iiiiiiiiuiiiiiHiiiiiiiniiiiHiiniiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiMHuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimmiiiiiiiuniiiiiiuiiHiiiiiiiiiiUHiiuiiiiimuinu TURF CULTURE A Bulletin from UNITED STATES GOLF ASSOCIATION iiiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiinuiititHiiiHiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiHiiiiiiniuiiHiiiiifiHiiiiiiiiHiiifiinnuiiiuitiiiiiiiniiHiiiitniiiiiiiiiiui EXECUTIVE OFFICES •• 73 East 57^ Street •• NEW YORK CITY Vol. 1, No. 3 TURF CULTURE Juno, 1936 Issued by the UNITED STATES GOLF ASSOCIATION GREEN SECTION P. 0., Box 73, Benjamin Franklin, Station, Y/ashington, D. C. ..Frank M, Hardt, Chairman of Groon Section Committee Dr. John Monteith, Jr., in Charge of Washington Offices Executive Offices, 73 East 57th Street, Now York, N. Y. A 15-YEAR MIRACLE This month’s "Turf Culture" is a review of an amazing 15 years. As you walk over a well-kept golf course today, it is hard to re­ alize that until well after tho war our finest fairways wore glorified meadows and our "perfect” putting greens were .just patches of shorter grass. Yet it is no accident that golf courses have improved more in the last fifteen years than in the pre­ vious hundred. In 1921 the first Bzl'iotin of tho Green Section of tho United States Golf Association was ishod» • Since thon, tho 3000 pages of those Bulletins have lifted ’enkooping out of tho realm of nyjbicism, quackery, and humbug, and haze rovoaled it as a science. Today there is ono right grass for putting greens in each locality, in 1921 every-groonkoopor had his pcc, Now wo know what causes brown P?tch and how to end it. In 1921 there wore a dozen-half-bakod theo­ ries c Today wo spend loss monoy-:on fertilizer and produce bettor turf than wo did in 1921.- In fact wo can now index hundreds of articles, each of which ended arguments,’overcame difficulties, saved money, and im­ proved golf courses in a very speci­ fic v.nay. The Green Section was origin­ ally formed to-servo as a clearing house for successful methods of practical groon maintenance. It and its Bulletins have done this job. But they have done far more. By iocoming an experimental force in itself, and by working closely with experimentalists of the United States Department of Agriculture, the Groon Section has contributed hundreds of completely now and revo­ lutionary methods of improving courses — methods which arc now acv coptod universally. Our work is never;done, for each improvement creates'still high­ er standards. But wro boliovo that this listing of somo of eur author­ itative articles on many subjects will help .member clubs to have bettor courses and loss expensive courses :thun they have had before "I would like to take this opportunity of congratulating the U. S. Green Section on tho wonderful work you aro doing as it certainly is showing on a groat many golf courses I havo played," NEV YORK Reviewing THE LIBRARY OF GRASS And How to Answer Each Green Problem as it Appears The Green Section has collected and published a large store of information on golf course construction and maintenance. This index can include only a small proportion of the index in the Green Section files. Requests for further information on these or related subjects will be welcomed from member clubs. The figures given in the index refer to volume and page of "The Bulletin of the United States -Golf Association Green Section.” References to a few special summaries are underscored. Acapulco grass, 4:272; 5:64 ♦Accounting, 8;84-105 Acidity of soil (see Soil) Acid phosphate (see Superphosphate) .