CIR EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE OF CUL R THE MICHIGAN STATE GRANGE. VOL. 1. SCHOOLCRAF T, MAY 1875. No. 2. Officers Michigan State Grange. M.-—J. J. VVOODMAN, - - .-—P. W. ADAMS. - - .—~—C. L. WHITNEY, - - .—H. FLEMING, - - - . S.—-W. H. MATTISON, - - .—A. C.— ‘Paw Paw. - Tecumseh. Muskegon. Pontiac. Ionia. Albion. Sclioolcraft. K‘ M. FITCH, - - - E J. T. COBB, - - - .—S. F. BROWN. - - - G. K.—A. E. STRONG, - - Vicksburg. CEREs.—M_Rs. N. CHILSON, Battle Creek. POMONA—MRS. N. R. ADAMS, Grand Rapids. FLORA—MRS. J. J. WOODMAN, Paw Paw. L. A. S.—Mns. W. H. MATTISON, Ionia. Executive committee. NATHANIEL CI-IILSON, Chairman and State Purchasing Agent, Battle Creek. SAMUEL LANGDON, - Bowen Station. ALONZO SESSIONS. - - Ionia. J. WEBSTER CHILDS, - Ypsilanti. F. M. HOLLOWAY, - - < Hillsdale. GEO. W. WOODWARD, Shelby, Oceana Co. VV. A. WALES, - - Disco, Macomb Co. J. J. WOODMAN, J. T. COBB, - Ex. Olfieio. Deputies. C. L. WHITNEY, Gen. Deputy, llifuskegon. Tnos. MARS, for Berrien Co., P. O. Berrien Cr. lfinsox PACKARD, Gratiot “ “ Forest Hill. 1’. W. ADAMS, Lenawee “ Tecumseh. RIC}I'I) MooRE, Clinton “ St. Johns. E. J. HODGES, Hillsdale “ Jonesville. JAS. ANDERSON, Sanilac “ Farmers. NOTICE. This CIRCULAR will be issued 1nontl1- ly by direction of the Executiue Com- mittee. Each Grange Will receive a copy through the Master or Secretary, and it should be read in ope11 Gra.nge for the information of members, at the first meeting‘ after it is received. Members desiring this CIRCULAR sent them for one year, can have it for 50 cents, and in clubs of ten or more, for 40 cents each. We shall adhere to Grange princi- ples, and require the money with the order. The last page will be devoted to advertisements, of interest to Patrons, at the following rates: One column 1 month, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .$l2.00 Half “ *‘ “ 7.00 Quarter “ “ “ 4.00 One-eighth “ “ . . . . ' ' ' ' . . . . . . . . . . . 2.50 On advertisements ordered for three months, a discount of ten per cent. will be made. On advertisements ordered for six- months, a discount of twenty per Cent. will be made. On advertisements ordered for 12 months, a discount of thirty per cent. will be made. Send money in registered letter, by postofflce money order, or draft, and direct all coinmuuications to J. T. Cobb, Sclioolcrallz, Mich. There are 11ine division gra11gcs,:u1d 147 subordinate granges in Canada. ARTICLES OF ASSOCIATION OF THE MICHIGAN STATE GRANGE or‘ THE PATRONS 01-‘ HUSBANDRY. lVe, the undersigned residents of'tl1e State of Michigan, and members of the association known as the Mich- igan Statc Grange of the Patrons of Husbandry, having been appointed by the Executive Committee of said as- sociation, for the purpose of etfectiiig the incorporation of said State Grange under and iii pursuance of an Act of the Legislature of the State of Michi- gan. entitled, “An Act to incorporate State and Subordinate Granges,” ap- proved April 8th, A. D. 187 5, do here- by, in pursuance of tne appointment and direction of said Executive Com- mittee, associate ourselves for the purpose of forming such corporation under the provisions of said act, and for that purpose do make and execute these Articles of Association, as fol- lows: ARTICLE 1. The names of the per- sons so associating in the first instance and our respective places of residence, are as follows: [Na-mes. Place of Residcnca] ART. 2. The association hereby or- ganized and incorporated, shall be known in the law. by the corporate name of “The Michigan State Grange of the Patrons of Husbandry,” and the place Withi11 this State, Where the office of the Secretary shall ‘be held, shall be deemed to be the place of the business oflice of the corporation. ART. 3. The purpose of this corpor- ation and the object for which it is termed, shall be to advance the social, moral, intellectual and material inter- ests of its members. ART. 4. The period of the existence of the corporat1'0n hereby formed, shall be thirty years. ART, 5. The members of said cor- poration in addition to those execut- ing these articles of association shall be composed of masters of the Subor- dinate Grangcs of the Patrons of Hus- bandy, in this State, and their wives who are matrons. Past-Masters of such Subordinate Granges and their wives who are matrons may also be members of the corporation. The number of the members and the time and manner of their appointment or election and the rights, privileges and duties of members, shall be prescribed in the By-Laws of the corporation. ' A1-:'1‘.' 