEN, - Farmington.

Executive committee-

THOMAS MARS, Chairman, - Berrien Center.
J. WEBSTER CHILDS, - - Ypsilanti.
F. M. HOLLOWAY, - - - Hillsdale.

J. Q. A. BURRINGTON, - - Tuscoia.
WM. SATTERLEE, - - Birmingham.
THOS. F. MOORE, - - - - Adrian.
JOHN PORTER. - - Grand Rapids.
0. G. LUCE, J. T. COBB, - - Ex-cﬁ-icio.
General Deputy.
C. L. WHITNEY, - - - Muskegon.

State Business Agent.
THOMAS MASON, - - Chicago, Ill.

Special Lecturers.

Thos. F. Moore, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Adrian, Lenawee Co.
Geo. W, Woodward. .. ......... . .Shelby, Oceana Co.
M. L. Stevens,.. .. .. . .Perry, Shiawassee Co.

 
Mrs. S. Steele, . . .Manton, Wexford Co.
L. B. Brown, ......... . . . . .B.awsonville, Wayne Co.
Andrew Campbell, ..... ..Ypsilanti, Washtenaw Co.
Chas. E. Mickley. . . . . . . .. . . ..Adrian, Lenawee Co.

PRINTED BY KALAMAZO0 PUBLISHING
Co., Pamrans an Pmausnaas, Kalamazoo.

\

   
iriiuliunl Eenvimni.

A. C. GLIDDEN, - -

PAW PAW.

THE OLD WAYS AND THE NEW.

I’ve just come in from the meadow, wife, where the
grass is tall and green :

I hobbled out upon my cane to see John's new ma-
chine ;

It made my old eyes snap again to see that mower

mow
And I heaved a sigh for the scythe I swung some
twenty years ago.

Many and many’s the day I mowed, ’neath the rays
of the scorching sun.

Till I thought my poor old back would break ere my
task for the day was done.

I often think of those days of toil in the ﬁelds all
over the farm,

Till I feel the sweat on my wrinkled brow, and the
old pain comes in my arm. ‘

It was hard work, it was slow work, a-swingin’ the
old scythe then;

Unlike the mower that went through the grass like
Death through the ranks of men.

I stood and looked till my old eyes ached, amazed at
its speed and power-—

The work it took me a day to do, it done in one short
hour.

John said I hadn’t seen the half: when he puts it
into his wheat,

I shall see it reap and rake it. and drop it in bundles
neat;

That soon a Yankee will come along and set to work
and larn

To reap it, and thresh it, and bag it up and send it
into the barn.

John kinder laughed when he said it, but I said to
the hired man,

“ I have seen so much on my pilgrimage thro’ my
three score years and ten,

That I wouldn’t be surprised to see a railroad in the
air,

Or a Yankee in a ﬂyin’ ship, a-goin’ most anywhere.”

There’s a difference in the work I done and the work
my boys now do;

In a-mowing the grass in the old slow way and
a-mowin’ it in the new ;

But somehow I think there was happiness crowded
into those toiling days,

That the fast young men of the present will not see
till they change their ways.

To think that I should ever live to see work done in
this wonderful way 2

Old tools are of little service ‘now, and farmin’ is al-
most play ;

The women have got their sewin’ machines, their
wringers and every sich thing,

And now play croquet in the dooryard, or sit in the
parlor and sing.

’Twasn't you that had it so easy, wife, in the days so
long gone by ;
You riz up early and sat up late_a-toiling for you and

There were cows to milk ; there was butter to make,
and many a day did you stand

A-washin’ my toil-stained garments and wringin’
‘em out by hand.

Ah ! wife. our children'will never see the hard work
we have seen,

For the heavy task and the long task‘ is now done
with a machine.

No longer the noise of the scythe I hear 2 the mower
——theFe ! Hear it afar 1‘

A-rattlin’ along through the tall, stout grass with the
noise of a railroad car.

Well, the old tools now are shoved away ; they stand
a-gatherin‘ rust, _

Like many an old man I-ve seen put aside with only
a crust ;

When the eyes grow dim, when the step is weak,
when the strength goes out of his arm,

The best thing a poor old man can do is to hold the
deed of his farm.

There is one old way they can’t improve, although it
has been tried

By men who have studied, and studied, and worried
till they die;

It has shone undimned for ages, like gold reﬁned
from its dross ;

It's the way to the kingdom of Heaven by the simple
way of the Cross.

—Roc7zesler Democrat and Cltronicle.

 H_

OBSERVATIONS OF REV. GABE TUCKER.

You may notch it on the palin’s as a mighty resky
plan

To make your judgment by the clo’es dat kivers up a

man ;

For I hardly needs to tell you how you often comer-
cross

A ﬁfty-dollar saddle on a twenty-dollar hoss.

An’, wukin’ in de low-groun’s, you diskiver as you

no.
Dat debﬁnes’ shuck may hide de meanes’ nubbin in a
row I

I think a man has got a mighty slender chance for
Heben

Dat holds on to his piety but one day out of seben ;
Dat talks about de sinners wid a heap o’ solemn chat
An’ nebber draps a. nickle in de missionary hat;
Dat’s foremost in de meetin’-house for raisin’ all de
chunes,
But lays aside his ’ligion wid his Sunday pantaloons !

I nebber judge 0’ people dat I meets along the way

By de places whar dey come fum an’ the houses what
dey stay ,

For de bantam chicken’s awful fond o’ roostin’ pretty
high

An’ de turkey-buzzard sails above do eagle in the

sky ,

Dey ketches little minners in de middle ob de sea,

An’ you ﬁndsvde smalles’ possum up de bigges’ kind
0’ tree . ‘

- Scribnerfor July.

Weeds.

At this season of the year when the time
of the farmer is all employed, and it seems
necessary that a week’s labor should be per-
formed in a day, weeds have such an im-
munity from cultivator and hoe that they
seem to take the liberty of occupying the
ground almost entirely. Knot grass and
purslain take possession of the garden and
strawberry bed, and the early attempts at
gardening are rendered futile by the rank
growth of this weed pest. The injury to
this year’s plants and vegetables is not the
only disagreeable part of it, for “ one
year’s seeding makes nine year's weeding ”
necessary. If mulleins and thistles have
not already been cut the seeds will soon ma-
ture and this annual pest is provided for.

“ Eternal vigilance ” is the price we pay
for some of the necessaries and many of the
delicacies of the garden. A row of Withers-
ﬁeld onions lifting their pale spires above a
sea of green is a sorry sight. A hundred or
so of strawberry plants (often the outcome of
the g0odwite’s importunity) struggling with
June grass and sorrel does not promise an
abundant supply for next year’s short-cakes.
A scythe is not a safe tool to subdue a. gar-
den with, but it is often the only recourse
where weeds are left to their own sweet
will.

There. are often spasmodic attempts at
producing some special crop, where the con-
tingency of cultivation at agiven time does
not enter into the account, and the result is
failure on account of the rampant growth of
Weeds at a critical time of growth. Cultiva-
tion of a crop cannot cease until the plants
are able to occupy_the ground to the exclu-
sion of weeds. The growth of many of our
garden products is not suﬂicient at any time
during the season to thus cover the.ground,
and a mortal battle must be waged against
these ravagers if the least measure of success
is attained. <

“ There is no perfectifin attained without
great labor.” “ VVhere one body is another
cannot be without displacing it.” Thus
both moral and natural philosophy teach us
that “ gardening for profit” means ﬁghting
as long as the enemy is in sight.

Boys.

There is a perpetual crop of boys growing,
and upon this crop depends the future of the
State. Is this crop cultivated as well as it
should be ‘3 Are there not weeds growing
about them, which are sapping their vitali-
ty ‘.’ Do they grow symmetrical, or are there
side branches that need lopping off‘? There
may be passion shoots, or vanity suckers, or
the rust of evil may have attacked their
leaves. Parasites innumerable may be suck-
ing the best blood of the boys. VVhatever
the inﬂuences that work to destroy the in-
cipient elements of true manhood they
should be promptly stamped upon and de-
stroyed.

Evil inﬂuences come so insidiousIy—they
so stealthily seek out and occupy the weak
points in a boy’s character, that they gather
strength from their immunity, and ere the
parent or guardian is aware of the danger,
the citadel is captured and given over to the
enemy. Idle hands, unoccupied time and a
free purse are the parents of much mischief
to boys.

The very best intellects run to smartness
rather than to usefulness. They readily
learn to sail a boat or to drive a roadster, but
fail in acquiring the necessary talent to run
a reaper or to bind grain. Their taste is ex-
ceedingly nice in regard to the quality and
cut of their clothes ; but they call their
father “ gov’ner,” or “ old man,” and are
insolent to the household. Quick minds
and capable brains are running the country
over empty handed looking for a chance to
win their fortune by their wits. An artes-
ian well of money springing spontaneously
from some convenient locality would satisfy
their desires probably, but the digging or
drilling for it would destroy its desirable-
ness. The effect of weak or lax government
is visible everywhere. A strong mixture of
Puritan discipline would be a healthy
remedy for much of the evil attending the
tutilage of our boys. It is a sad commenta-
ry on our boasted civilization that the lad
with. the fewest opportunities should be-
come the peer and even excel in true mainli-
ness those whom fortune has favored with
larger and better chances of success.

Whatever crop the future shall reap,
whether it be a crop of paintings, of poems,

of public honors, or constitutional safe-
guards, of virtuous behaviors, of religious
exaltations, of any of the virtues that in the
past have made men honored and remember-
ed. must come from the soil and be nurtured
by farmer’s ﬁresides. . From the quiet, stu-
dious, unobtrusive boys in the country
homes to-day will spring the world’s work-
ers of to-morrow. While the precocious,
forward, fast boys will seek their bread by
striving to win it from others rather than to
earn it by service to others.

There must be beginnings in every wor-
thy life. If youth is spent in folly, maturer
years will scarcely make up the loss under
the most favorable surroundings. “ VVild
oats” is a crop that never pays for the til-
lage. They are too apt to be transformed
into wild excesses and ruin the producer.
A boy’s will must be turned to virtuous
ways through love or law. \Vhen love
ceases to be eﬂicacious law must work the
cure. Happy is he whom love early turns
into wisdom’s ways.

The mother of “Washington was not at all
surprised when informed of her son’s
achievements. Her reply, “George was
alwaysagood boy,” told the whole story.
Good boys will still make good men, and we
still have room for many more VVashingtons.

Green Manure.

The following extract is taken from the
report of the Elmira Farmers’ Club, in the
Husbandman of June :_’:Zd:

It is the experience of all practical farm-
ers that green manure, to be of any value
to the present crop, must have time to fer-
ment and decay before the seed is placed
upon it. Thus it is better that the second
crop of clover be cut for seed rather than to
be plowed under and seeded immediately.
The fermentation produced by the green
growth acts injuriously to growing plants,
which the after stimulus will not effectually
cure.

The discussion was called out by a letter
of inquiry sent to the Club.

His query related to the management of a
ﬁeld in clover, which he desired to plow in
June, and sow to wheat in the fall. He
wanted to know if buckwheat sowed on the
freshly plowed land and turned under just
before seeding time would be preferable, as
a ﬁtting, to continued use of the cultivator

and harrow, keeping the earth light until
time to sow the seed.

PRES. M(:CANN.—I had an experience
applicable in making answer to that ques-
tion. I plowed a fair growth of clover in as
a preparation for wheat, but having need of
summer fodder I mowed part of the ﬁeld
and drew the crop off. The clover was in
full bloom when plowed in. Except the
fact that from part of the ﬁeld the crop was
removed, while in the remainder it was
turned in. the treatment was alike for all.
The wheat crop was better on that‘ part
which I mowed. Three or four years ago I
plowed clover in when it was in bloom, and
on part of the ﬁeld sowed buckwheat,which
was turned under when it had attained
about full growth. It was then in full
bloom. The ﬁeld was sown to wheat, and
the portion that had buckwheat plowed in
at the crossing gave a. poorer crop than the
part that was crossed without a crop.
Where the green buckwheat was turned in
the seed did not sprout so freely as the other,
the wheat did not do so well that fall, nor
at any time in the next season. I formed
the opinion then that buckwheat was not a
good crop to plow in as a ﬁtting for wheat.

A. H. GR1i‘i«‘1:\*.—My opinion is that no
green crop is good to plow in as a fertilizer
for any grain crop to follow immediately.

CHAS. HELLER.—I would not give three
cents an acre for green clover to turn under
as manure for wheat——nor for green buck-
wheat.

W. A. ABMsTRoNG.—You think dry buck-
wheat straw would have value?

CHAS. HELLER.—Yes; any dry straw is
good to plow in for some soils—not all.

W. A. ARMS’1‘RONG——I think it may be
accepted as fact that green crops plowed in
immediately before sowing wheat operate
injuriously to the succeeding crop. There
is hurtful fermentation of the green matter
by which the soil is rendered unﬁt for
nourishing the roots of wheat. So far Mr.
Heller is right, and Mr. Griﬁin’s view is
true. But considering improvement of
soils, especially compact soils, there is
positive beneﬁt in plowing in any green
crop, even of weeds. All vegetable growth
worked into the soil to decay becomes ulti-
mately vegetable mould that supplies nutri-
ment to plants. Exhaustion of soils does
not occur until the vegetable mould they
contain is worked out, and when exhausted
the surest restoration comes with vegetable
manures, whether from the stable, or from
straw, or the green growth. I would not
plow buckwheat in as a preparation for
wheat in the same season the seed is to be
sown, neither would I, under like circum-
stances, plow clover in for that use, except

as it might be turned in early—certainly by
the twentieth of .]une—as the beginning of
a summer fallow. But I should be sorry to
have the inipression made that the farmers
of the Club do not value clover as a means
of enriching land. There may be better
use of the crop than to plow in—no dodbt
there is—»but it must be apparant that any
ﬁeld crop has in it fertilizing matter. after
decay has completed the ﬁtting, and that
the presence of such matter in the soil tends
to iniprovement.

Cultivation of Wheat.

It is my firm belief that the real l‘e3z-Oil
why our wheat crops yield only half as
much as the English crops is that there
they utilize sheep as grain growers, while
we only consider them as wool and mutton
makers. I have heard an essay on " Slieep
as the Scavengers of the Farm,” meaning
probably " pickers up of unconsidered
[riﬂes ” in the form of weeds. Now, though
Iobject entirely to sheep being degraded
into “ scavengers,” l with admirable incon-
sistency, admire thein greatly in their oflice
ofdung-carriers. And with reason; for I
was born and l-red up to manhood in that
part of England in which the whole of the
farms are indebted for their very existence
as productive soil to the sheep-fold.

How many years ago the regular system
of folding first obtained, 1 never could ﬁnd
out. It is a very simple business. The
sheep go to fold about seven in the evening;
the next morning, as soon as the dew is o_[j',
they are let out and run on the natural
down pasture for an hour or two : they are
then allowed to feed on some early forage
plant-—rye, tares, winter barley, winter
oats; then a few hours on the downs again ;
another feed of forage plants, and about 4
I’. ii. they graze their way along the downs
to the fold. The enclosure of wattled hur-
dles ls arranged to accommodate a certain
number so that the land shall be properly
and regularly manured. The calculation is
that one sheep passing one night on one
square yard of land is equal, in money value,
to 3:5: 105. ($l7.~'>0) per acre; and it is upon
this basis that acts of husbandry, as they are
called, for which the incoming tenant has
to pay his predecessor, are valued. Think
fora moment of what passes in the fold
(luring the night. The land has been re-
cently plowed; the liquid and solid dejec-
tions are therefore easily absorbed, the oil
from the ﬂeece forming by no means an in-
appreciable part of them. The shee , many
weighing from a hundred to a hun red and
twenty pounds each, pass eight or ten hours
crouched on the same spot, and the pres-
sure of their bodies, together with the tramp-
ling of their tiny pointed hoofs, condense
and solidify the land in a fashion that no
roller could hope to emulate.—From “ Whezet
C'ultz/.re,” by Arthur Ii‘. Jenner Fust.

Why Butler is Poor.

An experienced dairyman gives the fol-
lowing causes which produce poor butter:

“A want of cleanliness in dealing
with the milk, and of. suitable dairy
rooms for setting the milk, well ventilated,
and free from any strong odor; leaving the
cream so long on milk that it becomes sour;
not churning often enough, churning at
wrong temperatures, or too fast, and not
stopping soon enough when the butter be-
gins to come; not getting out all the butter-
milk, or leaving too much water mixed with
the butter; over salting or using imperfect-
ly mixed, course, or inferior salt; working
the butter with the hands; want of tidiness
in preparing and sending it to market;
feeding cows on turnips, or other strong-
ﬂavored food, or giving them foul water,
or injudicious driving of the cows before
milking.”

Corn Meal for Young Chickens.

A correspondent of C-olman’s Rural World
sa s:

‘y‘ R-aw corn meal dough is unﬁt food for
young chicks. Neither is whole grain of
any kind suitable, or at least until they are
several weeks old. A chick when hatched
and for several weeks afterwards, is no more
able to properly digest whole grain than a.
younginfantis to digest meat and bread.
Young chicks do not have small stones in
their gizzards to assist in grindin their
food; and if digestion is imperfect y per-
formed, their bowels become disordered, and
many die from no other cause than improp-
er food. Do not permit them at any time to
have access to stagnant water, but supply
them with an abundance of fresh, pure
water, which should be kept _in the shade.”

OWING to the absence of suﬂicient elevator
storage in California, the farmers in that
State are subjected to a heavy annual outlay
for bags in which to ship their grain to mar.
ket. The consumption last year was 34,111,500
bags, at an average of 10; cents each, or $3,-
539,068. The total consumption there dur-
ing the year ending June 1, 1881, aggregated
174,205,700, at an average of 11-? cents,- or
$30,359,841. This outlay would be ample
to build elevators in every county in the
State. Why do not the enterprising Califor-
nia farmers join hands and build elevators

fjorfhemselves, as the Minnesota farmers
o‘.

 
$1.10 will pay for the GRANGE Vrsrron
and two copies of the Wool Growers’ Bulletin
for one year.

 
THE EDITOWS TABLE.

BY WILL M. CARLTON.

The editor sat in his sanctum,
His countenance lurrowed with care ;
His mind at the bottom of business,
His feet at the to of a chair;
His arm—chair an e bow supporting,
His right hand upholding his head,
His eyes on the dusty old table,
With different documents spread,— .
There were thirty long pages from Howler,
With underlined capitals to pad,
And a short requisition from rowler,
Requesting his newspaper stopped ;
There were lyrics from Gusher the poet,
Concerning sweet flowers and zephyrs,
And a stray gem from Plodder, the farmer,
Descriping a couple of heifers;
There were billets lrom beautiful maidens,
And a bill from a grocer ta 0,

And his best leader hitched to a letter,
Which inquired if he wrote it, or who?
There were raptures of praise from writers

Of the smooth and mellifluous school,
And one of the rival’s last papers,
Informing him he was a. fool:
There were several long resolutions,
With names telling who the were by,
Canonizing some harmless ol brother,
Who has done nothing worse than to die ;
There were traps on that table to catch him
And serpents to sting and to smite him ;
There were gift enterprises to soil him,
And biters attempting to bite him ;
There were long “ads” from the city,
And money with never a one.
Which added, “ Please give this insertion,
And send in your bill when you’er done,”
There were letters from organizations-
Their meetings, their wants and their law——
Which said, " Can you print this announcement
For the good of our glorious cause ?”
There were tickets inviting his presence
To festivals, parties and shows,
Wrapped in nctes,with “ Please give us a notice"
Demurely slipped in at the close.
In short, as his eye took in the table,
And ran o’er ink sputtered trash,
There was nothing it did not encounter,
Excepting perhaps it was cash.

dzummunitatiunz.

Freedom and ‘Equality.

Editor Visitor.-—As our article upon co-
operation was favorably received and pub-
lished by you in the VISITOR we feel
inclined to write once more. Our subject
will be found in the Declaration of Purposes,
“We shall advance the cause of education
among ourselves and for our children by all
just means within our power, and thereby
developa higher and better manhood and
womanhood.” In order to carry out this
principle of our Declaration of Purposes it
behooves us to become more fully acquainted
with the means within our reach, and strive
to understand the varied inﬂuences which
surround us and control our every action.

That a higher and better condition of life is
to be attained through certain educational
inﬂuences, is admitted to be possible, and for
the attainment of that object we are required
to labor. It is hardly possible to give a full
deﬁnition as to what constitutes education.
The world has always been governed by
certain minds who claimed to know and
understand all of the manifestations of
mind, as well as of matter, in the grand uni-
verse of formation. Through their inﬂuence
certain rules and regulations have been es-
tablished and ordained lor the government
of others without due regard to their rights
and happiness. It was long held that kings
had the right to rule by divine appointment.
and whoever doubted and opposed this gross
assumption of power was held to be a. can-

‘ gerous person and not suffered to live.

Standing where we do to-uay,near the end
of the nineteenth century,anu looking back
through the many dark centuries that have
rolled slowly away, we can clearly discern
a principle implanted in the lace that ever
has rejected these base and false assumptions
of power, and has demanded its God-given
rights and privileges OI life, liberty and
the pursuit of happiness.

The great mass of toilers in all of the past
ages have been looked upon as inferior beings
—very little above the brute———and like vessels
of clay in the hands of the mighty they have
been dashed to pieces by the Pompeys, Caes-
ars, Alexanders and Bonapartes, that the
great and lordly ones might retain dominion
and power. There is a principle controling
mind and matter which is ever active and
powerful, that cannot be crushed out. It
will not down, no fetters or chains can bind
it. It cannot be destroyed or annihilated.
It rises into higher and grander forms of
being after each encounter with opposing
forces. That little band of Pilgrims who

‘fled from the iron hand of tyranny and op-
pression, who dared to brave the storms of
the then unknown deep, the broad Atlantic,
was urged onward for the beneﬁt of man-
kind, for the elevation of humanity, for the
perfect. equality of man before the law with-
out regaxd to race, color, or condition,'by
this latent principle within, this unknown
power whhse manifestations are always on-
ward and upward. .

I need not stop here to repeat the glorious
history of our Pilgrim fathers; their con-
flict with the haughty and powerful foes to
fr.-e thought and progression, and also with
t..e wily craftiness of the red man of the
forest, for all know that they came out of
the ~-- conflicts nobly victorious; and that
they laid the foundation of a government so
oroad ‘hat all kindred, and nations, and
tongues may stand upon it; and so deep
that it re-is upon the eternal principles of
equity, equality and fraternity, so lost no

‘power shall nrevail against it or o‘ er - in it.
The indi i-. . al who to-day stands uror in-
mountain top, and takes an intellectual ob-

333

n ensues visiron.

JULY 15, 1881.

servation of the world, and notes the action
of the different nations of men, cannot fail
of discerning an undue excitement and ac-
tivity everywhere. The producers of wealth
are aspiring to work out a change in the
conditions of life surrounding them; yet
lacking the knowledge that would enable
them to surmount all difﬁculties and over-
come all obstacles, they are defeated at every
turn by their scheming and unprincipled
teachers and guides. The rights and regu-
lations of feudal times, as touching the
rights to life and property, are held as oblig-
atory and binding to-day by the majority of
laborers as in former times; and even in
this land of ours—the pride of civilization
and reﬁneme-nt—we ﬁnd men and women
who are inclined to listen to and heed the
instructions of teachers and leaders whose
whole efforts in life have ever been to blot
out these grand principles of freedom and
equality, recognized and established by our
Revolutionary fathers. They are using
every effort to rear up and sustain that
hydra-headed monster of class distinctions
in their stead.

