Winter 2010 Green is Beautiful The Official Publication of Ontario Golf Superintendents’Association Best Management Practices for Anthracnose on Annual Bluegrass Turf Also inside this issue........ Plunder Down Under - what to expect when spring comes Restoring Natural Areas The Need for Speed CANADA POST PUBLICATIONS MAIL PUBLICATIONS AGREEMENT No. 40027105 Postmaster: Please return undeliverable copies to The OGSA, 328 Victoria Rd. S., R.R. # 2 Guelph, ON N1H 6H8 GRUB PROTECTION THAT LASTS, AND LASTS, AND LASTS. Introducing Arena insecticide, the preventative and curative grub control with maximum application timing flexibility. Apply anytime from May to September for superior white grub control and control over a broad spectrum of pests for improved turf quality. www.valent.ca 519-822-7043 Read and follow the label instructions before using. Arena is a trade-mark and/or registered trademark of Sumitomo Chemical Corporation in the United States and elsewhere. © Valent U.S.A. Corporation, 2009. All rights reserved. 1-866-613-3336 President's message sAI write my first President’s message, it’s hard not to reflect on the last eight years that I have been involved with the OGSA. I remember Jim Flett calling me and asking if I would like to be nominated to run for the Board of Directors. At the time I was very busy with the Georgian Bay Golf Superintendents Association, but Jim took the time to discuss the importance of the OGSA and being engaged with your provincial association. Jim was a big influence in helping me make the ONTARIO GOLF SUPERINTENDENTS’ decision to become a director and I’m so glad I did. Along the way by JeffAlexander ASSOCIATION you work with so many great individuals who volunteer their time to Parry Sound Golf & Guelph Turfgrass Institute make our profession better. I would like to take this opportunity to Country Club 328 Victoria Road South thank each president who I served under; Jim Flett, Mark Piccolo, Rob Guelph, ON N1H6H8 Ackermann, Paul Scenna, Robert Burrows, Sean Desilva, Jeff Stauffer and Randy Booker. Ph: 519-767-3341 Thanks so much for your support, leadership and friendship over the years. Toll Free: 877-824-6472 Speaking of past presidents, the OGSA held it’s 2nd Past Presidents’ Luncheon at Credit Fax: 519-766-1704 Valley Golf and Country Club on January 14th. The afternoon was filled with some great Email: ogsa@gti.uoguelph.ca camaraderie, stories of the past and a good discussion on the association’s direction into this Website: www.golfsupers.on.ca new decade. Thanks to all the past presidents that attended and a special thank you to our BOARD OF DIRECTORS host Jeff Stauffer for organizing the day. I had the opportunity to attend the Golf Association of Ontario Awards Ceremony and President: Jeff Alexander Annual General Meeting at Maple Downs Golf & Country Club on January 30th. The Golf Past President: Randy Booker Association of Ontario (GAO) has built their new home at Wooden Sticks Golf Club and has Vice-President: Chris Andrejicka signed a new lease agreement for the next 15 years. Although membership numbers where Treasurer: Doug Breen slightly down the association financially ran a surplus. One great thing is that our player Secretary: Rob Gatto development program is really in great shape, having our province win 6 of the national Directors: Jarrod Barakett championships in 2009. In other news the GAO was able to hire their provincial coach Stu Leachman for this year to continue to run programs and work with our golfers. The GAO donated Jennifer Pendrith funds to the Ontario Turfgrass Research Foundation. OTRF President David Kuypers was Phil Scully on hand to accept the cheque and graciously spoke of our profession and why we need continued research in our industry. A special presentation was given by the Royal Canadian Editor & Golf Association on their new branding named “Golf Canada”. Over the last year they have Executive Mgr: Dorothy Hills built some strong relations to help them market and sell their branding and will be working with all provinces to unveil and promote it. Look for the new Golf Canada Cards that any Office Staff: Pat Thomas provincial member can purchase for special privileges. Deborah Badger Continuing education is an important part of being a golf course superintendent. I hope you had a chance to participate in the 2010 Canadian International Turfgrass Conference and Trade Show. By attending this show you have shown that you are committed to improving your profession, career and facility. Socializing with colleagues and building new relationships are part of the process, providing a learning opportunity as we get ready for another golf season. The Awards Luncheon showcases our scholarship winners, in the past year. Congratulations to our recipients Michael Herbert Newton, Alex Barratt, Tyler Windfeld and Michael Trainor. The 2010 show is a joint effort between the CGSA and the OGSA. I would like to thank Ken Cousineau and his staff at the CGSA for all the hard work they have done to make this show a success. Thank you to the Conference Co-Chairmen, Jarrod Barakett and Chris Andrejicka and their committee on a job well done! The golf industry in Ontario looks strong with associations being governed by individuals GREEN IS BEAUTIFUL EDITORIAL that truly care about the future of the game of golf. The growth and viability of the game COMMITTEE is everyone’s responsibility. Make sure you check Calendar of Events on our website for Dorothy Hills association updates. Sign up for some events this year and take advantage of what your association has to offer. Greig Barker I am very honoured and humbled to be the 55th President of the Ontario Golf Tom Brain Superintendents’ Association. At anytime, please feel free to contact me with concerns, Paul Grotier comments or suggestions. All the best for a successful 2010 golf season! Jason Hanna Scott Horsburgh Brett Murray Direct Line 416-659-1020 Justin Parsons Manager Fax Line 519-941-0931 Andy Sandilands “Green is Beautiful” P.O. Box 218 is Printed on Recycled Orangeville, ON Paper Green is Beautiful 2009 L9W 2Z6 Although every effort is made to check material for publication, the association is not responsible for material published on behalf of its contributors. All rights are reserved by the publisher and any reproduction in whole or part without the written permission of the publisher is prohibited. Although some trade names may be mentioned brettmurray@primus.ca in articles contained in this publication, no endorsement is intended or implied by the Ontario Golf Superintendents' Association. Contents Green is BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES FOR ANTHRACNOSE ON ANNUAL BLUEGRASS TURF.................................................... 22 Beautiful The Official Publication of Ontario Golf Superintendents’ Association 2nd Annual Gardening Seminar....................................................... 20 Above the hole...................................................................................... 36 Editorial message ................................................................................ 5 From roots to shoots........................................................................... 8 Golf course highlight - Mill Run Golf Club ................................... 21 Health & safety ..................................................................................... 11 Looking back ......................................................................................... 41 Off the fairway .................................................................................... 38 On the REEL side of things................................................................. 34 President's message ............................................................................ 3 Second to one ....................................................................................... 35 The need for speed .............................................................................. 12 Turf or consequences........................................................................... 42 What's new............................................................................................. 6 COVER PICTURE Advertisers Aerial view of Parry Sound G&CC, looking west out towards the beautiful 30 thousand Islands of Georgian Bay Agrium Advanced Technology - Acelepryn................................. 43 Agrium Advanced Technology - Sales.......................................... 20 photo by Km Webb, Senior Forestry Technician Almack Agronomic Services Inc....................................................... 40 of Westwind Forest Stewardship and Greens Aquatrols............................................................................................... 35 Director and proud member of Parry Sound G& CC. Bartlett Tree Experts - Canada........................................................ 39 Bayer Enviromental Science - Triton ............................................ 18 Braemar Building Systems............................................................... 19 Burnside Golf Services ...................................................................... 39 DCS Agronomic Services .................................................................. 11 Douglas Wood Large Tree Services ............................................... 19 Engage Agro Corporation - Arena ................................................ 2 Enviro Sol - Looking for Calcium................................................... 13 OGSA is committed to Evirol Sol - Solu-Cal & Solu-Cal S..................................................... 15 serving its members, Fast Forest ............................................................................................. 40 advancing their profession, GC Duke Equipment ........................................................................... 16 Green Horizons Group of Farms ..................................................... 16 and H & M Turf Ltd........................................................................................ 3 enriching the quality Maple Turf Supply .............................................................................. 39 of golf Master's Turf Supply Ltd.................................................................... 40 and its environment. Ontario Seed Company ..................................................................... 7 Plant Products - The Thinking Super's Solution ........................ 37 Robert Kains Golf Course Design Ltd............................................ 40 Turf Care Products Canada - Irrigation Div.................................. 14 Layout, Design & Printing provided by Turf Care Products Canada............................................................... 44 G-R-A-P-H-l-C SERVICES PRINTERS & LITHOGRAPHERS United Agri Products Inc. - Respond 3.......................................... 19 Tel: 519.763.5745 • Fax: 519.763.9532 United Agri Products Inc. -Rhapsody............................................ 16 32-34 Essex Street • Guelph, Ontario • N1H 3K8 Vanden Bussche Irrigation ....................................................... 20 e-mail: info@graphicservices.ca Zander Sod Co. Limited..................................................................... 7 www.graphicservices.ca Editorial message erhaps one of the most P OGSA's Green is Beautiful "Above the Hole Writing important concept developed by man Contest! is the sense of time. We all live in the field of time...past, present and future. How would you like to be part of Ontario’s leading by Dorothy Hills There’s no time like the present - time Golf Course Management Magazine? The Ontario Golf on your hands (don’t you wish) - time is Superintendents ’ Association’s official publication, Green is of the essence - time marches on - time waits for no man. Beautifulis pleased to present an opportunity to all turfgrass I hope you have time before the busy spring golf student interns. The column “Above the Hole”, authored season arrives to relax and read some of the interesting by University of Guelph Turfgrass intern April Grabell is articles presented in this issue. Together with our regular open to a new intern as of April 2010. The magazine’s contributors, members, professors and researchers have Editorial committee will be reviewing submissions from given their time to provide you with up-to-date information Ontario based Turfgrass interns in April. The basic and perspectives on many various aspects of the golf requirements include; industry. Take a look at the photo on page 40 to see if you can 1. You are in the first year of your education of Turfgrass identify the Past Presidents who met to participate in the Management. luncheon, recently held at the Credit Valley Golf 8c Country 2. You have a desire to excel in the Golf Course Club. A great time was had by all. Management Business. Due to the timing of the CGSA/ OGSAJoint Conference, 3. You have an aptitude for writing. we are unable to publish the usual conference summary, photos and articles in the Winter issue, as the publication How do I apply? should be on your door step by the time the dust settles from We ask that each applicant submit an article entry. The the 2010 conference and trade show. However, stay tuned article will be based on your growth and experiences as a in, as we will endeavour to put some of the photographs of student/intern. Each entry should be approximately 500 our award winners on the web site, and provide the link in words in length and electronically submitted to the OGSA Clippings for our member’s viewing pleasure. office by March 31, 2010 - at ogsa@gti.uoguelph.ca Check out the calendar for upcoming golf tournaments please email in using the subject line Above the hole, and take the time to have some fun and network with together with your contact information. your colleagues in a relaxed environment. Also, note the IPM exam preparation courses presently being offered at The successful applicant will receive one year paid various locations throughout Ontario. student membership to the association as well as a writing Once again it’s time to thank our Above the hole author, opportunity in Green is Beautiful, commencing with the April Grabell for her contributions about our industry Spring Issue. This is a great mechanism to express yourself from the perspective of a 2nd year diploma student and within the industry of your future and differentiate yourself intern. Congratulations April on a job well done, and best from other interns. Green is Beautiful looks forward to wishes in your future endeavours! If you are interested in having you on board. becoming the next student writer for Above the hole, please read the following information and make a submission. If you know of anyone who qualifies, please pass along the information. What's new TURFGRASS DIPLOMA SCHOLARSHIP To assist those who have not yet certified as an IPM Agent the Guelph Turfgrass Institute and the OGSA are working Congratulations to Michael Herbert Newton, who is together to offer IPM Exam Preparation courses with Exam, enrolled in the second year Turfgrass Diploma Course at at six different locations throughout Ontario. the University of Guelph and is our 2009 scholarship winner. Michael says in his application, “The three superintendents At this time we have the following tentative dates and who I have had the privilege to work for have encouraged locations. These will be confirmed in the very near future when me and supported me in my pursuit of an education all details have been confirmed. Full details for these courses in turfgrass. I wish to model myself after these young will be made available through our weekly email bulletin professionals and hopefully someday support and guide Clippings and on our website at www.golfsupers.on.ca. individuals to educate themselves in turfgrass because it’s fun, challenging and an exciting field to work in, especially Niagara - March 9 in Canada.” Sudbury - March 18 London - March 30 Toronto - April 1 INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT SEMINAR Kingston - April 6 COURSES & EXAM Barrie - April 6 The legislation states that a golf course using class 9 In the meantime, please be advised thatyou are responsible pesticides must be registered on or before April 22, 2010. It for obtaining your own study material to prepare for the also states that courses can only be registered once they IPM examination. The recommended study material can have submitted the name and IPM Agent certification # of be ordered on line at www.ontarioipm.com . Note that the IPM Agent responsible for the golf course. material should be studied in advance of the seminar to maximize the effectiveness of the course. There is a downloadable PDF IPM Accreditation Exam Study Guide (Item 3) available on the IPM web site that directs you to specific areas in the study material to focus on. 2010 OGSA TOURNAMENT SCHEDULE Event Date Golf Course Host Supt. OGSA Curling Day March Day TBA Club at North Halton Dean Baker CAN/AM Challenge May 11th Grosse Ile G&CC (MI) Daniel Dingman Pro/Super Challenge June 3rd Otter Creek Golf Club Randy Booker Presidents’ Day July 12th Brampton Golf & CC Martin Kopp Assistants Tournament TBA TBA Alex McClumpha October 4th Black Bear Ridge GC Bill Fach *OTRF Fundraiser Sept. 20th Bayview G&CC Thom Charters Details of the above OGSA events will appear on our website under both “Events” and “Calendar of Events,” as they are confirmed and further details are available. All events will be announced in our e-bulletin Clippings when registration is open. For your convenience, on line registration will be available again this year. *Note The OTRF tournament is not an OGSA event. Details, when available, can