6. ’l‘he ollieers of the corpora- tion shall be a master, who shall be the presiding otlicer, a Secretary and Treasurer; and such other olficers, Agents and Committcesmay be elect- ed or appointed as shall be provided for in the By-Laws. The powers and duties of oflicers and committees, the time and manner of their election or appointment (after the first election), their terms of oflicc, and the manner of filling vacancies, shall be prescribed and regulated in the’By-Laws of the association. All officers and committees shall hold their otlices and continue to discharge the duties thereof, until their respective successors shall be elected or appoint- ed a11d e11ter upon the duties of their ollices. ART. 7. A11 annual meeting of the corporation shall be held on the second Tuesday of Deceinber i11 each year, or at such other time as the By-Laws shall provide; and special meetings may be held when necessary. The manner of designating the place of holding the annual meetings, and of appointing the time and place of special meetings shall be prescribed iii the By- Laws. Notice of the time and place of any special meeting, and of the annual meetings, shall be given not less than thirty days before the holding thereof, i11 such manner as the By-Laws shall prescribe. If for any cause any an- nual meeting shall not be held at the time herein, or in the By-LaWs ’ speci- fied, the same may be held at such other time as the presiding officer of the corporation shall appoint and upov the like notice as is herein provided ART. 8. The corporation hereby formed ‘shall have power to make and enforce s11eh By-Laws as may be deemed expedient for the management and regulation of the business affairs and interests of the association, and as may be necessary to carry out the purposes for which the association is formed, and for the due execution of the powers and enjoyment of the priv- ileges granted by law; Provided, that such by-laws shall be in accordance with the Constitution and Regulations of the association known as the Na- tional Grange of_ the Patrons of Hus- bandry_ and not inconsistent With the laws of this State, and suchlby-laws may be added to, rep_ealed, or_amend- ed, as the corporation shall .deem ex- pedient. The corporation may also establish such regulations for the ob- servance and government of Subor- diuatc Graiiges, as may be necessary for the promotion of the interests of the order of the Patrons of Husbandry in this State. _ ART. 9. The first meeting of the cor- poration hereby formed shall be held on the 14th day of Dec., 1875, at————— o’clock in the—noon, at in the county of , at which meeting, officcrs of the corporation may be elected, by-laws adopted and such other business transacted as may be deemed necessary, and if said first meeting shall not be held at the time above designated, it may be called and held in such manner and upon such notice, as is otherwise provided by law. In Witness whereof, the parties liere- to liave hereunto set their hands and seals this day of A. D. 1875. [Signatures of Incorporators and their ac- knowledgmentsfl ORGANIZATION OF DIST—RlCT OR COUNTY GRANGES. At its seventh Annual Session, the National Grange submitted a Constitutional amendment,provid- ing for the organization of County or District Granges, which amend- ment having been duly ratified by more tha.n the requisite number of State Granges has become the de- clared law of the order. Its pro- visions are as follows, to wit: SEC. 2. “There may be District or County Granges in the fifth de- gree, not to exceed one in each county, composed of Masters and Past-Masters of Subordinate Graiiges, and their wives, who are Matrons, and such fourth-degree members (not to exceed three) as may be elected thereto by the gubol-aqfnate Granges, under_such I-egu]ati0,;_S as may be established by State Gngnges. Such District 01. County Glfanges shall have charge of the edufatlonal alld bu?" iness interests of th.'’ Order 1“ the” respective districts; find Sh?“ en‘ courage, strengthen, ar"d and the Subordinate Granges repfesented therein. Dispensations for" such District or County Granges shall issue from the State Grange, an under such regulations as the State Grange may adopt.” This gives a needed link in the Order between the Subordinate Granges and the State Grange, fur- nishes a medium of interchange, of collecting statistics and knowl- edge of crops and business, and may become a valuable means of <_l1ffusing>information and cement- ing the interests of the Order. Heretofore the degree of Pomo- na could be conferred by and at the _State Grange only, where it was inaccessible to a large number of those intitled to it, but by the Po- mona Grange this degree is not only brought within the reach of those just named, but Worthy 4th degree members are to be selected from each Subordinate Grange, as candidates to recive this "higher instruction, and to participate in the advanced Work of the