Who can deny that the interest or labor
is not compelled to pay tribute to the triple-
headed king of the rail-—Vanderbilt, Gould
and Scott‘? Where is the power that can
check this king from levy in blackmail by
watering stocks, so that he may take all of
the proﬁts of productions, or as he terms it
“take all that the trade will bear” ‘3 Can it
be done by any proceeding in court, when
all ofthe judges hold their positions through
the inﬂuence of the king, and when the
attorneys also who exert any power in the
court are retained in his service '3 Can it be
done by legislation, when our legislatures
are ﬁlled by members who owe their elec-
tion to this king‘? That such is the «mac
was fully proven by the Hepburn commit-
tee. Where is the farmer who can say what
his farm is worth, or his other property
either, when there exists in our commercial
centers an organization of men who refuse
to sell a single seat in that body for $35,000
—one of the many stock-gambling dens of
this nation 1’ If those stock-gamblers, deal-
ing as they are in the productions of labor,
can make it pay to hold positions worth the
money oﬂered for membership, from
whence comes the proﬁts that must accrue
to the members of said board ? Does it not
come through speculative measures that are
brought to bear upon the industries of the
land ‘P How was it that Philip Amour rt Co.
of Chicago, by the handling of one article of
food alone, were enabled to clear some 356,-
000,000 during the past year or _so '3 ls it not
evident that there was a necessity forced
upon the producer and! consumer that en-
abled them to reap so rich a harvest. The
consolidation of the different telegraph com-
panies, and the full control of them vested
in the railroad kings. means that the laborer
is not to know what is going on in the com-
mercial business of the day. or derive any
beneﬁt from the same without paying them
a heavy tribute for it. That the Standard
Oil Company have been enabled to get con-
trol of the entire oil trade through the rail-
road managers’ giving them better rates of
freight, is undoubtedly a fact. This enables
them to ﬁx their own price on oils, yet the
supply is so great. that thousands of barrels
run to waste daily for, want of suflicient
storage.

These special privileges that we have
enumerated. and many more that might be
mentioned, have been conferred upon cer-
tain individuals by acts of legislation,
thereby enabling them to govern all of the
productions of labor, and to reap the greater
share of‘ proﬁts without paying any just or
fair equivalent for them.

W'e are all well aware that money and
transportation are the two great agents of
commerce and without them it cannot exist.
\Ve are also aware that the people, through
their representatives in Congress, have the
power to regulate commerce between the
States and with foreign nations, that is, to
govern and hold in check these two mighty
agents. ‘The national banking system, as
established by Congress, enables the bank-
ers to control and regulate the volume of
the currency and thereby regulate its value
as to its purchasing power, instead of Con-
gress. This monied monopoly has con-
trolled Congress for the past eighteen years.
they are possessed of power to increase the
value of their monied obligations in which
they deal to any extent their avarice may
crave, and to place a price upon any man’s
labor and property. and the law protects
them in it. To show the truth of this state-
ment we have only to refer to their late
action on the refunding bill lately passed by
Congress for the issuing of bonds at three per
cent., interest payable within twenty years,
in payment of other matured bonds at a
greater. rate of interest. The passage of this
bill by the Senate led to prompt action on
the part of the banks. Four of the ‘city
banks immediate withdrew their entire cir-
culation by depositing with the sub-treas-
ury, $2,110,000 to withdraw their bonds.
Something over $20,000,000 were taken out
of the channels of trade and commerce by
this monied monopoly to coerce, threaten
and menace every action of Congress in the
interest of the people. .

This monopoly has wrung from the neo-
ple'an amount of interest greater than the
bonded debt. We have paid ‘them in inter-
est alone one hundred million dollars more
men it cost to feed, pay and clothe our army

during the late war, and still they are not
satisﬁed. They desire to make the National
debt a perpetual burden to be borne by the
mudsills of society—— the laborers. The
other great agent of commerce—tran.sporta-
tion——is under the railroad monopolies who
are empowered to extort from producers and
the traveling public any price they choose
to exact, and no law passed by Congress re-
strainsthem.

As the intention of the Grange is to edu-
cate men and women into a higher condi-
tion of life, then most assuredly they have
got to see and fully understand the action of
these political and mercantile leaders who
are at work zealously in the interest of these
monopolies for the enslavement of them‘
selves and families. Men and women. and
even children must learn to study the sober
bread-and-butterquestion just as much as
bankers, stock gamblers, and railroad lords
study the methods of legalized and gilt-
edged thievery.

Let the Ncros sit upon the pinnacles of
enormous riches and ﬁddle away if they
choose, while our modern Homes are burn-
ing, but the man or woman who realizes
that his or her home or family is in danger
cares but little for the mocking music.

Studyingtbe bread-and-butter question is to
most of us not a very cheerful employment.
It is not strange to my mind that Brother
VVoodman,with his clear perceptions of the
condition of events hanging over the people
of this country, declared that the conflict is
upon us, and that every Granger is expected
to do his whole duty. This language cer-
tainly means that Grangers are expected to
work together to emancipate the laborer
from the oppressions forced upon him by
capital in a corporate capacity. Again, he
says every Patron should be an active,
thinking, working politician, doing all in
his power to influence for good the actions
of any political party to which he may be-
long. As Grangers we are friends of any
political party that regards our welfare, our
pocket books and our families, but we will
do our utmost to defeat any party that is
opposed to our reason ble demands. \Ve
want no special favors, int we demand that
we shall be equal before the law, thegovern-
men: and the courts, to any railroad man-
ager or capitalist, and we will not down or
be satisﬁed with anything less. -It is a fact
that cannot be blotted out, and of which the
different monopolies would do well to take
notice of and heed the warning given that
the industrial classes are arousing themselves
in the organization of the Grange-s, farmer
alliances, labor leagues and unions, anti-
monopoly clubs, «kc. The people are not in
a mood to be triﬁed with much longer, as
further forbearance will cease to be a vir-
tue. rother and sister Patrons, study well
the actions of our Legislative bodies, State
and National. As the stability of our republi-
can institutions are founded upon the intel-
ligence of the pebplc, it behooves us to be
diligent students and ever watchful, as it
has been said that " Eternal vigilance is the
price of liberty.” Let us not be wedded to
old ideas and old parties, but rather yield to
the n..eeds,necessities, and demands of our
times. Outgrow those old, obsolete and fos-
silized conditions and things. They have
had their day and performed their mission;
therefore let the dead bury the dead. Grow
in grace and the knowledge of the truth, for
the truth will make all free and enable us
us all to prove all things and to hold fast
that which is good and true and beautiful
everinore. IRA Siiirn, Lecturer.

{oxand Center Grange, .\'o. 5515.

The Agricultural College.

To tell of the good qualities of our friends
is a pleasant task, and while one would ex-
pect to hear the nest report of a person or an
institution from one of its most intimate
friends, yet he would be very apt to look to
an outside observer for a real or just esti-
mate of the value of a place or person.

Before I am done, you may conclude that
I am looking at this institution through
colored glasses. whereby its defects are
made to appear insignificant, while its
better parts have become magniﬁed into
almost perfection.

But having such an institution the ques-
tion naturally arises, “ What better is it
than other colleges: why should the farm-
ers scnd their sons to this particular place,
instead of any other one of the three hun-
dred American colleges ’.‘ ”

Of course I assume that you have already
long ago settled the fact that a college edu-
cation is a great advantage, and well worth
all it costs.

Having settled this question we naturally
look for the best institution in which to
place our sons. The course of instruction
at Lansing is cheap, can easily be obtained
by boys of the most straightened circum-
stances. I place this advantage ﬁrst, be-
cause Americans are intensely practical, the
question of dollars and cents being general-
ly the first thing enquired after.

You, no doubt, have all heard the story of
the professor in oneof our co1Ieges,who while
traveling in Germany met a German, who
at once notice-da red covered book in the
hands of the stranger, which the German
supposed to be “ Murry ’ asked the prof-
essorii he was in, liiigllshman. Be an-
swered in German that he was not. The
conversation iurned upon a work of archi-
iecture near at hand, and in the course of

their talk the professor raised the question
of cost. “Oh!” instantly exclaimed the
Ggrman, “you are an American.” f“ How
do you know that 2’ ” inquired the professor.
“ Sir,” continued the German, “ in a pecu-
liar tone of great solemnity, “upon the
resurrection morn when we stand before
the great white throne, the ﬁrst question of
every American in the assembly will be,
‘How much did that throne cost?’ ”

To the average farmer, the item of cost of
educating sons and «laughte.rs is one of very
great importance. ,Few can afford the
expense of a course at most colleges, where
the average student requires from ten to
ﬁfteen hundred dollars, but at Lansing the
course is within the reach of all. I have
seen the (wish books of several university
students, and I have been statistician at
the Agricultural College, and so have an
opportunity of knowing actual facts. The
average cost of four ye-ar’s life at college, in-
cluding board. books. clothing, etc., is at
Lansing about $700; while it is by no means
rare to ﬁnd a student paying his whole

expenses while at college by working extra.

time. Two in the class of '79 paid their
whole expense by their own exertions,
while at college; four of the previous class
did the same thing, and several of the pres-
ent class expect to be able to boast of the
same achievement. Other colleges claim to
be “cheaper than dirt,” if 1 may be
allowed the expression, but few offer their
students achance to exchange his surplus
muscle for board and lodging. Most farm-
ers think they can afford to send their boys
to the village school if theycan get a chance
for them to do chores for their board,.yet
when the State offers them a place to send
their boys where they may work for their
board, tuition free, they clutch their pocket»
books, and shake their heads. Give the
boys a chance ; help them what you are able
and let them go; ﬁnd a school for them to
teach during the winter; let them be econ-
omical, and at the end of four years they
are masters of a practical education, and
you will be none the poorer for your exer-
tions. ,

Second, the college is pr:--eminently a
farmers’ college. its primary object is to
raise agriculture to its proper level, to make
farmers of its students. and through them
to make the labor of the farm a pleasure
instead of a drudgery; to make the farmer
not only contented with his lot, but a lover
of his vocation.

By constantly keeping the mind upon the
different branches of agriculture, the
student soon can see it beauties, can feel its
pleasures; he comes to like it, and the
chances are he will follow farming after
leaving college. " But they don‘t,’-‘ some
one say. This is true to some extent. Our
college is young yet—was just old enough to
vote for Garﬁeld, and you would hardly
expect many of its sons to have attained
eminence at this early day. itill many of
her graduates have become tea«_-hers within
her walls, two have gone to Mississippi and
one to Texas as professors, during the past
year. There are very few agricultural colleges
in the country but what call upon our col-
lege for teachers, and many are already
supplied. More than one-half of the two
hundred graduates are engaged in tilling
the soil, while about ten per cent are follow-
ing kindred occupations, such as horticul-
ture, apiculture, etc. Show me a college in
the World besides this where students follow
their teaching more .closely. Law schools
graduate many not lawyers, medical col-
leges many not doctors. As for farmers,
Harvard sent out not one in twenty-four
years. Dartmouth graduated 1200 students,
not. one of whom became a farmer. Ripon
University,not one in eight years, while the
president of Valparaiso can only find’ 1:2. so

you see ifyou wish your sons to become farm-.

ers, keep them away from Normal schools
and universities. Four to six years away from
manual labor makes the work of the farm
appear like a mountain of hardship. Our
college is a farmers’ college. Of my class-
mates its‘ out of 19 have farmer parents, and
I feel proud to say that 1-5 of us are farmers
now. ‘Tis safe to send your boys there;
they will not be weaned away from the
farm.

Besides this, the course of study is prac-
tical. In chemistry the student must anal-
ize a hundred complex substances in accor-
dance with previous teaching. In stock-
breeding he must estimate the valuable
points of stock until he can do so knowing-
ly. This is not done in the shade of the
college building or in the class-room, but,
out in the ﬁeld where the stock may be ob-
served. In horticulture he plants, prunes,
beds, and grafts trees, gathers and markets
fruits,'an_d has care of fruit. and ornamental
tree«g<,,@¥h‘e lawn and nursery. In apicul-
ture he learns how to handle bees-—both
ends (and when the professor’s back is
turned can test the qualities of the'diﬁ“erent
kinds of honey). In surveying, actual ﬁeld
practice is required before becoming proﬁ-
cient. In short, all the lessons taught in-
doors are illustrated by practical lessons

outdoors. All is practical.

Many of you have heard of the tanner
who had for a sign a (-alf’.e tail drawn
through :2 knot -hole on-i his «mm, He had
noticed several nines 2 .siudimi.-i looking

man with eye-glasses and cane, intently
looking at the tail hon: after hour One
day the tanner accosted mm and asked him,
“ Do you wish to buy some leather?” He

replied. “No.” and further observed the
tail. The tanner then asked, “ Have you
hides to sell?” “ No, I am a philosopher,
a graduate of a college, and’ am trying to
satisfy my reason how that calf got through
that knot-hole.” He evidently was not
educated at the agricultural college.

The college is away from the city three
miles or more in a very healthy location.
Few students ever become sick while there,
and all become well developed physically-
the three hours’ work on the farm being
just enough to keep both mind and body in
the best possible condition. This labor
system encourages the student to respect
labor and not look upon it as degrading.
He there forms habits of industry which he
will carry through life. The object is to
reducate boys so as to return them to the
farm, and were they to study without man-
ual labor, few if any would ever recover the
disposition to perform the duties of the
farm.

The student also gets a general training
from his contact with students and profes-
sors, giving him a culture not found in
books, making him an intelligent and use-
ful citizen. '

I am sorry to say that his social inter-
course with the gentler sex does not lift him
up to a higher plane of morality and polite-
ness. The parsimony of former legisltaures
have deprived the boys of the rays of sun-
shine and crumbs of comfort, and while the
graduates come away with fair intellectual
training, yet they retire gems of awkward.
ness, not knowing how to act with that
grace and case that characterizes students of
schools where sexes are co educated. None
can deny the reﬁnement of ‘ladies’ society
or presence. We had one lady in our class
most of the course, and often has her ap-
pearance at the class room door, before the
professor arrived, caused chairs, chalk, and
chalk-erase-rs to cease ﬂying across the
room. Her presence has stopped the yel-
ling of ﬁfty boys, in an instant creating a
quietness never before known.

_ At the college the seeker after knowledge
can find a course of scientiﬁc studies em-
bracing nearly ﬁfty branches equal, if not
superior to any in the land. True the
college is young, but “ the proof of the pud-
ding is in the eating.” Of the work already
done she may well be proud. She may con-
gratulate herself upon the work of her sons.
She may point to the whole body, in the
spirit, of the Roman matron,saying, “ These
are my jewels.”

But there are other evidences of ma-
terial prosperity in our college. Other
States are following the example of
Michigan and their Agricultural Colleges
are looking to ours as an example, and occa-
sionally send thcir sons. The leading
Scotch journal sends a representative to
America to study our agriculture. in his
report upon the colleges of the land your
own is chosen best worthy of description,
and while he ﬁnds our agriculture some
two hundred years behind Great Britain, he
pronounces our college far in'advaiice ofany
in the Old VVorld.

Let me recapitulate: Our college is
cheap, within the reach of all ; the entrance
examination is ample, placing the college
within reach of the most advanced pupils in
our common district schools; the boys are
not weaned away from the farm, in other
words the work of each day prevents them
from becoming lazy ; the students have the
best of health, work being a panacea for all
the ills to which ﬁesli is heir; the college,
unlike the State university, does not ask
the Legislature for a $40,000 gymnasium;
the course is scientitlc—the farmer not hav-
ing time to study the dying laiiguage-s;
the boys are away from the iiiﬂiieiice of the
city. In short, our college is the best of the
kind and should receive our ll€&l‘l_\' good-
will and support, that it may continue in its
onward course of prosperity, the pride of the
farmer and the joy of coming generations.
C. B. PHARLES.
Bangor, Mich. ‘

 
lones's lottings—The Cypress and Jessamine.

.lr['r. Ed2'Ior:—A few days ago, when our
postmaster handed me my mail, I noticed a
covert smile stealing from the corner of one
eye, and upon examination found a package
addressed to “ J oel Jones.” You. I a_m sure,
are not aware of it, nevertheless “Joel
Jones” is a nom de plume who is occasion-
ally seen in the Roanoke Patron, our cosy
little Grange organ for North (Jaroliiia. I
had never imagined that our much-prized
little Patron had reached the conﬁnes of our
republic. to far-oil‘ Michigan, whose borders
are washed by the gentle swell of five lakes:
yet such seems to be a fact, and I am glad
to know that our little messenger is telling
to the world that the sparks of principle
which were kindled in the Northwest when
the “ Patrons of Husbandry” were organ-
ized are burning in North Carolina. I ﬁnd
the GRANGE VISITOR to be a nice, 40-001-
umn paper, which treats with much vim
and logical reasoning the laudable objects
which the Patrons of Husbandry have set
forth in their “Declaration of Puma-¢-.-c
May it grow in interest, and cuisine its 1-«rb
scription list to thrice eight tliousaim.

No doubt your many readers would like
to learn somewhat of the status of the
Grange and of the face of the country
of the old “Tar” State. scoffers did
at one time “dub” us “tar-heels,” but

I


JULY 15, 1881.

that is passing away, and when we recollect
that at Mecklenburg the ﬁrst principles of
republican liberty were enunciated, our
hearts swell with patriotic zeal, and we cry,
“ Three cheers for Carolina! ” Those prin-
ciples which actuated our Revolutionary
sires to spurn the heel of despotism actuate
the Patrons of,Husbandi-y of North Carolina
in bringing a solid front against fraud, cor-
ruption and confederated monopoly.

Our pine forests have in a great measure
disappeared, and in their stead the merry
song of the plowman is heard echoing down
our vales, while the white and crimson
blossom of the cotton plant and the broad
leaves of the rustling corn refract the rays
of old Sol as he lifts the curtains of night.
Our eastern counties are ﬂat, and diversiﬁed
with sounds, rivers and creeks—natural ar-
teries and veins to conduct to market the
superabundance of our proliﬁc State. Save
the low, alluvial bottom lands, our eastern
section might be called naturally poor, but
by judicious and systematic manuring and
cultivation,‘ in amount raised per acre we
will compare favorably ‘with any of our
sister Southern States in cotton, and sur-
pass many of theni in other products. In
middle Carolina ﬁne crops of cotton and
tobacco are raised ; and in the west no ﬁner
sheep walks can be found. Our natural
scenery is nowhere surpassed. In spring-
time our woods, with their verdant foliage,
dotted with the snow-white bloom of the
dog-wood, the embryo berry peeping out
ii the sly and beautiful expression in a
maiden’s eye; our swamps, with the giant
cypress towering heavenward and catching
the saline breeze as it sweeps from Atlantic’s
shore; and at their trunks the wild honey-
suckle with its variegated bloom; the wild
locust, with its pendant ﬂowers of vestal
purity; thejessamine,with its golden bloom
that so sweetly touches the olfactory nerve,
—stay the lover of Nature’s beauties and
cause him to say in his silent heart: “ Let
me live where the wood-bine twineth.”
Many more of Carolina’s beauties I might
mention, but space forbids. I would men-
tion hei-‘lovely daughters, but as I’m an old
bach., some fair sister Granger in Michigan
might say, “Joel wants some lady to change
her name to ‘ Mrs. Jones,’” therefore I re-
frain, but think the louder.

In our eastern section hydra-headed mo-
nopoly of the railroad kind is so evenly bal-
anced by competition in the carrying trade
by water, that when we'say, So far shalt
thou go and no farther, they listen. The
greatest imposition that is practiced upon us
is in manipulated guanos. There is no tel-
ling to what an extent the farmers in North
Carolina and Virginia have been humbug-
ged. Some renegade Grangers have gone
into the business, and have literally lathered
and shaved us. But bought experience goes
farthest. and this we won’t soon forget.

My epistle, Mr. Editor, has already grown
too long, unless it were more interesting.
We of Carolina send fraternal greetings.
VVith the kindest wishes for the success of
the Visrroii, I am

JOEL JONES:

Ha.ri;ellsville, N. C., July 4.

Broad Wagon Tires.

If the very conclusive statements made
upon this subject, published in your Visi-
TOR of June 1, needs conﬁrmation in the
minds of any of your readers, I respectfully
dffer the following 2

Pennsylvania was one of the earliest, if
not the very first, to make turupikes of
ﬁnely broken stone-—“ Macadamized,” as
now called. The incorporated companies
owning them soon discovered the difference
between broad and narrow tired wheels on
the roads, and as an encouragement to those
using their roads they reduced the tolls to
one-half on wagons with tires four inches
broad and upwards. It was not long before
nearly all four and six-horse “ Conestoga”
teams carrying “ goods ” to Pittsburg and
V‘Vheeling, and “ produce” to Philadelphia
and Baltimore,I believe all had tires over four
inches wide. Nearly all made their. tires
four and one~half inches wide to allow for
wearing away the edges and to prevent any
disputes over the width of the rounded (or
worn) tires. Some made their tires ﬁve
inches wide. '

Of course this was in the days before can-
als and railroads spanned the valleys,
rivers and mountains which divided the
“ backwoods” from the eastern cities——away
back in the writer’s childhood days of sev-
enty years 2130-

Vvhat astonishes me is that turnpike com-
panies should so soon learn the economy
of using broad tires on their roads, and the
farmers of the country be so many years in
ﬁnding out that broad tires will pay them
not merely in lessened tolls but in decreas-
ed wear and tear of wagon and harness, in
saving of time and patience, in increased
loading, in saving of horseﬂesh, and in im-
proved common roads, as well as in lessen-
ing cutting of sod and rutting of their
ﬁe1d_g! But as “ it is never too late to learn,”
we hope that those so deeply interested in
the matter.will. at least, experiment wisely
until they learn which pays best—narro_w or
broad tires‘ «_‘ A. B. G.

I'tica, N. Y., June, 1881.

?j 
V what sarcasticall
re£:arT:‘;s:T?‘1\Tﬁ:p;ll]i?;nf>f New York arg
“mg vaccinated. But whatjs the use of it .
They never catch anything. _

Good Roads.

Having mentioned broad-tired wheels as
a means of making and keeping roads in
good order, or rather as not injuring roads
as much as narrow tires, 1 present a few
words on the economy of making or keep-
ing our common roads in good condition.
As a rule, in every State I have visited and
lived, the system of road-making has al-
ways seemed to me not only most expensive
but most wasteful of time, labor, and money
—or taxes. Exceptions are to be found, but

they are, indeed, “like angels‘ visits, brief

and far between ”——(to give correctly this
oft-quoted seutimentas it appeared origin-
ally, and as common sense requires its
wording).

Everybody is or should be interested in
having even, smooth, compact roads. Even
those who seldom travel over them share
more or less in the taxes expended in their
construction and repair, and in the benefits
conferred on any community by their ex-
cellence.

“I am positively ashamed of our roads,
and feel as if I were personally disgraced b_v
living in their vicinity! 7’ said a public-
spirited citizen of a neighborhood of miser-
able highways. He felt that the communi-
ty would be considered below the average
for common sense and general intelligence,
and that ﬁrst-class families would not wil-
lingly make homes in a community char-
acterized by such thoroughfare:-:.

Be this as it may, bad roads denote bad
calculation and bad economy. The same
gains insured by broad tires are assured by
good roads—increase in loads, decrease in
time of hauling, saving iji labor and pa-
tience, wear and tear of wagon, harness,
horseﬂesh, and all the appendages pertain-

ing to teams and teaming. And to these

may be added, in many cases, increase in
the value of farms and lionies. And it is
believed that in the course of five (or at
most ten) years the well made and thor-
oughly kept road will cost less in money
outlay than the common road as now coin-
monly constructed and repaired. A. B. (G.
Utica, N. '1'., June, 1881.

Merino Sheep.

The ﬂocks of Merino sheep now owned in
the different States are descended from im-
portatioiis from Spain ; first in 1502, by Col.
David Huniphreys, about one hundred,
into COl]119CtlCllt. and in 1810 and 1911 by
Consul \Villiam Jarvis of \\'ethersfield,Ver-
mont, and others of many more into nearly
all the seaports of the United States. These
importations comprised selections from all
the best and most celebrated of the old
C-abannas or ﬂocks of the migratory
sheep of Spain at the breaking out of
the French and Spanish wars. At that
time these were the choicest and finest
wool-bearing sheep of the world ; they had
been preserved with the greatest care, and
with a few exceptions, granted as royal fa-
vors, had not been permitted to leave Spain.