•Activated sludge' (see Sludge) Air pockets, 5:180 Algae: •on greens, 5:218; 12; 157 ponds, • 5:25'8 Alkali,’ 11:75 ■ Alumina, 11; 75 Ammonia, 11; 75 Ammoniated superphosphate, 11; 76 Ammonium nitrate, 11:76 Ammonium phosphate, 5;99; 11;76 (see Fertilizers) Ammonium sulphate (see Sulphate of ammonia) Ammo-Phos (see Ammonium phosphate) Analyses of soil, 10;30 Annual bluegrass, 1:39; 2:213; 11;149, 242; 13;149 Anthracnose, 12;156 ♦Anbs, 5:155 Applying materials to turf, 13:7 Approach areas: care of, 2:240; 5;9; 8;116 Architecture,' 1; 83,223; 3:133,J.39, 193,258; 5:9,11,103; 7:9,49,110, 135,156,173,194,217 Army wo rm, 4:166 ♦Arsenate of lea<: earthworms, 8;218; 11:186 grubs, 6:35; 7:25; 8:28,218; 10:185; 11:186 rates, in construction, 7:26 topdressing, 7:31 ♦•Various systems of keeping cost accounts are used on golf courses. The Bulletin from time to time has pre­ sented typical and effective account­ ing systems. The Green Section has not.been concerned’so much with the particular system as with the princi­ ple of keeping records to. bring out clearly the savings that are made in course upkeep by the use of certain new or improved maintenance methods. ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ Ants are difficult pests to con­ trol on putting greens. In the course of years many questions have been answered on this subject, A summary of control measures has recently been issued by the Green Section in ’’Comments on Turf Culture, Vol. 2, No. 2. ♦ ♦ * ♦ The arsenate of lead treatment for the control of turf pests is an example of the advantages to golf clubs offered through the coopera­ tive research work of the Green Sec­ tion with the U. S. Department of "It is only necessary to read the very adequate reports of the United States Golf Association on the research and the results achieved by their greenkeeping section to recognize how far behind we are in this country in the direction of coordinated knowledge in all that affects good greenkeeping. ... There is no direction in golf where joint action should be more fruitful of benefit to the game than well-informed experience on tho result of greenkoeping experiments.” SCOTLAND, 1928 - 2 - webworms, 12; 16 weeds, 7;27,208 Ashes, 11; 102 Asiatic beetle, 10;185 Available fertilizer, 11:77 Bacteria, 5; 155 Bahia grass, 4;271; 5;64 Bait, poison; animal, 3;201; 5;36,208,210 insect, 4;168; 5:66,236 Basic slag, 11; 78 Beach grass, 6;147 Beetles (see Asiatic, Japanese and June beetles) Bent grass (see Colonial, creeping and velvet bents) *Bermuda grass, 2:97,289; 5:177; 7;77 (see Grasses) Bichloride of mercury (see Corro­ sive sublimate) Bird grass, 2:210 (see Rough- stalked bluegrass) *Birds, 1;228;- 2:229,238; 6:116,162, 200,258; 7:50; 8;232; 9;154; 10;77-97. Black scum, 12;157 (see Algae) Blasting stumps, 10;29 Blood, 11:78 Blue couch grass, 3:98; 4:273 Bluegrass (see annual, Canada, Kentucky and rough-stalked blue­ grass) Bone, 11:79,230 Bookkeeping, 8;84-105 *Brownpatch,’2;109; 3;163; 4;87; 5;173,180,272; 6;119,127,151,221, 261; 7:210,237; 12; 134; 13:53,136 Bruising, 12;179 Brush harrow, 5;199 Budgets, 2:146,236,279; 10;70 Buffalo ’grass, 13;144 Bunkers, 1;21,196; 3;318; 5;11,125; 6:2,10; 7:143,203,220 Buttercup, 12;230 Cachaza, 13;85 Calcium carbonate (see Lime) Calcium cyanamid, 11; 80 Calcium nitrate, 11;81 Calcium oxide, 11;81 Calnitro, 11/81 ♦Calomel, 6;221,261; 12;118,122,130 Calurea, 11;81 Agriculture, Although the use of this chemical was developed for the specific control of the Japanese beetle in a limited section of the country, it was later found to be applicable to a wide range of golf course conditions and effective against several important insect pests. In less than ten years after experiments were begun with arsenate of lead it became one of the common remedieis used for golf course turf. * * * * Bermuda grass is the most im- portant turf grass of the ^outh. The Green Section has obtained and dis­ tributed much valuable information concerning the maintenance of this important grass as well as the tem­ porary grasses that supplement Ber­ muda