be accessed on their website at www.otrf.ca. Unhealthy turf? Welcome! OGSA Welcomes our newest members Bradley Carey Class C King's Forest Golf Course Blair Elson Class C Eagles Nest Golf Club Jeff Eyers Class C Port Carling Golf & CC Sterling Gibbons Class A Port Hope Golf & CC Derek Glass Class D Buttonville Fairways Send a sample to Ben Ingram Class Supt GTI Turf Diagnostics for analysis! Caledon Woods GC The Diagnosticians will respond to Todd Joel Class S Seneca College your concern within one business day. Kip Keith Class C For submission form, sampling tips & Diamond Back Golf Club payment options, visit Mark Magee Class A www.guelphturfgrass.ca Coral Creek Golf Course • look under “Turf Diagnostics” David Mahoney Class D New Zealand Mark Marusic Class C (877) 727-2100 Oakville Executive GC (416) 364-5700 Robert Mulville Class C www.zandersod.com Cataraqui Golf & CC Steve Oxley Class F Taboo Resort, Golf & Spa Gib Piché Class C Port Carling Golf & CC John Sadak Class F Top Quality Turf Products for over 50 Years Lionhead Golf & CC Biser Stavrev Class F No. 1 Kentucky Bluegrass * Bentgrass * Extreme Fescue Lionhead Golf & CC Custom Grown Sod Available Jasmine Steinke Class C Toronto Golf Club Sean Walker Class Supt Harmony Creek Golf Centre Premium Products for all Jennifer Young Class C Your Turf Needs Devil's Pulpit Golf Assn PO Box 7 Waterloo, ON N2J 3Z6 Complete Turf Equipment Ltd. Tele 519-886-0557 Thom McLean Class E Fax 519-886-0605 Doug Hubble 1-800-465-5849 D. Wyllie & Sons Ltd. Class E www.oscturf.com David A Wyllie Forest Fence & Deck Co. Paul Loader Class E From roots to shoots The plunder down under - what to expect when spring conies condition will my greens be What and soil bacteria are temperature, soil water content, degree in when spring comes? That is probably of plant dormancy and soil organic matter content. the biggest question on most golf superintendent’s minds at the moment. Factors Affecting Anoxia Depending on where your golf course Research at Olds College, Alberta has also shown that ice is located, you may have had a solid covers and ice encasement lower turfgrass winter hardiness sheet of ice on greens starting from as levels. Tompkins etak, 2004 conducted research to determine by Pam Charbonneau OMAF Turfgrass Specialist early as the first week in December or at whether or not it is beneficial to remove an ice sheet from the latest, from Christmas Eve on. The a putting green. To determine this they looked at cold spring thaw in late January helped to melt some of the ice, hardiness levels of annual bluegrass and creeping bentgrass but if your greens are in a low lying area where the snow melt under ice cover or ice encasement for various lengths of time and the rain accumulated, you are back to having ice on your in a laboratory and a field study. greens after the most recent deep freeze. The weather gurus In the laboratory study, plants in the ice cover treatment had predicted a warmer than average winter. They have been were covered with a 2.5 cm thick layer of ice which was right so far. The overall temperatures have been warmer formed gradually by spraying the surface of the turf with a than usual, but the presence of the ice layer is worrisome. mist bottle in a freezer. Ice encasement was accomplished by From the winter weather and the conditions so far, my best completely saturating the soil of a plug of turfgrass and then guess is that the types of winter injury that you are most likely adding the 2.5 cm layer of ice as described above for the ice to see is anoxia. There is a lot in the area of turfgrass winter cover treatment. The control treatments had a thick layer of injury that we know about and a lot we don’t know. Luckily snow cover maintained throughout the experiment. for us in Canada, there are two very good research teams Snow covered treatments maintained cold hardiness for (Laval University/Agriculture and Agri-food Canada, Quebec the longest period of time and ice encasement produced and Olds College, Alberta) that have added immensely to the most rapid loss of cold hardiness. The differences were our knowledge of winter injury, especially in the area of greater for annual bluegrass than creeping bentgrass. At anoxia caused by ice encasement. Let’s review what we know 90 days after treatment, snow covered annual bluegrass had about it. cold hardiness levels of -18~C, while the ice covered plants had cold hardiness levels of -4⁰C and ice encased annual Anoxia bluegrass plants were dead. Anoxia is a condition that can occur under an ice cover Ice covered annual bluegrass had a rapid loss of hardiness or under a winter protective cover that can kill turf. Anoxia between 75-90 days after treatment and ice encased annual means lack of oxygen. Under covers the turf plants use up bluegrass rapidly lost hardiness between 45-60 days after ice oxygen and other toxic gases such as carbon dioxide (CO ) encasement. By contrast creeping bentgrass began to lose can build up. During the winter, under snow, ice or covers, hardiness at 90 days after treatment in both ice treatments turfgrass plants respire. In this process sugars within the but retained moderate hardiness levels for 150 days. In plant are mobilized in the presence of oxygen to provide the field study, annual bluegrass had a more rapid loss of energy for the plant so that it can stay alive during the winter. hardiness than in the lab. Annual bluegrass plants subjected The equation for respiration is as: to ice encasement lost cold hardiness between day 45 and day 60. C6H12O6 (hexose sugar) + 6O2 (oxygen)-------- > In addition to the potential for development of anoxia 6CO2 (carbon dioxide) + 6H2O (water) + energy under ice cover, there is also a loss of cold hardiness and they may, in fact, be related to one another. High respiration In a closed system, where there is no gas exchange, under rates under the ice covers may use up the plants stored anoxic conditions (lack of oxygen), this process or reaction energy leaving it more susceptible to the cold and the high can not occur. If this is the case the plant will run out of respiration rates also could contribute to the build up toxic energy and eventually die. The other aspect of respiration gases that injure the plants. in a closed system is that as the oxygen is depleted, carbon In the Quebec City area there have been many golf courses dioxide builds up and it may have deleterious effects. Usually that have been using the winter protective covers consisting of anoxia can be detected by the foul smell that eminates from a permeable cover, straw and an impermeable cover. There a green when it is uncovered in the spring. The smell is were some greens which recurrently had come out of the thought to be a result of the build up of gases under the winter with dead turf, in spite of being covered. The death of cover and there is usually turf injury accompanying it. the turf under the covers could not be attributed to freezing In addition to respiration from turfgrass plants under stress, excess water or snow mould. Rochette et al. (2006) set covers, there are also soil bacteria that are respiring in up an experiment with greens that recurrently had damage the very same way as the turfgrass plants. This further under covers and those which overwintered successfully contributes to the oxygen depletion and the carbon dioxide with covers. They measured temperature and the O2 and buildup. Factors that affect the rate of respiration of plants CO2 levels under the covers throughout the winter. What they found was that the greens that had recurrent damage Sucrose was significantly higher in the HH and control had anoxic conditions by day 90, where the greens that treatments. Annual bluegrass sucrose level declined to nearly traditionally had overwintered successfully had sufficient O2 0 in the low O2 treatments. Creeping bentgrass sucrose levels up to the end of the winter (day 130). The greens with declined in the LH only. Overall at -2⁰C, sucrose levels were recurrent damage also had high levels of CO2 by day 90 and higher in both species with more of a decline in sucrose in the other set of greens that overwintered well had adequate the annual bluegrass in the low O2 treatments. Under anoxic amounts of O2 and low CO2. The greens that suffered conditions (LH) sucrose concentrations were very low by the recurrent damage under cover had a 69% higher respiration end of the experiment, regardless of species. rate on average than the greens that overwintered successfully Fructans responded a bit differently. Fructans levels These two sets of greens were all annual bluegrass greens, so declined at both temperatures with higher levels of fructans the differences in respiration could not be attributed to the in creeping bentgrass and a more rapid decline in creeping turfgrass species. The differences in respiration and hence bentgrass. In annual bluegrass the lowest fructans levels oxygen depletion were due to the soil biological activity. The where in the high CO2, regardless of the O2 levels. It appears greens with recurrent damage had significantly higher total that low O2 is responsible for depletion of sucrose and high nitrogen and total organic carbon. To verify these results CO2 is responsible for depletion of fructans. they tested the respiration rates of soil based greens vs. USGA Dionne et al. (2001) suggested a link between fructans specification greens and found that the soil based greens and cold tolerance in annual bluegrass. If high CO2 levels consistently had higher respiration rates than the USGA exist either under ice or under winter protective covers then specification greens. fructans levels can decline making annual bluegrass more susceptible to low temperature injury as spring approaches. New Findings on Anoxia Castonguay et al., (2009) conducted a controlled More recent work on anoxia and covers environment experiment to determine what it is about anoxic More recently more field experiments were conducted at conditions that kills grass plants. They were interested in Olds College, Alberta on soil based annual bluegrass greens whether it was the low O2 or the high CO2 or a combination during the winter of 2007-2008 and 2008-2009. The objective of both. They also wanted to know what effect temperature of this trial was to evaluate various covering systems that had on the presence of these two gases under ice or covers. would increase oxygen levels and, in turn, prevent damage They exposed annual bluegrass and creeping bentgrass to: associated with anoxia. Impermeable winter covers, some low O2, low CO2 (LL): low O2, high CO2 (LH); high O2, low with an insulating air layer and some without, were compared CO2 (HL); high O2, high CO2 (HH) and a control (21% O2 against ice cover and snow cover only treatments. Additional and 0.04% CO2. These turf plants were with the different treatments to examine air replenishment under the covers gas levels were maintained at two temperatures: PC and were also evaluated. The treatments were as follows: -2⁰C. Plants were removed from the cold treatments every two weeks from Nov. 24, 2000 to April 2, 2001. Some of the 1. No ice, snow cover only plants were used to evaluate regrowth/winter damage and 2. Ice, snow cover only the others were used for biochemical analysis 3. Ice, impermeable cover, no air What they determined is that it is a lack of oxygen that 4. Ice, impermeable cover, bubble wrap contributes to damage of the turf in anaerobic conditions (approximately 2 cm in thickness) not high CO2 or the combination of low O2 and high CO2. 5. Ice, impermeable cover, bubble wrap, They also found that annual bluegrass is more susceptible air replenishment than creeping bentgrass to anoxia and if the temperature is 6. Ice, impermeable cover, Enkamat lowered to -2⁰C , the damage from anoxia is much less. (approximately 1 cm in thickness) Chantigny et al., (2002) looked at cool wet soils during the 7. Ice, impermeable cover, Enkamat, winter in Quebec and showed there was a shift toward the air replenishment production of volatile fatty acids when anaerobic conditions existed. Castonguay et. al., (2009) also wanted to look at Gases were sampled every two weeks beginning at 30 days the effect of different volatile fatty acids in the presence of after ice cover. At the end of the experiment samples were anoxia on turfgrass damage. They exposed turf to three collected to test for relative cold hardiness and plots were volatile fatty acids (acetate, butyrate and proprionate). Their evaluated for winter survival and turf quality. research determined that there is a relationship between Oxygen content under the various treatments remained the presence of VFA and damage to turfgrass plants under constant for the first 75 days of the trial. However by day 90, anoxic conditions. This also verifies that the odour that is there was a significant reduction in oxygen levels. On day 90, present when greens covers are removed in the spring is due the highest CO2 levels were recorded for the ice, snow cover to a build up of these volatile fatty acids. only and ice, impermeable cover, no air layer treatments. Ice The same set of experiments also looked at sugar content without any air layer had lowest O2 and highest CO2. of the turfgrass plants under the different oxygen and carbon Soil temperatures for the first 75 days of the trial ranged from dioxide combinations. Sucrose is a sugar made during -2 to -8⁰C. The ice, snow cover only had lost winterhardiness photosynthesis in plants. Plants can bind sugars together to and were dead. Air replenished at 30 and 60 days didn’t keep form fructans. Both sucrose and fructans are found in the the O2 from depleting or the CO2 from rising. All the plots tissues of cold acclimated annual bluegrass and creeping that had covers with air survived well. bentgrass and are thought to influence cold tolerance. At 1⁰C, sucrose declined in all of the low oxygen treatments. continued on page 10... continued from page 9... Anoxia Prevention In the case of annual bluegrass putting greens with If there is ample snow over the ice, it might make conditions ice encasement, the annual bluegrass plants in the study worse by holding the temperature at soil level around the conducted by Tompkins et. al., 2004, showed that all the freezing mark. As we know, snow is a great insulator and plants were dead by 45 days after ice encasement. It would keeps temperatures moderated. Lack of snow will generally be advisable that attempts be made to remove ice before the mean that the soil temperatures are lower on average and 45 day mark to prevent anoxic conditions from killing the this will slow down respiration and slow down the onset of turfgrass plants. This can be accomplished in the winter by anoxic conditions. Thompkins et al. (2009) showed ice and running an aerator over the greens to break through the ice snow covered annual bluegrass greens were dead by day 75. and allow gas exchange. Later in the winter and towards Lastly, anoxia lowered the O2 and raised the CO2. Each of early spring it can also be accomplished by applying dark these conditions lowers the plant sugars. Low O2 lowered coloured topdressing materials that absorb heat on top of sucrose levels and high CO2 lowered fructans levels. Both of the ice. These can range from natural organic fertilizers to these are partly responsible for cold hardiness levels. With coloured topdressing sands, inorganic amendments, etc.. low levels of these sugars going into the spring the turfgrass The dark colour absorbs heat from the sun and can help plants are more likely to be prone to low temperature melt the ice layer. This technique works best on thin ice injury. layers. These products honeycomb the ice layer allowing for It would make a very interesting project to conduct a gaseous exchange. survey this spring of the actions that were taken on greens In the case of soil based greens with high organic matter with ice covers and document the success of the actions by under straw and impermeable covers, it is recommended measuring the winter survival of the greens. I would love to that these greens be vented using perforated drain pipe hear from some of you in the spring to see if the suggestions under the impermeable covers. These pipes must vent to the in this article were successful. outside of the greens covers without letting water in under the covers. The optimum spacing of these pipes is not known and many superintendents are experimenting on venting References methods and venting spacing. With each passing winter, more information on specific recommendations should be available to superintendents. Beard, J.B. 1970. An ecological study of annual bluegrass. USGA Green Section Record March: 13-18. What does all this mean? If you are trying to determine what the chances of injury Charbonneau, P. 2009. The Wrath that is a Canadian Winter. to your golf greens is due to anoxia under an ice layer the GreenMaster following factors need to be considered. If your greens are composed mainly of annual bluegrass then the chances of Dionne, J. 2000. Winter protection of annual bluegrass (Poa damage occurring increase greatly. As we know from various annuaL.) golf greens. USGA Green Secton Record 38:11-13. experiments, annual bluegrass that is encased in ice lost winter hardiness at 45 days and death occurred at 75 days. Dionne, J., Y Desjardins, P. Nadeau, andY. Castonquay. 