The sheep as imported from Spain shear-
ed only about? per cent. of unwashed wool
to live weight of carcass, indeed selected
specimens rarely exceeded that, while the
average yield was much less. At the pres-
ent time_ whole flocks shear more than
twice as much, and the best specimens from
20 to 30 per cent. of wool. In some extreme
cases there have been 3.3 per cent. of un-
washed wool to live weight of carcass,the
growth of one year. Three selected im-
ported rams, at a public shearing in 1811.),
gave 7 1-10 per cent. of unwashed wool to
live weight, while those selected rams
shown in Vermont within ﬁve years gave a
yield of3l, 3:3 and 37 pounds of unwa:-:hed
wool that after thorough scouring for the
cards weighed 8l‘bs. <55 ounces, xlbs. 13
ounces, 9 lbs. 1] ounces; the live weights of
carcass of these three rams after shearing
were we lbs., 121 lbs. and 147 lbs‘. This would
give :27 3-10 per cent. of unwashed, and
7 1 10 per cent. of cleansed wool to live
weigh ; the latter it will be observed is the
same per cent. of cleansed wool as was given
of unwashed wool by the three rams that
were imported. Twenty one rams, from
which ﬂeeces or samples were taken to send
to the last Exposition at Paris, gave 22  lb
per cent. of unwashed wool to live weight:
nine of this number, whose live weights
averaged 120.}. ibs., gave an average yield of
a little of over :5) pounds each, or a per
cent of 24 1-10 to live weight of carcass.

The several Merino sheep associations are
doing a most useful work by investigating
the histories of these flocks of sheep, and
determining thejustice of their claims to be
recorded as pure bred Merinos descended
unmixed from the importations from Spain.
Since this work has been done, those who
would wish to purchase these sheep have
assurance that they have in these registers
protection against fraud and imposition ;
as a consequence, the demand for this blood
to start new ﬂocks and to improve old ones
has greatly increased and the price greatly
enhanced. Selected ewes sell in many in-
stances as high as one hundred dollars each,
and in some cases as high as three hundred,
and in some extreme cases, for very choice
ones, even higher; selected rams from one
hundred to five hundred, and some superior
celebrated rams from one thousand to two
thousand dollars. In the north-eastern States,
where these improvements commenced, and
where, favored by great natural advantages,
they have been carried to the greatest‘ ex-
tent yet attained, there has been very active
demand for breeding stock. During the
year 1880 over sixty carloads, containing
5,965 of these improved Merino sheep, were
sent West and South-‘Vest from one railway
station in Vermont, and smaller numbers
from smaller stations in other parts of the
State, though this being the central point of
shipment, in the midst of the section of the
State where these ﬂocks are most numerous,
these cal-loads probably embrace more than
half the number sent from the State during
the yeas.—ll{e7‘ino Sheep in the L’iu'i‘ed States,
by Albert Chapman. >

A YOUNG lady who has studied all the “ol-
ogies” wants to know if the crack of a riﬂe
is where they put the powder in.

seem risaieee

THE EHFFERENCE.

BY ALBEYNE H. WIGGINS.

Some always seek to get from men:
Some for themselves to get:

The first must coax. cajole. and then
Keep in .1 c-instant fret.

Now other men must have
V
Before they let us have:
So they themselves inust fuss and fret,
And dun, and plot, and crave.

or get

The man who fbr himself would get
Asks only help iroin Go-i.—

No cause to crave, to plot, or fret,
No toil;-tome road to p‘.o-i.

He trusts alone to Him whose lizini
Is full of endless wealth;

With faith in Him, he till: the soil,
And looks for food and health.

With quiet and repose he waits
His sure reward to see;

Ne‘er need accept of bankrupt rate.-
And ne‘er insolvent be,

VVhile those who lan to set from man
P Q
Have men also trying
To take their Sllilfé, and leave them bare-
Plotting, scheming, lying.

The lawyer, gaiinliler, trickster. knave.
All to the first belong ;

The farmer, who himself would save,
Shall e'er prove true our song.

And he shall know no blessing can
Be :isk'd upon those gains
Unjustly reft ftoni any man,
Nor earned by his own pains.

$nrre:.ipnndeitii-

The Fourth in Western Oakland County.

Bro. Cobb.-~'l'he 4th is past and the Pat-
rons of western Oakland county had an old
fashioned celebration on the banks of White
lake. The day was all that any one could
wish, and there were a great many people
there. It.\viis estimated that as many as two
thousand were present. We had the Hon.
Chas. E. Mickley to address us on the oc-
casion. He gave us one of his two-hour
speeches, holding his audience in wrapt at-
tention. They all spoke highly of it.
There were seven Graxiges represented-—
Milford, Commerce, Tenny Plains, \Vhite
Lake, Davisburgli, Independence and Gar-
land. Everything passed off quietly and
liarinoniously. l~‘i'aternally yours,

bins. ii. (I. .\'i-:w.\i.x.\‘.
Milford, July 6, 1351.

Annual Picnic of lngham County Pomona Grange.

The GKAi\‘GE \'isi'i‘oii of June 1-3, should
have" contained :1 notice of an interesting
meeting held in a grove near \\'illianiston
on the ﬁrst of June. The morning was
rainy, yet a good audience was preseift.
The members of Vﬁlliamstoii Grange per-
formed their part well. It is needless to say
that Brother J. J. \Voodmau and Thomas
E. Moore did well, for they always do.
This was a harvest fe.-itival held before har-
vest—held thus early to be sure, and also to
listen to an address from Brother \Voodman.
The next meeting of the County Grange
will be held some time in August with Aur-
elius Grange. W. J. Bl-IAl..

Adulteration of Food.

VVe continue our extrzic-‘ts from the paper
of George T. Angeli of Boston :

Dr. 0. VV. \\'iglit, in his prize essay before
quoted, names first in his list of foods dan-
gerously adulterated in this country——
Ll-LAD IN CA.\'XEl) \'l-J(iE’l‘.-xBLl-.15‘ AND .\1 l-ZATS.

In the Boston JO¢.t7‘7Z.a/ of C/’leml.st/';/ of
Noveiiiber, 1878, I ﬁnd the following:

“Attention has recently been called to a
new risk of chronic poisoning by the old
enemy, lead. \\'hat we call tin vessels are
in daily use in every household. They are
cheap. durable and convenient, and have
been considered perfectly safe. They are
safe if the tin plateis honestly made. But
unfortunately this is not always to be count-
ed on. Tin is comparatively cheap, but lead
is cheaper. and an alloy of the two may be
used with profit.

“ The alloy is readily acted upon by acids,
and salts of lead are thus introduced into
food. The Michigan State Board of Health
has lately been investigatingthis subject,

having been led to do so by a letter from a ‘

physician, who found that certain cases of
what had been taken for chorea were really
paralysis agitans, which could be traced to
-this kind of lead poison. Other cases were
brought to light in which children had died
of meningitis, fits, and paralytic affections,
caused by milk kept in suchvessels, the acid
in the fluid having dissolved thelead. Mal-
ic, citric and other fruit acids are, of course,
quicker and more energetic in their action
upon the alloy. The danger is greater be-
cause iead salts are cumulative poisons. The
effect of one or two small doses may not be
perceptible, but inﬁnitesimal doses, contin-
ually repeated, will in the end prove injur-
ious, if not fatal. Analysis of a large num-
ber of specimens of tin plate used in culinary
articles showed the presence of an alloy
with lead in almost every instance, and often
in large quantities. It is safe to assert that
a large proportion of the tin wares in the
market are unfit for use on that account.”
This is what the Boston Journal of C'he-m.z's-
try says.

The editorial article goes on to say: “ It is
stated by Dr. Kedzie [who is not onl Pres-
ident of the Michigan State Board of ealth,
but an eminent chemist] that a peculiar
kind of tin plate, the coating of which is
largely made up of lead. is coming into gen-
eral use for roofing-, eaves-troughs and con-
ductors, and it is suggested that much of
this lead will eventually be disssolved and
ﬁnd its way into household cisterns.‘ Sus-

ceptible persons may be poisoned even by
washing in this lead-charged water, and all
who drink it, even after it is ﬁltered, are in
danger of chronic lead-poisoning.”

In a subsequent issue of the Journal of
C‘/:emz'.str_y, January, 1879, appeared the fol-
lowing: “Dr. Emil Querner, of Philadel-
phia, writes us that he has tested a great
numoer of tin vessels from various sources,
andfound lead /in every case.” He adds.
"All my vessels for cooking, etc., are now
made of sheet-iron, and give satisfaction.”

This evidence, published in a scientiﬁc
journal, seems to me worthy of serious con-
sideration. \Vhat else is there to corroborate
and sustain it‘?

Professor Mariner says he has tested cheap
tin-ware and has no hesitation in saying
that there is great dange‘r in using fruits,
vegetables, meats o‘r ﬁsh put up in tin cans
of any kind, for they are liable to contain
lead and tin—both active poisons.

Dr. Piper says: “ I have been informed of

several cases of poisoning in this city from
the use of canned meats.”
’ Dr. Baker, Secretary of the Michigan
State Board of Health, wrote me March,
1380, of cases within his personal khowledge,
in which persons were poisoned and made
sick by eating peaches and pineapples from
tin cans.

\Villiani Jones, of Boston. Mass., reports
to me that he was severely poisoned —-vom-
iting, etc.—by drinking coffee made in a
new, cheap tin coffee pot.

In the Ilome Journal of May, 1879, I ﬁnd
the case of a family poisoned by eating bread
baked in tin sold from a five-cent counter.

From the Boston Transcript of July 30,
I371), I learn that several cases of sickness
have recently been reported at \Vorcester,
l\Iass.. from eating canned fruit and meats.

I have also an account ofa Brooklyn fam-
ily made violently sick by eating canned
cherries.

In the New York Wltn.e.s-s of July 17, 187%),
it is stated that illness from eating canned
food is much more common than is usually
supposed, and canned meats, corn, fruit and
ﬁsh are all cited as having produced sick-
ness.

In the same paper of July 24, 1879, J. R.
Buchanan, of Brooklyn, gives his experience
in being poisoned by eating tomatoes from
a tin can.

In the Boston Journal of June 17, 1880. I
ﬁnd the following dispatch from New York:
“Henry Davidson, wife and daughter are
seriously ill from eating canned corned beef.
Mrs. Davidson is not expected to live.”

Millions of these tin cans are annually
used in this country to supply our hotels,
restaurants, boarding-houses and private
families. In the competitions of trade there
are certainly great inducements for can ners
to ‘buy those which are cheapest and most
poisonous.

Personally, as at present informed, I pre-
fer to avoid,  far as possible, all articles
taken from tin cans. To enable me to do
this, the landlord of my hotel at the \Vhite
Mountains. last summer, ki_ndly gave me
the following list of articles which, taken
from tin cans, he was then using on his
table: Apples for pies and sauce, pineapples,
peaches, cranberries, pears, apricots, gages,
green corn. squash, pumpkin, Lima beans.
blueberries and tomatoes.

Considering the general lack of informa-
tion on this subject, and the great tempta-
tion to canners to buy cans as cheaply as
possible, it seems to me public health de-
mands that this gigantic business be at once

_ thoroughly investigated and made absolute-

ly safe.
(‘an it be made absolutely safe‘?
THE Rl~l.\1EDY.

Yes. Let honest chemists, paid by Na-
tional and State governments, be constantly
employed analyzing canned goods, and pub-
lishing in the reading columns of papers in
all our cities every article in which they ﬁnd
lead or other poison, with the name of the
caiiner. (Janners will then require f'roin

makers a guaranty of the safety of every-

can they buy. Cans containing a soluble
lead or other poison will cease to be manu-
factured, and canned goods, as a rule, will
be absolutely safe.

what to Do With Our Daughters.

Teach them self reliance.

'l‘each them to make bread.

Teach them to foot up store bills.

Teach them to wear thick, warm shoes.

Teach them how to wash and iron clothes.

Teach them how to make their own dress-
es.
Teach th.-in that a dollar is only 100 cents.
Teach them how to cook a good meal.
Teach them how to darn stockings and to
sew on buttons.

Teach them courtesy, modesty, patience,
and charity.

Teach them to say “ No," and mean it; or
“ Yes,” and stick to it.

Teach them to wear calico dresses, and to
do it like queens.

Give them a good, substantial, common-
school education.

Teach them that a good rosy romp is worth
fifty consumptives.

Teach them to regard the morals more
than the money of their suitors.

Teach them all the mysteries of the kitch-
en, the dining- room, and the parlor.

Teach them to have nothing to do with
inteniperate young men.

Teach them that the more one lives within
his income the more he will save.

Teach them that the farther one lives be-
yond his income the nearer he gets to the
poor-house.

Teach them that a steady, honest mechan-
ic, with fair wages, is worth a dozen loafers
in broadcloth.

Teach them the accomplishments, music,
painting, drawing, if you have time and
money to do it with.

Teach them that God made them after a
wise pattern, and that no amount of tight-
lacing will improve the model.

Rely upon it that upon your teaching de-
pends, in a measure, t e weal or woe of their
after life.

JUDGE CHAMBERS desires all attorneys
who have divorce cases of 18 to 20 years’
standing to bring them forward, ashe wants
to clear the books. A case dating back to
1862 was decided recently.

AN enterprising ‘Wall street man_ sold
several thousand copies of the old version of
the New Testament, in new binding. among
his brethren of the street, pretending they
were the revised version. ‘He’ cleared 100
per cent, and many of his victims have not
found out their mistake yet.

3

Michigan Female Seminary. Kalamazoo. Miclliullh

Modeled after the Mt. I-Iolyoke Seminary,
Massachusetts. Board and tuition, in_clud-
ing lights. fuel and furnished room, 3115 _f0l'
the school year; a reasonable charge for in-
struction in French, German. drawing and
painting. Fall Term begins Sept. 8, 1881:

The Seminary is free from debt. with
a proper number of well qualiﬁed in-
structors. Location healthy, grounds ex-
tensive and elevated, in full view of the
village of Kalamazoo. For catalogues giv-
ing full information as to course of studies
&c, address Miss CORNELIA EDDY, Princ-
ipal; or E. O. I‘IL'.\IPHREY, Treasurer,
Kalamazoo, Mich. 15jl1l3t

F. A. NClP..TH’S FEED RACKS.

My invention, patented May 10, 1881, re-
lates to a rack of peculiar construction de-
signed for the purpose of feeding sheep and
other animals, the structure being de-
signed with special reference to an equal
distribution of the feed, to the protection of
the attendant from the animals, and to the
points of cheapuess, durability, and facility
of operation. It will be noticed that the
rack constructed affords feed openings on
both sides, that the two independent
troughs prevent the animals on one side
from obtaining the food from those on the
other, and that by means of the central in-
ternal board the attendant can pass freely
back and forth through the interior without
stepping in the trough or having any in-
terfereuce with the animals outside, also
the strips or slats serve as a means of sepa-
rating the animals so that each may obtain
proper proportion of the food. On each
side of the Back I suspend by swinging
linksaboard in such a manner that the
board may be raised or lowered across the
outside of the feed openings to prevent the
animals from having access thereto, or ele-
vated above the openings so as to leave
them exposed. And standing at one end
you can elevate this board by one move of
as many racks in a line,and divide yourﬂocks
as you wish and do away with the old prac-
tice of shifting from one yard to another.
There are guards to throw the feed inward to
prevent the hayseed and other impurities
from entering the ﬂeece of the animals. It
is used with equal advantage for mush feeds,
grains of all kinds. and for hay. If there
is hay in the rack it does not prevent your
feeding grain in them. You can use the
lumber in your old racks. They can be
made of any length of lumber.

For further information, address :

F. A. l\'om'H, Inventor,
lonia, loiiia (Jo., Mich.

x 55.3. 1_jul6m

Il.\£[ICIEIIG~A.I3T CENTRAL R. R.
ni:PAR'rUici«.' or‘ 'Flli\T;:FRt))[ KALAMAZO0.
TlJll£~TABLf1::—;I.a\' 9, ism.

wF.si'wAicn.

Accouiniodutioii li-uses..-
" lAl'I'l\'81, _

Local Piisseiigor, _________ _.

Evening l‘lXpli‘a'.‘l,_..

Pacific l'Jxpi'e-as,

Mull ....... __ __ ____
Day Express _________________________________ __’

I-2.-\.\’l'\\'Ai{l').

VA 7 A. 31.19. 7E
2 25 ___---
ti so:

Night EXpl'l.‘H.'4 ________________________________ __
Accoiiiuiodation lr!:A\'(‘:9,___

“ arrives,"
Mull ___________________ _-
Day Express.
New York Expr 5,.
Atlantic Plxllrlﬁi

New York, Atlantic and Pdl‘lll\‘ Expresses and Local‘
gar daily. All other trains dnily except Sunday.

H. B. LEDi'ARD, Gen Manager, Detroit.
E. C. Bi=.owN, A.-1s't (len. Supt., Jackson.

KAI.AMAZl)i) DIVISION TIME TABLE.

(Time 1.’. iiiinzite.-i faster than K:Llal1.l>JZ00.)
(ioi.\'i‘. :~l()L"I'l{.
 '.v'v&cNi'&ii "’

Ilixpress. Ex at M:W“y FL
.lirim~i Pmpids ................ _. sou AM 475137;}, 5"{xTA§
.Allegan ____ ._ ll 17 “ 7 ii 05

. Kalamazoo _ '
. Sclioolcr:ift _ _

. Three P.iv<-rs---
. White Pigeon.-.

. Ulevelziiid

rioi.\':; N<)i'.'i‘i{.
'1:\' Y & B ’N’i1ic,,,'. 
1|-ix & M I-Iiipre.-i.s.,? ' 8-V Fr‘
.. Buffalo _____________________ __ 1 2 ;;=,A'§
. Cleveland _ 4 :: 7 my --
. Toledo ______ _, _,_1<_:o1AM10r,U u _
. White Pi,c;eou__. “ :5 35 pm 3 45 M‘
. Three Rivers _ 400 -- 1,, W H
. Schoolcrai"t ___ ‘ _ 4 35 u 12 1” P“
. Kalnni:w.oo__- . 1 “ :’>oo “ ' 1 44) .;
. Allegan ____ __ “ I 005 in
“ l 7 2:) “
All train-4 ctiiinect at White Pigeon with triliiis on inainyliue.
A. ti‘, AMGDEN,
Supt. Kaliniiizou Division, Kalamazoo.

CHICAGO it GRAND ruuivxmnarnvvav.

Corrected 'l‘ime-Table—Ma_v 15, l38l_
WE5T‘V;\RD.

H}. Day17.‘;\agi'uaw,(‘.’
Express..‘ Express. j kc ‘_
,_l§o.‘{. lilV'l).4. : ‘

. 7 15 AM 4 1.-’T_

" A ‘ £5

.. Port’ lIuTon _____________ _;_;;_

i)?y"’i='tEl"ii‘“."‘
,Express. Express. ).nx°d-
vi No.1. V No.3, -1"» 11-

D4

I -

e..-. -
oooct.-in-Efbn‘ I” ‘v

Lapeer __
[inlay City_____
“ G. T. Junction- l ,
Port Huron _____________________ _,, 9

omxumo-nuns
,;.:,.;—i;ai<,»--

All trains run by Chicago time,
Sunday.
CEAE. 3. PECK. S. R. CALLAWAY.
Traﬂic Maiiager. General Superintendent,
For information as to rates, apply to E. I’. K . load
Ag-iut, S-shoolcraoft. Mich. “W

All trains daily except


no em» shitty.

" ._ .»"-zv':-,w-‘:\v~-:-«e’se4.r.*a-.-stave,’-;.~;»;-g 

4

. TEE: GRANGE VESETQE.

JULY 15, 1881.

SCH()0LCRAl‘Ti.Ti. W .{t%Li7{i;{

I§euela:I-’$§

sa,----

milmul.

Scsoorcaxrr.

J. T. Co

OUR WANDERINGS.

We can hardly say that by the “ advice
and consent” of anybody to whom our
time belongs, we turned our back upon our
business on the afternoon‘ of the 30th of
June, to make one of the number of the
ﬁrst excursion party of the season-

“ FROM DETROIT TO THE SEA.”

We only remember we did not stop for
advice, but had the consent of Sister Cobb,
and that secured, we deemed sufficient to
justify our starting.

Taking the Grand Trunk R. R.,we reached
Port Huron before 10 P. M., which gave us
an opportunity for a good night's sleep.

VVe had ample time the next morn-
ing for viewing this little old town
which the old Peninsular railway, with-
out credit or capital, struggled so des-
perately for years to reach. VVe now call to
mind but two evidences of itsvage. The
first a ﬁne row of shade trees a foot in
diameter along the street outside a poor
dilapidated old side walk that had gone to
decay some years ago, and this, if not a
proof of the age of the city, is good evi-
dence of the energy of the city fathers.

The excursionjrain of ﬁve Pullman and
two common coaches did not reach Port
Huron as early as expected, and we did not
get away from Point Edward, on the
Canadian shore of the river, until about one
o’clock.

VVe do not propose describing with
anything like minuteness either the
country, or ',the line of our route, or the
incidents of our trip.

The level country of western Canada,
where farmed at all, showed fair crops. The
system of plowing for all ﬁeld crops in
narrow lands or ridges seems novel to a
prairie farmer, but its necessity on those
low, ﬂat lands is very obvious. Provision
must be made for the escape of surplus
water before the crop is drowned. C

VVe reached the old city of Toronto about
sundown, and were met by the Toronto
Press. and here the

MICHIGAN PRESS AssoCIATIo.\'
badge gave its wearers more importance
than his fellow excursionist who was with-
out this brand. As this was
DOMINION DAY,

a sort of Canadian Fourth of July, the city
was in good trim, and the people were all in
their holiday attire. VVe were at once es-
corted to the Rossin House, where a grand
banquet had been prepared for this ﬂock of
Michiganders who, for the time being, were
representatives of the ‘whole Michigan
press. It is perhaps sufficient to say that
the banquet was superb, and served in the
most acceptable manner, and the speeches
full of wit, patriotism, and good will. It
was particularly noticeable that every allu-
sion to a union of Canada with the States
was most loudly applauded.

Soon after nine o’clock we returned to the
train,accompanied by our Canadian friends,
who. after much handshaking and many
expressions of good-will, gave us a rousing
parting hurrah as the train moved out of
depot.

It may refresh the geographical knowl-
edge of some, to mention that Toronto is sit-
uated on Lake Ontario near the upper end,
and that here the G. T. R. R. ﬁrst touching
the lake, runs down near its shore line all
the way to Kingston, which is situated at its
foot and at the head of

THE GREAT sT. LAWRENCE RIVER.

We reached Kingston about sun rise, and
found the “Cultivator” in readiness fora.
day’s run down the river. Our party of 175
were all soon on board, and with the prom-
ise of a bright day everybody was in the
best of spirits, and looking forward to the
luxury of having a little danger sandwiched
in from time to time on our route down the
river, as we coursed through its dashing,
rushing rapids. VVe were soon steaming
out on the brtﬁd bosom of this mighty river,
and our whole company, scattered over the
deck of the brave steamer,were enjoying the
scenery of

THE “THoUsAND ISLANDS.”

Much as all were ﬁnding life and health in
the bracing air and the unusual sights of our
surroundings, the rush to the breakfast
table at the ﬁrst call took all the poetry and
romance out of the situation for the time
being.

With little reason to complain of the fare
or the attention given to our wants, we were
3003 glad to escape from the heat and crowd
of the dining room tothe freedom of the

‘M deck.

we made but two stops of about two
minutes each during this trip of about
twelve hours, the ﬁrst at Prescott totele-
g,4h the “Windsor” at Montreal the
number wanting supper, and the second to
take on the old Indian pilot, Jean Baptiste,
who, it is said, has stood at the wheel of
every vessel that for pleasure or proﬁt has

ventured to run the gauntlet of rocks of the
Lachine Rapids for thirty years.

The day wore on without noticable event,
and all seemed to take solid satisfaction as
we gathered aft, when we neared the several
rapids‘ of the river. From the start the
wheel was manned by four men whose care-
ful, watchful attention to business served to
awaken apprehension of the presence of a
positive danger, as well as to encouragea
feeling of security and conﬁdence that their
skill was sufficient for the work they had
undertaken.

The Lachine Rapids are but a little way
above Montreal, and are by far the most
rapid and dangerous of all the rapids of this
great river, which during the day we had by
turns seen‘ expand into a width of ﬁve miles
and then contract to less than a mile. At
these narrowest points were the several
rapids, and when, as at the Lachine, im-
mense rocks came near the surface in the
rapid current there is no safety in navigation
outside the skill of the pilot.