Order. Already many inquiries have been made as to the mode of form- ing Pomona Granges by counties desiring such organizations. That such may duly organize, the State Executive Committee would re- spectfully submit the following plan, being substantially the same as that adopted by the National Grange, and in harmony with it. PREAMBLE. It will be seen that the organi- zation of Pomona Granges is in- tended and designed to “strength- en aiid aid ” the Subordinate or Fourth Degree Granges. While the beautiful and instructive les- sons of this degree cannot fail to broaden the understanding and cultivate the moral and intellect- ual nature of all who receive it; at the same time, the knowledge and culture there gained should be used by any member of the Degree of Pomona to strengthen and advance the interests of the Subordinate Granges. They are also required to take especial charge of the business interests of the Order in these several districts. These interests are of vast importance, and daily ‘growing in magnitude, requiring the best wisdom of those to whom they are intrusted. CHARTERS. SEC. 1. Charters for Pomona Granges shall issue from the State Grange. SEC. 2. Applications for Char- ters shall be made to the Secretary of the State Grange, and be signed by the persons applying for the same, and be accompanied bya fee of $15.00. The number shall not be less than nine men and four women, who shall be Masters or Past»Masters, and their wives who are Matroiis, or Fourth Degree Members, elected by Subordinate Granges in the district or County where the Grange is to be or- ganized, in the manner fixed by the Constitution of the Nationl Grange. . Sac. 3 On such application’s be- ing received, setting forth, (1) that the good of-the Order requires the organization of a Pomona Grange in a county or district; (2) that a suitable room will be provided. \‘vith the necessary paraphernalia 1701' the convenience and work in such _degree, it shall be the duty of the ‘e-:.~.-.';._-is-.. 1 , ,. L B 3 Grange in the same form and man- ner as from the Subordinate Grange, but no dues shall be re- quired from Pomona Grange to State or National Grange. APPLICATIONS. Persons applying for member- ship in the Pomona Grange shall do so in the form prescribed by the State Grange, (blank applications for which will. be supplied on ap- plication by the Secretary of the State Grange,) and if they shall de- sire to join a Grange outside their district, they shall first obtain the written consent of the Grange, having jurisdiction. DIMITS. Any brother or sister who is in good standing in the Pomona Grange, and clear of the books, shall be entitled to a dimit card, on the payment of the sum of 25 cents, which shall be valid for six months. Persons having such cards may be admitted to mem- bership in another PomonaGrange, but shall be subject to the same form of petition, examination, and ballot, as those first applying for membersliip. except that a major- ity vote shall elect. REQUIREMENTS. SEC. 1. Reports in regard to business, stock, crops, implements, «he, called for by the State Grange, Inust be made promptly and with as Inuch exactness as possible, and certi1‘ied to by the Master and Sec- retary. SEC. 2. All circulars, Informa- tion, or intelligence sent to the Pomona Grange shall be com- municated to the members without unnecessary delay, and through them to the Subordinate Granges in their district. SEC. 3. All members of Pomona Granges shall be on the alert to aid the Subordinate Granges in their district, and shall be prompt in communicating to them all mat- ters affecting the interests of the Order. To this end they shall make itarule to attend all the meetings of their Subordinate Grange with punctuality, and by their example and influence en- courage the members, in accor dance with the design and purpose of the organization. RESTRICTIONS. Religious and political questions will not be tolerated as subjects of discussion in the Pomona Grange, and no political or religious tests for membership shall be applied. DISCIPLINE. The same rules of discipline as obtain in Subordinate Granges shall apply to Pomona Granges, except that their jurisdiction shall only apply to Fifth Degree mem- bers against Whom charges shall have been duly preferred in accor- dance with the usages of the Or- der. Trials for the violation of the obligation of the Fifth Degree shall only expel from that degree, but expulsion from the degree of Pomona shall be final, and debar the individual from a seat in the State Grange, or attendance on its Fifth Degree sessions. A mem- ber, however, who is found guilty of violation of obligation of First Degree, shall lose his membership in all higher degrees. All expul- sions shall be reported to the Sec- retary of the State Grange, and by him to each Pomona Grange in the State. Pomona Granges shall be named and numbered as follows:— Pomona Grange, No.