2001. Thompkins et al. (2004) recommend removal or disruption Freezing tolerance and carbohydrate changes during cold of the ice cover of annual bluegrass greens before the 45 day acclimation of green type annual bluegrass (Poa annua L.) mark. You can do the math based on your course to get a ecotypes. Crop Sci. 41:443-451. feel for your chance of anoxia injury due to the ice cover. A cautionary note however, many of the studies to determine Rossi, F.S. 1996. Physiology of turfgrass freezing stress. this information about anoxia were conducted in a lab or Turfgrass Trends 5:1-12. a controlled environment where temperatures were held at one temperature for the duration of the study. In the real Tompkins, D.K, J.B. Ross, and D.L. Moroz. 2000. Dehardening world the temperature is fluctuating and we do not always of annual bluegrass and creeping bentgrass during late winter know how temperature will interact with ice covers. and early spring. Agron. J. 92:5-9. If your greens are mainly push up greens composed of annual bluegrass and are constructed with soil, especially if Tompkins, D.K, J.B. Ross, and D.L. Moroz. 2004. Effects of there is high organic matter present in the soil or if there is ice cover on annual bluegrass and creeping bentgrass putting a thick thatch layer, the chances of anoxia increase based on greens. Crop Sci. 44:2175-2179. the research findings to date and even more. In this case there is even more reason to attempt to mechanically disrupt Tompkins, D.K, P. Rochette J.B. Ross. 2009. Mitigation of the ice cover. anoxia under ice covers on annual bluegrass putting greens. Temperature plays a big role in the damage caused to http://ptrc.oldscollege.ca/documents/ turfgrass plants under anoxic conditions. At 1⁰C damage MitAnoxiaIceCoversBGPuttingGreens.pdf due to anoxia was much worse than at -2QC based on controlled environment experiments. Temperatures at Ross, J.B. 1999. Evaluation of winter covers for prevention the soil level under the ice cover will be influenced by the of freezing injury on putting greens. http://ptrc.oldscollege. ambient air temperature and by the amount of snow cover. ca/199_ar/covers399-00.html Health & safety Upgrading Your Safety Program I expect that by now anyone reading training and the quality of the follow up in the workplace these safety articles will have started to by the employer, managers and supervisors. put a Health and Safety Program into I believe it is important to discuss the issue of procedures place in their workplace. relating to hazard assessment. This is often an area where Over the last few years I have written employers, managers and supervisors fail in their safety about many aspects of occupational communication message. Generally, employers arrange by DougJohnson SAFETAID' and Health health and safety. In these articles to have safety training provided and then fail to follow up and Safety Consulting I have discussed the responsibilities with procedures and protocols to ensure that the training First Aid and Safety of various people in the workplace. was effective. They also fail to ensure that there is a Supplies and WHMIS Training In general I have called these folks comprehensive method that the workplace participants the workplace participants. Anyone can use to assess hazards before they become injuries or working in your workplace is generally referred to as a losses. workplace participant. This court case indicates that the MOL will be looking One thing I and others in the health and safety field have for clearly defined procedures in the future. been noticing over the last few years is a shift in the types I am working with a company right now who is dealing of charges that have been occurring after an injury has with an order to comply that requires the company to occurred in a workplace. As a case in point I have copied have an emergency plan in place that is comprehensive, information from the Ontario Ministry of Labour (MOL) effective, and communicated to all affected workplace website for your information. This is a quick overview of participants. one injury that happened in London, Ontario. When you are reviewing your health and safety “A heavy equipment dealer was fined $75,000 on procedures it is a good idea to look at them carefully to November 16, 2009, for a violation under the Occupational ensure that you have procedures that are functioning and Health and Safety Act (the Act) after a worker was critically controlled in your workplace. If you cannot deal with injured. this on your own it would be a good idea to get in contact On April 8, 2008, at the London, Ontario dealership, with someone who can assist you and make sure that your a technician was working on a piece of heavy equipment workplace complies and is a safe place to work. that had come in for maintenance. The machinery had arrived missing part of the guard over its engine Enjoy the rest of winter! fan. While doing maintenance, the worker passed a hand 1 http://www.labour.gov.on.ca/english/hs/ over the opening in the guard. The worker’s hand was pulled into the engine fan and amputated. A Ministry of Labour investigation found that although SAFETAID the worker had received safety training, the dealer had no Making safety your 1st priority! procedure in place to assess hazards during maintenance T. 519-837-0997 • F. 519-837-1996 work. Consulting, Safety and First Aid Supplies The company pleaded guilty under the Act to failing, doug@safetaid.ca as an employer, to take the reasonable precaution of implementing a safe work procedure relating to hazard assessment before or during maintenance. The fine was imposed by Justice of the Peace Sonia Aleong. In addition to the fine, the court also imposed a 25% victim fine surcharge, as required by the Provincial Offences Act. ”1 David C. Smith, p.A.g.,C.G.C.S. 185 Oriole Crescent This seems to be a new position from the Ontario Soil & Turfgrass Consultant Gravenhorst, Ontario MOL. It appears as if the Ontario MOL is starting to take PIP 1C6 a look at the quality of a safety program in addition to Office (705) 687-SOIL (7645) the content. There has been a great deal of discussion Fax (705) 687-3518 Toll Free 1 -888-607-TURF (8873) Cell (905) 512-6004 dave@dcsturf.com recently in the health and safety field about the quality of THE NEED FOR SPEED Article & photos by Cameron Fraser, Assistant Superintendent Rosedale Golf Club on each green, in four directions. For the first couple of months I was recording greens speeds in the morning and afternoon. I found there was not a great difference between the A.M. and P.M. speeds and it was decided that the committee would be satisfied with only one daily recording. I tried to take readings around the same time each day but this proved to be difficult considering the variety of responsibilities that require my attention throughout the day. This year I have delegated the task to one of our key staff who is able to record the speed at the same time ( 12 P.M.) every day. Looking at the backdrop behind the 15th green. 6th green is seen to the far left The device you decide to use to Green speed is an area of golf then to try and please each individual obtain green speed values is not as course management that continues golfer’s speed expectations. When I important as what you do with the to attract a lot of attention. It seems am asked: “How fast are the greens information provided by the tool. that not many courses these days, can today?” I usually respond, “the uphill The information collected from the escape the controversy that surrounds putts are slow and the down hill ones Stimpmeter gave us the ability to the topic. There are a few different are fast”. individually manage each green based apparatus used to measure the speed As the assistant superintendent on their speed. Some greens always of a green. Most common is the at Rosedale Golf Club I have the rolled a little faster and some a little Stimpmeter. This tool was developed privilege of attending Greens slower depending on there locations. over 90 years ago by Edward Committee meetings on a monthly We found that a particular green Stimpson, a skilled amateur golfer basis throughout the golf season. At that was located in a good growing from Massachusetts. Mr. Stimpson’s the first meeting of the 2008 season environment always seemed to stimp concern at the time he created the the Committee decided to set a a little slower. The environment device, was not the speed of the target green speed for the year. This allowed the plants to really thrive greens, it was the consistency. Green allowed us to manage our greens to resulting in a healthy, dense stand of consistency should be the goal of a known objective. They wanted to turf. I concluded that a dense stand every golf course manager no matter have a report done on the speed of slowed the ball down a little as there how “fast” or “slow” you consider your the greens for each meeting. This are more blades of grass creating greens. Within any given day you can meant I would record the speed of friction against the ball. Thus, a have a golfer approach you to tell you our six flattest greens, including the leaner, thinner stand of turf might that they think the greens are too putting green, each day and create an roll slightly faster. Another green fast, hours later have another tell you average for the course. that is located in a lower part of the that they are putting slow, and fifteen There are a variety of different golf course, tends to be wetter than minutes after that you hear they are methods and recommendations to other sites and also rolled slower. I perfect! Who is right? Keeping your obtaining a green speed value. We attributed the higher humidity and greens a consistent speed throughout decided to use the Stimpmeter to take softer surface as a contributing factor. the season is a more realistic goal the measurement in the same place, I also believed that the higher annual bluegrass to bentgrass ratio played • Temperature - The higher a part considering annual bluegrass temperatures allow the grass to is generally denser than bentgrass. grow at a faster rate slowing down Reversely, we have a green that has the ball roll. more bentgrass then annual bluegrass and it putts very smooth and fast. Once you have differentiated the • Humidity - With higher humidity the moisture in the air and on Looking for fast greens from the slow you should ask yourself “How can I get them the leaf blade slows down the ball roll. Calcium consistently the same speed?”. If they were within a half a foot of each other • Wind - There is no obvious with a kick? the committee were satisfied. We felt relationship between green speed we could double cut the slow greens and wind. It can be assumed that on days we felt they needed a little on windy days with low humidity more speed. We did not put them on the greens would dry out making a schedule; rather, I monitored them them a little firmer and quicker. daily and made a decision based on the Stimpmeter reading from that • Frost - Stunts the growth of the day. Once you understand the factors plant. We experience frost during that affect the speed of the ball you the spring and fall months. Days can reasonably predict the speed for with frost slightly increases the any particular day. I found rainfall speed. contributed the most to decreasing the speed, affecting the two slowest • Rain - softens the greens and slows greens the most. As an example, if down ball roll. The more rain the we had a lot of rain the night before slower the greens become. I would have the staff double cut the slowest greens knowing they were • Irrigation - similar to rain. going to need more speed even before I stimped them. The double • Mowing - keeps the height of the cut would give them approximately 4- putting surface consistent and 5 inches more speed. reduces resistance to the ball roll. The Stimpmeter allowed me to provide the Green Committee with • Height of Cut - lowering the documentation that proved the height increases the speed to a greens were consistent throughout certain point. We have been the golf course and at our target as low as 0.100 of and inch but speed. The report contained the found we can keep the greens at speed of the individual six greens I a desirable speed while mowing stimped, a course average, and a list them at 0.115. Raising the height of factors that I felt were affecting to 0.115 during the majority of the the green speed. The list of criteria summer takes some stress off the proved to be very helpful aiding grass plant. in the explanation of our greens performance. • Speed Rolling - Increases the speed of the greens by half a foot At each meeting I would provide a on average. 1-800-265-8865 report including: www.envirosol.ca 2011 ONTARIO GOLF COURSE MANAGEMENT CONFERENCE & TRADE SHOW Windsor, ON January 12—14, 2011 Toro’s DTSeries Sprinklers The Toro DT Series Sprinkler brings together over 40 years of golf irrigation knowledge with the most The most advanced, most durable recent advances in technology and and most flexible golf sprinkler water management. From top to bottom, the DT Series Sprinkler is built for today’s golf courses. the best choice among standard golf sprinklers. For more information Contact your Turf Care sales representative. Turf Care Products Canada 200 PONY DRIVE, NEWMARKET, ON L3Y 7B6 PHONE (905) 836-0988 • FAX (905) 836-6442 1-800-561-8873 London Ph: (519) 668-7664 • Fax:(519)668-3722 Milton Ph: 905-836-0988x7048 • Fax:(905)636-1513 Gloucester Ph: 905-836-0988x5501 • Fax:(613)822-2099 One great result. TURFCARE Helping your business grow. visit www.turfcare.ca continued from page 13... • Double Cut - Cutting the green twice in two different directions. • Fertilizer - Can stick to the ball taking it offline. It can also create Solu-Cal® friction slowing down the ball roll. • Grooming - vertically mows the grass thinning it out. Removing Might cause a surge in growth also slowing the speed down. Solu-Cal S grass from the green creates less The daily record keeping has Improved Calcium resistance to the ball roll. This is become an extremely valuable tool usually done before topdressing Absorption! allowing us to use quantifiable data allowing the sand to work its way to explain the performance of our into the green. greens. We will continue to work towards our goal of understanding • Topdressing - fills in the ball marks that the environment, weather and and any other imperfections on our cultural practices will govern the the green. This helps to produce speed of any particular green. It is our a smoother surface. Until the • Powered by Carboxy® responsibility to use this information technology. sand is worked into the green it to make educated decisions towards can create friction slowing the ball achieving our goals. We can proudly • Solu-Cal S® is highly roll. say that when they are putting “slow” recommended for soil they are consistently slow. As every remediation and to • Growth Regulator - Slows down correct salt problems. golf course has their own unique the growth of the plant. Smaller characteristics it’s important to use • Solu-Cal® is more cost amounts of clipping are produced trial and error in order to determine effective when compared allowing for a better cut from which method and test are best suited to standard lime for soil the mowers. The grass grows to your needs. I hope this sheds some pH correction. less during the course of the day light on the variables to consider, keeping the greens at a more common practices and potential consistent speed throughout the solutions to create the best conditions • Soil Corrections made with day. possible to serve your membership Solu-Cal® & Solu-Cal S® are proven by university and customers. research to occur in 6-8 weeks and at 1/4 the rate of standard products. 1-800-265-8865 www.envirosol.ca Taken from 1st tee looking down the 1st hole. Some things just work. 