Just above the Lachine, the whistle call
for the “big Injun ” brought every one to
the deck, and a small boat pulling out from
the shore became the chief object of inter-
est until its more important occupant,
Jean Baptiste, clambered up the side of the
steamer, and without a halt ascended from
the deck by the ladder to the wheel house.
With a cheer for the swarthy hero of the
hour,who modestly seized the wheel and for
a brief time took charge of our lives, our
fortunes, our sense and our nonsense, we
turned our attention to the grand prospect
before us.

“ sHooTING ” THE RAPIDS.

As we approached the rapids the real
danger of making the “shoot” became to
the timid painfully apparent. We had
been making good time all day and were
now on the verge of a rushing tide among
the rocks and dashing currents of the mad
river at a railroad speed of half a mile a
minute, as we were assured that a run of
three and one-half miles would be made in
seven minutes. In the distancewas the
city of Montreal, and spanning the noble
river from the city front was the famous
tubular Victoria bridge, all clearly within
range of our vision. But the wild waves of
the rapids in their mad ambition to wear
away the ﬁrm,unyielding rocks, and the no-
ble vessel, directed by the keen eye and skill-
ed hand of her stalwart pilot, bravely strug-
gling with the reckless whirl of angry wa-
ters, enlisted every thought and feeling,
until a backward look with a sense of relief
showed the rushing tide behind us.

THE VICTORIA BRIDGE. iv

Attention was now directed to the Victoria
bridge which we were rapidly approaching,
and which in the distance seemed likely to
.scrape offour ﬂag staﬁ" and smoke stack, if
not the walking beam of the engine. But
we soon glided down between the massive
center stone piers of this immense structure
and came to realize that their great distance
apart caused the bridge to look much nearer
the water than it really is.

CITY or .\IoNTREAL.

VVe soon steamed to the wharf of the old
city of Montreal and were soon en route for
Windsor House. It had been a day to
many, if not to all the party, one of unusual
enjoyment, and as we fancied, long to be
remembered as a. bright spot in life’s jour-
ney. But as we crossed the threshold of the
VVindsor House and faced the bulletin board
with its withering announcement, “ Presi-
dent Garﬁeld is shot and cannot live,” we
forgot the Thousand Islands, the mighty
river, the whirl a11d surge of the rapids, and
the exhilaration of a day of brightness and
joy was suddenly extinguished as we joined
with swelling hearts our great nation of
mourners.

The Montreal Press, which by arrange-
ment was to meet and greet us, was not pres-
ent, for greetings were not in order. Ata
later hour, however, a meeting was held
but without banquet, without music and
joy, for a later telegram announced the death
of the President. The genuine sorrow and
sympathy of our Canadian friends was well
expressed, and after a few speeches the
meeting adjourned for a half hour, with the
understanding that the excursion party
come together and take formal action ex-
pressive of our feelings under the circum-
stances. The meeting was held, a series of
resolutions adopted, and the Secretary
instructed to telegraph the same to all the
Detroit daily papers at once.

A committee was appointed to obtain
crape which, by resolution, was to be worn
by the members of the excursion party for
thirty days. The crape was purchased, but
a Sunday morning dispatch prevented its
distribution, and without knowing what
became of it, at this writing, July 11, we are
not without apprehension that we shall have
occasion to wear it.

The Sunday we spent in Montreal we
improved by visiting several churches,going
ﬁrst to the magniﬁcent cathedral of Notre
Dame. Our friend Smith of Centreville
determined to make our blue ribbon of some
use, and so sought out the chief janitor, who
we take it from his uniform of blue, with
scarlet vest and lace trimming, holds a posi-
tion of some consequence, and impressing
him with the importance of the Michigan
Press Association, a few of us obtained an
introduction tothe musical director of the
institution, and ﬁnding grace in his sight,

we were seated in‘, front of the mammoth

organ in the upper gallery on each side of
this musical director, where we had a splen-
did view of the interior of the building, and
of the imposing service from ﬁrst to last.
After being so handsomely treated it is per-
haps not in good taste to criticise the ma-
chinery of this religious performance, and
so we quietly leave the splendid cathedral
of Montreal.

A brief survey of the city after dinner
satisﬁed us that Montreal with its $20,000,000
invested in churches has dverdone this busi-
ness. The general appearance of the city is
good, her streets were clean, and her people
all orderly and well behaved,-and this con-
dition of things where ﬁve-sixihs of the
inhabitants are Catholics, and as it seemed
to us, had too much religion altogether, is a
reﬂection on our orthodox cities on this side
of the river,where saloons are open on Sun-
day and little restraint is imposed upon all
sorts of wickedness.

Aside from its numerous and expensive
churches we remember but one other thing
specially noticeable in Montreal and that
was its one-horse vehicles. Everything in
that city is drawn by one horse. Their ve-
hicles are heavy enough for two horses in
any other part of the world, and strong
enough to lasta century with good usage.
Their poor horses are ﬁt subjects for sympa-
thy, and if Iam ever to be a horse I don’t
want to turn up in Montreal.

At 9 P. M. we re-embarked on board the
Pullman sleeper, found our places, and in
twenty minutes were crossing the St. Law-
rence enveloped in the darkness of the tubu-
lar bridge, an iron structure, which with its
approaches is nearly two miles long. Our
second night in a sleeper was spent more
comfortably than the ﬁrst. And when we
crept out in the early -morning of the glori-
ous Fourth we found we were at Island
Pond, just within the Green Mountain
State,and were informed that we would soon
cross the Connecticut river and reach Gor-
ham in the State of New Hampshire, where
we might very properly begin to celebrate.

We arrived at Gorham, the railroﬂd point
where the tourist to the White Mountains
takes breakfast—and old-time transporta-
tion,the old Concord stage coach. Every one
was ready to leave, with satchels in hand,
and this crowd of Wolverines in a very few
minutes was each trying to get to the break-
fast tables of the Alpine House just a little
ahead of his fellow passengers. This is a
town of something over 1,000 inhabitants,
and a very considerable number of them
had found out before we did that this was

THE GLORIOUS FOURTH.

The patriots of the place, young and old,
male and female, were out to celebrate, and
led by a grand marshal and his aids, with
the Gorham Cadets hard by, with their fol-
lowing, all in grotesque costumes and hid-
eous masks——the prospect for a ﬁrst-class
celebration was satisfactory. With barrels for
drums, or music by the barrel, and other
devices for making a racket, our party had
a reception worthy of the day and the place.
In fact, it wasjust so much more than the
bill called for.

VVith platform tops prepared for the oc-
casion in their wagons, were the representa-
tions of different crafts, all hard at work.
Nor were the arts alone remembered. On
one wagon, mounted in position to scan the
heavens, was a huge wooden telescope, and
a nimble fellow appeared to be hunting for
another comet. There were numerous mot-
toes, of which we made no note, but a
familiar name, painted in letters more bold
than beautiful, on the last wagon, attracted
our attention. “ H. P. Smith’s Milk Wagon”
had a half barrel of water with a pump in
it. A genuine Yankee was vigorously
working the handle, as, with a cunning,
satisﬁed look, he pointed to the signiﬁcant
words suspended over the pump, OUR BEST
Cow!

Our stay at Gotham of a couple of hours
covered a most excellent breakfast and part
of the Gorhamites’ celebration of our Na-
tional holiday. In the meantime teams and
coaches to accommodate 150 had arrived
from the Glen House, and we hurried on‘
board as though it was the last chance.
With a bright day and favorable conditions,
we reached the celebrated Glen House, eight
miles distant, intime for a late,which means
a fashionable dinner.

About three o'clock four teams of six
horses each, with full loads, started for
the summit. Of the rest, some took a drive
to Glenn Ellis and other places of interest
within easy reach, while others rested from
travel and made themselves acquainted with
their immediate surroundings.

We went with a party of eleven (the
standard coach load) to Glenn Ellis, four
miles away, which is a beautiful water-fall
of some 100 feet, in a woody ravine reached
by a serpentine path and a series of rickety
stairways among huge rocks, delicate ferns
and wild surroundings.

Although this has been a fashionable sum-
mer resort for many years '_for those who
have time and money at their disposal, yet
Nature’s beautiful arrangements at Glenn
Ellis have remained undisturbed except by
the ambitious tourist, who, determined to
transmit his name to the next generation,
has cut the letters in the bark of a tree, ere
he turned his back forever upon this wild
gorge of the mountain.

But a new tent, a rude forge, and a couple
of rough, honest looking natives, who were
sharpening a drill near our path, awakened

s

a suspicion that man’s curiosity or cupidity
had at last invaded Glenn Ellis. A half-
hour later we followed their dim footpath
among the trees and rocks down the ravine
some twenty rods and a hundred feet below,
and found where they had made an attack
on the side of the mountain and were then
patiently urging an inch hole into the solid
rock in search, as they said, of silver. We
acbepted and stored with our collection a
chip of rock, which will become more valu-
able when the Glenn Ellis mine shall have
enriched these old grey workers and made
this White Mountain region more famous
by the development of its mineral wealth.

Before sundown we had returned to the
Glenn House. which, with its surroundings,
is entitled to a brief mention. It is simply’
a resort for the curious, the pleasure-seeker
the tourist and the city idler, with accom-
modations for nearly 500 guests. Mr. Mil-
liken, owner and manager, has provided all
the ﬁxtures which the idler requires to make
him happy, from a ﬁshing rod to a billiard
table, not forgetting the bowling alley or the
bar. Large parlors, with elegant ﬁxtures
and musical instruments. are; available for
those who appreciate such luxuries. The
house,with its thirty rods of front, overlook-
ing its neat park and fountain, presents an
imposing appearance. Convenient to the
house are barns and stables for the 130 horses
and vehicles required to do the business of
the hotel between Gorham and the summit
of Mt. Washington.

VVe were somewhat surprised to learn that
a stock of cows sufficient to supply the house
was kept on the premises, as we had seen
little land hereabquts that could be classed
as cow-pasture or meadow. We sallied out
to ﬁnd the cows, thinking that their actual

presence might satisfy us either that cows

can live on spruce browse and solid rock, or
else that this is a better farming country
than we had supposed. We soon found the
man who knew all about it, and he showed
us the 45 head of cows. ,To us they were a
funny lot—one old native, probably, with
some blood, and all the others Jerseys and
Swiss, pure bloods, or grades between these
two. It was claimed that the cross im-
proved the milking qualities in regard to
quantity without injury to the quality of
the famous Jersey. These and two dozen
young cattle were all raised on the farm, ex-
cept the imported stock, and somewhere
among these mountains were found pasture
and hay for all these cattle.
MOUNT WASHINGTON.

Starting at eight o’clock sharp on the
following morning, with six good horses
and a good driver, we got off with a party
of eleven on the ﬁrst coach. or rather wagon
—for the coaches are not run to the summit,
they are too heavy. After the ﬁrst forty
rods,‘ the ascent was constant nearly every
rod of the eight miles to the summit of
Mount \Vashington—the highest point of
land, or rather rock, there is in New
England. The day was bright and warm,
and we had little use for the overcoats that
we were advised to wear. From the Glenn
House several patches of snow could be
seen in the direction of the summit. . For
the ﬁrst three miles we wound our upward
way through a spruce forest, and further
along we had dwarf spruce, until everything
that aspired to a tree dwindled away, and
we reached the level of all rock. In due
time the summit was reached, and we were
in the shade of the Tip-top House, a glimpse
of which can be seen from the Glenn House.

Here close to its porch was standing the
engine and coaches that had climbed up the
cog railway 3} miles long from its junction
with a branch of the Boston, Concord &
Montreal R. R. on the opposite side of the
mountain from the Glenn House.

This cog railway is a novelty, made ex-
pressly to climb a mountain side. Between
light rails, in the center of the track, is
spiked two continuous angle-iron rails four
inches apart, and connected every three or
four inches by heavy bolts, riveted ﬁrmly
through the angle iron. A heavy cog
wheel attached to the axle of the little
engine mashes into the spaces between these
bolts, and hold the train from slipping back,
as it is propelled up the steep grade of the
mountain. Soon after we reached the
summit, other teams that we had sometimes
seen following our devious mountain road
began to arrive, and soon the summit was
swarming with relic hunters.

We found a pile of rocks had taken on
habitable shape for a printing oﬁice, and
within was Editor Rose, who issues from a
steam press a daily sheet, Among the Clouds,
during the season of travel, which is sold
for the modest sum of ten cents, “ mailed to
any address.” Nor is this all, for besides the
Tip-top House, (which is really a large hotel,)'
and quite a large stable, there is an observa-
tory, built for private speculation, but now
rented by the Geodetic Coast Survey in
behalf of our Uncle Samuel. So said the
gentlemanly youth, Mr. Louis J. Tyson,
who, sitting by the door-way, was engaged
in the pleasant occupation of relieving those
who were anxious to get 30 feet higher than
the top of the mountain, of the triﬂing sum
of ﬁfteen cents, and as we were only up a
mile and a quarter, and by doing our own
climbing, could, for half a cent a foot, get
nearly two rods higher, of course we all
went up. When I say all, I am not quite

sure whether I should include a couple of

potato bugs that I observed marching in
solemn silence down a hand rail, away from

the door of the building. Nor do we know
whether this collection was in the interest
of the lessee or owner.

In a clear day the city of Portland, 67
miles away, as the bird ﬂies, can be seen;
also the Green mountains of Vermont in
the opposite direction, and many points of
interest away in the distance. '

But we are making too long a letter and
already suspect that when we get home we
shall ﬁnd on our table from some good
brother or sister our own prescription,

“ Boil it down.”

“ PRACTICAL Husbandry.” This essay
needed “boiling down” to make it accept-
able.

Preparing for the Boston Meeting.

A meeting of the commissioners to make
an exhibit for the State at the Boston meet-
ing of the American Pomological Society,
was held on VVednesday, the 6th, at Kala-
mazoo. All were present, viz: T. T. Lyon,
J. G. Ramsdell, Prof. W. J. Beal, W. K.
Gibson, E. Scott. ‘During a portion of the
time C. Vt’. Garﬁeld, H.lG. Wells, H. D.
Adams, Mr. Stearns and  Scott were
also present. T. T. Lyon was elected Pres.,
VV. J. Beal, Sec’y, and W. K. Gibson, ﬁnan-
cial manager. The State was divided into
ﬁve districts, "one for each commissioner,
who will collect fruit and forward to the
rooms of the State Horticultural Society in
Lansing, where T. T. Lyon will assort and
repack the very choicest specimens only,1)y
the 13th of September. Prof. Beal will
attend to the mode of exhibit and decora-
tion, collect some of our wild fruits, nuts,
berries, ﬂowers. etc. Sec’y Garﬁeld will
prepare a pamphlet on the advantages of
-Michigan, for distribution in Boston. An-

other meeting may be held in Lansing.
‘ VV. J. BEAI,

The Poorest Countries.

The last number of Bradstreeﬂs contains
a letter from London upon the state of trade
in England, in which is this rather signiﬁ-
cant sentence: “Individually, the people
of India, China, Turkey, and the rest of our
best customers, are perhaps the poorest on
the face of the globe." This is true, and
one of the reasons why the people of these
countries are the poorest on the face of the
globe is that they have been England’s best
customers. Turkey used to have manufac-
turing industries of a great and important
character, and some of her fabrics were
marvels of texture and ﬁnish. But Turkey
was governed by imbecile and greedy sultans
who wanted money, an England had
money to lend. She lent it upon conditions
which forbade the imposition of duties
which would have protected Turkish indus-
tries, and the result was the destruction of
those industries and the impoverishment of
the people. India once produced the very
ﬁnest and delicate of cotton fabrics, but she

could not protect them with a tariﬂ‘, and so ‘

English manufacturers have almost des-
troyed them, and about once in ten years
the land is swept by a famine which counts
its victims by millions. Ireland was equally
helpless, and Englishmen tramped out her
manufacturing industries. Ireland, also, is
one of the poorest countries in the world,
and at brief intervals is ravaged with famine.
China used to make, and still does make, to
some extent, textile fabrics of high quality;
but England forced her manufactures upon
the country and ruined native makers by
loading the market with cheap cottons con-
taining nearly -30 per cent. of adulterations,
and so China has become one of the poorest
countries. England is now playing a simj-
lar game in Japan. She has managed to
get that country into such a position, by
means of a delusive treaty, that Japan can-

not create a protective tariff, and so, while '

British cheap and nasty goods are pouring
into the islands, the Japanese industries are
prostrated, poverty and distress are prevail-
ing among the people. and the government,
unable to get enough revenue from taxes or
customs, is upon the verge of bankruptcy.

“ These are the practical effects of the
operations of the glorious principle of free
trade. Observe that wherever England has
had the power to take forcible possession of
a foreign market she has done so, and in
every instance without a single exception,
she has brought poverty and destruction.
Observe, also, that there is not in the whole
worlda country strong enough to protect
itself with a tariff against British rapacity,
which has neglected to do so. This is not
alone true of all the independent powers
upon this continent and the continent of
Europe, but it is true of such dependencies
of the British crown as Canada and Austral-
ia, whose people know that England will
never dare to attempt to treat them as it has
treated the people of Ireland, India and
Japan. This is an aspect of the matter
which Amercan advocates of free trade
never like to discuss. They are more fond
of considering the subject theoretically ; and
naturally so for these reasons: The facts
concerning India, Ireland, Turkey, China,
and Japan are patent to everybody, and no
amount of sophistry can,de rive them of
their force. There can be only one explana-
tion of the fact that every nation with
which England trades freely is a poverty-
stricken nation, while every nation which
has a protective tariff‘ is more or less pros-
perous. It is still another fact, unpleasant
for free traders, that the countries most
strongly protective, France and the United
States, are the most prosperous. Moreover.
no free trader ﬁnds it agreeable to try to ﬁnd
an answer to the question: Is it possible
that England understands the real interests
of the people of this country, of Canada and
Australia, and of all the nations of conti-
nental Europe, better than they understand
them ‘? N 0 man who is not an idiot would
attempt to answer that question in the af-
ﬁrmative. A plausible theory is good
enough until it has been proved and found
to be worthtess in practice. This is the kind
of practice to which Mr. Cobdens theories
have been subiected, in so far as they apply
to other countries than England, and the
worthlessness of them for anybody but
Englishmen is apparent in the comparative
condition of the countries which protect
themselves and those that are unprotected.”
—Philadelphia Evening Bulletin.


,.. .._..-._.........._..
,_ ......,..«. ..

JULY 15, 1881.

THE YEARS ARE PASSING BY.
The years are passing by Y
‘Ye watch, as from an open door,
Their passage through Time’s corridor;
Each shadow, in its falling, slopes
Across the grave of buried hopes ;
The pulse of being slower beats
Through VVinter's snow, through Summer's heats,
And faith and hope and love grow cold
As we grow old—as we grow old !
The years are passing by !

The years are passing by !
Time’s record hath such pages blurred
With hasty deed, with bitter word ;
Such sad mistakes mark all life's years
“We scarce can read because of tears ;
“'9 see dead faces on the walls,
We hear dead voices in the halls,
We touch some hands on bended knee,
“'e kiss some lips we cannot see-
The years are passing by !

The years are passing by !
They carry with them as they go
The rain, the sunshine, and the snow;
They leave behind the drift of days
Wherein ea/ch soul some penance pays ;
Some hopes we have, but not our own,
Some loves we cherish, not alone ;
And there are leaves and faded ﬂowers
That tell sad tales in memories hours,
The years are passing by l

The years are passing by !
The seal of silence on our lips
VVe closer press. Time’s umbra dips
To deeper darkness down the lane
Through which we walk to hide our pain.
We smile and smile as one who bears
A life untouched by grief or cares,
But when in solitude we wait,
VVe how our head at sorrow’s gate.
The years are passing by!

The years are passing by!
Another joins the passing band!
Oh, is there not some other land
Where compensation for all ills
The measure of life's being fills?
We wait the answer. but in vain,
The shadow fails, a sense of pain
Bests on us whereso'er we go
And whispers of the sod and snow.

The years are passing by!

A Tax Commission.

Under an act of the last Legislature, Gov-
ernor Jerome has appointed a tax commis-
sion to take into consideration the various
questions relating to taxation. The com-
mission met at Lansing recently, and pre-
pared a circular for general distribution, for
the purpose of eliciting all the information
possibleas to the views of citizens of the
State upon this most important subject.
The points most enquired about cover the
ground very fully, and all interested will
have a chance to make suggestions on asub-
ject that aﬂects them vitally. The circular
in question is as follows:

The undersigned, members of the tax
commission, appointed under a recent act of
the Legislature, are desirous of gathering in-
formation and obtaining suggestions upon
the subject of taxation. For that purpose we
respectfully request you to answer the fol-
lowing questions, viz :

1. Should church property be taxed ?

2. Should property owned by a church
society in excess of a ﬁxed amount be taxed ‘I

3. If you answer the last question in the
aﬁjrmative, then state what amount should
be ﬁxed for exemption.

4. Should any personal property be ex-
empt from taxation ‘.7

5. Should the present method of paying
highway taxes by labor be changed so as to
require payment in money?

6. VVhat proportion of personal property
and credits, in your opinion, escapes taxa-
tion 1’

T. \Vhat rate of interest should be charged
on delinquent taxes?

8. Sho ld delinquent taxes be carried by
the State or by the several counties?

9. Should persons liable to taxation be re-
ouired in all cases to make a sworn state-
ment of their property ?

Lastly, state brieﬂy what defects you have
observed in the present system of taxation
in this state, and what changes should be
made to remedy those defects.

Please answer at your earliest conven-
ience. and address your reply to “ Tax
Commission,” Lansing, Mich.

Yours truly,

JOHN Moons,

E. O. GROSGENOR,
WM. CHAMBERLAIN,
C. A KENT,

H. H. HAT(‘H.

A Rapid Stump Extractor.

The Toronto Globe gives the following
account of a rapid movement in stumps
which recently took place: " A farmer
near Indianapolis had been wrestling for a
few weeks with the stumps on a newly
cleared farm. Becoming tired of the work,
be conceived the idea of using dynamite on
a large scale. A few days ago he invited his
neighbors to witness the simultaneous blow-
ing out of forty acres of stumps. Holes had
been drilled and cartridges inserted in every
stump, and the cartridges connected by
wires with an elecLric battery. On the word
being given, the electric current was put on.
The work of explosion was satisfactory,
every stump being blown to atoms. Some
of the fragments were driven 300 feet. This
simultaneous process might be of great
advantage in such work as the running of a
railroad through a new country, or in any
other work in which time is of great conse-
quence. The liability to accident would be
less if the dynamite were used in this way
than if many small explosives were used.”

Tupper on Aerial Navigation.

Martin F raquhar Tupper writes to the
London Telegraph: “Thirty years ago _I
wrote an “Essay on Flying,” wherein it
was demonstrated that what was necessary
to enable man to ﬂy (whether as a bird or
in a machine) was not so much the levita-
tion princi le—-the balloon—as force, the
cannon ball: I used the expression, that
what we want to be invented is “tame
gunpowder,’ some projectile power under
regulated control. Now, the last exploit
of scientiﬁc invention, that of M. Faure
as conﬁrmed by Sir William Thomson-
storage of electricity—gives us exactly the
required power; and it only remains with
our mechanicians to invent a machine im-

lled by this force to enable man now, at

ength. to reign overkhe realm of air as he
does over earth and sea and ﬁre. We have
toolong been'ﬂouted,_not only by eagles,
but b gnats, and it is full time that we
comp etc the subdual of the planet which is
our present heritage.”

1'33 GEANQE-’ . V1 335?”?

9

A Question of “ Revision."

Mr. J. R. Keene, the owner of “Foxhall,”
the colt which recently carried away “the
grand prize of Paris” appears to be also a
teacher or promoter of morality, using freely
from his abundant means with that avowed
intent. Portions of a reporter’s interview
with him are as follows :

“Do you win much money?” “Not a great
deal. The ﬁrst prize is worth about $30,000
After giving $2,500 to my trainer and a like
sum tothe jockey, and going the rounds
with my friends, there will not be much
left.” “How about bets?” “I only wagered
a small amount; just enough to make it
interesting, because I do not run my horses
to make money.” “Only for pleasure?”
“ Not so much for pleasure as to encourage
sporting. There is nothing that will take
young men away from the gambling table
more effectively than the legitimate running
of horses.”