——-—State of Michigan. ’ AMENDMENTS AND BY-LAWS. These articles may be amended by a two—thirds vote of the mem- bers at any regular meeting of the State Grange. Each County Grange may make such By—Laws for its own gov- ernment (not to conflict with this Constitution,or the Constitution of the State or National Grange) as it may deem best. gastcfs gepartntent. PA\V PAVV. J. J. VVOODMAN, - - - PATRONS OF MICHIGAN. On entering upon the duties of the office of Master of Michigan State Grange, I was early impressed with the idea, that the State Grange had neglected to provide, what seemed to be an absolute necessity, a medium of direct communication, between the State and Subordinate Granges. On investigating this subject, I found that the Master of the State Grange in his annual address, called the at- tention of the State Grange to this subject, and recommended that a State Organ be provided for that purpose. The State Grange considered the mat- ter With much care, and decided against making any newspaper of the State an organ of the order, leav- ing the order in the State as before, with no means of communication, ex- cept, by promiscuous circulars, issued by the Oflicers and Executive Com- mittee of the State Grange at irregular periods; and correspondence, through the oflices of the Master and Secretary, and the Chairman of the Executive Committee. I also ascertained that several other States had adopted, with success, the plan of issuing monthly Circulars, to supply this want. Sincerely believing that the good of the order demanded it, and that the best interests of both the State and Subordinate Granges would be promoted thereby, I placed the subject before the Executive Com- mittee of the State Grange, and they decided to issue a Monthly Circular, in lieu of the promiscuous circulars heretofore issued; and that it should be the medium through Which, the Oilicers and Executive Committee of the State Grange, should communicate all business matters to the Subordin- ate Granges, except such matters as might be considered private. It was also ordered that the columns of the CIRCULAR should be open to every member of the order, when space would permit, to make such brief'sug- gestions, relating to the business, or good of the order, as they might de- sire. The CIRCULAR is not intended to supply the place of a newspaper, or to injure the circulation or usefulness of any paper published in the interests of the order, or of the agriculturists of the State: but rather to build up and encourage such publications, and thereby advance the educational, mor- al, social an(l material interests of the order. Its usefulness will depend much upon the interest taken in it, by the Subordinate Granges, and Incin- bers of the order generally. DEPUTIES. Deputies are commissioned, to as- sist the Master of the State Grange, in the general work of organization and instruction. They stand in the Master’s place, and should make tl1enI- selves familinr with all the laws, rules and usages of the order, both written and unwritten; and should be prepar- ed to instruct the Masters of Granges; and for that purpose should visit the Granges in their jurisdiction, and cor- rect all irregularities, or report the same to the Master of the State Grange. In organizing new Granges, they should in all cases be governed by the strict letter of the law, and take no persons as charter members who are not actually “ engaged in agricul- tural pursuits,” or “have interests in conflict, with our purposes.” They should also see that the rig/its o_fjm-£s- diction are respected, that no Grange may have cause for eomplaint.— They should be prepared to lecture to the Granges, and deliver public addresses, as circumstances may require. The position requires men of broad views, generous hearts, un- tiring zeal, and self-sacrificing spir- its, for the pay is not adequate to the labor required. JURISDICTION. Complaints continue to come to me of violation of the laws of jurisdiction by Subordinate Granges. 