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For more information on Triton SC and the complete line of Bayer products, contact Bayer Environmental Science www.bayeres.ca 1 -888-283-6847 ALWAYS READ AND FOLLOW LABEL DIRECTION. Rovral Green GT, Aliette Signature, Chipco Triton SC and Compass 50WG are registered trademarks of Bayer. BACKED by BAYER. We Sell & Transplant Large Trees with tree spades ranging from 34-90" Members of I.S.A and O.G.S.A. Owner Paul Hanousek certified arborist. PREMIUM WATER MANAGEMENT TOOLS FOR YOUR GOLF COURSE TURF • 2 Formulations Available - Respond 3 Liquid and Respond 3 Granular • Protect your Greens, Tees, and Fairways from Localized Dry Spot, Drought Stress and Excessive Moisture • More Uniform Water Distribution Throughout the Root Zone Moving your trees since 1980. www.douglaswood.ca Distributed by: ALLTURF Master’s Turf Supply Ltd. 1 800.353.3019 Mountain View Turf Supply www.uap.ca T. 519.856.2771 • F.519.856.1447 P.O. Box 339 Rockwood ON Respond 3 is a registered trademark of United Agri Products. Canada NOB 2K0 Always read and follow label directions. Braemar Building Systems CUSTOM DESIGN QUALITY BUILDINGS COMPETITIVE PRICES • Maintenance Buildings • Storage Facilities • New Buildings • Wood & Steel Structures For your FREE ESTIMATES call us at 1-800-215-1996 www.braemarbuildings.com 2nd Annual Gardening Seminar by Paul Grotier, Assistant Superintendent Donalda Club On February 2nd, 2010, for the second year in a row, Donalda Club was the host of what is hoped to be Ontario Sales Team an annual event. Golf course gardeners from the GTA Craig McCutcheon, Niagara/Central and beyond were invited to a full day seminar which (905) 536-0357 included breakfast, lunch, and four interesting speakers who touched on an assortment of issues affecting today’s Brian Bennett, South Western golf course gardener. Fortunately, the weather was more (519) 421-6593 co-operative this year than last and all 23 participants were Bill Martel, Northern able to attend without any delays. (705) 627-3590 Brenda Noble, Head Gardener at the Donalda Club, Perry Brazeau, GTA East and Kyra Zeldon, Head Horticulturist at Cedar Brae (289) 338-1834 Golf and Country Club, put in a lot of time and effort in planning this event and were able to put together an Mark Scenna, National Sales Manager interesting mix of presenters. Dave Zeldon started the day (416) 458-2396 off with an enthusiastic and entertaining demonstration of John Bladon, National Agronomist how to build your own vermicomposting system. He also (519) 574-2013 shared a collection of tips and ideas for implementing sustainable gardening practices. Victor Lewicki, long time www.turfpro.ca gardener at Thornhill Golf and Country Club, shared his experiences with a variety of ornamental grasses as well as an amazing collection of photos from his many projects. After a short break Marjorie Mason got everyone’s stomachs growling with an inspiring presentation on creating a beautiful and edible potager garden. Following a satisfying lunch, Brenda Noble shared an array of ideas for designing planters for every season. According to feedback, an enjoyable and educational day was had by all. As is almost always the case, the camaraderie that is fostered through such educational events is always an invaluable by-product. Clearly, this event has gained momentum and has helped fill the void within the landscape industry to provide educational and networking opportunities which are specific to golf course horticulturists. In order to ensure the continuation of this event a new host and additional help organizing is needed. If anyone is interested in planning next year’s event, please contact Brenda Noble at Donalda Club. Photo by Jeff Alexander. Quality Components, Milton 1.800.263.4112 Custom Solutions... King City 1.866.703.KING www.vandenbussche.com PumpStations, the heart of your irrigation system Golf course highlight Mill Run Golf Club 269 Durham Road 8 Uxbridge ON L9P1R1 Phone: 905 852-6212 Fax: 905 852-9272 Website: www.golfmillrun.com Golf Course Superintendent: Rod Speake Email: rspeake@golfmillrun.com Photo by Rod Speake COURSE PROFILE What region is your club located in? How many ponds, and/or how many times Uxbridge Township does water come into play? What is the classification of your club? Championship: 7 times Toro 4000 rough unit Member owned, Semi-Private Who was the original architect? Proflex rough unit Size of membership and number of rounds? Rene Muylaert original course TyCrop topdresser - pull behind 450 members Jason Miller new nine 2 Toro Sandpros 42,000 rounds on Championship Course 1 John Deere Sandpro with push blade What was the year of original construction? Toro Sandpro spiker attachment 22,000 rounds on Highland Course 1984 original, 2007 new nine Toro 880 aerifier Typical opening and closing dates? What major tournaments held? Toro Procore 648 aerifier April 15 opening until November 7 GAO Public Players Championship VertiDrain aerifier Name of Superintendent Buffalo Turbine blower What type of irrigation system? Speed Roller Rod Speake Existing course is Toro Hydraulic and new 2 Kubota tractors How long have you been a superintendent? nine is Toro Electric - all with the John Deere tractor 9 years OSMAC SitePro Central Control Package Kubota backhoe attachment What is the size of your maintenance shop? Kubota front pallet forks List other accomplishments 2 Kubota loader attachment Working on Audubon Certification 8,000 ft2 (half heated, half cold storage) 2 Pronovost trailer How long have you been an OGSA member? What is the size of the greens, tees & Chevy Silverado truck 13 years fairways? Experss dual bedknife grinder Championship Course: Experss dual reel grinder How many year round staff? Greens: 4.5 acres 4 Tees: 4 acres Fairways: 32 acres How many seasonal staff? Highland Course: 26 Greens: 2.2 acres COURSE PROJECTS & PLANS How many mechanics and assistants? Tees: 2 acres Assistant: Steve Saunders Fairways: 9 acres What projects have you recently completed? Mechanic: Frank Pagneillo Cart path extensions and tee deck What is your predominant grass? enlargements on par 3’s How many gardening staff? Poa Bent on greens and tees, Poa Bent 1 - Beryl Jean Fordham Bluegrass on fairways What long range plans for renovation do you How many USGA greens and loam greens? have in the next five years? COURSE STATISTICS 10 USGA Greens Continue with tee deck and bunker 35 Loam Greens improvements, also a realignment of a golf How many holes? hole. 27 hole Championship Length Course What is the predominant soil type? 18 hole Executive Course Sandy Are there any particular challenges you face with your property? What is the yardage from back & forward tees? What equipment do you have in inventory? Very sandy property so managing our Championship: 6690 back tees, 5187 forward 4 Toro 3150 Triplex Greens water is a very difficult challenge in a dry Highland: 3500 back, 3128 forward 3 Toro 3150 Triplex Tees year. What is the size of driving range and range tee? 2 Toro Walker Greens Do you have any success stories? 10 acres of range and 1.5 acres of tee deck 2 Toro Walker Tees Transforming staff and equipment in the 3 Toro 5410 Fairway Units turf department from an 18-hole operation How many bunkers? 3 Toro Sidewinder 3500 to a 27-hole operation on the Championship: 74 Highland: 12 Toro Multi Pro 5700 sprayer Championship Course in my first year. Best management practices for anthracnose on annual bluegrass turf Although our understanding of anthracnose disease on Poa annua greens is incomplete, several cultural and management practices can reduce its occurrence and its severity. Anthracnose (caused by Colletotrichum cere- Host susceptibility alé) is a destructive fungal disease of weakened Anthracnose can be found on cool- and warm­ turf that occurs throughout the U.S., Canada and season turf in roughs, fairways and tees, but often Western Europe (15) and is particularly severe on the disease is most destructive on annual bluegrass annual bluegrass {Poa annua). The frequency and maintained at a putting green height of cut. Out­ severity of anthracnose epiphytotics on golf course breaks are also increasingly common on creeping greens has increased over the past decade (13,14) bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera) and may develop on and is thought to be associated with some of the other cool-season turf species including ryegrasses management practices used by superintendents to (Lolium species), fescues (Festuca species), Ken­ improve playability and ball-roll distance. Com­ tucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis) and velvet bent­ binations of management factors may be enhanc­ grass (A. canina). ing the severity of this disease. Although the disease is often most severe dur­ Scientists within the NE-1025 multistate turf ing warm weather, outbreaks may occur through­ research project are studying the biology, ecology out the year, causing either a foliar blight or a basal and management of anthracnose of annual blue­ rot of leaf sheaths, crowns and stolons (15). grass turf on golf courses. They are examining the Anthracnose is often present on turf mowed biology of the pathogen, assessing fungicidal con­ at a higher height without producing severe dam­ trol and fungicide resistance development, evalu­ age, which suggests that plant health (vigor and ating the effect of cultural practices on anthrac­ stress) is a major factor that determines disease nose severity and developing annual bluegrass severity. The disease can cause extensive injury on and bentgrass selections for resistance to this dis­ turf maintained at low fertility, very low mowing ease. Completed and ongoing field trials within heights or turf grown under suboptimal conditions this five-year project (2005-2010) have evaluated (drought stress, excess shade, high humidity). registered and experimental fungicides, fungi­ The greater susceptibility of annual bluegrass cide programs and annual bluegrass management to anthracnose is probably related to a number of practices, including nitrogen fertility, chemical factors including the weak perennial nature of this James Murphy, Ph.D. growth regulation, mowing, rolling, topdressing, grass species. Annual bluegrass is well known for Frank Wong, Ph.D. verticutting and irrigation as well as the potential its prolific seedhead (flowering) expression that Lane Tredway, Ph.D. interaction among practices. Ultimately, results occurs predominantly in the spring (April through Jo Anne Crouch, Ph.D. from these experiments will be used to devise a early June). Seedhead development requires con­ John Inguagiato comprehensive set of best management practices siderable metabolic energy, which reallocates pho- Bruce Clarke, Ph.D. for the control of anthracnose disease on golf tosynthate away from roots and shoots toward Tom Hsiang, Ph.D. courses. seedheads just before the most stressful time of Frank Rossi, Ph.D. the growing season. Summer stress tolerance has Even though C. cereale can be found on many been associated with increased root depth and cool-season grasses, DNA fingerprints of individ­ number; thus, the reallocation of photosynthate ual isolates collected from North America, Japan, away from roots and crowns probably weakens Australia and Europe indicate that this fungus is annual bluegrass and increases its susceptibility to subdivided into groups of host-specific popula­ anthracnose. Breeding for improved tolerance to tions (4,5). With few exceptions, turfgrass patho­ anthracnose disease is one objective of the annual gens are members of different populations of C. bluegrass breeding program in Pennsylvania and cereale than those found on other grass hosts. In the bentgrass breeding program in New Jersey. addition, the populations of C. cereale infecting annual bluegrass are distinct from the populations The true causal agent of that infect creeping bentgrass. Such host-speci­ anthracnose on cool-season turf ficity is illustrated on golf courses by the appear­ For more than 90 years, the pathogen respon­ ance of the disease on one grass species at a time sible for turfgrass anthracnose was known by the in mixed swards of annual bluegrass and creep­ same name as the fungus that causes anthracnose ing bentgrass (15). Although anthracnose can be disease in corn, Colletotrichum graminicola GW. found on many plants, the host specificity of Col­ Wils., because the pathogens so closely resemble letotrichum species indicates that stands of non­ one another. Recent DNA fingerprinting studies, turfgrass hosts are not likely to harbor strains that however, indicate that the pathogen responsible could cause anthracnose on turfgrasses. for anthracnose in cool-season turf, while closely Research with DNA fingerprinting indicates related to the corn pathogen, is a distinct fungal that C. cereale does not inhabit warm-season species, C. cereale Manns (5). This same fungus grasses (4). Anthracnose outbreaks on warm-sea­ has been found across North America coloniz­ son turfgrass, caused by other species of Colletotri­ ing numerous cool-season grasses in field crops, chum, are rare and typically cause little damage. prairies, residential lawns, ornamental grasses and other environments (4,5). Outside of the Biology and epidemiology golf course environment, it appears that C. cere- Because the anthracnose pathogens on turf and ale rarely induces disease because the fungus can certain field crops were thought to be the same colonize other host plants without causing visible organism throughout most of the 20th century, damage. much of the ecology, epidemiology and pathogenic process of Colletotrichum cereale are inferred from research on corn and sorghum. There appear to be environmental and host factors that promote both anthracnose foliar blight and basal rot in cool-sea- son turfgrasses, but these are poorly understood. In addition, the increase in anthracnose disease on turf during the past decade has given rise to specu­ lation that more virulent strains of C. cereale may have emerged; however, no research data support­ ing this hypothesis have been reported. Although annual bluegrass has been successfully inoculated with C. cereale in the field, detailed studies of the biology of this pathogen have been hindered, in part, because a reliable method for infecting turf under controlled conditions in the greenhouse and growth chamber is lacking. Such studies are cur­ rently being conducted by NE-1025 scientists, but definitive results have yet to be published. Symptomology and the disease cycle On annual bluegrass, symptoms first appear as orange to yellow-colored spots that range from 0.25 to 0.5 inch (0.64-1.3 centimeters) in diam­ eter. As the disease spreads, spots may coalesce into large, irregularly shaped areas of infected turf on greens, tees and fairways. Older or senescing leaves are often colonized first, resulting in yel­ low leaf lesions. In close-cut turf, the lower stems may become affected, resulting in water-soaked, blackened tissue that is easily pulled from infected crowns. Infested foliar or stem tissue are often covered with numerous acervuli (reproductive structures) with distinctive black spines (setae) that are used as diagnostic features for disease identification. From these acervuli, the pathogen produces masses of reproductive spores called conidia that can be spread by water or mechanically (foot traffic, mow­ ing, etc.) to healthy plants. Once in contact with a susceptible plant, spores germinate to produce hyphae and a specialized structure known as an appressorium that adheres to the host tissue, allow­ ing the fungus to penetrate into the plant (12). Based on studies of corn and sorghum, C. cereale is thought to overwinter in turf as dormant resting structures called sclerotia or as fungal mycelium in infected plant debris. Temperature requiredfor infection Anthracnose foliar blight is generally favored by higher temperatures (85 F-95 F [29.4 C-35 C]) in the summer and autumn. However, basal rot symptoms can be observed year-round, often occurring simultaneously with foliar blight symp­ toms during periods of heat stress. Laboratory studies indicate that some isolates of C. cereale grow best between 70 F and 88 F (21.1 C-31.1 C) and are able to cause foliar infection between 81 F and 91 F (27.2 C-32.7 C) (7). These observations correlate with summer outbreaks of foliar blight and basal rot, but do not explain the development of anthracnose basal rot symptoms under cool conditions (winter or spring). Additional research is needed to ascertain the optimal temperatures required for infection by cool-weather strains of this pathogen. Anthracnose management: chemical control Research and experience indicate that pre­ ventive fungicide applications are far more effec­ tive than curative applications for the control of anthracnose on putting greens. However, because we lack knowledge regarding the disease cycle and epidemiology of anthracnose, the best timing for preventive applications remains unknown. Gen­ erally, it is recommended that superintendents initiate a preventive fungicide program at least one month before the normal onset of anthrac­ nose in their area. Fungicides belonging to eight chemical classes are currently available for anthracnose control: the benzimidazoles, dicarboximides (specifically, available for anthracnose control, only the iprodione), DMIs (demethylation inhibitors), benzimidazole, DMI and Qol classes have nitriles, phenylpyrroles, phosphonates, polyoxins significant curative activity. The nitrile, and Qols (strobilurins) (Table 1). phenylpyrrole, phosphonate and polyoxin These products can be separated into two fungicides have little to no curative activity groups: multisite inhibitors and single-site inhibi­ against anthracnose, but are very effective tors. As the name implies, multisite inhibitors in tank-mixes or when applied on a preven­ inhibit several to many biochemical processes in tive basis (6,17). Moreover, in New Jersey the fungal cell. In contrast, single-site inhibitors trials, using tank-mixtures and alternat­ suppress only one biochemical process. This is an ing among the eight chemical groups have important distinction because it determines the generally been more efficacious than using risk of a given product for fungicide resistance; a single product sequentially. single-inhibitors have a moderate or high risk for Although the benzimidazole, DMI resistance development, whereas multisite inhibi­ and Qol chemistries have curative activ­ tors generally have a low resistance risk. ity, superintendents should not rely solely on curative applications for anthracnose Preventive versus curative control. These chemistries are also at risk In addition to being more effective, preventive for fungicide resistance, as discussed later applications also expand the number of products in this article, and curative applications available for use. Of the eight chemical classes may encourage resistance development in Fungicides for anthracnose control Chemical class Common name Topical mode of action Utility Resistance risk Trade name, manufacturer Benzimidazole thiophanate-methyl acropetal penetrant preventive/curative high Cleary’s 3336, Cleary Chemical Fungo, The Scotts Co. SysTec, Regal Chemical T-Storm, Lesco Dicarboximides iprodione localized penetrant preventive moderate Chipco 26GT, Bayer Iprodione Pro, BASF DMI fenarimol acropetal penetrant preventive/curative moderate Rubigan, Gowan Co. DMI metconazole acropetal penetrant preventive/curative moderate Tourney, Valent DMI myclobutanil acropetal penetrant preventive/curative moderate Eagle, Dow AgroSciences DMI propiconazole acropetal penetrant preventive/curative moderate Banner Maxx, Syngenta Propiconazole Pro, Micro Flo Co. Sawi, Regal Chemical Spectator, Lesco DMI triadimefon acropetal penetrant preventive/curative moderate Bayleton, Bayer DMI triticonazole acropetal penetrant preventive/curative moderate Trinity, BASF Triton, Bayer Nitrile chlorothalonil