In view of such sentiments so conﬁdently
expressed, is there not a call to revise a
great deal of popular opinion on the subject
of horse-racing? True, the beneﬁcent
effect mentioned, pre-supposes the young
men to be already at the gambling table,
but of what practical use is a remedy with-
out a disease or case to which it can be
applied ‘.’ Those much-to-be-pitied innocents
who have hitherto supposed that horse-
racing led to the gambling table, instead of
from it, should be allowed to revise their
standard of judgment and henceforth
govern themselves according to the new

ictum. True, also, that “the legitimate
running of horses” implies that there are
other ways of running them, and the nice
trick may be to determine which is which.

But in the absence of any proof to the
contrary, we may assume that the run-
ning in the case above alluded to was of the
legitimate kind, and that young men were
taken from the gambling table, and kept
away long enough to see Mr. Keene’:-:. horse
win the $30,000 prize, not to mention small
amounts required to make the thing inter-
eating. We are not only permitted to
admire his devotion to the young men, but
actually enabled to put a. a cash, value upon
it. We will suppose other expenses to have
been equal to the fees paid the jockey and
trainer, making ten thousand dollars in all,
and the “not much left” to be perhaps as
much more. This would leave ten thous-
and, besides the small amount wagered and
won, to be expended in “going the rounds
with his friends.”

Right here comes a point on which the
unitiated require light and knowledge. How
is this “ going the rounds” done, and why is
it so expensive?” If Mr. Keene and his horse
were both on the same side of the Atlantic it
would be natural for friends to call to see
the horse and congratulate the owner, and,
in such a case, those who came from a dis-
tance might expect an invitation to dinner,
or, in rare instances, entertainment for the
night; but even then it would require a
long time and a great many friends to use
up any such amount of money. When we
remember there were ten starters in this
race, and begin to compute the aggregate
expenses, including the fabulous amount
of betting done, all of which was a loss to
those who paid it, we get a faint idea of the
cost of taking young men away from the
gambling table, by this newly promulgated
process. It seems to be, too, largely a ques-
tion of heads, since the colt “won by a
head,” and it must be all “by the head he
has got on him” that the virtue-loving Mr
Keene is able to see such great and good
results where others would naturally look
for effects of an opposite nature. VVhen the
different kinds of racing have been deﬁned
and classiﬁed, so as to show to a certainty
which are “legitimate,” it is to be hoped
that the managers of Agricultural societies,
as well as the owners of young men and
young horses will have something reliable
for their future guidance.—0. _2'n Husband-
man.

The Anglo-French Tunnel.

Recent cable dispatches announce the
complete success of the preliminary borings
fora tunnel under the English channel, in-
dicating that the work might be completed
within ﬁve years. Amore extended report
ofthe proceedings at the recent meeting of
the South-eastern Railway Company, in
London, shows thata gallery seven feet in
diameter has already been driven from the
shaft nearAbbots’Cliﬁ‘ for half a mile to-
ward France, and an agreement has been
made to push forward a similar headway un-
der the sea for a mile on each side of the
channel. At the present rate of progress
this will probably be done within the next
six months, and then it is expected that the
further nine miles, on each side of
the channel, will be undertaken at
once. All theconditions seem favorable to
the project. The soil is found to be exactly
similar at both ends. It is as we expected,
gray chalk, impervious to water; and there
is every reason to anticipate that it will be
found to stretch in an unbroken bed across
the channel. If this anticipation is realized
the making of the tunnel is only a question
of time and money.

Who Saw It First?

The question of who discovered the pres-
ent comet has become a most momentous
one. Over 500 persons have laid claim to
the honor and the VVarner Prize of $200, and
all of them are within comparatively the
same time. It is desirable that no injustice
be done in this matter, and to this end all
parties who saw the comet during the week
ending June 25th, or previously, will please
forward their claims without delay to Prof.
Swift, Director of the Warner Observatory,
Rochester, N. Y. It is certain the discov-
ery Was made by a private individual, but
who that individual is remains to be seen.

AT a. meeting of the canal boatmen in New
York City recently, it was stated that unless
areduction was made in elevator tolls, in-
surance, wharfage, etc., the canal ﬂeet at no
distant date would be forced out of the trans-
portation business. The amount paid for
elevation of 8,000 bushels of wheat is 3540,
while the actual expense is about $14. The
items of expense on a boat load of 8,000 bu.
of wheat from Buffalo to New York were
given as follows: At Buffalo, scalpage, $14;
tug towing, $5; insurance, $18; trimming
cargo, $10. Total, $82.80. At New York-
Hudson River, towing up and down, $49;
elevation, $40; wharfage, $150; average
shortage, $12. Total, $232.30. Receips for
freight, $340. Balance left to feed teams,
pay hands, repairs, living, etc., $107.70.

Excursion to the Industrial Exhibition at Toronto,
September 14. 1881.

DOMINION GRANGE, SI-3C'\"S Oli‘FICE,‘L
Toronto, July 6, 1851. J

Recognizing the fact that farmers gener-
ally deeire to attend the fall exhibitions held
throughout the country and especially those
held in prominent cities, where extended
facilities and ample accommodations are af-
forded, the Executive Committee of Domin-
ion Grange felt they would be extending a
favor to the farming community as well as
others, could they provide them an opportu-
nity to visit——at much reduced ratee—the
coming Exhibitions of the Toronto Indus-
trial Exhibition, which promises to surpass
all other exhibitions previously held in the
Dominion, they have therefore much pleas-
ure in announcing that they have made ar-
rangements for a grand gala day—to be
called the “farmers’ day”--at the above-men-
tioned exhibition, the day appointed to be
Wednesday, Sept. 14th, Wednesday of the
second week ofthe Exhibition. In addition
to the interest in the exhibition itself,which
will be at its height that day, as all stock,
agricultural implements, fruit, vegetables,
and in fact every department will be full at
that time. presenting such an exhibition as
has never before been seen in Canada. Be-
sides this we propose having some promi-
nent agriculturists from the United States
and our own country to deliver short addres-
ses from the grand stand on the exhibition’
grounds at some appointed time during the
day (time will be made known hereafter),
and in the evening a public meeting, at
which agricultural subjects in general will
be discussed by prominent agriculturists.
Special rates will be made with railroads,
steamboats, &c., thus giving the farmers of
Ontario and the other Provinces of the
Dominion, as well as our brother farmers of
the adjoining States, an opportunity to meet
for a festal day to see the agricultural pro-
ducts of the country, and other exhibits,
also to visit Toronto, the metropolis of
Ontario, at very light expense. The rates of
travel by railroad and otherwise, will be
published soon, and which, we can assure
you, will be extremely low. We hope to
make this day one of the most pleasant days
during the exhibition, and the one the most
largely attended. Granges, farmers’ clubs,
and other organizations, should take imme-
diate steps towards getting up their local
excursions and preparing to visit Toronto
on that day, as we can promise them such a
reat in the different ways before suggested,
as they have never rial; opportunity to see
before. To our brother farmers in New
York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Indiana, Michi-

_gan, and other States, we extend acordial

invitation to visit us. VVe want a great.
international meeting of farmers. No pains
will be spared to make you comfortable and
your visit enjoyable. The exhibition grounds
are situated to the west of the city and
overlooking Lake Ontario, the buildings

are large, commodious and attractive, the
whole appearance of the grounds and the
conveniences are not surpassed in the Do-
minion. The facilities for reaching Toronto

are not excelled by any city in Canada, it
beinga railroad center for all the leading
lines, besides steamboat lines from Montreal-
and all intermediate places, Oswego, Roch-

ester, Niagara, Hamilton, and all points on

the lake, these connecting with railroads

east and west.

Parties receiving these circulars will kind-
ly call the attention of their neighbors to
this excursion, that arrangements may be
made early. Further particulars will be
communicated at an early date.

Signed on behalf of the Executive Com-
mittee of Dominion Grange.

VV. P1-1MBI<JB.T0.\T PAGE,
Secretary.

A Barrel Full of Bees.

A Plymouth man thus tells how he man-
aged to have an axtraordinary swarm of
bees:

“ Nine ﬁrst swarms came out at once and
all alighted together on a large apple limb.

There was overa barrel full, but I did
not hive them in a barrel or dry goods box.
They would then have been likely to go
to the Woods. I put them into nine hives,
ﬁrst sprinkling the bees with water, and
covering them with a sheet while I pre-
pared the new hives, and arranged them
near the tree. I then went to the nine
hives from which they issued, and took out
one brood comb from each and put one in
each of the empty hives. I then went to
the cluster of bees, and picked off a queen
for each hive, placing them carefully one on
each brood comb. I took a large pailful of
bees from the cluster for each hive, and then
distributed the remainder of the bees as
near as I could to the nine hives. In about
half an hour I had the satisfaction of seeing
hem all at work.”

FROM every part of the South come
tidings of activity and progress. The pros-
pects of the entire section were never
brighter than at the present time; and this
observation is justiﬁed by the actual state of
affairs. The agricultural importance of the
country has been steadily increasing. Good
crops and good prices have been realized,
and a condition of greater thrift and pros-
perity prevails. No country possessed of a
fertile soil under judicious cultivation can
fail to be independent. The soil is an infal-
lible source of wealth, and whoever applies
to it intelligent and diligent labor, is sure to
add to his own and to the sum of human
prosperity:-The South.

A COLT was foaled on the 31st of May, on
the ranch of Mr. H. J. Glenn, at San
Jacinto, Cal., of mammoth proportions, and
measuring as follows: Height, 43 inches;
from point of hip to hip, 12 inches; from
point of hip to hind knee joint, 26; inches;
girth, 35 inches; from point of shoulder to
top of withers, 15% inches; from top of
withers to coupling, 14 inches; around arm,
14; inches; from coupling to the root of
tall, 11 inches; Weight, 150 pounds, at 24
hours old. The dam lived but 12 hours after
foaling.

STATISTICS show that the annual con-
sumption of eggs in the United States is
about 10,600,000 barrels. The poultry mar-
keted or consumed is estimated at 680,000,000
pounds, at $68,000,000, and yet old Farmer
Jones, not knowing of the above, says:
“Chickens don’t pay me, no how.” Sup-
posing that to be the case, some people must
be losing a lot of money in disposing of the
quantity of chickens and eggs used in the
United States.—-Indiana Farmer.

FIRST of all, and this is a most important
point, the United States farmer himself is
usually well-educated and intelligent ; he
is both owner and occupier of the soil, and
does as much as possible of the work of the
farm himself, employing for the purpose the
most improved labor-saving machinery; he
is lightly taxed, has cheap modes of transit,
and above all is in possession of an almost
unlimited extent of untouched fertility.
These circumstances all combined reduce
the cost of growing grain almost to a mini-
mum, and the result enables him to deliver
his wheat at the doors of the owner of the
land, in some parts of Great Britain. cheap-
er than it can be raised in the adjoining
ﬁelds. In a word, they enable him to regu-
late the price of grain throughout the world.
—J. B. Lawcs, of Rot/lamstead, England.

TOUGH YEAR ox VVomi.s. —— Old Uncle
Mose went into Levi Schamnburg’s store,
on Austin Avenue, to buy a silk handker-
chief, but was almost paralized on learning
the price. Levi_ explained that the high
price of silk goods was caused by some dis-
ease among the silk worms.

“How much does yer ask fur dis lieah
piece ob tape?” asked the old man.

“ Ten cents,” was the reply.

“Ten cents! Jewbilkins! so de tape has
riz, too. I s'pose de cause ob dat am becase
dar's sumﬁn de matta wid de tape wums.
Dis seems to be gwine ter be a mighty tough
yeah on wums, anyhow.’v'—-Texas Siftings.

LONDON papers, like those in New York,
are predicting a great panic in railroad
stock. According to Louis J. Jennings. in
the World, the ordinary stocks of English
railroads have increased in price, as one
writer estimates, upwards of £30,000,000
during the last two or three years, “and
that is but a fraction of the entire market.”
American railroads show even a greater ad-
vance. The argument is that this upward
movement is all rotten, andmust be follow-'
ed by disaster.

THE tower clock of the First Presbyterian
church, Newark. N. J., lately stopped. The
town time-keeper found in the wheels ofthe
clock a tangled mass of hay, twine, grass,
cotton and feathers, amounting to nearly
half a peck. A pair of birds had entered
through a hole in the dial and attempted to
build a nest in the machinery of the clock.
The slow revolution of the wheels tore their
work to pieces, and they kept on recon-
structing it until they stopped the wheels.

A PODIPOUS lawyer, who supposed himself
to be very sarcastic, said to the keeper of an
apple stand 2 “It seems to me that you
should quit this trying business and go at
something which is not so wearing on the
brain.” "Oh, ’tain’t business,” said the ap-
ple seller; “it’s laying awake nights tryin’ to
decide whether to leave my fortun’ to a or-
phin ’sylum or to a home for played-out old
lawyers as is killin’ me.”

THERE is a very proper use for tobacco,
which should not be overlooked. A few
leaves powdered and put in the hen’s nests
will effectually destroy lice. A few plants
will supply all the leaves needed for this
purpose. A strong decoction of tobacco is
excellent with which to wash the perches.
Many farmers use tobacco tea to wash the
necks of lousy cattle.

PEORIA, ILL., is to test the barge lines,
and to this end a ﬂotilla will be loaded with
corn and ﬂoated to tide water, and then in-
spected to see if the grade has been lowered
by heating. If the test shall prove satisfac-
tory, the products of Illinois’ fertile ﬁelds
will probably be transportated to the foreign
markets by New Orleans instead of New
York.

Exp-ours of fresh beef from the United
States for the month of May aggregated 10,
68-3,121lbs., valued at $1,000,466, against 7,-
030,692 lbs., valued at $619,126, for same
month in 1880. The exports for seven
months ending May 31, 1881, were 71,008,132
lbs., against -36,3-38,0-L8 lbs. for the some
months ending May 31, 1881.

THE little oneswill keepon saying things.
Six years old Mabel is industriously en-
gaged in “clearing out” a preserve jar
which her mother had just emptied. Four
year old Bobby looks at her for a while and
then blurts out, “Say, sis, don’t you wish
you could turn ‘it inside out, so’s you could
lick it?”

'i‘HAcKERAv’s idea of a dandy is given in
the following note lately printed in a news-
paper of Hull, England: “ My dear Ed-
ward, a dandy is an individual who would
bea lady if he could, but as he can’t, does
all he can to show the world he’s not a man.
That is my idea, at any rate.”

A SHREV\'D little fellow was intrusted to
the care of his uncle, who fed the boy very
poorly. One day he happened to see a grey-
hound, whereupon he asked the boy if he
knew what made the dog so poor, and the
reply was, “ I" guess he lives with his
uncle.”

GRAPE OIL is made from the seeds of the
fruit, is sweeter than nut oil, remains ﬂuid
at a lower temperature, and when burned in
lamps gives a bright, smokeless, odorless
ﬂame. Factories for the production of grape
oil existed in Italy prior to 1800.

THERE is great depression in the price of
land in England. Recently afarm in Kent,
which sold within 20 years for £22,500, was
put up at a reserve of £9,000, and there was
not a single bid.

IT IS the duty of every man to lay up
money againt the contingency of 9. quarrel
over his property after death. It takes
money to hire lawyers.

A piece of cotton dipped in compound tinc-
ture of benzoin, and placed in the cavity of
a decayed tooth,will relieve its aching.

. CALIFORNIA millers have organized with
a view of increasing the export trade in
California ﬂour.

THE Wisconsin Legislature has ap ropri-
ated $4,000 for experiments with Ear y Am-
ber sugar-cane. —

NOTICES OF MEETINGS.

The next regular meeting of Berrlen
County Grange, No. 1, will be held at Pearl
Grange hall, Aug. 9 and 10, when the fol-
lowing program will be carried out:

To what extent should farmers’ children
be educat.cd'.‘—A. .\'. Vvoodruff, Overseer
State Grange.

Co-operation: its past results and future
prospects.——Burns Helmick.

Suggestions for the future.—John Clark.

Our yards and gardens.— Sister Maggie
Mars.

Our Legislature: what has it done to ben-
eﬁt the people '.’—Hon. Thomas Mars.

As the busy harvest season will be over.
and the hard-worked husbandman will need
rest, we trust that the attendance at this
meeting will be large, and much good will
result. Patrons of adjoining counties are
invited to attend and participate in the ex-
ercises. W. J. JONES,

Sec‘ y Berrien Co. Grange.

Program for the meeting of Van Buren
County Grange, which meets at Covert.
Aug. 4:

Address of welcoine.~— VV. F. Trafford,
Covert. ‘

Reeponse.——\Vorthy Master D. Woodman,
Paw Paw.

The good Patron. — William Thomas,
Hartford.

Sheep Industry.—A. S. Wise, Hamilton.

Slavery of Habit.—— Rev. D. S. Bacon,
Lawrence.

Home.—Sister C. B. VVhitcomb, McDon-
nold.

Beans vs. summer-fallow.——Barny O’Dell,
Decatur. »

Duties of husbands toward their wives.-
Sister F. M. Warner, Porter.

Essay.——G. 0. Abbott. Keeler.

Thoroughness in the care of farm stock.
—Fred Goss, Bangor.

How shall we keep the boys on the farm?
—George H. \Velldin, Porter.

S. P. SYKFIS, Lect.

The next meeting of Hillsdale Pomona
Grange will be held at Acme Grange Hall
on the first VVednesday in August. Program
is as follows 2

Question—What shall we do with our sur-
plus fruit‘.’—-opened by the Worthy Lecturer.

Question—Will gardening pay? —— opened
by Sister Rachel Potts.

Select reading——Sister Kate McDougal.

Essays—Sister I). Clickiier and \Vorthy
Overseer E Kelly.

N. '1‘. BROCKWAY, Sec’y.

The next meeting of Tuscola County Po-
mona Grange will occur at the hall of
Columbia Grange, No. 582, on Tuesda , the
2d of August, to which all fourth- egree
members are cordially invited. We expect
to dedicate the new ball at Columbia on
this occasion. Fraternally,

J N0. MASON, Sec.

Elmwood, Tu:-:cola Co., July 6.

Eaton County Pomona Grange, No. 28,
will meet at Sunfield Grange hall, Wednes-
day, July 27, 1881. A good time is expected.
All fourth—degree members are invited to be
present. Brother and sisters, turn out in
force and give them a surprise.

Charlotte, July 0. J. SHAW, Sec.

PI(‘.\'l(.'S.

The Patrons of Livingston county will
hold a picnic on the fair grounds at Howell,
Tuesday, Aug. :2. 1881. VVorthy Master C.
G. Luce will deliver the address. Ample
preparations are being made for a grand
good time, and a cordial invitation is ex-
tended to all to come an enjoy with us this
harvest feast. '

The next quarterly meeting of Montcalm
County Pomona Grange will be held in
Greenville, August 4 and 5. The meeting
on the 4th will bea farmers’ picnic in the
grove at Baldwin’s Lake, near Greenvil]e_
Brother J. J. Wooodman has engaged to be
with us and speak on that day. A cordial
invitation is extended to the farmers of
Ionia, Kent and Montcalm counties, and all
others who can make it convenient, to be
with us. Fraternally yours,

J. P. SHOEMAKER.

Amsden, Mich., July 5, 1881.

_______________

A DRUGGIST was sitting beside the base-
burner in his store,.staring at the rows of
bottles on the shelves and wondering why
people don’t take more medicine, when the
door softly opened and an eight-year-old
old urchin dodged in, Walking up to the
compounder of prescriptions, he said:

“Mister, ain’t there some kind of stuff
that you can rub on that’ll make a fellow’s
skin as tough as an elephant’s ? ” ‘

The druggist looked the boy over and re.
plied:

“ Yes; the oil of tannin will harden the
skin, if that’s what you mean.”

_“ That’s the trick I’m playin’ fur, exactly.
Gimme ten cents’ worth.”

VVhile putting it up, the druggist asked:

“What do you want to harden your hands
for? Going into the country to husk corn ?”

“ Husk nothin’, an’ my han’s is as tuff‘ as
rawhide now. I’vejust been working up a
little scheme to circumvent mother’s slip-
pers. I tried a layer of‘ old leather, but she
tumbled to my little game at the ﬁrst inter-
view, an’ when I fell back on a folded news-
paper she heard it crackin’ afore she got me
on her knee, but if this here stuff does its
duty I’ve got the bulge on her, right from
the word ‘go.’ How long does it take such
ile as this to put on a pad thick enough to
knock the ﬁre out of an average srankin’ ? ”

When the desired information was given
him, he trotted off‘ down the streets singing:
“ If_ at ﬁret you don’t succeed, try, try
again.’ ’—-Morris Ohromcle.

__.________________
Alabasline

Is the only preparation based on the
proper principles to constitute a durable
ﬁnish for walls, as it is not held on the wall
with glue, etc., to decay, but is a Stone Ce-
ment that hardens with age, and every ad-
ditional coat strengthens the wall. Is read
for use by adding hot water, and easily ap-
plied by anyone.

Fifty cents’ worth of ALABASTINE will
cover -50 square yards of average wall with
two coats: and one coat will produce better
work than can be done with one coat of any
other preparation on the same surface.

For sale by paint dealers everywhere.
Send for circular containin the twelve
beautiful tints. Manufacture only by AL-
ABASTINE Co.

_ M. B. CHURCH. Manager,
juyl-tf. . Grand Rapids, Mich.


 GRANGE VESETQEQ

_m’ HUSBAND.

BY ANNE ELLIS.

VV'n) took me from my childh_ood’s home,
To love me for myself alone.
A31 for my sacriﬁce atone?

My husband.

VVho grumbled at the poor beetsteak,
And bade me better coffee make.
And told me greater care to take ‘B

My husband.

Who swore because the baby cried,
And to the spare room quickly hied,
While I to quiet vainly tried?

My husband.

Wh-3 tore the buttons off his shirt,
And said I could those ills avert
If I were more on the alert?
My husband.

VVho bade me rise, the ﬁre to make,
VVhile he another nap should take,
Although I'd been all night awake?

My husband.

Who, when I ask for half a crown,
Knits up his brows into a frown,
Anli asks me where the other’s gone ?
My husband.

And when I see my mother dear,

W'ho tries my lonely lot to cheer.

Who says she's dreadfully, dreadfully queer ‘r
My husband.

VVho stays out till late at night,
And then comes home so very tight
That I nearly die of fright?
My husband.

W'ho breaks the china, slams the door,
Leaves all his clothes upon the floor,
And swears it's all a dreadful bore if

My husband.

VVitb whom do I. for his dear sake,
Oi every sacriﬁce partake,
Last I his conﬁdence should shake Y
My husband.

I adios’. ﬂdlpailiqelit.

what the Grange has Done for the Farmer.

The subject I have chosen is one that
should interest every farmer and his wife.
The question is often asked, “ What has the
Grange done for the Farmer?" and we
glibly tell the questioner of that vast
plaster ring that was broken by the co-
operation of the Grange, whereby those
outside were equally beneﬁtted with mem-
bers of the Order. \Ve point them with
pride to the action taken by the Grange in
the patent gate swindle, whereby thousands
of dollars were saved to the hard-working
farmers of Michigan. And we are justiﬁed
in feeling a little proud of these two trans-
action-.

But, my friends, they are nothing com-
pared to other beneﬁts received by the
farmer and his wife. of which we do not
boast. \Ve do not point them to the fact
that the Grange is lifting the farmer and
his wife from the social sloughs, and placing
them on a level with other men and
women of equal intelligence.

Brothers. I was an interested listener to
the discussion held in this ball by the
members of our County Grange on, “How
can the farmer regain his rights?” I couldn’t
help thinking that if he had lost his right
it was through his own apathy and ignor-
ance. The farmers as a class have been
sadly behind the times. They were an
isolated, unsocial people, digging and
drudging upon their farms, being content
if by so doing they made an honest liveli-
hood. It is true that many had to work
thus in order to support their families, and
pay of!‘ the mortgage which in many in-
stances encumbered their farms. Habits
become ﬁxed, and when you find a farmer
who accumulated money, you expect him
to invest it for gain instead of using it to
adorn his home or educate his children.
They neglected both their minds and man-
ner-;, and as for their personal appearance,
anything was good enough for them to
Wear——tl1e_v were only farmers. If remon-
strated with they would excuse themselves
by saying that their work was dirty, and
people didn’t expect them to go dressed up.
So they went in rough attire, and did dirty
work, until they gained for themselves the
appellation applied to men from the farm-—
“Country boors.-" In proportion as they
lost their self—respect, others ceased to
respect them, and thus they brought dis-
credit upon the noblest of calling:-:.