1 had hoped and flattered myself, that nearly all difliculties growing out of this ques- tion, had been arranged, amicably, and with great credit to the Granges interested. A few cases are yet un- settled, and some new ones, have of late been reported, but I trust that all Subordinate Granges in the State will hereafter, knowing the law, give their whole influence in sustaining it. Granges must be protected in the right of jurisdiction, and if each Grange will do right, and take no members from the jurisdiction of another Grange, without the consent of such Grange, no difliculty can arise. For laws on jurisdiction, see By-Laws of‘ State Grange, and April CIRCULAR. INITIATORY FEES. _ I am in receipt of many letters ask- ing If there Is no way, by which the initiatory fees of membership may be reduced. Article'6 of the Constitution reads as follows: “_The minimum fee for membership in a Sub- ordinate Grange shall be, for men five dollars, for women two dollars, for the four degrees.” This language is clear and cannot. be misconstrued. There is no method: by which a Grange can reduce the fees without violating thfs provision of the constitution. And I am satis- fled that if Granges had the authority todo so, itwould be unwise, to lessen an-nu. .. the initiatory fees. Experience has demonstrated, that the Grangcs hav- ing strong treasuries, are the Inost successful. Some wortlIy Incmbers seem to hold to tlIe idea, that initia- ted members should pay no more than Charter members; While others are just as sincere in their views, that charter Inembers pay for all the ad- Vantage they receive in fees, in organ- izing the Grange, a11d getting it into working order. So, while II1eInbers differ, and thereby effect no change in the Constitution, it must be obeyed; and I trust that no Grange will here- after, entertain a proposition, to avoid this reasonable requirement, of the fundamental law of our order. In answer to correspondence, I have made the following rules in addition to those given in the April number of the CIRCULAR. JURISDICTION. 1st. VVhen a Grange receives an ap- plication for membership, from a can- didate residing withi11 the jurisdiction of another Grange, it should be laid upon the table, and no further action taken upon it, until the consent of such Grange, certified to by the Sec- retary, under the seal of the Grange, is obtained. 2d. A Grange giving its consent, to allow another Grange to receive a can- didate from its jurisdiction, have the right to demand as a consideration, all the initiatory fees, except what be- longs to the State Grange, VOTING AND ELECTIONS. 1st. No member of a Grange has a right to vote on any question, who was not Within the inner gate, when the question was stated, and ballot ordered. 2d. Ofiicers of the Grange on duty, or members necessarily absent, by or- der of the Grange, should be allowed to vote on re-entering the hall, and before the result has been announced, but not until the question has been re-stated by the Master. 3d. All ballots should be secret, and no one has a right to know how an- other member has voted, or question the motive for casting a negative bal- lot. 4th. A ballot, electing or rejecting a candidate, cannot be reconsidered. MISCELLANEOUS. 1st. The use of profane or disrespect- ful language, in the Grange, is an of- fence against the Grange, and should not be tolerated. 2d. A dimit or Withdrawal card takes effect, at the time the vote gran‘ing it, is taken; and the date, Whether made out and delivered at that time or not, must correspond with the record upon the Secretary’s books. , 3d. A member of a Grange, living Within its jurisdiction, -cannot take a dimit, and join another Grange, in the jurisdiction of which he does not reside, without, the consent of the Grange granting the dimit. 4th. A member holding a dimit is amenable to the Grange granting it, during the lifetime of the dimit. 5th. A member of the order cannot hold an oflifie in 2. Subordinate Grange, to which he does not belong. Secretaries of Subordinate Granges oftenwrite, asking that the Annual Word be communicated to the Grange through them. This cannot be done. The order should come lroru the l\Ias- ter of the Grange, certilicd to by the Secretary, and stamped with the seal of the Grange. N 0 Grange is entitled to the Annual Word, if its dues to the State Grange are not paid up to Dec. 31st, 1874. A supply of Rituals for the use of Pomona Granges, as they may be or- ganized, have just been received from the Secretary of the N ational Grange. As some Granges hav'e been organ- ized with a smaller membership than is desirable, and as it in no way im- pairs the eflicieney of a Grange to withhold its charter until it proves its vitality, we have instructed the Sec- retary of the State Grange to forward no charters to Granges having less than thirty members until such Grange has reported, and paid dues to the State Grange for two full quarters. VVE copy from The Jllonthly Talk, the medium through which the Exec- utive Committee of the Missouri State Grange reach the Patrons of that State, what expresses better perhaps than we could the motives and objects of the Executive Committee of the Michigan State Grange, when it determined to issue this CIRCULAR. The ]P[onthl_(/ Talk was first issued as 3. “Circular” of the Executive Com- mittee, but as the name was construed to subject it to postage as third class matter, it received a new christening, an example which it is quite likely we shall follow in our next issue. “To MASTERS AND SECltETARIES.