contact preventive low Daconil, Syngenta ChloroStar, Regal Chemical Concorde, Griffin LLC Echo, Sipcam Agro USA Manicure, Lesco Phenylpyrrole fludioxonil contact preventive low Medallion, Syngenta Phosphonates fosetyl-AI true systemic preventive low Chipco Signature, Bayer Prodigy, Lesco Phosphonates phosphite salt true systemic preventive low Alude, Cleary Chemical Magellan, Nufarm Americas Resyst, Regal Chemical Vital, Phoenix Environmental Care Polyoxins polyoxin D localized penetrant preventive moderate Endorse, Cleary and Arysta LifeScience Qol azoxystrobin acropetal penetrant preventive/curative high Heritage, Syngenta Qol fluoxastrobin acropetal penetrant preventive/curative high Disarm, Arysta LifeScience Qol pyraclostrobin acropetal penetrant preventive/curative high Insignia, BASF Qol trifloxystrobin acropetal penetrant preventive/curative high Compass, Bayer Note. This list of products and manufacturers is not intended to be complete. Other turf fungicide products containing the same active ingredients may be available. Table 1. Currently available fungicides for anthracnose control. anthracnose populations. Phosphonates Although primarily used to control Pythium diseases, the phosphonates have recently been shown to be very effective against anthracnose when used preventively. Fosetyl-Al, released in the early 1980s, was the first phosphonate fungi­ cide labeled for use on turf. Originally marketed as Aliette and now sold as Chipco Signature or Prodigy, fosetyl-Al is a complex molecule that is broken down to release the phosphite ion PO3 in the plant after application. Since 2000, a new generation of phosphonates has been released into the turf market: the phos­ phite salts. These products contain phosphite (PO3) in the form of a sodium (Na+), potassium (K+) and/or ammonium (NH4+) salt. Phospho­ nates have direct fungicidal properties and are also thought to reduce anthracnose by improv­ ing overall turf health and stimulating host defense responses. The risk of fungicide resis­ tance for phosphonates is considered low to mod­ erate because of these potential multiple modes of action. Certain formulations of fosetyl-Al also contain a copper phthalocyanine pigment, which imparts a green or blue-green color to the turf after application. Copper phthalocyanines are large macrocyclic molecules that absorb and refract light, conduct electricity and have a variety of other biological properties. These pigments are known to increase the overall quality of putting green turf after several successive applications. Research in North Carolina and Pennsylvania has focused on evaluating fosetyl-Al and phos­ phite salts for anthracnose management. When applied on a preventive basis, fosetyl-Al has pro­ vided excellent control on both creeping bent­ grass and annual bluegrass. Although the phos­ phite salts have been very effective on annual bluegrass, these products have only provided moderate anthracnose control on creeping bent­ Fungicide resistance Figure 1. Comparison of phos­ phonate fungicides for preventive grass over three years of testing in North Caro­ Fungicide resistance has complicated anthrac­ control of anthracnose on annual lina (Figure 1). nose management. Resistance has not been an issue bluegrass (top) and creeping for multisite fungicides like chlorothalonil, but it bentgrass (bottom) greens. Application techniques is a concern for those with a site-specific mode of All fungicides were applied on a 14-day interval in 2 gallons Proper application techniques are essential to action. Resistance has developed in anthracnose to water/1,000 square feet with a a successful fungicide program for the control of site-specific fungicide classes including the Qols, carbon dioxide-powered sprayer anthracnose. Research in Pennsylvania indicates benzimidazoles and DM I fungicides (21). at 40 pounds/square inch (275.8 that fungicides should be applied in 2 gallons of kilopascals) using TeeJet 8004 nozzles. Applications to annual water/1,000 square feet (81.5 milliliters/square How resistance develops bluegrass were initiated May 23, meter) using nozzles that produce medium to Resistance typically results from repeated use 2005, and data were collected coarse droplet sizes. Applications in lower water of fungicides from a single fungicide class and can on Aug. 15,2005. Applications to creeping bentgrass were initiated volumes or using extremely coarse droplet sizes result in immunity or tolerance to that fungicide June 29,2006, and data were can significantly reduce fungicide performance. class. Resistance to each fungicide class develops collected Aug. 6,2006. independently (for example, a Qol-resistant fun- gal population may be sensitive to benzimid­ azoles and vice versa). Repeated applications of the same fungicide or fungicides from the same fungicide class over time can quickly select for a higher frequency of resistant individuals (Figures 2,3). Unfortunately, once resistance to a chemical class develops, it does not go away as long as the resistant isolates persist in the population, even if fungicides from that chemical class are not used or are used sparingly in the future. Resistant iso­ lates are as “fit” as sensitive ones with the added bonus of being able to survive certain fungicide applications. Delaying resistance The development of resistance can be delayed by limiting the number of applications from one fungicide class. Repeated sequential applica­ tions, late curative applications and low-label- rate applications tend to encourage the develop­ Figure 2. This is a simplified model of a multiple-step process over time, where repeated applica­ ment of resistance. The use of multisite, contact tions of a single-site mode of action fungicide select for naturally resistant individuals from a fungicides is an important strategy for reducing population. As more fungicide applications are made, the frequency of resistant survivors increases. In anthracnose populations, eventually, a high frequency of resistance can be selected for. the overall potential for resistance development because it can reduce the total amount and num­ ber of high-risk, single-site fungicide applications. Tank-mixing fungicides (especially with multi­ site fungicides) may not stop resistance develop­ ment, but it can prevent total control failure from a fungicide application; for example, a tank-mix of chlorothalonil with a Qol fungicide still selects for Qol resistance, but the chlorothalonil will contribute to disease control of individuals that are both resistant and sensitive to Qols. Qolfungicides The Qol fungicide azoxystrobin (Heritage) was commercially released for use on turf in 1997. Resistance of Colletotrichum cereale to the Qol fungicides (Heritage, Compass, Disarm and Insignia) developed quickly (1) and was fairly widespread in the U.S. by 2004. Qol-resistant individuals of C. cereale are immune and cross­ resistant to all fungicides in this chemical class, even when the fungicides are applied at 10 times standard rates or higher. Thus, the use of Qol fungicides for anthrac­ nose control should be discontinued for locations with a history of poor Qol performance and/or Figure 3. Patterns of resistance development to Qol, benzimidazole and DMI fungicides. Sensitive resistance confirmed by laboratory testing. There populations (A, D) change in response to repeated fungicide applications over time (B, E). For Qols and benzimidazoles, a fungicide-immune population develops that cannot be controlled at all by is no evidence that Qol resistance in fungal popu­ fungicide applications, and it completely dominates the population (C). For DMIs, the population lations will decrease over time; resistance is likely becomes more fungicide-tolerant, but most DMI-tolerant individuals can still be controlled with high- to be permanent. However, for any given location, rate applications (F). For each fungicide group, the green line represents the highest labeled rate of resistance may be localized to one or only a few fungicide; the proportion of the population that is sensitive to the fungicide and can be controlled is shown in the white boxes to the left, and the proportion of the population that is no longer sensitive greens. Subsequently, Qols may still be effective to the fungicide and cannot be controlled is shown in the red areas to the right. Adapted from on other greens where resistance has not devel­ Professor Wolfram Koeller, Cornell University oped. Qol fungicides can also still be used for the control of other diseases (for example, Rhizoctonia diseases and summer patch) where the anthrac­ the DMIs can be reduced by alternating fungi­ nose pathogen has developed resistance to the cide chemical classes, using the most intrinsically Qol fungicides. active DMI (propiconazole) and applying a higher labeled rate during cooler temperatures (phyto­ Benzimidazoles toxicity or thinning can occur at high label rates Benzimidazole fungicides have been used on when some DMIs are applied during high tem­ turf since the 1960s, and currently only thiophan- peratures) to obtain the maximum disease control ate-methyl is labeled for use on cultivated grasses. with this fungicide class. Resistant isolates of Colletotrichum cereale were found as early as 1989 in Michigan (10) and more Multisite fungicides recently in a number of other locations through­ Since multisite fungicides have a low risk for out the U.S. (21). Like Qol-resistance, resistance resistance, these are important tools in an anthrac­ to the benzimidazoles results in complete immu­ nose management program. Chlorothalonil used nity for individuals and is permanent in estab­ alone or in a tank-mixture can be very effica­ lished populations of anthracnose. Benzimidazole cious, especially when used preventively. As men­ use for anthracnose control should be discontin­ tioned above, tank-mixes can also provide better ued at locations with a history of poor benzimid­ disease control if Qol, benzimidazole or DMI azole performance and/or resistance confirmed by applications are made to resistant populations or laboratory testing. populations with reduced sensitivity. Since 2001, seasonal limits have been imposed for the use of DMIfungicides chlorothalonil on golf courses, so it is important DMIs have been used on turfgrasses since the to conserve its use for difficult-to-control diseases 1980s, and several DMIs are currently available for such as anthracnose. use on cultivated grasses. Whereas Colletotrichum cereale can quickly develop resistance to Qol and Other fungicides benzimidazole fungicides, it gradually develops a So far, no cases of resistance have been reported tolerance to DMI fungicides, which means that for the other classes of site-specific fungicides good control may be achieved with high labeled used to control anthracnose including the poly­ rates or shorter application intervals. In Califor­ oxins, phenylpyrroles and phosphonates. Of nia, isolates that are two to 10 times more tolerant these, the polyoxins and phenylpyrroles are more to propiconazole (for example, Banner MAXX, likely to have future resistance problems because Syngenta) than sensitive isolates have been found of their mode of action, so these should be used on greens, but these isolates could still be con­ judiciously. trolled with the high label rate (2 fluid ounces [59.1 milliliters]) of Banner MAXX when applied Anthracnose management: cultural at 14-day intervals (21). This suggests that patho­ practices gens that have developed tolerance to DMIs are Nitrogen fertility still manageable with high rates of DMIs. To both Minimizing nitrogen fertility is one approach maintain the utility of these fungicides and mini­ used by superintendents to increase ball-roll dis­ mize non-target effects of excessive use (potential tance (green speed) on putting green turf. However, plant growth regulation), it is prudent to alternate management trials on annual bluegrass greens in the DMIs with other fungicide chemistries. Additionally, there is a clear difference in the Anthracnose and nitrogen, 2004 intrinsic activity of the different DMI fungicides (22). On average, propiconazole was roughly five times more toxic to C. cereale than myclobutanil Nitrogen interval %turfaeinfsted2 %turf area infested 2 %turf areainfested2 (Eagle, Dow AgroSciences) and 40 times more June %turf 11 area June 20 infested 2 July 19 Aug. 17 %turf Aug. 30 area infested 2 toxic than triadimefon (Bayleton, Bayer) in labo­ ratory studies. In New Jersey fieldwork, season- Every 28 days 9.0 a 14.6 a 34.3 a 40.0 a 56.0 a long applications resulted in anthracnose sever­ Every 7 days 3.6 b 9.2 b 16.4 b 27.2 b 41.8 b ity of 7.5% (Banner Maxx), 33% (Eagle) and 79% (Bayleton) (17). The intrinsic activities of Nitrogen was applied as an NH4N03 solution containing 0.1 pound nitrogen/1,000 square feet (0.49 gram/square meter) from May 7 to Oct. 9,2004. new DMIs such as triticonazole (Trinity, BASF; *Means followed by different letters are significantly different from one another. Chipco Triton, Bayer) and metconazole (Tourney, Valent) are being examined at this time. Table 2. Anthracnose disease response to nitrogen fertilization of annual bluegrass turf mowed at The potential for resistance development to 0.125 inch (3.2 millimeters) in North Brunswick, N.J., during 2004. New Jersey indicate that soluble nitrogen applied anthracnose on annual bluegrass turf. Work on every seven days at a low rate of 0.1 pound/1,000 anthracnose foliar blight of fairway turf indicated square feet (0.49 gram/square meter) from late that annual nitrogen fertilization should be mod­ spring through summer can reduce anthracnose erate (3 pounds nitrogen/1,000 square feet [14.6 severity 5% to 24% compared to the same rate grams/square meter]), and a greater proportion of of nitrogen applied every 28 days (11) (Table 2). the annual nitrogen fertilizer should be applied Additionally, fungicide efficacy for the control of in autumn rather than spring to reduce disease anthracnose was increased in plots that received an severity (8). These effects may be explained by additional 0.125 pound of nitrogen/1,000 square a depletion of carbohydrate reserves induced by feet (0.61 gram/square meter) every 14 days from aggressive spring nitrogen fertilization and exac­ May through August (6). Specific mechanisms erbated by low net photosynthesis during summer associated with reduced anthracnose severity in stresses. plants with greater nitrogen fertility are currently Annual nitrogen rate and season of fertiliza­ unknown, although increased plant vigor has been tion need to be evaluated for anthracnose basal rot proposed (20). under putting green conditions as well as the pos­ Superintendents have frequently asked about sibility of an interaction between summer appli­ the potential role, if any, of late- and early-season cations of soluble nitrogen and granular nitrogen granular fertilization and are seeking guidance fertilization programs. Research trials addressing on the relevance of this practice to controlling these objectives will be initiated in late summer 2008 in New Jersey. Anthracnose response, 2004 and 2005 Plant growth regulators Plant growth regulators (PGRs) are widely Nitrogen used to reduce shoot growth between mow­ interval Embark (mefluidide)* Primo (trinexapac-ethyl)§ Aug. 30,2004 July 30,2005 ing, improve shoot density, increase stress toler­ (days)t Fluid ounce/1,100 square feet, Fluid ounce/1,100 square feet, % turf area infested% turf area infested ance and enhance playability of putting green surfaces. Primo (trinexapac-ethyl, Syngenta) 28 0 0 65.0 84.9 applied to annual bluegrass greens at 0.125 fluid 28 0 0.125 51.3 86.5 ounce/1,000 square feet (0.039 milliliter/square 28 0.69 0 57.4 82.0 meter) every 14 days from May through August 28 0.69 0.125 50.3 85.3 reduced disease from late June to late July (6). 