That a man can do the necessary work of
a farm and still be educated, refined, and
gentlemanly, is being demonstrated, but too
late to save the farmer from many rebuffs

he has taken because of his occupation, and
too late to save many educated men who
would have preferred to live upon the farm,
but chose other occupations because they
feared that social ostrac-ism which the am-
bitionless farmers had brought upon their
calling. Brothers, wherein have you lost
your rights 1‘ You have given them away;
but that you are at last waking up to the
fact that you have these rights, is a healthy
sign, and due, I think, to Grange teachings.

The Grange has broken the isolation, and
by bringing the farmers into closer commu-
nion it has helped them in various ways.
An interchange of thought brightens the
intellect; they think more upon what they
read. and are learning to express their
opinions in a comprehensive manner._ As
our V\'orthy Master says, “they are learn-
ing to blow their own bugle,”

Last but not least, they are slowly (too
slowly. I think) learning the lesson of con-
ﬁdence. Among no other class of people
is the want of it so evident. as was shown by

Brother Burton, who told us that the ma-
jority in the State House of Representatives
were farmers, but as they failed, through
lack of conﬁdence, to vote together, they
lost much of their power; while the legal
fraternity, by voting unanimously, carry
almost every point. This is true Grange
work. VVe shall have to learn the lesson of
mutual conﬁdence before we can success-
fully co-operate to right the wrongs of
which we complain.

Sisters, if the Grange has beneﬁtted the
farmer, what has it not done for the farmer’s
wife? VVe were suffering yet more from
our mode of life than were the brothers.
Our world was bounded by the four walls of
our home, and we seldom got outside its
borders; we grew selﬁsh and narrow in our
views, and looked upon women of culture
and reﬁnement, if we perchance met them,
as aristocratic and arrogant, mistaking the
self-reliance gained by mingling in society
for conceit, and comparing their life and
surroundings with their own, sank yet
deeper in the social scale by such compari-
son. \Ve read, it is true, but we seldom
applied what we read to our own cases. It
seemed to us that the people who wrote
articles for publication, and the woman who
dared raise her voice in public in opposition
to men of known inﬂuence and education,
belonged to a different order of beings than
ourselves. If we by chance were thrown
in their society we were ill at ease, and by
our difﬁdence lost the opportunity thus
offered for mental improvement.

But the Grange was organized. and we
saw in it a hope of bettering our condition.
At least we would get acquainted with our
neighbors, and as a forlorn hope we joined
the Order.

Sisters, has it met our expectations ‘3 Yea
more; it has given us the mental stimulus
we needed. \Ve met in the Grange men
and women of our own class, and met them
for a purpose. Not to gossip, not to discuss
dress and fashion, but to elevate the stand-
ard of our manhood and womanhood, and
by our mutual endeavors, better our stand-
ing in society. Subjects are brought. up for
discussion, and although we could think,
we found ourselves unable to talk upon the
most familiar of them—our natural diffi-
dence, fostered and strengthened by our
mode of life, had made us cowards; and it
is only after repeated trials that we are
enabled to overcome that diﬁidence, and
take part in the business of our Order.

But, sisters, the ice is broken, and we
have awakened to the fact that we are
members of society, and that it has claims
upon us. _

VVe have children to educate, and they
naturally look to mother for an example.
Let us endeavor to lift them from the ruts
in which we have so long traveled. Let us
bring them to the Grange,and teach them by
the interest manifested, that there is some-
thing in the Grange for them to respect. Ifwe
would have them respect temperance, we as
mothers must takea decided stand for tem-
perance, begrudging neither time nor
money, if by spending both, we may build
up a society that will be a barrier of safety
for our sons and daughters. Let us never
forget that every station in life is necessary,
and that each deserves our respect in pro-
portion as he worthily fulﬁlls the duties of
that station. As farmers and as farmers’
wives, let us aim to add dignity to labor,
in our dealings with our fellow men, be
honest, be just. and fear not.

MRS. R. K. S'rAxro.\'.

Laughter and Smiles.

That ancient poet, Peter Pindar, wisely
said that “ Every time a man smiles, much
more so when he laughs, he adds some
fragment to his small portion of life.”

Men and women have various ways of
laughing, and Iam inclined to think that
in many cases it is almost as clear an index
to character and disposition as can be de-
duced from phrenology or any other science.

I shall not, however enter into ascientiﬁc
dissertation on the subject nor try to explain
why man laughs or how he laughs.

One thing we know — that man does
laugh; and Butlbn, or Cuvier, or some one
else has said that he is the only animal that
laughs.

In all our intercousc with dumb animals
perhaps not one of us ever saw anything
like a smile, or heard auythinglike a laugh
among them. They have various ways of
showing their happiness and graditude;
but the beaming eye, the smiling lip and
thejoyous peal belong not to them.

The horse neighs in anticipation of his
oats; but I have seen human beings do the
same thing as they filed off‘ to dinner to the
tune of " The roast beef of Merrie England.”

The mastiii‘ wags his tail when his master
pats him on the head ; that may be his way
of laughing, and a very quiet and sensible
way it is.

The hog gives short spasmodic grunts of
appreciation, when he buries his nose in
his food — a rather unpoetical laugh, no
doubt; but for all that I have known fat old
gentlemen who laughed somewhat in the
same manner—deep and gutterally—like the
rolling intonations of distant thunder.

I am not quite certain whether bears, ti-
gers, or hvenas laugh or not ; they show
their teeth at all events, but not in a very
pleasing manner, I believe.

The laughter of the birds is 1husic—sweet
as the smile of childhood and pure as the
song of angles; in grove andin bower they
carol forth their happiness calling all nature
to witness that their little hearts are over-
ﬂowing with joy.

“ The red-breast from his yellow beak
Trills out the joy he cannot speak."

“ Chick-a-de-dee! ” cries out one little fel-
low no bigger than a thimble, and anon he
is answered by another little jay from a

neighboring bush, with whom he is playing
bo-peep.

Far away in the woods and glens of father-
land the cuckoo gladdens the hearts of old
and young with his pleasant voice.

“ Sweet bird, thy bower is ever green,
Thy sky is ever clear;
Thou hast no sorrow in thy song.
No winter in thy year.”

I don’t know how it may be with some
people; but to me the mention of the word
“ cuckoo,” brings visions of happy days and
fairy scenes long passed away, when I wan-
dered truant and alone, o’er hills and
throgh valleys melodious with the song of
birds.

“ But what in the name of folly,” you may
ask, “has all this to do with laughter ‘P ”
You know that it is hard to speak of birds,
babies, or bonnets without getting senti-
mental and feeling a kind of all-overishnes
about one’s self. VVhy I once heard of a
man who spent a whole week apostrophiz-
ing a kid glove he had picked up, under the
impression that the owner of it was a charm-
ing creature with golden tresses, rosy lips
and pearly teeth and all that sort of thing;
but after all she turned out to be a “colored
person," with a ﬂat cartilaginous nose, and
most excruciating heels; and to crown all
an old woman called him a “ daft loon.”

Laughter, like language, is the prerogative
of the human family; it enables us to ex-
press ourjoy and approval, and sometimes

_our hate, more completely than by words

alone.

“ Here’s a sigh for those who love me,
“And a smile for those who hate.”

Laughter is the safety-valve to the pent up
happiness of the human heart: it is the vis-
ible manifestation of the thinking mind;
the electric ﬂash of passing thought, the
language of love, and the chord that more
closely binds friendship.

Just observe what a happy effect the, arri-
val of some jolly visitor will have on a whole
family when he enters with a broad grin of
delight upon his face, and good nature in
every tone of his voice. The little ones all
catch the smile, and old grandpa, in his
chair beside the fire, welcomes the stranger
with laughing tones, and the whole house
rings with merriment. They cannot help
themselves; laughter is contagious, and in-
fects all who come within its happy inﬂu-
ence.

Lord Chesterﬂeld condemned audible
laughter as being vulgar; but how can we
help ourselves from bursting into a round
of haw-haws when our neighbor is well-nigh
bursting with fun '.‘ .

“ Laughter," says Dr. Johnson, “ is con-
vulsive merriment; ” and I agree with him,
for when one gets fairly started to laugh it
is hardly in his power“ to pull up.” I have
seen people—-and I dare say you have seen
people laugh until the tears ,streamed from
their eyes, and their faces swelled and be-
came a purple hue from what might be cal-
led an "agony of fun.”

There are various Ways of laughing and
smiling in the world, and I will now show
and endeavor to illustrate some of them.

The smile of the sleeping infant is per-
haps the purest of all smiles. \Vrapt in
innocent slumber, smiles break over its face
without the slightest cause, and from this is
developed the beautiful idea that infants
hold converse with the angels. You have all
heard or read the beautiful lyric of the
Angel’s VVhisper, in which the poet speaks
of a young mother watching beside the cot
of her sleeping babe while her husband was
afar oﬂ"‘on the wild raging sea,” and the
fond parent, fancying that the angels were
whispering to her child, told it to tell them
to“watch o’er its father,” who was then
braving the perils of wind and wave.

“ It looks so fair, the infant with its smile,
Its soft, sweet trust, its voice that knows no guile;
Letting its pleased and wondering glances roll—-
Offering to life on all sides, its young soul.”

Boys and girls get up laughter at amaz
ingly low ﬁgures, and when they laugh
there is no hypocrisy about it. A penny
whistle, two cents and a jack-knife will
make a week’s fun for a boy; and a wax
doll,a skipping rope and a few pieces of
broken china ware will keep a girl laughing
all day long. “Children ofa larger growth ”
are not so easily pleased.

I will now speak of the “good-natured
laugh.” This sort of laugh is quite coin-
mon. If you are in prosperous circumstan-
ces your friends and acquaintances always
greet you with a sweet smile of congratula-
tion; or if you go with a companion on a
journey, and some misfortune happens to
you, he will try to soften the calamity by
good-natured laughter.

Two sportsmen were once hunting to-
gether; having to get over a high wall one
of them in doing so broke his leg. Oh look-
ing up at his more fortunate companion he
was shocked to see him smiling, as he
thought, at his misfortune. This looked
rather unkind, and he cried out, “ ‘What!
you laugh, and my leg broken ‘.’ ” “ Yes ”
said the other, “ I was so pleased that it was
not your neck that I could not help ‘smil-
ing.” Now this was an exhibition of good-
nature though not in very good taste.

Genuine, good-natured laughter is highly
commendable, but there is great deal of a
false article current among mankind—“ a
spurious imitation.”

\Vhen ladies go sh0pping—which happens
pretty often, the clerk welcomes them to his
counter with a sweet insinuating smile that
would “coax the birds from the bushes.”
But depend upon it his wreathed smiles
havea purpose in them, as you sometimes
ﬁnd out when he has induced you to buy
something you really did not want, because
the knight of the yard stick was so facinat-
ing and obliging.

In like manner “ mine host” of the hotel
greets his customers with a smile—runs to
lift young ladies out of Pa‘s wagon, takes
their cloaks upon his arm and ushers them
into the sitting room, with the air of one
who is alive to all their wants.

VVell, I want to see every man of business
act politely towards all who come in contact
with him—even though it be mere assump-
tion. Whoever has the art of pleasing in
an eminent degree cannot but be successful
in business. and all young men, and all
young women too, should study how to have
a smi ing countenance and a cheerful tone
of voice.

“ For ’tis hardly in a body's power
To keep at times from looking sour."

But you can try, and you will find that
the more you try the easier it will become.

“ Now and then,” says Addison, “ you
sometimes meet with a. person so exactly
formed to please, that he will gain upon
every one who bears or holds him; this dis-
position is not merely the gift of nature, but

I , ._..__ , . ,_

frequently the effect of much knowledge
and a command over the passions."

Just so, command the passions, and the
face will become radiant with smiles, the
temper amiable and winning. If you la-
dies desire a countenance such as no cosm‘et-
ics can produce, cherish and cultivate a
cheerful disposition: and then no matter
whether your features be Grecian or Roman,
your complexion blonde or brunette, you
will have a charm independent both of
color and form that will gain the admira-
ation of all who with whom you come in
contact. On the other hand, if you will be
ugly and have all who see you say, “I do
not like her,” knit your brows, frown at
all who look at you, snap when you are
spoken to, let your deportment be cold and
supercilious, and you will have the reputa-
tion ofbeing a sour-visaged, nasty, disagree-
able, ill-natured thing.

I come now to ill-natured laughter.

To laugh at another’s misfortune, or to
jest at human suffering, no matter what that
suffering may arise from, is devilish.

Sheridan says, “ To smile at the jest
which plants a thorn in another’.-l bosom is
to become a principal in the mischief.”
And yet how often we see deformed and
suffering humanity made the subject of
mirth ; how often do we hear laughter that
has not a particle of sympathy in it: how
often we see smiles that carry nothing but
agony to the hearts of others!

Let us but remember the fable of the frogs
which the boys were stoning, when one of
the frogs spoke up and said, “ What is fun
for you is death for us," and we can never
more take pleasurein the death of any living
thing.

There are smile:-: that never spring from
joy-—smiles that hide broken hearts and
wounded spirits.

“Some smile who never more will know
One hour without its sorrow :
Gay words are often said by th)s-3
Who tremble for to-morrow ;
And many a smile that lights the face,
And many a gay word spoken.
Are meant to hide despair within,
And hearts by sorrow broken."

The next kind ofa smile I will allude to
is " smile of. betrayal ”—such a smile as is
practiced by those who ask you “ How are
you to-day, my brother‘? " anll_ then stab
you under the fifth rib. This is the worst
of all smiles; it has the look of murder
about it and is found in perfection when
such monsters as Jl.l(.l3..~ Iscariot or Bene-
dict Arnold curse the earth with their foul
and unhealthy presence. \\'l1en a person
greets you with this kind of “ grin "-—I will
not dignifv it by the name of smile, be as-
sured he has some sinister design upon you.
. The laughter of the sot, the laughter of
the madman are species of laughter that I
will not torture you by attempting to de-
scribe.

The sentimental smile is the next I will
call attention to. Very young gentilemen
who think themselves head over heels in
love, and young ladies just beginning to
read Byron and fashionable novels, and to
billet-dou.c, make use of this smile. It is a
soft, simper something between a sigh and
a smile, and meant to be most tender and
faciuating. You would think that butter
would not melt in their mouths, and that
they were too fragile to risk a pufl'nfwind—
their aspirations soft as the breath of ﬂowers
—tlicir speech like the dulcet tones of the
.rEolian lyre! It  a question not very
easily answered what are such for ‘.‘
Watch one of these frail creatures as she
reclines on the lounge.

“ Simpering, sighv.n,»,
Lisping, crying."
all for want of something to do. A young
lady afflicted with this n:al:;u.l_\' describes her
feeling-' and courts sympathy in these
words:
“ Hy heart is sick, my heart is sad,
But, oh! the cause I dare not tell
I am not grieved, I am not glad :
I am not sick, I am not well :
I am not myself, I'm not the same:
I am indeed, I know not what ;
I'm changed lll all. except in name-—
h,when shall I be changed in that ‘r "

Ufcourse “There is a time to weep and a
a time to laugh—-a time to mourn and a time
to dance." The wise alone can know the
proper‘ time. I am now aware that extreme
levity of speech and behavior is productive
of much harm, and that “ The loud laugh
proclaims the vacant mind."

But let us be always happy, and always
cheerful, so far as consist with the duties of
life, and in the end it will turn out that our
hearts and lives will be better than if we had
all along maintained the rigidity of counte-
nance and gravity of spcech beﬁtting only
the sourest of monastic devotees. It is a
true saying that “A troubled mind is often
relieved by maintaining a cheerful counte-
nauce.”

There must be a relaxation from the cares
and perplexities of life bctimes,_or the body
will sink and the mind become morbid and
confused. “ To much care once killed a
cat,” and no doubt it has killed many a man,
as well as poor puss. V

I grant that “ man was made to mourn ; ”
but he was also made to laugh; and if he
laughs in a proper place, at a proper time
and in a proper manner, it can never be
wrong—-and why 2’ Because to do so is to
follow the dictates of our human nature.——
George BzI.cI:leg/_, in Ame/'i.r;an Sloc/smazi.

House-Cleaning in Crinkleton.

l\IB.ED1'roi<:-—VVe congratulate you on
being in a good, clean business, that don’t
need any house-cleaning. Your paper comes
so new and restful every week that it sug-
gests quite a contrast to our musty winter
quarters. .The spring burst so suddenly up-
on us that one feels almost as if he must
have had a snooze, like Rip Van \\'inkle,
and lost a month or two. But we haven't
escaped mud time-O, no indeed! we must
all wade through that,—-— thick mud, thin
mud, wet mud, dry mud, and every other
variety of mud to suit one’s fancy, with cold-
days, warm days, windy days, sunshiny
days, cloudy days and snowy, rainy, sleety,
misty, nasty days. But we don’t complain
of the weather here in Crinkleton —no in-
deed! we want just such Weather as other
folks have, and we’ve got it and we are
bound to enjoy it.

Ii very season brings its evil: I’ve always
noticed that. But the evils belonging to
this season never commenced in Crinkleton
until this week. I may as well tell you how
it came about. Uncle John was over at the
store a few evenings ago, with a lot of other
fellows, and when he came in, about nine
o'clock, says he, “I guess, Sally, winter is

about over. The neighbors seem to think

JULY 15. 1881.

that we can go about our spring work right
away." Aunt Sally rolled u her knitting
work deliberately, set her ead squarely
back and said: “I shall commence house-
cleaning to-morrow morning.”

“ Sho. sho. Sally, we'll have lots of snow
yet. It will be colder'n git out in less’n a
week. Better let the old house go a while:
wait till it gets settled weather.”

But the decree had gone forth. Accord-
ingly, bright and early next morning, after
a hasty breakfast, Aunt Sally marshaled her
forces, which consisted of the poor little
liouse-maid, Ann Maria. and Uncle John
and myself ll am Uncle John's nephew).
\Ve commenced a lively attackin the attic.
The windows were thrown open, every
moveable thing was moved, and armed with
a broom apiece we were brought into line
by Aunt Sally and ordered to charge bay-
onets. ’Twas entirelv hew work for me,
and all was confusion and uproar for an
hour or so, when all at once everything ap-
peared to arrange itselfjust where it had
been to commence with.

Aunt Sally surveyed the result with a crit-
ical eye: not a cobweb or a particle of dust,
not a spider or anything which offends
could be seen, and she pronounced that de-
partmcnt finished. “And now,” she says,
“we will take the chambers. The men folks
can take down the beds and move the stoves.
Ann Maria, you ﬂy 'round with the broom,
while I get some hot water ready. Every
rag must be taken out of this clothes-press
and hung on the line to blow.” The win-
dows were literally taken out of their frames
and the doors from their hingc-s,~I guess,
but I dou’t know. The ﬂoors mav have been
ripped up. as far  I can tell—I got confused.
I never did any such thing before, and don’t
mean to again. But I couldn't help it this
time; I had ignorantly enlisted, and there
was no all;-.-charge till the war was over. I
sat down disconsolately upon an old chest
and began to meditate desertion. “Here,
you," screamed Aunt Sallie, “ take this
carpet down and hang it on that pole and
give it a good beating.“

I made haste to obey, for everybody
alwa_v.- makes haste to obey Aunt Sally in
house-cleaning time, and had got bravely
down stairs with the dirty thing and was
stretching it on a pole, when I raised my

eyes to get a glimpse of blue sky or some- ‘

thing to rest them a bit, when—oh dear! oh
dear me! what do you think I saw‘? Car-
pets, blankets, rugs, door-mats, tablecloths,
pants, vests, shirts and every other unmea-
ble thing swinging in the air as far as eye
could reach. Every house in (friiikleton
had every window open and a man in the
yard beating a carpet. livery clothes-line
and most of the fences were covered with
dry goods of every variety and all descrip-
tions, anil with 3. brisk wind blowing at the
time, you can imagine the result. I could
stop but a moment, however, and got back
just in time to meet Uncle John at the foot
of the stairs, with a straw tick on his head
and a piece of soap on his heel. It didn’t
take him but a minute to come down stairs
that way.

“You needn’t hurry so, John,’-' yelled
Aunt Sallie. “I suppose _vou want your
dinner, though. Ann Maria, you go down
and get the men folks something to eat.”

“ Shall I make coffee or tea, ma’am 2‘ ”

“ Uh, bless you, child, nary one. Just set
some cold victuals on the kitchen table, and
then run right straight back and help me
with these bureau drawers. Bring me up
another bar of soap; I can't find the piece I
was using. I wish, Ann Maria, you'd tell
.lohn to get those beds ﬁlled and back as soon
as possible. for as soon as we get these floors
scrubbed, the beds can be set up and we can
begin to put things to rights. We three
o’clock now, and it will be pitch dark be-
fore we get tlirough." '

And dark enough it was. Not until 1;.‘
o’clock did I lay my aching bones in bed.

"Can: the rest of this house wait a day
or two 2"‘ says Yncle John next morning.
" You'll just git yourself all tired out'”

" Not an hour. Everybody else i11 Crink-
leton will be through cleaning house to-
night. and so shall I."

But I won't barrow your feelings, Mr. Ed-
itor, with this next day’s proceedings. It
was just like the ﬁrst day, only a good deal
more so. There was no cold victuals or
dinner to-day, and Aunt Sallie said we
must eat crackers and cheese, and I was
sent to the store to bring some. The store-
keeper {that's old Racket) told me that mine
was the seventeenth parcel of crackers and
cheese that he had put up that day, and he
wanted some left for his own dinner. Every
woman that I saw as I went along — and I
saw quite a number—had their sleeves: rolled
above their elbows, their skirts half way to
to their knees, and a towel or something
or other tied around their heads; each one
was flourishing either a broom, a mop or a
pail of suds—sonie of them all three. I
counted seven men beating carpets, nine
cleaning stove pipes, and the rest seemed [in
be taking out or putting in windows. The
children were all playing at wild Indian.

\Ve all lived through the day, however.
Ann Marla scalded her foot pretty badly,
and I burnt one hand all to a cinder,getting
that blasted old stove funnel down. Uncle
John is pretty well shaken up: he fell down
cellar to-day. The cat and dog havn’t come
back yet—they left yesterday noon. I don’t
believe there is a child in Crinkleton that
has had its face washed or its head combed,
or even had a decent meal in two days. But
we have not heard of any deaths yet.

L'.\'cLl~; Jon.\"s l\’isPrn«.‘w'.

P. .5‘. I'vejust been telling Uncle John
that I mean to join the Grange and see if I
can’t find out some way to clean house with-
out so much trouble. VVe might build cheap
houses and burn them down in the spring,
you know, I shall make the suggestion as
soon as I get inside the gates. Aunt Sally
says that no one is ﬁt to join the Grange
until they can take down a bed and set it up
again without breaking two slats, ripping
open the feather tick and smashing hall’ the
glass in the room. But I shall try it.

A LADY at a watering place was trying to
attract a great deal of attention at the table
and her manner was none of the finest.
An old fashioned gentleman quiety re-
marked: “Some people give it all away.
Now I can tell by the way that woman eats
asparagus that she used to hold clothes-pins
in her mouth when she was hanging out a
week’s washing.”

“I HAVE never known,” says Josh Bil.
lings, “aseckond wife but what waz boss of
the situashun.”

JOSH B1LLixGs says the sassyest man he
ever met is a. hen-peeked husband when he
is away trgm home.


’ small white glass beads.

" Toney’s pug puppies.

JULY 15, 1881.

ﬂotilla’

apartment.

SOUND ADVICE.
“ You wish to be a lawyer, John? Well. I'd not say
a word,
Unless I felt quite certain that your longings were
absurd :
I don't wish to discourage you, but then I can't con-
sent

To board you—as I’d hev to do- and pay your oﬁice
rent.

“ You've got a set of lusty limbs and ordinary head,

And you were meant by common toil to earn your
daily bread.