grass turf for winter play* * * * * Birds should be encouraged on golf courses not only because they enhance the beauty of a course but because they aid in maintenance. Most of the birds feed primarily on bugs and seed; thus, they reduce many of the insects and weeds that are objectionable in turf. The Bulletin has offered many suggestions on how to encourage desirable birds on golf courses, . * . ^F ^F * Brownpatch only fifteen years ago was a turf ailment for which there was no remedy. The systematic study of this disease under the direction of the Green Section has provided clubs with information and remedies which have tremendously reduced the damage from brownpatch. The fungicides and special cultural practices based on this study have been adopted gener­ ally throughout the United States and by foreign courses where the disease is prevalent. Corrosive sublimate and other mercury fungicides were first advocated by the Green Section. ♦ * ♦ ♦Calomel as a fungicide for the "Several years ago we had a very great deal of trouble with our greens and” lost several of them completely. The Green Section responded immediately to our call for help and was of inestimable value to us in advising and helping us in our trouble." VIRGINIA - 3 - Canada bluegrass, 3:14; 6:109 Canal Zone courses, 6;83 Candbroak, 4:106 Carabao grass, 4:273 Carbon dioxide, 11:81 Carpot grass, 1:256; 10:5 Castbr pomace, 11:82 Centipede grass, -3;98; 4:273; 5:196 Changa, ; 1:104; 5;’236; 6:: T97 Changihg-’tho cup, 2;-261 Ch'arcbali 11; 82/105 Chomicdl def icionciod- in ;bbil’i 12:168 injuries to turf, 12:172 *Chomicals: ’applying," -11 ;'218 testing/' 7: 95 Chdniistry, 3: 80 Ch c s tnut bl i-ght,' 8:233 Chiokwood, 1:126;- 2; 184;- • 3: 83-;- 6:98 9"; 207 Chinch bug; 6; 94 Chlorine, II;82 Classification of.bent, 3:19$; 8:221; 10:44; 11:217; 12:37 ♦ Clover', 3; 160; 4:171;- 6;171;’8;205, 209,212; 10;233;:11;18,186,.226; 13:178 ’ Coco, -4;300;! '9:225 Cocoa she'll meal, 11:82 Colloidal- phosphate, 10; 27; ‘ 11;'82 Colonial bent, 3:213; 6; 111, •143; 8:221,226; 10;44,69/195,2OL 205,206, 212; 11;131,133,193/217, 245; 12:103,200 Commercial fertilizer, 11; 82 Complete fertilizer, 11;83 *Cd&post: 1:51; 4:135; 6:1’74,202; 8:34; 10:162; 11:235 ’ Compost mixer, 2:307; 5^138 Conditions influencing turf • groxrth, 8:37 Construction, l;2O8; 2;-38; 3:7; 5:4,280;’ 6:214; 7:42,86; 8:56, 14'9-175 Copper fuhgicidos,•12:119 Corrosive'sublimate, 5: 33,100,179, 184,'224; 11: 218; ’ 12; 122/127,130- Cottonseed- hull'greens/ ■ 4;77 Cottonseed'meal, 11; 83 Cover crops, 10:17C control of brovmpatch, dollarspot and snowmold was developed by the Croon Section at the Arlijigtpn turf garden. This was the first u^p of calomel for the control of a plant disease. It'has since been used as a moans for controlling certain diseases of agricultural crops., - *- * A largo’ 'assortment of chemicals has boon tested.-tp do tor mine their value for fertilizing 'turf, and.for controlling diseases, imsoc^s. and woedd, . Few important golf -.coursps in this country .are maintained with­ out the- use. of. some-, of the chemicals that have boon tosto.d by the Green. Section,: ’ The testing .of chemicals has supplied clubs 'with information as to their effectiveness for the purpose for vdiich they are used as vrall as to- the possibilities, of harming tho turf grasses, * . *' * * Clover is one of tho most per­ sistent weeds' in-golf turf, Tho experimental work?ef-the Green Sec­ tion has brought out cloarly tho importance of.a ‘-liberal use of readily available nitrogenous fer­ tilizers 'in the control of clover. Experimental work now in progress promises to give clubs much more ef­ fective measures for-chocking this plant, ♦ * * * Many of tho difficulties, exper­ ienced in maintaining'putting greens may bo eliminated or greatly reduced by using a bettor-grade of top-dressing. The ^importance of godd compost»has long boon stressed»by the Green Section. Information has boon obtained and distributed as to tho most effective mixtures for compost and the methods to bo used -.in'-Handling it -to eliminate wood seed. "The work you have undertaken is tho most'worth •while-'of : any.golf ’'activity that has bean-brought to our attention.” MICHIGAN ❖ Crabgrass,. 