7 0 0 48.9 66.6 Other research in New Jersey from 2003 through 2007 indicated that Primo or Embark (mefluid­ 7 0 0.125 43.0 67.6 ide, PBI Gordon) used alone had infrequent and 7 0.69 0 50.0 69.0 inconsistent effects on anthracnose, but did not 7 0.69 0.125 25.1 45.9 greatly aggravate disease severity. Additionally, in LSD* empty table cell empty table cell 6.77 9.45 plots where Embark and Primo were used in com­ bination, anthracnose severity was reduced 6% to tNitrogen was applied as an NH4N03 solution containing 0.1 pound nitrogen/1,000 square feet from May 14% compared to plots that received only one of 7 to Oct. 9,2004, and May 21 to Aug. 3,2005. these plant growth regulators during the last two years of a 3-year trial (11). At advanced stages of Mefluidide (Embark 0.2L) was applied as a split application of 0.69 fluid ounce/1,000 square feet (0.22 disease (end of the season), the combination of milliliter/square meter) on April 7 and 21,2004, and April 6 and 20,2005. weekly nitrogen fertilization with Embark and §Primo MAXX1 ME was applied at 0.125 fluid ounce/1,000 square feet (0.04 milliliter/square meter) every Primo application provided the greatest reduction 14 days from April 7 to Sept. 22,2004, and April 6 to Aug. 10,2005. Initial Primo application was in disease severity (Table 3). delayed on turf previously treated with Embark until April 21 in 2004 and April 20 in 2005. Many superintendents were using chemi­ #LSD (least significant difference). The difference between two means (that are within the same level as cal growth regulation strategies not addressed in the other two factors) must be equal to or greater than the LSD value to be considered statistically previous research; thus, further assessment was different. conducted from 2005 to 2007. Treatment effects evaluated included rate (0.1, 0.125 and 0.2 fluid Table 3. Anthracnose disease response to nitrogen fertilization, Embark and Primo application on annual bluegrass turf mowed at 0.125 inch (3.2 millimeters) in North Brunswick, N.J., during 2004 and 2005. ounce/1,000 square feet [0.03, 0.04 and 0.06 mil­ limeter/square meter]) and frequency (seven ver­ sus 14 days) of Primo application, and combina­ tions of Primo with Embark or Proxy (ethephon, Bayer), which are commonly used to regulate seedhead development of annual bluegrass. Data from this trial have not been completely analyzed, but it is clear that use of these growth regula­ tors alone or in combination are not increasing anthracnose severity. Verticutting Verticutting is another common management practice used on greens to minimize puffiness asso­ Anthracnose and mowing height, 2004 ciated with thatch accumulation and to improve surface playability. Verticutting has been reputed Mowing height % turf area imowingheight infested % turf area infesteda % turf area infested % turf area infested to enhance wounding of host plant tissue and inches millimeters Aug. 2 Aug. 11 Aug. 23 Sept. 15 thereby increase anthracnose severity (9,13,15). Contrary to this perception, verticutting to a 0.110 2.8 4.2 a 36.8 a 51.7 a 61.8 a shallow depth (0.1 inch [3.0 millimeters]) did not 0.125 3.2 2.6 ab 32.2 a 48.0 ab 53.6 b have a substantial effect on anthracnose severity 0.140 3.6 1.1 b 28.8 a 40.5 b 44.5 c in New Jersey (11). Infection studies with Colle- totrichum in annual bluegrass and corn have dem­ fMeans followed by different letters are significantly different from one another. onstrated that wounds are not required for host penetration (3,16,19). However, other research­ ers (18) have reported that verticutting to a 0.2- Table 4. Anthracnose disease response to mowing height on annual bluegrass putting green turf inch (5-millimeter) depth increased anthracnose in North Brunswick, N.J., during 2004. in annual bluegrass. Thus, verticutting to a depth that cuts crowns and stolons (severe wounding) and removes thatch may enhance plant stress and increase anthracnose severity, whereas verticutting Anthracnose and rolling, 2004 to groom (light vertical mowing) the leaf canopy appears to have little effect on disease severity. %turf area infested 1 %turf area infested 1 Lightweight rolling Aug. %turf 2 area 11 Aug.infested Aug.123 %turf Sept. 15area infested 1 Mowing and rolling practices None 3.0 a 34.2 a 49.0 a 56.2 a It is well known that a lower cutting height Every other day 2.3 b 31.0 a 44.4 b 50.4 b will increase ball-roll distance (green speed) on a putting green. Lower cutting height has also been associated with increased anthracnose severity (2). *Means followed by different letters are significantly from one another. More frequent mowing (double- or triple-cutting) is used to increase green speed and is thought to Table 5. Anthracnose disease response to lightweight rolling on annual bluegrass putting green intensify wounding of leaf tissue. Moreover, light­ turf in North Brunswick, N.J., during 2004. weight rolling is used to smooth the turf canopy and improve ball-roll distance. Frequent use of height) should be used to improve ball roll with­ these practices either alone or in combination was out intensifying anthracnose severity. thought to increase stress and susceptibility to Research in New York is currently evaluating anthracnose on putting greens. the possibility that mower setup including walk- As expected, research in New Jersey during behind mower design, bedknife position and fre­ 2004 and 2005 found that a 0.015-inch (0.38- quency of clip may affect basal rot anthracnose. millimeter) increase in mowing height (0.110 to Moreover, traffic stress from maneuvering mowing 0.125 inch, or 0.125 to 0.141 inch [2.8 to 3.2 and rolling equipment on the edge of greens has millimeters, or 3.2 to 3.6 millimeters]) was suf­ been suggested as a potential cause of enhanced ficient to reduce anthracnose severity (Table 4). anthracnose on greens. A trial has been initiated Contrary to expectations, increasing mowing fre­ in New Jersey to determine whether routine mow­ quency from a single daily mowing to double-cut- ing and rolling operations can affect anthracnose, ting daily did not increase anthracnose severity, depending on the location of the equipment traf­ and lightweight vibratory rolling every other day fic on a putting green, that is, perimeter (edge) either had no effect or slightly reduced anthrac­ or center. nose severity (Table 5). Additional analysis of this data is under way; Topdressing practices but it appears that the practices of double-cut­ Topdressing used to smooth putting surfaces ting and rolling (rather than lowering the cutting and manage thatch accumulation has been sug- Light, frequent sand topdress­ ing buries and protects gested as contributing to anthracnose epidemics. maintaining plant health and the playability of crowns and leaf sheaths. Note the depth of crowns in the Trials were initiated in New Jersey to determine putting green turf. A trial was established in New middle (1 cubic foot/1,000 whether rate and frequency of sand topdressing Jersey to determine whether irrigation regime square feet/week [0.0003 influenced disease development. Initial data anal­ (that is, 100%, 80%, 60% and 40% of reference cubic meter/square meter]) yses indicate that sand topdressing may slightly evapotranspiration, ET) influences anthracnose and right (2 cubic feet/1,000 square feet/week [0.0006 increase anthracnose at early stages of the disease disease. This trial is being continued in 2008, but cubic meter/square meter]) but later reduces disease severity. Light, frequent initial data indicate that anthracnose severity was profile samples are greater applications (topdressing every seven or 14 days at increased in plots irrigated with 40% or 60% ETo than the profile sample on the 1 or 2 cubic feet/1,000 square feet [304.8 or 609.6 compared to turf receiving 80% or 100% ET left (no topdressing). Photo courtesy of J. Inguagiato cubic centimeters/square meter]) provided the Further data collection and analysis is needed to most rapid and substantial reduction of anthrac­ determine the veracity of these results. nose. Sand topdressing every 21 or 42 days at a higher rate (4 cubic feet/1,000 square feet [1,219.2 Summary cubic centimeters/square meter]) also reduced dis­ Currently, best management practices for the ease by August in 2006 and 2007. control of anthracnose disease on annual blue­ A companion study in 2005 and 2007 assessed grass putting green turf include implementing a whether methods of sand incorporation and sand frequent low-nitrogen-rate fertility program initi­ particle shape (that is, round versus subangular) ated in late spring and continuing through sum­ affect disease severity. The incorporation methods mer. Soluble nitrogen applied every seven days at evaluated in this study (that is, stiff-bristled brush, 0.1 pound/1,000 square feet (0.49 gram/square soft-bristled brush, vibratory rolling or none) had meter) from late spring through summer has no effect on anthracnose. Moreover, both sand been effective at reducing disease severity. How­ types at first enhanced disease in July, but con­ ever, the annual nitrogen rate and seasonal aspect tinued topdressing reduced disease severity later of fertilization need to be further studied as well in the season (August and September) each year as the possibility of an interaction between sum­ compared to turf that was not topdressed. mer applications of soluble nitrogen and granular nitrogen fertilization programs. Irrigation management Chemical growth regulation strategies includ­ Proper irrigation management is critical to ing the use of Embark, Proxy and Primo do not intensify disease severity and, on occasion, may nose. Moreover, this knowledge would enable reduce severity. Relatively large reductions in dis­ superintendents to more effectively target fungi­ ease severity have also occasionally been observed cide applications or other management practices where frequent low-nitrogen-rate fertilization is to key points in the disease cycle. For example, if combined with the use of seedhead suppressants the timing of initial infections was known, then (Embark or Proxy) in the spring and sequential superintendents could apply preventive fungicide applications of the vegetative growth regulator applications at the most effective time(s), thereby Primo throughout the growing season. potentially providing more effective control with If it is feasible, superintendents should use the most efficient (reduced) chemical inputs. double-cutting and lightweight rolling instead of Fungicide resistance remains a problem for Contributing scientists lowering mowing heights to achieve greater ball­ anthracnose control, and is a continuing risk for roll distance (green speed). Increasing mowing new site-specific fungicides. Scientists are actively The Multistate Research Project NE- height as little as 0.015 inch (0.38 millimeter) can investigating how pathogen populations respond 1025, Biology, Ecology, and Management decrease anthracnose severity, whereas daily dou­ to fungicide applications, how resistance devel­ of Emerging Pests of Annual Bluegrass ble-cutting and lightweight rolling increase ball­ ops over time and which resistance management on Golf Courses has many participating scientists. Other scientists involved in roll distance and do not intensify disease. In fact, strategies are most effective. Continuing cultural the anthracnose research portion of the rolling may slightly reduce disease severity. management research will clarify the effect of top- project are: Preventive fungicide applications (generally one dressing, irrigation and traffic on anthracnose dis­ month before the normal onset of symptoms) are ease severity, from which best management prac­ Stacy Bonos, Ph.D., Rutgers far more effective than curative applications. The tices can be enhanced. And, continuing work on University benzimidazole, DMI, dicarboximide (iprodione), selecting and breeding annual bluegrass may lead Michelle DaCosta, Ph.D., University nitrile, phenylpyrrole, phosphonate, polyoxin and to new varieties of annual bluegrass with improved of Massachusetts, Amherst Qol fungicide chemistries can effectively control tolerance to anthracnose disease. Peter Dernoeden, Ph.D., University anthracnose, but resistance has been a problem of Maryland with several of these groups. Repeated sequential Disclaimer Brad Hillman, Ph.D., Rutgers Use pesticides only according to the directions on the label. University applications of single-site (benzimidazole, DMI David Huff, Ph.D., Pennsylvania State and Qol) fungicides, late curative applications No endorsement is intended for products mentioned, nor is criti­ University and low-label-rate applications tend to encour­ cism meant for products not mentioned. Trade names are used Geunhwa Jung, Ph.D., University of age the development of resistance and, therefore, only to give specific information; this publication does not recom­ Massachusetts, Amherst should be avoided. The use of multisite contact mend one product instead of another that might be similar. John Kaminski, Ph.D., University of fungicides is an important strategy for reducing or Connecticut delaying the overall potential for resistance devel­ Funding Peter Landschoot, Ph.D., opment. Tank-mixtures and alternation of these The authors thank USDA Hatch Regional Hatch Project NE- Pennsylvania State University chemical groups are often more efficacious than 1025, GCSAA, USGA, GCSA of New Jersey, U.S. Environmental Joseph Roberts, Rutgers University single product applications and should be used Protection Agency, The Land Institute, Tri-State Turf Research Wakar Uddin, Ph.D., Pennsylvania to reduce the potential for fungicide resistance. Foundation, and Rutgers Center for Turfgrass Science for sup­ State University Recent research suggests that fungicides should porting this work. A portion of the research described in this be applied in 2 gallons of water/1,000 square feet paper has been funded by the U.S. EPA under the Science to (81.5 milliliters/square meter) using nozzles that Achieve Results (STAR) Graduate Fellowship Program. EPA has produce medium to coarse droplet sizes. not officially endorsed this publication, and the views expressed herein may not reflect the views of the EPA. Conclusions Although much has been learned about the Acknowledgments biology and management of anthracnose through Graduate student Joseph Roberts, technician T.J. Lawson this project, many questions remain unanswered. and numerous student assistants contributed greatly to this We must continue to gain a more comprehen­ research. We also thank the participating golf superintendents sive understanding of the anthracnose system on and their clubs for allowing us to do research on their courses. annual bluegrass and bentgrass that will enable us to develop more specific and better targeted man­ Literature cited agement programs. Very little is known about the 1. Avila-Adame, C., G. Olaya and W. Koller. 2003. Characteriza­ life history of Colletotrichum cereale and the epide­ tion of Colletotrichum graminicola isolates resistant to strobi- miology of anthracnose, including where and how lurin-related Qol fungicides. Plant Disease 87:1426-1432. the pathogen survives and the weather conditions 2. Backman, P, G. Stahnke and E. Miltner. 2002. Anthracnose that drive infection and symptom expression. update: Cultural practices affect spread of disease in north­ Such information would aid in the development west. Turfgrass Trends 11 :T1 -T2, T4. of a useful predictive model for basal rot anthrac­ 3. Bruehl, G.W., and J.G. Dickson. 1950. Anthracnose of cere- als and grasses. Technical Bulletin 1005. USDA, Washing­ greens. Phytopathology93:S86. ton, D.C. 19. Vernard, C., and L. Vaillancourt. 2007. Penetration and colo­ 4. Crouch, J.A. 2008. Evolution of Colletotrichum species nization of unwounded maize tissues by the maize anthrac­ inhabiting grasses in diverse ecosystems. Ph.D. disserta­ nose pathogen Colletotrichum graminicola and the related The research says tion, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, N.J. nonpathogen C. sublineolum. Mycologia 99:368-377. 5. Crouch, J.A., B.B. Clarke and B.l. Hillman. 2006. Unravel­ 20. White, D.G., R.G. Hoeft and J.T. Touchton. 1978. Effect of Controlling anthracnose ing evolutionary relationships among the divergent lineages nitrogen and nitrapyrin on stalk rot, stalk diameter, and yield disease on annual bluegrass greens of Colletotrichum causing anthracnose disease in turfgrass of corn. Phytopathology requires initiating a frequent low-nitro- and corn. Phytopathology 9W6-60. 21. Wong, F.P., and S. Midland. 2004. Fungicide resistant gen-rate fertility program in late spring 6. Crouch, J.A., E.N. Weibel, J.C. Inguagiato, P.R. Majum- anthracnose: bad news for greens management. Golf Course and continuing it through summer. Fur­ dar, et al. 2003. Suppression of anthracnose on an annual Management72(6):75-80 ther study is needed on annual nitrogen bluegrass putting green with selected fungicides, nitrogen, 22. Wong, F.P., and S.L. Midland. 2007. Sensitivity distribu­ rate, seasonal aspects of fertilization plant growth regulators, and herbicides. 2003 Rutgers Turf­ tions of California populations of Colletotrichum cereale to and the possibility of an interac­ grass Proceedings 35:183-192. four sterol demethylation inhibitor fungicides: propiconazole, tion between summer applications of 7. Danneberger, T.K., J.M. Vargas Jr. and A.L. Jones. 1984. myclobutanil, tebuconazole and triadimefon. Plant Disease soluble nitrogen and granular nitrogen A model for weather-based forecasting of anthracnose on 91:1547-1555. fertilization programs. annual bluegrass. Phytopathology74:448-451. Using Embark, Proxy and 8. Danneberger, T.K., J.M. Vargas Jr., P.E. Rieke and J.R. GCM Primo does not intensify anthracnose Street. 1983. Anthracnose development on annual blue­ disease severity and may reduce it. grass in response to nitrogen carriers and fungicide appli­ James Murphy (murphy@aesop.rutgers.edu) and Bruce Clarke Frequent low-nitrogen-rate fertilization cation. Agronomy Journal 75:35-38. are Extension specialists at Rutgers University, New Brunswick, combined with the use of seedhead 9. Dernoeden, P.H. 2002. Creeping bentgrass management: N.J. Frank Wong is an associate Cooperative Extension plant suppressants in spring and sequential summer stresses, weeds, and selected maladies. John pathology specialist and associate plant pathologist in the department of plant pathology and microbiology, University of applications of Primo throughout the Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, N.J. California, Riverside. Lane Tredway is an associate professor growing season may reduce disease 10. Detweiler, A.R., J.M. Vargas Jr. and W.L. Brendt. 1989. in the department of plant pathology, North Carolina State severity. Resistance of Colletotrichum graminicola to benomyl. Pro­ University, Raleigh. Jo Anne Crouch is a post-doctoral associate Increasing mowing height ceedings of the International Turfgrass Research Confer­ and John Inguagiato is a graduate student in the department as little as 0.015 inch can decrease ence 6:359-362. of plant biology and pathology, Rutgers University, New anthracnose severity; daily double-cut- 11. Inguagiato, J.C., J.A. Murphy and B.B. Clarke. 2008. Brunswick, N.J. Tom Hsiang is a professor in the department of Anthracnose severity on annual bluegrass influenced by environmental biology, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada. ting and lightweight rolling increase Frank Rossi is an associate professor in the department of ball-roll distance and do not intensify nitrogen fertilization, growth regulators, and verticutting. horticulture, Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y. disease; and rolling may slightly reduce Crop Science 48.1595-1607. disease severity. 