But thriving farm and pleasant home, where man
and wife agree,

Beats any one-horse lawyer’s as far as you can see.

“If you’d been born with talent, John, you’d long
since hev shown

That you had gifts, by stealing off to study books
alone.

Now, if you ever read a book, I really don't know
when ;

Though, come to think, I believe you do sling a‘
somewhat legal pen.

“Be wise, my boy: the legal ranks are more than
crowded now,

And half of them who starve therein were cut out
for the plow.

But they mistook pure laziness for talent, understand,

And helped to ﬁll a big supply where there was no
demand.

“Are they educated 1’ Yes, but here let me explain

That seed that’; sown in shaky soil brings forth but
little grain;

And this higher education, to an ordinary mind,

Is like a pair of big gold specs upon a man that‘s
blind.

“ There is no prouder place than ‘twixt the handles
of a plow

(Though stumpy land has humbled me at times, I
must allow) :

And as fgr human greatness, I should think I had my
share

If I could take the prize for cows at our next county
fair.

“ Justremulate your sire, my son, and just as sure as
fate

You'll live to be respected, though perhaps you won't
be great:

But enter law, and live short years will clean you out

_ so bad

You won‘t have any recollection of the last square

meal you had.”

The Cousins.

Dzar 71»:-Ze Nine .-—Have any of the
young Patrons ever made a mica air-castle‘?
The one I have is made of white mica, such
as is put in the front. of stoves. You can
get it of any hardward dealer. It is pricked
in ﬁgures. This is done by placing it on a
cushion and pricking it with a darning
needle in any pattern you wish. The pieces
are then fastened together with loops of
Where there is
occasion to use a cord, use a string of beads.
There is not near as much work as in making
one of perforated paper and it is a great deal
prettier. The Paciﬁc Ocean was ﬁrst entered
by Magellan. I send you you a puzzle com-
posed of 11 letters:

My first is in good but not in bad,

My sec-o'nd is in girl but not in lad.

My third is in answer but not in question,

My fourth isin division but notin section,

My ﬁfth is in Grange but not in Patron,

Zllysixth is in carriage but not in phaeton,

My seventh is in fresh, also in stale,

My eighth is in story. also in tale,

My ninth in order but not in club,

My tenth is in bear but not in cub,

My eleventh is in chicken, also in peep,

My whole is something my father keeps.

.\’ET-T11-: GIFFORD.

Rnyalton, \'t., June, 1861.

As for me, I wanted Robinson Crusoe,
that large, line edition, down at Hemmens’s
bookstore, with the colored pictures. I
wanted it all for my own—not to return to
somebody else when I had read it through.
\Vhat was one reading for such a book as
that ‘I’ ‘

Dick didn’t want Robinson Crusoe, not a
bit, nor any other book. The less he saw of
a book the better he liked it. ,

He was my brother, my twin“ brother too,
but. we weren't any more alike than-——well,
than two honeysuckle blossoms, one red
and the other yellow on the same stalk.

‘What. Dick did want was one of black
Tony was Mr. Les-
sep‘s host-ler and he- was raising the dogs to
sell. Mr. Lesseps was our next neighbor,
and his little daughter Alice was the sweet-
est blue eyed golden-curled beauty that ever
ran with her arms reached out to meet two
admiring young play - fellows like us.
Dick thought all the world of Alice, but I
do believe he saw even more lovliness in
the tawny velvety hide, the pug muzzle,
the turbid blue eyes of either one of the
little trio cuddled asleep a greater part of
the time on the straw in Mr. Lessep’s stable.

Robinson Crusoe was two dollars and a
half. The best puppy was two dollars and a
half. They might as well have been a mil-
lion. How were we two youngsters to have
five dollars pocket money all at once? And
how long would it take us to save it?

Our father had only the year before
bought our summer home in the country.
He was a busy merchant in New York, and
knew very little about farming. Mr. Les-

" sep's place was beautiful and elaborate, for

he had owned it a long time, but ours was
still in the rough, and there remained a
great deal to be done in every part of it,
plowing. grading planting, and what not.
Father used to come out and spend a day or
two in the week with us, and how he did
enjoy getting on his farm clothes and going
around and watching the work, and super-
vising his men here and there, seeing things
come more and more into shape.

But I was telling you how much Iyck and
I wanted ﬁve dollars. \Ve wanted it so much
that one morning. when fathe‘ uzﬂl gotten
on his duster and was waiting for the car-
riage to come arnuns. and take him to the
-ta?-:'~i we went to him, and Dzck, who was
S‘tA many spokesman for the two, acquaint-
eu mm with our desires. I said nothing,
but the petition in my eyes seconded the
motion.

You ought to have seen fa-ther’s face.
"Five dollars! Well, well! that’s a tall
want forlittle shaverslike you! What do
you want to do with ﬁve dollars?”

VVe told him. He listened to us, looking
from one to the other as we severally ex-
patiated upon the merits of our desiderati.

TEE

“ Well, now, let's see," said he. “ I have
to work for my ﬁve dollars and it needs a
great many to take care of you two little
chaps and ali the rest of it, you see? ”

Yes. we saw.

And would we “ be willing to work for
work for our ﬁve dollars ‘? ”

“Yes, es.”

“ \Vell, what do you want to do most ? ”
he asked, his merry eyes twinkling. “ Will
you pull weeds?”

“ Yes, sir,” we eagerly responded.

“ Come along then,” he said ; and taking
us by the band he led us into the lawn yet
to be, now merely a grass-grown pasture-
ﬁeld, and up to a tall plant with great
leaves, and a plumy head of green seed ves-
sels stirring softly in the summer air.

“ There!” says father, “ Now there are
about ten thousand of these things on the
place, and for every one you’ll pull up I’ll
give you a penny; so you can be rich, boys,
ifyou like, both of you. You can buy all
Tony’s pups, Dick, and Hal here, he can get
books enough to start a library. Hey ‘?
how’s that '? "

\Vell, we thought that was delightful.
We thought we could have our hearts’ de-
sires——say next morning; and father left us,
looking back and laughing from the carriage
to see us pulling with all our might at the
big dock.

We mightas well have pulled at one of
the stone pillars of the carriage-porch. \Ve
looked at each other in blank disappoint-
ment; and we also looked at our bands,
they smarted already.

“ This is so big," says Dick, “let’s ﬁnd
little ones that will come up easy.”

It wasn’t a hard matter to find them—all
we wanted; but, alas! the little ones held
on harder than we could.

Jim Holt, our farmer’s son,was passing by
with a rake over his shoulder. He looked
at us, smiling dryly.

" '\Vhat you doin’ 1’ ” he asked.
ged away, flushed and determined.

“ Don’t you know you can’t pull docks? ”
said he. “ \Vhy, them things has iron bars
for roots, and they go through to the other
side of the yartli. and then they're clinched
in I ”

" Pooh,” we said, " no such thing."

" Fact," says Jim, looking back at us
soberly as he walked away ; “ That's where
the iron comes from; that's the way they
raise it."

“Father wins making fun of us," said I,
“ He knew we couldn‘t do it.”

Dick was looking at the insides of his
hands and rubbing them against his trow-
ser"s legs. “ Lets go to Tony’s and see the
puppies,” said he.

Tony’s white teeth grinned as he saw us.
He was polishinga set of harness, and in an
empty stall near by in the corner on a pile
of straw and old horse blankets, lay three
little butfrolly-polys snuggled together in
warm, panting slumber. They lifted their
sleepy heads as we smoothed them, and
looked at us drowsily out of their dark-blue
clouded eyes. and then down they heavily
dropped again into slumber.

\Ve told Toney our experience of the
morning. But what was our surprise before
we has proceded far to see him suddenly
pause in his work and listen to us with at-
tention. and when we had ﬁnished, throw
his head back and burst out laughing, and
then kept slapping his knees and laughing
on, rolling his head from side to side! ‘We
couldn’t help laughing heartily in sympa-
thy, though what. in the world it meant
we didn‘t see. "Oh ho! ” he chuckled at
last. “ Now dat ar’s cur’us, Ha! ha!
l\Ias’r King he do‘ ‘no no great ’bout farm-
in‘Z Now, Has‘ Dick, yo’ got yo’ dog, she’.
Yo‘ tell yo‘ fader he kin fotch ‘long his ten
t‘ousan’ out 0' de bank, ’cos you go’n to git
it now, no mistake ’bout dat ar.” And then
he proceeded to tell us in his own fashion,
which I will translate for brevity-‘s sake,
that if we possessed our souls in patience
till there came a good drenching rain to
wet the soil down to a great" depth, the
dock roots would pull nearly as easily as
turnips. and we could pile them, so to
speak. Pelion upon Ossa.

There is no need to say how often, after
this, our gaze was directed toward the
peavens, nor how suddenly we became in-

erested in the weather article in father’s
Tr2‘.bun.e. Father would sometimes ask.
“ VVell, boys, how about those weeds?
\Vhen shall I bring out the ﬁve dollars?”
And we would merely look at each other
with a smile which we understood well
enough, but which to him meant our en-
lightenment as to the staying power of the
common dock.

At last their appeared ominous lines in
Prof. Probabilities’ diagram. Came a day
when winds and gusts and gathering gloom
darkened and deepened; and then a storm
broke over the earth such as people tremble
to see. VVe were not selﬁsh enough to be
glad, either when we heard of all the ruin
and death the tempest was bringing on sea
and land. The rain fell in sheets; the
streets ran torrents: the winds roared and
raged. ‘When at last the storm ceased and
the sun appeared once more, nature scarcely
seemed rejoicing. but exhausted, drooping,

\Ve tug-

broken. as if its strength were gone, and it‘

had no heart left.

But although we had ‘been half frightened
at the fury of the tempest, and wholly sorry
at its violence, there had been space enough
for us to remember our own special enter-
prise. VVe had gone out the first few hours
after the rain set in, and essayed a sturdy
dock. It seemed just as ﬁrm as the ﬁrst
one which had deﬁed all our efforts. VVe
went to Tony to ask an explanation. He
answered us byletting a hose-pipe discharge
itself for ten minutes or so on a stalwart
root growing near. and then showing us
how easily our united strength could dis-
lodge it. “Groun’ got to be soaking’—jes’
like sponge; ” he said, “ den yo’ do it——jes’s
I tell yo’.”

The morning of the day it cleared we
went to him. He grinned when he saw us
afar off‘, and began a pantomime of stooping
and pulling which we well understood
“Ebbery t’ing ready now,” he said. "yo’
kin git yo’ ten t’ousan’ if yo’ wan’ to. Tell
_ve, chil‘en,” he continued, “ keep ’um all
in a heap, out ’0 sight, som’er, till yo’ git
all yo’ want, '1: ‘en pile ’um up, de white
roots inside, nice——so yo’ fader can count
’um easy.”

\Ve pulled docks two hours, and by that
time we had emptied four handcart loads
under the woodshed, and piled them neatly,
one hundred and ﬁfty strong. But we could
do no more—at least that day. Our backs
ached; our fingers were b1istered—to say
nothing of boots and clothes lstitfened with
the mud of the soaked soil, and drenched
from the dripping weeds.

esisiien visiroa.

When father came home on the third
afternoon, we took each one of his hands,
and led him out—silently, in reply to his
questions, but with giggles and capers he
was at a loss to understa.nd——till we walked
him in front of the white bristling piles in
the woodshed.

“ There they are,” said one of us.

“ Five piles——a hundred in each,” added
the other.

“ A penny apiece, father.”

“ I’am going to start a library.”

“ Pam going to have the best puppy."

Father looked from one to the other as we
spoke. “ How did you get them ‘.’ ” he
asked.

“We pulled ’em.”

“ Pulled ’em! You pulled ’em ? ”

“ We pulled ’em.”

\Vlien we had sufficiently enjoyed our
triumph, we explained. He regarded us
with wide-open eyes of comic astonishment
meanwhile, and then he gravely drew his
portemonnaie from his pocket, and counted
us out each two dollars and a half. “ Well,
boys,” says he, “ I don’t know but I’ve got
my five dollars’ worth as well as you. Jim I
Here! ” he called. “ Tell your father to set
all you fellows to work on dock-roots all
over the place: don’t leave a single one, it
it takes all day——and before he had ﬁnished
talking we were already on our way to
Toney, pnd Dick gathered up his own espe-
cial favorite into his arms, looking at itas
if it were a package of Hope’s candy and he
were hungry. The next day father brought
me out my Robinson Crusoe.——M7-s. E. C.
Gibson, in the Christian Union.

The Great Celestial Event.

No one event has ever shown the growth
of American science more distinctly than
the interest people have taken in the pres-
ent great comet. The fact that its discov-
ery was made by private citizens, and with
the naked eye, and by many hundreds in all
parts of the land at the same time, proves
that people do search and study the skies,
and take an interest in the heavenly bodies.
Few things contribute more toward the ex-
pansion of man into the great things of life
than thoughts upon the immensity of the
universe, and the advance of civilization is
marked more clearly in this respect than in ,,
almost any other. The present comet. from
careful views secured at the VVarner Obser-
vatory, Rochester, N. Y., proves to be a
most marvelous one. Its tail proper, which
strange to say,curved originally in an oppo
site direction to that most common with
comets, became suddenly absorbed by a
most vigorous offshoot or secondary tail,
which stretched upward nearly sixty de-
grees, and could be seen even to Pi Drawn-
is, more than twenty degrees above the
North Star.

The activity around the nucleus of the
head showing great masses of matter—its
extreme length—its sudden appearance, and
phenomenal actions, have justly made it a
cause of great wonder and comment. It is
a vexed question as to whom the honor of
discovery and the VVarner prize of $200 are
due. There are hundreds of claimants from
all parts of the Northern Hemisphere, and
ranging in time over a period of ﬁve days,
but it is almost certain t at the ﬁrst view of
it was obtained by some private citizen, and
not by an astronomer; and it is also pretty
sure that an American deserves the credit
‘of having seen it before any European.
The name of the ﬁrst discoverer will be
duly published.

The value which this great comet will
have cannot readily be estimated, as it is
the first large one which has appeared since
the discovery of the spectroscope, and it is
almost. certain that the elements can be de-
termined, so that the exact formation of
comets may be known hereafter.

Hay and Grain Crops.

Compared with its selling price, hay re-
moves more of the soil constituents from the
land than most of our other salable products.
One hundred pounds of hay will remove
nearly as much nitrogen and much more
mineral matter than 100 pounds of wheat.
These considerations must all be studied
when the question comes‘as to the proﬁtable
application of expensive manures. While,
therefore, the evidence is somewhat against
the use of artiﬁcial manures when hay is
grown for sale, it by no means forbids their
employment when grass land is used for the
production of meat, milk, butter or cheese;
and to illustrate this, I will merely allude to
one manure ingredient, viz.: potash. In the
large crop of hay which we take from Plot
11, we carry off annually 140 lbs. of potash
per acre: 1,000 pounds live weight of an ox
or sheep contains about 1; to 1% lbs. of potash.
There are very few acres of land in the State
of New York which will fatten one bullock
per acre, and even if there were, the potash
carried off would not amount to more than
one pound. Of milk, 100 lbs. weight con-
tains a little over half a pound of mineral
matter, or about 1-13th part of what would
be contained in 100 lbs. of hay, while but-
ter robs the land of nothing. If land has
been impoverished by the sale of hay, and
hay is to be sold, dung is the cheapest ma-
nure to apply; but if land so impoverished
is intended for the future to produce milk,
meat. or other animal products, potash is
sure to be wanting, and the best manure to
apply will be either 200 lbs. of sulphate or
muriate of potash, or three times that
quantity of kanit salts, and, in addition to
whichever of these substances is selected.
200 lbs. of superphosphate of lime and from
60 to 80 pounds pounds of nitrate of soda.
If, however, the land has been impoverish-
ed merely by feeding stock, then the ex-
haustion will be more likely due to the ab-
sence of nitrogen and phosphate, and
fertility must be restored by an application
of these substances as man ures.—1'7/‘om "On
Increasing (he Fei-(mtg of Pastures,” by J.
B. Lawes. L. L. D., F. R. S., of Rotham-
stead, England.

Government Appropriations in Aid of Agriculture.

The most. prosperous nations of the earth
foster agriculture by appropriations of mon-
ey from the public treasury. and ﬁnd it a
productive investment. The following
amounts were expended by some of the
governments of Europe in aid of agriculture
in the year 1877. I invite a comparison of
these amounts with the sum appropriated
by the United States: Austria and Hun-
gary, $5,-195.125 ; France, for agriculture and
commerce. $20,534,410; Prussia, $2,612,340;

Italy, for agriculture and commerce, $2,715,-

995 ; Russia, for agriculture and public lands,

$14,826,184; Great Britain, $795,590; Swed-
en, $(‘>51,737; United States, [$174,686. The
little kingdom of Sweden, with 21 times
less area and almost 1-12th the population of
the United States, appro riates more than
three times as much to t e rotection and
promotion of her productive interests as do
the United States. This little kin dom,
with a little more than half the area 0 Tex-
as, and with a po ulation less than that of
the State of New ork, does more to foster
production than this great agricultural na-
tion does. Russia———itself a great agricultural
nation, with less than twice the population,
and a little more than twice the area of the
United States—devotes to the support of ag-
riculture and her public lands more than
seventy times as much as the United States,
while France, with an area of only 210,830
square miles, appropriates to agriculture
and commerce more than $:.0,500,000 annu-
ally.—Fi'om “Productive IIldll,8t7‘_y the Source
of Wealth,” by Dr. Thos. P. James.

Mullum In Parvo.

The following twelve paragraphs, from
an old horticultural publication, are worthy
of a place among the most valued rules
that should govern a well regulated home:

Fruit '1‘rees.—l. When fruit trees occupy
the ground, nothing else shou1d——except
very short grass.

2. Fruitfulness and growth of the tree can-
not be expected the same year.

3. There is no plum that the curculio will
not take, though any kind may sometimes
escape for one year in one place.

4. Peach-borers will not do much damage
when stiff clay is heaped up round the tree
a foot high.

-5. Pear blight still puzzles the greatest
men. The best remedy known is to plant
two for every one that dies.

6. If you don’t know how to prune,
don’t hire a man from the other side of the
sea. who knows less than you do.

7. Don’t cut off‘ a big lower limb, unless
you are a renter, and do not care what
becomes of the tree when your time is out.

8. A tree with limbs coming out near the
ground is worth two trees trimmed up ﬁve
feet, and is worth four trees trimmed up ten
feet, and so on until they are not worth any-
thing.

9. Trim down, not up.

10. Shorten in, not lengthen up.

11. If you had your arm cut, you would
feel it at your he-art,—a tree will not feel
but rot to the heart.

1:2. \Vhen anybody tells you of a garden-
er who understands all about horticulture
and agriculture, and who can be hired, do
not believe a word of it, for there are no
such to be hired. Such a man can make more
than you can afford to pay him, and if he
has sense enough to understand the business
he will have sense enough to know this.

THE Massachusetts Ploughman says: “If
the cucumber that grows nearest the root be
saved every year, an earlier and smaller
variety will be the result; if saved near the
ends, a larger and later variety will be ob-
tained. Melon seeds are also easily saved.”

THE REAPEH, DEATH.

REASE.——Died near Scott’s station, Climax town-
ship, Miss DELILAH REABE, aged 30 years. The case
of Miss Rease was a very singular one. Her sick-
ness dates back to last October, though she was not
continually conﬁned to her bed during all these
weary months. She received treatment from ﬁve
different physicians, and also the able counsel of Dr.
Hitchcock. from Kalamazoo, yet each successive
treatment left her in a more feeble condition. A
post-mortem examination was attended by five phys-
icians, which revealed nothing satisfactory to the
profession as to any diseased organ causing her im-
mediate death. She was an active member of the

Grange. Her funeral was largely attended at the res-
idence of her brother, and appropriate services were
conducted by Rev. D. N. Reiter, of the Reformed
church, Wakeshma.

HEADQUARTERS FOR LAND PLASTER.

DAY & TAYLOR,

Grandville, Mich.,

Are prepared to furnish LAND PLASTER, fresh
ground, at contract prices, made with the Executive
Committee of the State Grange.
A large stock on hand of
LAND PLASTER.
Send us your Orders direct.
jan1—ly

pure, ﬁnely-ground

DAY 4! TAYLOR

A. VAN DENBERG,

MANUFACTURER,
WHOLESALE sun RETAIL _I)r:ALan IN

HARNESS, WEIPS, BLANKETS, TRUNKS, 818.,

92 Monrde Street.

GRAND RAPIDS, MICH.

I take pleasure in presenting to your favorable con-
sideration my CASH PRICE LIST of Harness Work
—HAND MADE——all of my own manufacture, and
also to return thanks for the liberal patronage I have
received from the different G-ranges throughout. Mich-
igan. I shall do in the future as in the past——furnish
the best goods for the least money.

Farm Harness, White Trimmed Breeching,
Round Lines, Snaps, Rum Straps, and
spread rings, complete, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..ii29 00

The same without Brseching, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 00

“ “ with flat Lines,.. .. .. 28 00

u u M u  

“ without breeching, . .
Double Light Buggy Harness, white trimmed,

from . . . . . . . . . . .  . . . . . . . . . “$2-ito
The same, Nickle Trimmed. from . . . . . .335 to
Single Buggy Harness, with round lines, white

trimmed, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 00
Same with ﬂat lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 00
Nickle Trimmed, . . . . . ..815, $16, $18, $20 and :25 00

ALL ORDERS RECEIVED UNDER SEAL OF
THE GRANGE

will be shipped at once, and may be returned at my
expense if not entirely satisfactory.

Address all orders to
Yours very respectfully,
A. VANDEN BERG,

92 MONROE STREET. G'iuNn Basins.

30 00
50 00

rsNNo‘ & MANNING,

W001 EHMMISSISN MERCHANTS.

117 Federal St.. Boston.
Consignments solicited and Cash Advances Made.

7

FREE !

,,_.

TRANSPORTATION

READY MIIIED PAINTS.

Paris Green and London Purple.

The use of Ready Mixed Paints is now ‘almost
universal. The public, during the last xew years,
have learned from practical tests that a Paint thor-
oughly ground and mixed by machinery. in appro-
priate colors, ready for immediate use upon the
opening of a package, is more economical, and
gives better satisfaction than Paints mixed by hand
in small quantities, and colored -by a novice.

THE PATRONS’ PAINT womcs
MANUFACTURE
INGI-]RSOLL'lS READY MIXED PAINTS,

and sell them EXCLUSIVELY to

Patrons of Eusbandry.

These Paints were among the very first of their
kind put upon the market, and they have been sold
throughout the United States upon their merits for
many years.

Our Prices for 188] are more ilheral than
ever. Send tor our Book, with Sample (‘olor
Cards and Brush Patterns.

“Every Man his own Painter" Mailed Free.

Address,
' A. M. //V6’E/?.S’0L£.
PROPRIETOR.

New York City.
6 mo

162 South St, - -

AiVlERlCAX .\fA.\7i'.-ii)”
PARLIAMENTARY

L A ‘V.
Is recognized by the leading parliamentarians of the
land as the most complete. concise and systematic
work on the modern practice. Every citizen of this
republic should have a copy.

It has received strong testimonhls from Samuel
E. Adams, Past Master of the National Grange : Sen-
ator Ferry, ex-Vice-President of the U. S.. and from
the chief executive ofiicer of the following and other
fraternal organizations, viz : Knights of Honor,
Knights and Ladies of Honor, Knights of Pythias,
Royal Arcaiium, Foresters, Grand Army of the Re-
public, Knights Templar, A. O. \V., R. T. of 'l‘.,
I. 0. G. T., A. J.(). K. S. B.. I. U. B. B., etc.

Circular of Testimonials sent on application. Prices
(by mail, prepaid), cloth, 50 cents ; plain leather, 76
cents; leather tucks, 551.

Address, stating where you saw this advertisement,

GEORGE T. FISH,

42 Arcade, Rochester. N. Y.

xaéx '''l s ,
MlCl'llliAli HUMESTEA
AN EIGHT PAGE, FURTY CUL1'.V.lN PAPER,

DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS (IF AGRI-
CULTURE IN ALL ITS BRANCHES.

CHEAPEST P.4E‘—EI?. PUBLISHED!