——Tlle principal object of this paper is to keep every Patron posted in regard to Grange news, ideas, decisions, reports and authentic information, emanating from the State Oflicials. It is hoped that every thinkino; Patron will sub- scribe for it. In that event, the ideas and information therein contained would be digested at home in time for intelligent discussion in the Grange hall; whereas, heretofore they have been hurried over, if considered at all, during one meeting, at which time members are frequently neither pre- pared nor disposed to consider mature- ly the points advanced. As a result, the communicated thoughts of State oflicers are scarcely perused by some, and wholly uncommunicated to those who may have been absent at the meeting of the Grange. Every zealous Patron should, there- fore, urge his brothers to order The Monthly Talk, and study it. The ad- vantages to be derived will surely com- pensate for the time and expense in- curred, Every oflicer of a Sn-bordin_a.te Grange is aware that his Grange is dependent upon the intelligence of its members for permanent success. Thls medium of communication is the cheap- est, safest, and the best the Executive Committeecould devise. It will, at least, be kept pure and free from all improperinfluences; will contain such information as‘ the Oflicials can com- municate, and will be the means through which the principles of the Order will be enunciated and discussed. Every Patron should, therefore, take it and read it.” - §‘c£rctarg_I'5 gcpurtmrnt. J. T. COBB, — — — — SCIIOOLCRAFT. RELIEF FUND. It will be remembered by Patrons of the State, that a circular from VVm B. Porter, Master of the State Grange of Nebraska, appealing for aid for the destitute of that State, and having the endorsement, by circular, of Past Mas- ter S. F. Brown, was sent to all the Subordinate Granges of Michigan early last winter. Bro. BrowI1 included in his appeal the needy of Kansas as well as Nebraska, and invited those mem- bers who preferred to do so, to send their money contributions directly to your Secretary. From letters received, we are satis- fied that a large amount of supplies, as well as money has been forwarded from the several Granges of our State in answer to these appeals directly to the Masters, State Agents and Relief Committees of those States. *Tne re- turn of spring has brought this matter to a close, and it is due to the donors at least, that we should render an ac- count of all moneys received by us on relief account. VVe believe we have uniformly sent a receipt to the party sending money immediately after receiving it, and have also acknowledged the receipt of all relief funds, from time to time, in the columns of the Em and Gmnger. Having faith that Patrons would re- spond to these appeals for aid, the VVorthy Master and Chairman of the Executive Committee thought it safe to make an advance from the funds of the State Treasury, and under their direction $300 was sent to VVm. B. Porter." This amount was subsequent- ly refunded to the ’l‘reas‘ury of the State Grange. At a meeting of the Executive Committee the last of Feb- ruary, your Secretary was directed to forward the balance of money then on hand to John G Otis, State Agent of the P. of H. of that State, with in- structions to use all the funds sent hirn in the purchase of seed for destitute Patrons of Kansas. VVe complied with that direction as appears by the statement apended hereto. Some bags of grain, flour and boxes of relief goods were consigned to me, on which were freight charges, which we paid out of Belief Funds, and forwarded the goods over the L. S. & M. S. R. R free. Total amount of Relief Fund recived to May 15th, 1875, . . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . “$1152 23 For which we hold vouchers, viz: 1874. Dec. 24, Rec’t of Wm. B. Porter, $300 00 Mob 31,775’ In as u for Money Order, . . . . . . . . 7 50 Apr. 1 Rec’t of John G. Otis,. . . 750 00 “ “ R.R. freight Brlls 4 58 “ *‘ Thos. Fox, Doug- las Co. Agent, . . . . . . . . . . 23 30 May 9, Rec’t of John G. Otis,.. . 58 85 1144 23 Balance, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 8 00 This balance has been forwarded to J no. G. Otis, but no receipt has been re- ceived at this date. The amount paid to Thos. Fox, a Special Relief Agent for Douglas Co., Kansas, was so paid by advice of the W. Master, J . J . Woodman, and was for the purchase of a R. R.‘ ticket to Kansas for Bro. Fox »We also received special contribu- tions for Douglas Co., Kansas, from . ‘_ w,_..—..—. g'__,_.».H . __ . ~.=«« (liwnigcs and in