1:88; .&:.89,1'31; 4; 118; 11; 186,198; ’ 12; 229;. 13-195 Crawfish, 3:241; .11-246’ Crooping bent, 4;29?; 5:170,223; 7:147;. 8;179; 9;’8,176; 11;242 Crooping, bent .identification, 4;265; .10;51. Crooping thyme 2;’3d9 Cushion under .turf, 11-206 ❖Cutworms, 5:66; '9:156 Damping off of seedlings,•12;144 Dandelion, 10-33 bichondra, 5:129; 12*82 Diseases of turf/ 12:85-186; (sec separate disease's) Distillery waste, 11-83 Divots, 2; 175 jSxio grass, 2:13 Dcllarspot, 12:137; (soo brownpatch) iZ-zlomito, 11:83 Drainage, 2:31.5; 3:255; 4:66,184; 5:149;;; 7:.46; 12; 161 Earthworms, ’. 1: 75; '4; 115; 8: 218; ' 11:186 Equipment, 3:6,11,79,85.191 Erosion of soil,' 12:9 ❖Fairway; construction,. 8:149-175 fertilizing, 8:109-127; °11:240~ grasses, 11;230 height of cut, 11:210 s outhorn, 11:176 sprinklers, 11;163-169 Fairy,ring:,2;130;. 5;‘186; ,12; 150 Fo rtiliz.or ” formula, 11;84 Fertilizers,. l-i86,19T;‘ 2;178; 4:174; Id-50,269; 8--68,110,1I2; 9:18,82;e 11;53-118,230: 13* 23,122 • X83 ❖Fertilizer’ dictionary, 11:73-102- Fescue, 6;112; '7-179; - 8:163; 11:230 12:222,223 ”, Field mico, 10:33; 11-113 Fish'scrap/ 11-84 Flag* polo socket, 5-32 Flags, 2; 212 Foxtail, 6:106; 10:62 Frost-in-ju-ry,' .12:181 : Fungicides,-. 12*114 * Crabgrass is another .of the com­ mon weeds of |olf- turf. Thq control of this post, involves quite .dif­ ferent’methods than ar.o used to chock clover• It has .boon -shown that to chock crabgrass it IVessential to givo close'attention* to -such matters as wooding, wood-frqc tqp-dressing, height of:mowing/ watering and fall fertilizing. * * * * Cutworms and othor worms that feed on grass destroy putting sur­ faces. They aro controlled by sprays of arsenate of load and by poisoned baits. The Green Section staff has boon ablo to .provide many usofui: services' to go If--.clubs thrqught-tho-. development :of control measures for thoso .posts. * Ju' * * Fairways make‘up. the largest part of the golf course maintained in good turf. Improvements in fair­ way tuxtf have been .outstanding dur­ ing the past 10 yoars and the Groen Section has had-an-important part- in thoso improvements through its study of suitable grass mixtures, fertilizing programs, height of cutting tests, weed eradication and similar work. jfc.-. jj:’. Jt * A large assortment of fertil­ izers have comb,, into general u so, -on golf coursos sinco -the,- days of manure mulches. The most bffpe-r tivc and economical use of fertili­ zers for? turf ^requires information as to general fertilizing principles as well as specific information. Green Section'work in. this field has led’ to tho? adoption of many of the now common fertilizing practices. ."The formula for .dur general fqrtiiizor'propardd By■ them’-(the Green Section) is giving fine results, and incidentally lias. sated’ the CD.ub -approximately $500.00.” SOUTH CAROLINA - 5 - Garbage tankage, 11:84 German bent, 8:221,227; 11:230 Goose-grass, 1:184; 6:4; 11;198 Gophers, 3:201; 5:36“ Grade ef fertilizer, 11:84 Grama grass, 4:227,274 Grass and hay fever, 4;222 Grass clippings, 11;85’ *Grasses,(see separate grasses), 2;214;'3;159; 6:243; 10:178; 11:210,230 mixtures, 3:213 northern, 2;256; 4;290; 6;108 7:115 southern, 5;63 tropical, 4;270 turf, 2;284; 5:58 winter, 6:64 Grasshopper, 1:166 GreenkeeperTs organizations, 11:21 short courses, 10:101- 114. Green manure, 10:170; 11;85; 13;46 Green scum (see "Algae) 12:157 Ground crickets, 5:236 Groundhogs, 7:103 Ground spurge, 11:198 