Many of the ablest farmers and writers of Western
Michigan are regular contributors to the World and
Homestead. The series of articles now running, on-
titled “ Farmers’ Relation to Law," being an exhaus-
tive treatise oi the law of highways.titles,iences,
drainage, e-strays. patent-rights, etc.. etc.. are well
worth five times the subscription price of the paper.

The Grange interests and Grange news form 3
special feature. and are at all times fully represented.

The Home Department is in the hands of a ‘trace
tical housekeeper, and is carefully and ably con-
ducted.

Its market reports are fuller and more reliable
than can be found in any other paper published in
Western Michigan. -

TERMS.—~Sil -30 per year : trial trip \U.1‘£-C months)
for ‘Z5 cents (eight three-cei-;t stamps).

Subscriptions can commence at any time. Send
stamp for sample copies. Address,

F. M. CARROLL A: CO.,
25 CANAL sinner, — — (iasxn RAII1‘-E, Mien.

N. B.—The .4q7'icui.’ur(1/ Worir.’ and GRANGE VIS-
XTOB both one year for £$l.-'30.

VIBRATOR I-I4ARROVi7D.m

' Agents

Cuts Six. Eight and Ten Feet.

Best Harrow made. Cuts every inch of ground,
and adapted to all kinds of soil. Peculiar shape of
tooth makes it easy of draft, and leaves the ground
light and mellow. Relieves itself of all obstructions.
Bundled very compact for shipment.

PHELPS 6:. BIGELOW W. Ill. ('70.,
Kalainnzoo, Nlch.

raic-is lien or siiriaisi

Kept in the otﬁce of the Secretary oube
MICHIGAN (‘TATE GRA.-VGE,
And sent out Post Paid. on Receipt of Cash Order,

m-er the seal of a Subordinate Grange, and the
signature of its blotter of Secretary. '

Porcelain Ballot Marbles, per hundred, . . . . . . . .
Blank Book, ledger ruled, for Secretary to keep
accounts with members, . . . . . . . . . . . . _ _ _ , _ _ _
Blank Record Books, ( Express paid), . . . . . . . . ..
Order Book, containing 100 Orders on the Treas-
u', with stub, weil hound, . . . _ _ . . _ . , _ , . . . _ _
Receipt Book. containing 100 Receipts from
Treasurer to Secretary, with stub, well bound,
Blank Receipts for dues, per 100, bound, . . _ _ , _ _

Applications for Membership, per 100, . . . . . . . . . .

Membershi Cards. per 100, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ . _ .

Withdraws Cards, per doz., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Dimits, in envelopes, per doz., . . . . . . . . . . _ . . . _ . _
By-Laws of the State Grange, single copies Klc,
per doz., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . , . . , ,,
By-Laws, bound, . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . _ , , , _ _ _ _
“ Glad Echoes,” with music. Single copy 15 cu.
per doz., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Rituals, single copy, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
“ per doz.,

76

100
100

M)

for the Incorpo-

ration of Subordinate Granges, with Copy 0!
Charter, all complete,.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . _
Notice to Delinquent Members, per 100. . . . _ _ . , ,
Declaration of Purposes, per doz., 5c.; per
hundred, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
American Manual of Parliamentary Law.
u u u to st {Mo_
rocco Tuck.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Address of J. J. Woodman before the Nation-
al Grange—per dozen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ _ . . . .
Address of Thos. K. Beecher—per dozen .... ..
Digest of Law sand Rulings, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Address, J. T. COBB,
Sac’! Mica. Sum Giuxex,

40

 40
.... b0
1 00

20
10
40

SCHOOLCBAFT, MICE


 TEE @§BiANGEg,VESITOE.

JULY 15, 1881.

Machinery and Woman’s Work.
[Read at the April meeting of Hillsdale
Pomona Grange by 9. Sister.]

Worthy Brother and Sister Patrons .-—The
task assigned me at the last Pomona Grange
was one I do not feel competent to perform,
but as we allow no drones in our hive of in-
dustrv, I will do the best I can in describing
what machinery has done to relieve woman
from much of the drudgery that was once
her position. But in order to bring this sub-
ject fully before your minds please to go
back to the ﬁfty years before this inventive
age, which we now enjoy, was ushered in ;
when woman was considered an inferior
and valued only as she was able to perform
the most laborious service. Although there
are exceptions to every rule, position,
wealth, and culture have gone hand in hand.
A few women who were considered high
born drones on the accession of their wealth
were relieved from the more laborious task
of workers.

Distinction in dress,from an early age to the
present time, has been the means of display-
ing wealth, and the queens of Greece at a
very early age spent their time fabricating
garments for their royal husbands. But
what was their mental culture : how does it
compare with that of the women of to-day ?
They were brave and noble, but their glory
was in the valiant deeds of their husbands
and sons. But these embraced but a few of
the teeming millions of earth; the masses
were but vassals,spending their lives in drud-
gery that the few might be clothed in gor-
geous apparel and live sumptuously every
day. To the women was left the toil of the
ﬁeld, and they might have been seen with
their infants going to the ﬁeld to glean, ah,
not to glean only, but with their sickles to
reap the golden grain to furnish a meagre
subsistence for themselves and children,
while the land owner took the lion’s por-
tion.

But when inventive genius went abroad
in the Iand,the cradle came into use,wielded
by the strong arm of man; then woman took
the rake. But farther down the stream of
time came the reaper and hay rake, which
brought joy to many through the land.
The sickle and cradle are laid aside.
The steam thresher has superseded the ﬂail.
Our young ‘men, whose winters were once
spent in swinging the ﬂail, are now released
and have time and opportunity to develop

their mental,powers. This is only one of
the helps to woman.

Not many years ago it was her task to
card, spin and weave the various fabrics used
in clothing herself and family, How is it
to-day? One girl 15 or 16 years of age can,
with modern machinery, spin as much and
in a quicker time than 500 women could
with their old spinning wheels. Then think
of the iron arm that throws the shuttle with
lightning rapidity and never tires! Truly,
has not machinery done a great deal to ele-
vate woman? One man, at the present
time, can attend a mule containing 1,088
spindles, each spinning three hanks, or 3,264
hanks per day in the aggregate. In Hindo-
stan, where they still spin by hand, an ex-
pert spinner can turn out only one hank per
day: so we ﬁnd that the same amount of
labor, with improved machinery, accom-
plishes more than the thousand hands. Yet
we do not exceed the Hindoos in gossamer
ﬁneries, as the fact that a scarf of their man-
ufacture can be drawn through a ﬁnger-
ring, will testify. The Hindoo can take one
pound of Sea-Island cotton and spin it into
a thread so ﬁne that it would reach more
than 1,000 miles: yet we consider the Hin-
doos our inferiors: so they are in all but the
art of weaving. But many of our ladies
who dwell in palatial homes have longed to
become possessor of an India shawl, the
product of a Hindoo’s ﬁnger-work and life-
long toil, for few who set up the Warp live
to ﬁnish the intricate patterns of these
shawls. They sell for thousands of dollars.
In our favored day, they are valued for their
rarity, for good judges pronounce the cash-
meres and paisleys of to-day, whose
bright colors and delicate patterns enliven
and beautify the costumes of our ladies
on the promenade, as equaling them in
beauty. The operative of our looms of to-
day may change her dress and be seen
arrayed as elegantly, her manners as reﬁned,
and her mind as cultured, and with more
common sense and ability to ﬁght the battle
of life, than the pampered child born to
wealth, if she but choose.

We might also mention the embyideries,
laces, and beautiful robes for infants and
children which were once wrought by high
born ladiesjand worn only by the few.

Then look back at the homes of the mas-
ses of ﬁfty years ago, the ill-cut clothing of
the men, women and children; the naked
windows and bare walls, the -uncarpeted
floors, the rough crockery, the open ﬁre-
place, the crane, hook, and ﬁre-dogs, with
the old brick oven and bake kettle; the
children growing up to be uncultivated
men and women because their mother’s
hands were fully employed in obtaining
the necessaries of life. But what a change,
and what has produced it? Because ever
and anon these little ones with loving hearts
have seen the necessity of improvement,
and the restless mind, ever searching for
something new, has developed the various
machines, which while they have not freed

, the brain from thought, has freed’ the hands,

and given time for inventing and perfecting
the various machinery.

Ah I but my task is not half done. There
is the knitting machine that can knit one
pair of hose in ﬁve minutes, that would take
two or three days to knit the old fashioned
way.

Then comes the sewing machine, that
makes the stiches faster than we can count,
In making up our garments, the machine
will rurlle, bind, tuck, hem, and fell——and,
in fact, will make all that a woman can by
hand, in one-tenth the time.

Then has not machinery done a great deal
to relieve woman, and given her time for
mental culture ‘P Then there are also other
machines that come to help us in our daily
routine.

For instance, take the washing machine.
That comes in play when our husbands and
sons follow the example taught them at our
last meeting by two of the good brothers,
who proposed to take their horse and car-
riage, and ride out for their health and
pleasure on washing day. Oh! ye brave
men, why leave, as you say, to get rid of a
cross wife. \Vhat makes her cross ‘?
Because of the work, and the extra perplex-
ities of the day. The battle having been
fought, these lords of creation wish to return
and" expect to ﬁnd these tired wives neatly
clad, and meet them at the door with a
smiling face—such men are the ones who
say, “ A scolding wife is the plague of my
life.” But some men are more noble. They
stay at home, and help ﬁght and conquer
the difficulties of the day, and are the joy of
their wives. This is right; we ought to help
one another bear the burdens of life. Lest
I weary your patience, I will only mention
a few more helps that have been invented.

The cook stove, with all its appliances, is
one of the greatest blessings; our paring
machines, with their improvement; and
many other little helps in the kitchen, the
coffee mill, egg beater, ﬂour sifter, and
many other things that time will not permit
me to mention. '

\Vithout a doubt, machinery is a blessing
to Woman and the world. The true woman
will ever busily and anxiously seek for a
noble development, for herself and loved
ones. “ The farms of the United States
afford employment for more than one-half
of our people, and furnish much the largest
part of all our exports. Our manufactures
are rapidly making us independent, and
are opening to capital and labor new and
proﬁtable ﬁelds of employment."

VVhile as a people, we on the farm are
coming to the front, it is now no longer a
Wonder that our girls are taken to grace the
drawing rooms of some city home, for they
are well able by their culture to win and
keep the hearts of the best. For there are
more girls from the farms in schools, get-
ting a thorough education, than from our
cities. But if the machinery of our country
were to stand still, our schools would be clos-
ed, mental improvement would cease, and
when ﬁre, water, storms and pestilence visit
our land, if the iron horse could not bear
the donations of sympathizing hearts soon,
very soon, we should be living in isolated
communities, and the fraternal interests Of
our country would cease. Thousands upon
thousands of our now happy country homes,
whose ambition is leading them on to the
highest goal, would be reduced to the depths
of ignorance, because every nerve would be
strained to procure the necessaries _of life.
No longer would a book or paper he at hand
to cheer and enlighten, but down, down, we
should go, step by step, even as we have
arisen, till woman would be but little better
than a brute, and man, with all his noble
aspirations, who never rises higher than his
companions, would ’be lower. Do you say
we lived then ? But how ‘3 — in ignorance,
with a mind but a step above the brute.
But to-day men and women are climbing
the hill of science, and now in our rural
homes, though they may have but little of
this world’s goods, there are none so poor
but there are signs of mental progression,
and with our public school system and free
institutions, they may yet stand at the head
of our nation. V.

THE wool crop of western Washington
Territory this season is estimated at 320,000
pounds. an increase of 40,000 pounds over
last year. The average clip per head is
about four pounds. ,

FARM FOR. SALE.

A rare chance to buy a farm of 240 acres,
two miles south of the city of Grand Rapids,
Mich., embracing a variety of soils; 200
acres under cultivation; well fenced and
watered; two bearing orchards; large barns,
stock and storage sheds, horse barn and all
other suitable farm buildings, all upon stone
foundations; sound and conveniently ar-
ranged; suitable for stock-breeding, dairy,
milk, or general farm purposes; Large, two-
story frame farm-house; large cement-bot-
tomed cellar and milk-rooms, also a modern
brick dwelling. Title _perfect— purchase
direct from Government: no encumbrances.
Price, $100 per acre—$l0,000 down, balance
on time to suit purchaser. Will sell with
the farm, if desired, all the stock, teams,
tools, implements and machinery, includ-
ing four horses, 10 cows, young cattle, steam
engine, threshing machine, feed mill, etc.,
etc., etc. Everything in good condition.
Can be seen and examined, with crops on
the ground, at any time. Reason for selling,
age and declining health of the proprietor,
J. 0. Rogers. For further particulars, en-
quire on the premises or apply to DENNIS

. Roenns, Attorney at Law, 28 Canal St.

wamley block), Grand Rapids, Mich.

to

To the Patrons of Michigan.
A large and growing trade is now being
carried on at our co-operative store in Alle-
gan, and under the management of Bro. A.
Stegeman, it is rapidly gaining a reputation
not excelled, if equalled, by any other store
in the State ; and for this success we are
greatly indebted to him for his zeal and un-
tiring energy in managing its business trans-
actions. Therefore to offer these facilities to
all Patrons wishing to purchase through our
agency, the executive committee of the co-
operative association have made such ar-
rangements that our agent will fill orders
for goods from all parts of the State.
For fu rther in formation,address A. S'1‘EGE-
MAN, Allegan, .\Iich.
J. S. Binwi-:LL,
Sec. of C. A. of P. of H.

“Horns IN TEXAS”

IS THE TITLE OF

A NEW ILLUSTRATED P/IMPHLET.

Descriptive of the country along and tributary to
the line of the

INTERNATIONAL & GREAT NORTHERN R. R..

and contains a good county map of the State. It
also contains the names and addresses of Farmers
and Planters in Texas who have

FARMS FOR SALE OR RENT,

and those who will want Farm Hands for this
year. A copy of this book will be mailed free to
thosevwho desire reliable information about Texas,
upon application by letter or postal card to

A LLEN MCCOY,

Gen'l Freight and Pass'r Agent, Palestine, Texas.
l5jul-‘Zt

0

Bindery Work I
MAGAEINES

BOOKS ‘FOR RI!-BINDING.

N ow is an exceedingly favorable time
to secure the binding of Magazines,
Pamphlets, and similar accumulations. .
Our bindery pays special attention to
this work, and parties sending or-
ders to us will have prompt attention.

Grange Records and Blanks, County,
Bank. Commercial “fork, and esti-
mates made on all classes of Printing
and Binding.

The Re-binding of School and
Sunday School Libraries

is an important branch of our business.

Cowespondevzce from Librarians, School Directors
and Business Mm all over the commy SOLICITED.

KALAMAZOO PUBLISHING COMPANY,

Postoﬂice Block, KALAMAZ00.

KETIE *c1.1.:.A..xi11:1.». I
And Butter Cooler.

0
NEVV THING.
0

Saves Three Times its Cost in One Season.
0
NO ICE REQUIRED. SOLID BUTTER IN DOG-
DAYS, AND CREAMERY PRICES FOR IT.
Sweet Milk only 12 hours old for your Calves.

The Butter Cooler keeps your Butter solid in the
warmest weather.

% Send for Circular and Price List.
IVICCALL 8; DUNCAN,
Scnooncaarr, Mion.

A

junel 5-tf.

cnossssievisss...

WE are prepared to furnish our justly Celebrated
CLOTHES WASHERS in large numbers.
We have been unable, until lately, to supply the in-
creasing demand. The Washer is now in successful
operation in more than a hundred families in this
vicinity, and its merits are fully established.
SCHOOLCRAFT WASHER CO.
Schoolcraft, June 28th, 1881. julyl-tf

THE 5 - TON

WAGON SCALES.

ARE SOLD FOR $60.

All Iron and Steel. Sold on trial—freight paid by
us—no money asked till tested and found satisfac-
tory. All sizes manufactured.

JONES OF BINGHAMPTON,
Binghampton. N. Y.
Send for Circulars and further particulars.

Paw P.-aw, Mich., May 18th, 1878.
Jonas or BINGHAMTONI
My Scales give entire satisfaction. I have subject-
ed it to the most severe tests and ﬁnd it not only
correct in weighing large or small amounts, but
perfectly reliable.
' Yours, Fraternally,
J. J. WOODMAN.
3 in—lyr

[Signed]

German Horse and Cow Powders.

This powder has been in use for many years. It
is largely used by the farmers of Pennsylvania, and
the Patrons of that State have bought over 100,000
pounds through their purchasing agents. Its compo-
sition is no secret. The receipt is on every box and
5-pound package. It is made b Dr. L. 0berholtzer’s
Sons & Co., Phoenixville, Pa. t kee'ps stock healthy
and in good‘ condition. It helps to digest and assimi-
late the food. Horses will do more work, with less
food while using it. Cows will give more milk and
be in better condition. It keeps poultry healthy, and
increases the production of eggs. _ It is also of great
value to them when melting. It is sold at the lowest
wholesale rice by R. E. JAMES, Ksnuuzoo,
GEO. W. L &. CO., 80 Woonaamen Sr.. Da-
raorr, and J. M. CHAMBERS, 163 So. Warns Sr.,
CHICAGO. Put u in 60-lb. boxes (loose), price EIGHT
Can-rs per 111., 3 lb. boxes (of 6 5-lb. packages, Tax
Carers per lb.

HUSBANDS -0- -mm-lwIvﬁs7!

MOTHERS

OF DROOPING  !

SHOULD KNOW OF

DR. R. PENGELLY’S “WOMAN'S FRIEND,” IMPROVED!

It is a. SOVEREIGN REMEDY for

Those Complaints (they need no naming) peculiar to VVOMEN, YOUNG or OLD, NOT A (‘URE-
ALL, Claiming to annihilate Jaundice,Diabetes, Bright's Disease, Gravel, and everything else which

aﬁlicts MEN EVEN MORE THAN WOMEN.

It works in ONE LINE and in that line it excels.

The tender, Nervous Gin’, the anxious, expectant

Mather, the overburdened Housewife, the Matron, passing the critical change, are all guarded, soothed and

sustained by its Gentle Inﬂuence.

It is the prescription of an experienced Physician, perfected during a

life-long practice, and its nine years of public record, in 30 diﬁerent States, have proved it rightly named —
A FRIEND INDEED TO WOMAN. The good words of those who use it are its best advertisement.
All 8-ounce (81.00) bottle, or a 20-ounce ($2.00) bottle sent on receipt or price, express prepaid, also

references and testimonials, on application to

KALAMAZO0. MICH.

R. PENGELLY 85 C0,.
(FORMEBLY or PLAIXWELL.)

Sold by Drugglsts generally and Lady Agents. Swift & Dodds, and Farrnnd, Williams
&- 170.. Detroit. Morrison. Pluxnmer & Co-. Chicago-

EVERY FARMER IN  COUN'l‘RY.SHOULD EXAMl.\'E THE

New Combines’. Spring Tooth Sulky Harrow

QULT1 VATOR AND

SEEDPIR.

l\Ianufactured by

THE SCHAU 8: SOIIUSTER SULKY
HARROW AND SEEDER COMPANY.

Kalamazoo, - _wnchgg;n_

As a combined machine. it stands un-
rivalled in excellence, doing the work OJ
3. Harrow and Seed Sower most thorough-
ly and satisfactorily. It has taken high
rank at once as ONE OF THE VERY

. BEST Il\IPLEMEl\"l‘S FOR THE USES

DESIGNED EVER INVENTED. Sows

all kinds of grain and grass seeds. The Harrow does not trail, and is of lighter

draft than any other Harrow in the market.
Wherever shown in 1880.

It received first premium and diplomas

SOMETHING ENTIRELY NEW!

THE CHAMPION

BARBED WIRE

Is Easily Seen, Most Effective, and Least Dangerous to Stock of any Barbed Wire known.

()f{I3EI3. ‘SFGITII.

Barbed Wire, Dry Goods, Groceries, Sewing Machines, Scales,
Seeds, Hardware, Watches, Clocks, Plated Ware, &c., &c.

In Fact, Everything You Want, of Your State Business Agency.

‘*1-'R<O1WA$

mason,

Commission Blerchant, 181 South Vvater Street, Chicago, Ill.

§§'-'PATRONS STATE BUSINESS AGENT.
SALE RATES on day of purchase. Terms strictly

PATRONS, TRY ME,
And Judge for Your-selves.

The  

Stands without a rival in asserting grain and seeds.
Separates and grades grain and seeds of all kinds;
cleans perfectly: has six fans, _is simple, run_s easily,
and works rapidly. Agitator in hopper, with lever
and ratchet for regulating feed. The sieves are well
made of coppered and annealed wire cloth; other
parts of the most durable material. The Eureka is
the only mill in America that makes

Four complete Separations on two

Sieves at one operation. _;,

It separates cookie, chess, mustard, redroot, dock,
or any other small seed from your wheat; making
one grade of seed wheat, taking the shrunk and
cracked wheat out and cleaning it for market at the
same time, besides putting the small foul seeds that
may be in the grain perfectly clean by itself, also the
cookie and chess by itself. The Eureka does all of
this in running the grain once through the mill. One
dollar in cash will be given for every cockle.or chess
that can be found in the seed wheat after being once
run through the mill when properly adjusted. This
mill was awarded the highest medal. at Philadelphia
in 1876, also at the last two State fairs oi Michigan.

Manufactured by

HENRY CORTRITE,_
For terms to Patrons address Lansing, Mich.

T. J. SHOEMAKER,
" Sec’y 637, Mt. Clemens, Mich.

A. I.-. LAKEY 81. BlGEL0W,H
Kalamazoo Paint and Rating Works,

Manufacturers of

MIXED PAINTS. ROOFING MATERIAL, &II.,

——Anp DEALERS Ix —

All Kinds of Painters’ Goods,

AT ‘WHOLESALE AND RETAIL.

0
PLEASE CALL AND SEE OUR STOCK AT

52 and 54 NORTH BIIRDIOK STREET,

KALA1\1Azoo, MICH.

Plymouth Rooks

—-AND —

Partridge Gochins!

My Pl mouth Rocks
are from eefei-’s noted
strain ; my, Partridge
Co-chins are from
Pierce’s prize - win-
ning strain. Weaned
Chickens for sale

_ in early Summer.
' r Eggs in season.
Send for Circular to

Paul:

ilde, Cnunerville, Mich.

aprI5,6rn

N. B.——All goods bought on your order at WHOLE-

cash.

GEORGE W. HILL,

Successor to GEO. VV. HILL A: CO.
Oonntission Merchant,

Dealer in Grain and Produce,

No. 80 Woodbridge Street West.
DETROIT, MICH.

What EVERY FAMILY need,
and Every Grange should have,
and I can furnish it.

An Accurate Beam Scale,

that will weigh from ONE-EIGHTH OUNCE TO
TWENTY-FIVE POUNDS. It is a GEM,

For the small sum of $2.55.
VEGETABLE, FLOWER and FlE__LD

SEEDS.

Field Peas, Timothy,
Hungarian, Millet.

SEND FOR SAMPLES AND PRICES.

T. J. Snomuxmz, Secretary of Mt. Clement
Grange, is my travelling agent; give him your
orders when he calls.
apr.l.tl5.

SAINT for PATRONS.

THE BEST AND CHEAPEST.
Immense Reduction in Prices from April 15, I881.

FREIGHT FREE.

[]uarlerman’s Ready-Mixed ‘Paints.

Used by Patrons all Over the Land.
QUAR'1‘ERMAN’S GUIDE TO PAINTING

WITH SAMPLE COLORS SENT FREE TO ANY PATRON.

§°Send for our Prices before purchasing else-
where. Address
E- A. OUARTERMAN,

159 South Street, New York City.

PRICE LIST OF

HORSE NETS.

Nets made of I6—threa.d twine, full net, body,
neck and ear tips, by the dozen, each $1.10. Sixty
days time. Ten per cent. oﬁ‘ for cash.

Body Nets, reaching to the homes, by the dozen,
each 75 cents. ,

Nets made of 20—thread twine, a small advance
on above prices.

I will send bne dozen nets or more at above prices
to any Grange, and those not sold can be returned at

my expense.
JOSEPH SHAW.
Charlotte, Mich.
Orders under Seal of Grauge promptly attended to.

Clover,

may 1 5- 6m