12. Khan, A., and T. Hsiang. 2003. The infection process of Preventive fungicide applica­ Colletotrichum graminicola and relative aggressiveness on tions are more effective than curative four turfgrass species. Canadian Journal of Microbiology applications. Repeated sequential 49:433-442. applications of single-site fungicides 13. Landschoot, R, and B. Hoyland. 1995. Shedding some from the same class, late curative light on anthracnose basal rot. Golf Course Management applications and low-label-rate appli­ 63(11):52-55. cations tend to encourage the develop­ 14. Mann, R.L., and A.J. Newell. 2005. A survey to determine ment of resistance. the incidence and severity of pests and diseases on golf Multisite fungicides have a course putting greens in England, Ireland, Scotland, and negligible risk of resistance and can Wales. International Turfgrass Society Research Journal help reduce overall selection pressure 10:224-229. for resistance. Tank mixes can be more 15. Smiley, R.W., P.H. Dernoeden and B.B. Clarke. 2005. Com­ efficacious and reduce the impact pendium of turfgrass diseases. 3rd ed. APS Press, St. of resistance, but resistance to the Paul. This article has been reprinted with thanks to individual mixing partners must still be 16. Smith, J.D. 1954. A disease of Poa annua. Journal of the the Golf Course Superintendents Association, managed. Sports Turf Research Institute 8:344-353. from their official publication, Golf Course Topics for future research 17. Towers, G., K. Green, E. Weibel, P. Majumdar and B.B. Management. It was originally published in include clarifying the effect of top- Clarke. 2003. Evaluation of fungicides for the control of the August 2008 issue (pp. 93-104) dressing, irrigation and traffic on anthracnose basal rot on annual bluegrass, 2002. Fungi­ Formatting only has been adjusted to anthracnose disease severity, and cide and Nematicide Tests 58 :T017. 18. Uddin, W., M.D. Soika and E.L. Soika. 2006. Influence of facilitate Green is Beautiful. understanding where and how the anthracnose pathogen survives and the nitrogen source and rate on severity of anthracnose basal weather conditions that drive infection rot in mixed annual bluegrass and creeping bentgrass and symptom expression. On the REEL side of things by: Warren Wybenga, Equipment Manager, Donalda Club, Toronto WWybenga@donaldaclub.ca (416) 447-5575 x263 Some Things I've Learned This upcoming season marks my twenty-first year I don’t care whether you spin grind or relief grind or even working in the turf industry, on golf courses specifically, both. Either method is capable of providing a tournament and the nineteenth looking after equipment. Over these quality cut from your reels if it is done properly. To each years I have had the opportunity to learn from some very his own and we all have our preferences, but be careful talented and experienced individuals... some techs, some not to confuse the two disciplines. Do not back-lap if your not...but each and every one had been blessed with talent reels have not been relief ground. It is simply a waste and, whether they realized it or not, the occasion to share of time, energy and resources. Think of back-lapping as this knowledge with those who took the time to listen and an additional tool at your disposal to be used with relief observe. Don’t rule out anyone as a potential source of ground reels only, which by their nature have smaller information. You never know who or where that next wafer contact/surface areas between reel blade and bed-knife, of wisdom may come from. allowing the lapping process to return the reels nearer to One of the first things that I learned, even before I their post sharpened condition. Spin grinding conversely officially started into my apprenticeship, was to realize allows for very little relief on the reel blade, as the necessary when it was time to walk away. I’m not talking about when relief is provided by grinding it into the bed-knife, making it personalities conflict (but it certainly would apply here too), very difficult for the lapping compound to do its intended rather when you’re working on a machine and no matter job. If a previously “spun” reel is dull, spin it again...it’s a what you do or try, you just can’t “get it”. It doesn’t have to much faster way to achieve better results than by trying to be for very long or sometimes you may have to leave it for combine the two disciplines. So remember, if you relief days, but it never fails to amaze me that by simply taking grind your reels, keep the bucket of lapping compound full the time to collect your thoughts or focus on something and have at it. If all you do is spin grind then free up some else entirely, your perspective can be restored and what was shelf space by donating it to someone who can make use of frustrating you to no end mere moments before, now goes it properly. together seemingly without effort. The nut that you have to In closing, I want to offer my heartfelt congratulations to thread back onto a bolt, that you can’t even see and is just retired long time Turf Equipment Technician, Association at the end of your fingertips, will suddenly start and spin on Board member, volunteer, college instructor, industry like it couldn’t wait to be reunited with its mate. Frustration advocate, and friend, Eddie Konrad, for being selected is never a productive emotion so if you feel yourself starting by the International Golf Course Equipment Managers to loose your cool, don’t throw the wrench, just walk away Association as the 2009 recipient of the Edwin Budding for as long as it takes to refresh your outlook and face the Award. This award was created to recognize those in the task with renewed energy. Taking a well timed break will turf equipment industry whose actions have gone above actually end up saving you time in these situations. and beyond the norm to help develop our industry into Sooner or later, every tire will go flat.. .with the exception what it is today. Edwin Budding was one of those individuals of that middle-aged spare, right fellas? Even a tire that who helped define golf, not as a player, but as an engineer. has not lost one pound of pressure for years will at some He designed the first reel mower, which has shaped golf point come up short. It is important to the performance of as we know it today. The IGCEMA created this award to every piece of turf equipment that the tires are kept at the recognize individuals that demonstrate the same qualities recommended pressures at all times. After all, this is where Mr. Budding did, whose influence has resulted in significant the rubber meets the road (or turf or cart path) and every change in our industry above and beyond the normal day to system on that machine, from the suspension and steering day. His dedication and selfless devotion to the education to brakes and implements is designed with those pieces of of both present and future Turf Equipment Technicians round rubber in mind. This is most noticeable during the helped the selection committee to distinguish Eddie from changing of the seasons and whenever there is a sudden within a notable list of finalists that hail from the UK, change in barometric pressure. Another culprit is newly Canada and the USA, all of whom have made significant installed cart path curbing. It takes time for operators and contributions of their own. Eddie was presented with his golfers alike to get used to taking that corner a little wider award at the 2010 Golf Industry Show in San Diego. than they’re used to, so it’s always a good idea to check the Congratulations Eddie and good luck with your new fleet for soft tires immediately following these times. And “retirement” career as an industry consultant and speaker! don’t rely on your eyes alone...that’s why they invented pressure gauges. Second to one by Tyler Windfeld, Assistant Superintendent Black Diamond Golf Club Winner of the 2009 Hugh Kirkpatrick Busary Tyler submitted the following as part of his application for the Hugh Kirkpatrick Bursary. Staff Management I have spoken with a couple of assistants who are no One of the most frequently asked questions I get from longer in the profession and have moved on in a different people is about when you get to mid season and the staff direction. These assistants have given the same reason for are not working as well, or they may not be as enthusiastic leaving the industry and that was due to the pressure of as they were at the beginning of the season, “How do you managing staff. The most difficult thing for anyone in the boost moral amongst the staff?” I found that throwing a business, I believe, is staff management. Moving through staff party to show how much you appreciate their hard the ranks generally managing the staff would make or work every couple of months usually gets our staff working break ones ability to complete some tasks. I have found as a team again and also encourages them to continue that some of the other department skills such as irrigation doing their job to the best of their ability. Usually, if you and spraying can come easy to someone, with practice. It show the employee that you believe in them and that they is the different personalities and work habits of the staff, are capable of completing the task, the outcome will be which change from day to day, that makes managing a very positive. team on the golf course, very challenging. Superintendents worldwide put their trust in Revolution to maintain the highest levels ofturf quality and playability on their greens, even under stress. Contact your local distributor today to see what Revolution can do for you. • Uniform moisture, even across slopes • Consistency ofturf conditions • Drier, firmer putting surfaces The superintendent's choice • Less hand watering for superior turf performance. • Easier to re-wet after drydown • Quicker recovery from stress 800-257-7797 www.aquatrols.com Above the hole by April Grabell Student and Intern While superintendents and assistant superintendents University of Guelph turfgrass management students. all over Ontario worry about all of the ice and snow on The symposium, named “Doing more with less: Turf the greens, turf students at the University Guelph are in tough times” focused on how to survive and thrive learning of ways to reduce and prevent winter injury from in an unstable economy. The event featured a top­ occurring, amongst other key turf management practises. quality line-up of speakers, a complimentary lunch and In a year from now several of us will be in this same plenty of networking opportunities for students and turf situation wondering, hoping, and praying the greens will professionals alike. survive through the winter. The thought of this is quite overwhelming, and stressful to say the least. Only a few years “We all learned a lot, from coming up with the right ago I was wondering what I wanted to do for a career, and speakers to finding sponsors and using communications now I am embarking on a career that I truly enjoy. I once tactics to market the event, all within tight deadlines,” says thought that I would never fit in with a class full of men, student Matt Eastman. now everyday it seems as though I become more like one of them, in fact it is quite frightening! The turf management Three speakers from different corners of the industry principles are not learnt in a class, they are found among presented unique perspectives on how to save time and the interaction between students, staff, and turf industry money within a rapidly changing field, while continuing professionals. That is the main reason why I enjoy the turf to provide a high standard of service. The speakers industry so much; it is a continuous learning process! included: With that in mind, the turf students at the University • Dr. Tom Hsiang, pathology researcher at the of Guelph have been busy this past fall and winter hosting University of Guelph. Dr. Hsiang addressed and attending many networking events, such as the annual alternative treatments for turf disease. “Sodding of the Cannon”, several informative Turf Club • Ron Schiedel, co-owner of Green Horizons Group of speaker presentations, the 6th Annual Turfgrass Symposium, Farms Ltd. Mr. Schiedel is a successful entrepreneur and the CGSA/OGSA conference and trade show. who demonstrated how good business practices can override a bad economy. • Keith Bartlett, superintendent of St. George’s Golf and Country Club, which is hosting the 2010 Canadian Open. Mr. Bartlett discussed strategic course management. There was also a segment to the symposium called “Beat the Clock” in which five students each spoke for two minutes highlighting various turfgrass management tips based on experience and knowledge they have gained from their program. “This project has given the students opportunities to practice real-life communications and networking situations and learn from them,” says Prof. Rob Witherspoon, program director of the turfgrass management program at the University of Guelph. The symposium was free of charge for those who attended, thanks to key sponsors from the turf industry. Title sponsors include Syngenta, John Deere and Turf The infamous sodded cannon brought to you by UoG turf students, and Care. Additional sponsors include Enviro-sol, Nutrite, Green Horizons: Compact Sod! Also, complete with a bentgrass tee and Ontario Seed Company, GC Duke Equipment, the Guelph green courtesy of Springfield Golf & Country Club! Turfgrass Institute, McCormick Global Communications, Frechette Lawn Care, Ontario Agricultural College and the Department of Plant Agriculture (Courtesy of Anne The 6th Annual Symposium was held on November 27th Douglas). 2009. More than 120 golf course superintendents, industry In closing, my experience at the University of Guelph has representatives, university faculty and students attended been surreal and I look forward to what lies ahead of me in the symposium at the Cutten Club, organized by first-year the turf industry! The Thinking Super's Solution YES! Thinking Superintendents are clamouring to make PREMIS® 200F Fungicide part of their program this season. As you know, dollar spot is the most costly turfgrass disease worldwide. We can also count on struggling with brown patch (the most common summertime issue that plagues turfgrass), and anthracnose. So, as you can understand, there’s a lot on our minds. But now, with PREMIS®, supers have a proven innovative solution designed to make their life dramatically easier. It’s no wonder it’s the “Thinking Super’s Solution”. Can you afford NOT to play with these guys? P.S. In addition, PREMIS® is part of the BASF BetterTurf™ offer. For more information go to www.BetterTurf.ca BetterTurf ™ is a trademark of BASF. PREMIS® is a registered trademark of BASF Trademarks GMBH, used with permission by BASF Canada Inc. © 2010 BASF Corporation. All rights reserved. Always read and follow label directions before product use. Off the fairway ... Restoring Natural Areas We are be­ seed and source of plants are gone are three things you need to know, coming accus­ or diminished until they are re­ assuming you know what the weed is tomed to the term introduced by us or nature. Weeds in the first place. Integrated Pest move in partially because there is The first would be to inquire Management. nothing there to stop them. If left about the preferred site conditions IPM means that unchecked, disturbed areas will be of the plant, the habitat. Weeds we must develop taken over by the invasive weeds and are adaptable to less desirable by Daisy Moore a series of means create an eye-sore, plus be a source growth conditions and this can tell to control pests, other than targeted of weeds and undesirables to the us something about the site. Poorly sprays, synthetic or otherwise. We are cultivated areas. Given the chance, drained, compacted, contaminated quickly learning that a major method desirable plants and indigenous and so on. You might be able to is by prevention. species can re-inhabit natural areas amend the conditions against the In ornamental gardens pesticides and form their own truce with the weed’s favour. For example, Plantain are rarely used because the principles new locals. grows in compacted soil where others of prevention are instinctively In the urban environment we have can’t. Creeping Charlie will take over cultivated by the gardener. Avoidance learned to tolerate some weeds and when you add thatch to the equation. being one of them. If you plant a even call some of them wildflowers. To grow something more favourable, snowball Viburnum, European Burch Buttercups, Daisies, Chicory and relieve the compaction to make a or Norway Maple for example, you even Queen Anne’s Lace have habitat more suitable for desirable are asking for trouble. On golf become an expected part of the grasses or ground cover. The edges courses, preventative measures are local landscape, even though they of cultivated areas and transitional built in to the management strategies are from overseas. We have come to zones are particularly prone to these that favour turf. There is a general expect Tansy or Blueweed or Teasel conditions. Purple loosestrife is a understanding that if you look to grow on gravelly banks and don’t plant indicator that there is a drainage after something it will do better. In feel threatened by them, very often. problem. Garlic mustard means that natural areas, how it is all working There was a case at Mad River that the soil is currently being poisoned very much depends upon the level I remember where a year or so after and the problem will spread. of disturbance the area has had, and construction the out of play areas Weeds are indictors of their habitat whether it has been tended to since. were coated with a pretty blue flower and we can use this to our advantage When we conjure up an image of a that everybody was loving. Blueweed and build on it ( as in adding plants natural area we see a trillium lined (viper’s bugloss is another name for not a building). Sweet rocket tells sugar bush or an alpine meadow. it) soon shifted to disfavor when all you that conditions are favourable These habitats aren’t disturbed at all. wayward balls had to be conceded for meadow like plants, if only The plant communities are stable to the bees. There is a much larger someone would plant them. Garlic (self-sustaining) and we have no hand list of weeds that contribute nothing mustard and raspberries are signals in it. We can learn from this. positive (as far as we know) and can of a woodland habitat. Natural areas on golf courses are lay to waste vast expanses of land. In order to remove weeds you rarely undisturbed. Traffic, grade Where and how you draw the line in need to know about its root system. changes, dumping the clippings, what is acceptable and what isn’t, is This way you can decide upon the light changes, exuberance of mulch part of the management question. appropriate tool, method and the and so on all play a role in making To improve the appearance timing of the weeding. Always assume natural areas vulnerable to weed of natural areas it boils down to that weeding is easier when the soil is invasion and grief. Added to that knowing more about your weeds. moist. We know that if you break the is the removal, during construction, There are worse things to do, believe tap root on a dandelion you will have of the herbaceous layer of plants, me, and you might find yourself triple the problem down the road. leaving the area naked to the getting hooked on the fascinating The same principle applies to most potential of restoring the indigenous tales surrounding individuals. For other tap-rooted plants, Burdock and species and previous diversity. The the sake of control measures, there Thistle for example. You have to get the whole root. Re-growth from root pieces is a common way for weeds to regenerate themselves. Twitch grass and Goutweed are classic examples where surface cultivation and tilling only make matters worse. Lastly, you need to know the growth characteristics of the weed, the biology, such as the time of flowering and its’ method and pattern of spread. Early weeds tend to have perennial 8112 KING RD. WEST roots or be biennials and require BOLTON, ONTARIO L7E 5T3 BARTLETT. some digging. Summer weeds tend 1-800-268-4425 BECAUSE CUSTOMER SERVICE, to be annuals that blew in to bare 1-905-857-2000 JUST LIKE TREES, SHOULD BE patches last fall. Fall weeds tend to WWW.MAPLETURFSUPPLY.COM A BREATH OF FRESH AIR. be sprawling and deep rooted, since • Cost Effective Custom they’ve had a lot of the season to grow. Blends Fall is also the time where mother nature spreads seed and plant roots • Water Soluble, Granular, naturally bulk up. It is a critical time Liquid & Organic Fertilizers to act in the restoration process. • Bulk Spreader Service • Full Line of Turf Chemicals Principles of Restoration For Further Information Call: PRUNING PEST & DISEASE MANAGEMENT Restoring natural areas is a process Simon George FERTILIZATION REMOVAL CALL 877 BARTLETT 877.227.8538 that could be broken down into four Technical Sales OR VISIT BARTLETT.COM steps. Central Ontario, GTA& Niagara Region 1. Provide/Identify Habitat 1-519-841-3378 2. Remove Weeds Mark Schneider 3. Introduce desirable and suitable plants North American natives Technical Sales Burnside Georgian Bay, Lake Simcoe & Muskoka Region 4. Monitor and manage 1-519-372-5181 Serving the Needs of the Golf Industry Look after it Rae Murray We can help with: Technical Sales It’s a continuous effort to combat • Approvals for Golf Course Development North East GTA & Eastern Ontario and Operations weed invasion. Your best defense 1-416-819-3404 • Irrigation Water Supply is a strong offence in the form of • Sewage Treatment and Disposal cultivating a plant community that Ontario Distributor for: • Environmental Management Plans • Building and Clubhouse Design Services represents a stable collection of local The Andersons Nutri DG Lineup • Irrigation Design and Consulting plants. Management methods are • Environmental Impact Assessment SGN75&150 • Drinking Water Assessment not dissimilar to those used in turf Homogenous Dispersible • Project and Construction Management management and gardening. The benefits when applying these methods Granules Toll Free: (877) 799-8499 E-mail: vcirone@rjburnside.com to natural areas would include a Website: www.rjburnside.com tremendous boost to the restoration of habitat, diversity and the spirit. Daisy is a professional horticulturist. She operates a garden design and consulting business from her home in Elora. Her website: www.daisymoore.com has samples of her work. Offices located throughout Ontario Members of OGSA, CGSA and Golfmax Suppliers to the NGCOA PAST PRESIDENTS LUNCHEON Thanks to all who attended; it was a great afternoon! *Date indicates the year ofpresidency Front L-R: Rob Ackermann n (2004) and Randy Booker (2009) 1st Row: William Hynd (1972), Robert Moote (1967), Pelino Scenna (1978), Paul White (1980), Jeff Stauffer (2008), Paul Scenna (2005), Jeff Alexander (2010) 2nd Row: Alan Beeney (1977), Jim Flett (2002), James Wyllie (1973), Paul Dermott (1975-1976), Simon George (1997), John Arends (1971), Bruce Burger (1994), Thom Charters (1988), Barry Endicott (1986), Chris Andrejicka (2010 Vice President), Stu Leachman (2010 Director), Jennifer Pendrith (2010 Director), Doug Breen (2010 Director), Keith Bartlett (2000), Rhod Trainer (1992 not available for photo) Providing the Canadian and International golf communities with a progressive design philosophy and dedication to quality Corrie Almack P.Ag. Almack Agronomic Services Inc. Tel: (905) 689-6174 201-902 8th Street Phone: 403-678-6980 Canmore, Alberta Fax: 403-678-3841 Box 256, Carlisle, On Fax: (905) 689-8522 Canada Email: kains@kainsgolfdesign.com LOR 1H0 Email: c.almack@sympatico.ca T1W2B8 Web: www.kainsgolfdesign.com LARGE TREE SALES AND RELOCATION Phil Dickie - ISA Certified Arborist P.O. Box 277, 890 Fairground Road, Langton, On , NOE 1GO pdickie@fastforest.ca Phone (519) 875-4094 Fax (519) 875-4095 270 Shoemaker Street, Kitchener, ON N2E 3E1 Website: mastersturfsupply.com P: (519) 748-6610 • F: (519) 748-6626 • www.fastforest.ca email: mastersturf@hughes.net Looking back 15 Years Ago Today by Barry Endicott The Board of Directors of the OGSA in 1995 was: Scenna, Mike VanBeek, Paul White, Mark Schneider, Marie John Taylor, (pres.) Twenty Valley, Alex La Belle (vice pres. Thorne, Hugh Kirkpatrick and Daisy Moore. & newsletter editor) Merryhill, Bruce Burger (past pres.) OGSA, GTI, OMAFRA Field Day was held at the Springfield Lakeview, Simon George (très.) Oakville, Ian Bowen Oshawa, Golf Club on Aug 14th hosted by Ray Dlugokecki (Duke Bob Heron Beacon Hall, Paul Dodson Lionhead, Doug for short). Low gross scores were Thom Charters (70), Suter Credit Valley, Paul White Mississaugua, Ken Nelson, Jeff Staufer (72)/Paul Scenna (72) and Ted Ellis (73). Jerry Richard Craigowan and Keith Bartiett Thornhill. Rob Witherspoon was appointed as new Guelph Turfgrass Cindi Charters was the office secretary. Institute Director. New Members: Terry Magee (F) Mississaugua, Richard The Superintendent Greens Chairman Day was held at Leadbeater (S) Parkview, Tracy Fowler (F) Hamilton, Paul the Rosedale Golf Club on July 17th hosted by Bill Fach. Brown (F) Islington, Greg McLinton (B) Carleton, Kevin The winners were: 1st low gross - Brampton Golf Club, 2nd Inglehart (S) University of Guelph, Ken Johnson (B) Indian low gross - Bay of Quinte, and 3rd low gross - Galt Country Hills, Terry Gale (F) Indian Hills, Gary Stairs (F) Board Club. of Trade, Bill Thornton (B) Wyldewood, Todd Davey (S) The Pro/Superintendent Day was held at Monterra Golf Cardinal, Randy Booker (B) Sleepy Hollow, Kent McDonald Club on June 13th hosted by Ron Heesen. The winning (E) Ontario Seed Co., Tami Packham (E) Ontario Seed gross team, Dan Lavis and Pro John Davis, was from Ingersol Co., Tim Baxter (F) Bear Creek, Natalie Arms (F) Board of and the low net prize went to Ed Farnsworth and Paul Trade, Dave Svab (F) Weston, Michael Sammon (F) Loyalist Kennedy from Deerhurst. Golf Club, Doug Dougherty (E) Ray Gordon Equipment, Paul Dermott and Dave Gourlay Jr. were both nominated Daniel Passmore (E) Frechette Lawncare, Nicole Snider as directors of GCSAA by the OGSA. Paul Dermott, Paul (F) Beach Grove, Sean Kelly (F) Islington, Brent Stainton Scenna and Greg Williams won the Environmental Stewart (B) Derrydale, Gavin Kellogg (A) Tyandaga, Rob Allison Award from the GCSAA. The GCSAA Conference and Show (F) Twenty Valley, Ernie Amsler (B) Angus Glen, Mike was held in San Francisco. Etties (F) Toronto Hunt Club, Bruce Patterson (F) Angus The Canadian International Turfgrass Conference and Glen, Jim Power (B) Pine Ridge, Steven Ransom (F), Show was held on March break in Ottawa and Dr. Jack Twenty Valley, Tim Schaly (F) Muskoka Lakes, James Scott Eggens was the recipient of the John B. Steel Distinguished (S), Univ, of Guelph, Eric Williamson (F) Angus Glen. Service Award. On the move: Thom Charters moved to Bayview from The OTRF Golf Tournament was held at Spring Lakes Weston and Jeff Burgess took his place. Jim Molenhuis left Golf Club hosted by Max Frost. Jay Evelyn was low gross Lionhead to work at a new golf course, Lake St. Joseph being with a 71. built by Club Link. Paul Dodson from Aurora Highlands Ransomes America Corporation and G.C.Duke Equipment to Lionhead. Peter White from Credit Valley (assistant) Limited announced the new revolutionary all electric riding went to Aurora. Blake McMaster moved from Brampton greensmower which operates on (8) 6 volt golf cart style GC to Royal Montreal. Jay Lavis left Cardinal and went batteries, offering quiet, pollution free operation. to Blue Mountain and was replaced at Cardinal by Robert It is the law in Ontario that signs must be posted 24 hours Sloan from Sudbury. Gary Morris left North Bay GC and prior to pesticide applications on golf courses and remain in went to John Evelyn Golf Centre. North Bay hired Kevin place for 48 hours after an application. Wingerton, assistant at Thornhill. Mike Courneya, assistant The OGSA/ Hutcheson Ski Day was held on March 8th at at Markland Wood, moved to the Loyalist Estate Golf Club Osler Bluffs ski resort. The day was well attended with the near Kingston. John Scott is the new superintendent at following participants: Corrie Almack Almack and Associates, Ottawa Rivermead and Mike Coté moved from Port Carling Bruce Summers Lakeridge, Dean Baker and Dean Cormack Golf and Country Club to Glendale. Chris Andrejicka, Glen Abbey, Barry, Christine and Jane Endicott, J D Teeter assistant at Devil’s Pulpit, is the new superintendent at Essex and Sean Fowler Nobleton Lakes, Doug and Carol Suter G&CC. Bernie Martin from Osprey moved to Hunters Glen Credit Valley, Glenn and Heidi Burgess Skyway Lawn, Colin (formerly Huntington). The Beverley Golf and Country White and Mike Janeba Donalda, Gordon Witteveen Board Club hired Scott Dyker. John Parker moved from Greystone of Trade, Brent, Kathy and Alison McCaffrey Carrying Place, to Trafalgar while Andrew Keffer, assistant at Emerald John and Nancy Taylor Twenty Valley, Herman and Margaret Hills took over at Greystone. Derick Powers moved from Bruin Downs at Cedar Creek, Nigel Rennie Multitine, Brockville Golf to Carlton Golf andYacht Club. Tami Packham Ontario Seed, Craig and Martine Evans A retirement reception for Dr. Jack L. Eggens was held Pheasant Run, Bob Heron Beacon Hall and Bernd Von on January 4th in conjunction with the Ontario Turfgrass Cube Cambridge. From Hutcheson Sand and Mixes there Symposium. It was organized and directed by Gordon was Bob Hutcheson, Angelo Capannelli, Kerry Carrothers, Witteveen, and the presenters were former students and Mary Beth Kelly, Pat Spratt, Kim Hart, Sandra Power and Al friends: Nigel Rennie, Rob Ackermann, Dean Baker, Keith McDonald. We all thanked Bob Hutcheson, who is a charter Bartiett, Ian Bowen, Angie Capannelli, Paul Dermott, Bill member of Osler, for sponsoring us, offering his chalet and Fach, Ron Heesen, Jerry Richard, Paul Scenna, Pelino feeding us. Everybody had a great time. Turf or consequences by Doug Breen, Superintendent Golf North Properties Bailing Out Every man comes to a point in his life where to watch the golfers and try to figure out what their “best he bails out on whatever social trend is coming next. before” date was. I still see lots of guys in pastel golf shirts Something deep down inside him screams, “That’s it!” with popped collars, lots of hair products, and a Shooter and he unconsciously resolves to wear the same clothes, McGavin attitude. They bailed out the day Miami Vice listen to the same music, use the same expressions, get the was cancelled, and will never shave off that Magnum PI same haircut, and tell the same ten stories until the day he moustache. Once a week, they tell me how much money passes on to his great reward. For my dad, it was the late they make, or how much they just spent on their new 50’s or early 60’s. He has the world’s largest collection driver. The 80’s were a very sad time to shut down. of polyester slacks - many of them plaid. He knows 50% There are lots of 50’s guys who look just like my of the lyrics to a sizable repertoire of big band and show dad. Aging gentlemen, with Johnny Unitas haircuts and tunes from the era, and insists that there hasn’t been a military tattoos. They’ll never pass up an opportunity to decent car built since 1965. He resisted the shift from wear a Hawaiian shirt, and could pass for extras in an Elvis 78-rpm records to LP’s until a decade after 8 Tracks were movie. They prefer parkland style courses, and will beat obsolete. you to death with their fifty year old clubs if the rough ever It has become clear to me, that somewhere in the last gets over two inches long. 15 years, I passed that “point of perpetual return” myself. Naturally, there’s a huge contingent of Baby Boomers. I hadn’t noticed that I wasn’t progressing; I just noticed They’re easy to pick out, because their appearance hovers that new things were really starting to annoy me. That’s someplace between Woodstock and Studio 54. They’ll also when I came to realize that men don’t just bail out on inform you that they are Boomers in pretty much every new social trends - they’re actually angered by them. sentence, and talk about how they stopped the Viet Nam Take; for example, sideways hats - they enrage me. I war. If you mention JFK, they’ll weep. Apparently, they now understand why my dad spent the 70’s telling total invented politics, critical thinking, and the environment strangers to get a haircut. I suspect that 18th century but they also bought a lot of Monkees and Bee Gees French aristocracy were flabbergasted that young people records. would abandon the powdered wig. My “point of no go forward” was somewhere in the early I’m uncertain what triggers this shift to curmudgeon- 90’s. It was also the last time I could watch the Grammy ism, but it’s clearly linked to the Y chromosome. Women Awards without screaming at the TV. I like email, but not seem to be immune to it. Krista has an Ipod, a Facebook social networking. I like video games, but not playing account, and doesn’t feel the need to seek out clothing them online with some 30-year-old in his mom’s basement stores that will sell her the same stuff she was wearing when in Albuquerque. I’ve drawn my arbitrary line in the sand, we graduated from school. I told her the other day that and I’m not crossing it. I’m just doing what many of Facebook is “stupid”. I don’t even fully understand what you have done before me, and if you younger folks want it is; I’ve never used it, but am still absolutely convinced to waste your time and carry on with “progress”, then it’s a criminal waste of time. This from a guy who used to knock yourselves out, but for Pete’s sake - put your hat spend entire days playing Pong; which naturally, my dad on straight. thought was a horrible waste of time too. It’s got nothing to do with Facebook (or pong); it’s just that it came along after the point where I’d shifted into park - culturally speaking. When I wake up on the couch in the middle of the night with TMZ on, and they’re harassing some celebrity in an airport with a camera crew, I seldom have any idea who the celebrity is. Krista will explain to me that they’re in some teenage vampire movie that I’ve also never heard of. Pop culture has become a puzzling mix of irrelevant and irritating to me. One of my favourite things to do while I’m at work is Spring 2010 Acelepryn Promotion March 1 to June 1 When you purchase two bottles of Acelepryn Insecticide, receive an iPod® Docking Station (Approximate value $150) Apply Acelepryn from early April to late August for preventative and early curative control of European chafer larvae and Japanese beetle larvae infesting turfgrass. Controls multiple pests with a single application. For every two 1.89 L bottles of Acelepryn Insecticide, receive an iPod docking station (approximate value:$150). iPod docking station delivered upon paid invoice. Style may vary from that shown. iPod not included. 1-800-461-6471 www.turfpro.ca Agrium Advanced Technologies is a registered trademark owned by Agrium Inc. and The DuPont Oval Logo, DuPont,™ and Acelepryn® are trademarks or registered trademarks of DuPont or its affiliates. iPod® is a trademark of Apple Inc. 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