Ground squirrel, 5:208 *Grubs, 1:174,231; 2:11,34; 6:34; 7;23 Guano, 4;226; 6;236; 11:85 Gullies, 1:48; 2;108; 12; 9 Gypsum, 11; 85 Hay, 11:86 Hazards, 5:11 Hickory and golf, 2:241 Hillside seepage drainage, 5:92 Hops as fertilizer, 5:257 Hose,'3:273 *Humus, 8:104; 9:38,191,192,204 Hydrocotyle, 11:198 Hydrogen, 11:86 Ice on greens, 2-84,162; 9:79; 12:161 Inorganic, 11;‘86 Insects (see common name of each) Iron sulphate, 1:128; 4:104; 6:185; 9:221; 13:168 * The grasses planted on the golf courses of the United States originated in all parts of the world. The kind and quality of the grass affect the maintenance cost as well as the popularity of the game. The proving of a large number of grasses for greens, fairways, tees and rough under various types of soil and conditions of climate has constituted a considerable part of the Green Section work. Grass growing on a golf course is of necessity growing under highly artificial conditions which have only been aggravated bjr modern improvements and rising turf standards. The Green Section has supplied technical help to overcome this turf handicap* ♦ * * * Grubs are particularly partial to the fine turf used on golf course greons which stands out as an island of green in a sea of brown during dry weather* The control of grubs by applying arsenate, of lead is now well known to the greenkeeper. The'earli­ est experiments with this poison for turf insect control .were reported in the Green Section Bulletin. * * * * Humus is doubly important in soils devoted to the growing of turf for golf since it improves the fertility and water-holding power of the soil as well as imparting a springiness or resiliency which minimizes;packing and assists in the holding of. a pitched, ball. Mich of the value of bompost is due to the amount of humus it contains. Several important investigations on the improvement of soils for greens and fairways have been accomplished by the Green Section. ”0ur greens were as bad as any in this country, while for the past few years they have been acknowledged as superior to any within a radius of several hundred miles, which improvement is due to the practical application of methods recommended by the Green Section. . . . V/EST VIRGINIA - 6 - Japan clover, 5:70 Japanese beetle, 1:210; 3:71,173,262 4; 97; 5*100; 7:10'6,167; 8; 28 June beetle, 1:60,252 Kelp, 5:238; 8:107; 11:87 ♦Kentucky bluegrass, 6:108; 8:164; 10:222,229;' 11;210,245; 13;23 Kikuyu grass, 5; 252 Knot grass, 4:179 Lakes, 4; 255,303; 5:25'8 Land crabs, 2;159 Landscape planting, - 7:51; 10;67, 121-139; 12:43-79' ♦Layers, 2;102,160,222; 3;149,176; 11:150; 13:118 Lead arsenate (see arsenate of lead) Leaf hopper, 2;311 Leaf mold, 11; 87 Leafspot, 4;172; 5:198; 9:120; 12:146 Leaves, 11;87 Library for greenkeepers, 13:66 Lightning, 12;184 ♦Lime, 8; 205; 9:82; 11*; 87,130,230; 12:190,196,221; 13:23,85,128 Linseed meal, 11:89 Lippia, 4:274; 5^276 Loams, 12; 32 Magnesia, 11; 89 Maintenance, 2;124,141,240,331; 7:228 Manganese, 11; 89 Manila grass, 4;273; 7;90; ♦Manure, 6; 193; 8; 208; 11:89,128,. 230,236; 12;221; 13-93 1 artificial, 2-36; 11;147 green manure crops, 10:170; 11:85; 13;46 • tanks, 2:327; 3:147 Marl, 2:15; 4;130; 11:17,90,180 Mascarene grass, 1;47; 3:124 Matted, turf, 11^170; 12;177 Measuring areas, 4-50; '9;2O5; 13:9 Mercury fungicides, 12;120- ♦ Kentucky bluegrass is the main­ stay of northern fairway turf. The harmful effect of close clipping of bluegrass has been decisively proven by Green Section investigators. Experiments have also shown that clover and weeds are largely crowded out when bluegrass is properly fed. ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ Early issues of the Bulletin com­ mented unfavorably’ on the building of a layered green,'pointing out reasons: the chief one being the interference with the rise of moist­ ure from the reservoir of subsoil. A layered'condition often results from the use of sand as a top-dressing. ♦ ♦ * ♦ Lime before the time of the Green Section was regarded as some­ thing of a panacea for turf,' Experi­ mental work has demonstrated the value of lime in turf culture as well as its distinct limitations and its ineffectiveness in most soils to 'produce improvements .in turf growth without the aid of other fertilizers. ♦ * ♦ ♦ With the advent of the motor age and developments in the chemical in­ dustry the use of manure as a.golf course fertilizer has declined. The Green Section has recognized the importance of manure in the growing of turf, and has continued to recom­ mend its use' in the making of com­ post, but at the same time has led the way in advocating more economi­ cal and effective commercial fert­ ilizers to replace- manure for general turf use. ”1 want to express my appreciation of the work that has been done by the Green Section. I hardly would want to be Chairman of a Green Committee without your Bulletins. Our Professional, who has charge of the course, and our Greenkeeper both read them, and swear by them”.. OHIO - 7 - Mildew,. 12:155 *LS.xod ’ bent, 11:230 Mole crickets, 6:197 Molos, 2; 157; 3:295 Mosquito, 10: IS Moss, 5:215 Movror brush, 11:144 Mowers, 1:115,152,177; 7:114; 8:55 Ifowrah meal, 1:79; 4:47,115;. 10:32; 11:90 Mack, 2:299; 12:81; 13:90,111 Municipal courses, 4:191; 7:101,202; 13:69 Muriate of potash, 1:197; 5:5,4; 9:216 Mushroom soil, 5:271; 6:68,119; 8:17; 11:17,90,113 Now Zealand bent (see Colonial bent) Nitrate of soda, 11;91,235;/12;220; 13:103 Nitrates, 11:91 ♦Nitrogen, 6:234; 9:112,165; 11:92; 12;209; 13:122 Nitrogen--industry, 9:139 Nitrophoska, 11:94 Nursery sod, 9;150 Nut grass, 4;300; 9:225 Oilod sand greens, 1:109; 2:144; 11:145 Organic, 11:94; 12; 23., 34; 13; 90,197 Oxygon/ 11:94 Oyster shells, 2;119; 5;20 Patching, 2; 89 Poarlivort, 5:136; 9:115 ♦Peat, 2:283; .5:35,185; 9:191; 11;94; 13:89-118 Pennywort, l;220; 5.; 260; 11:198 Perennial ryegrass, 6:114 Periscope, 4:187 Phosphate rock, 11:95 Phosphatic fertilizers, 5;50; 9:124, 165 Phosphoric acid, 11; 95 Phosphorus, 11; 95 Pipe, 6:126; 8:133,235; 11:163 Plantain, 5; 270 * Practically the only source of bent grass for putting groons previous to the World War was imported seed of mixed .bont. This turf eventually develop^ patches -of piany desirable and unddsirdbly'grasses. In an effort to obtain more uniform turf selections wore made of the most promising of those grasses. Such was the origin of- the .Metropolitan, Washington and 'other strains of creeping and velvet ’bents. The wooding out of unrol’iablq, strains was accomplished with the aid of the Green Section. This typo of work is by no moans completed. * * * * The benefit to turf from nitrogen is not fully appreciated until- a starved turf is liberally fed. Nitrogen is most offoctivoly used in conjunction with smaller but adoquat.6..amounts of the other necessary elements, •- The value of nitrogen as a fertilizer for.farm crops is recognized but in the culture of closely clipped turf nitrogon is even moro important in relation to the other fertilizer, oloraonts than it is in the growing of other plants. * * * * Because black color is associated with high soil fertility thoro was a tendency in earlier years for peats to bo sold to golf clubs at fancy prices, Tfio Green Section took a prominent pqpt in discouraging those abuses. ’ Reports of tests and obser­ vations 'on the proper use of peats for the improvement of the physical conditions of the soil will bo found in the Bulletin. The classification and*characteristics of peat have also boon published. ’’You may realize to some degree how far reaching such work as you are doing insofar as golf clubs and other largo projects are benefited by it. I do not boliovo that you realize that:thousands of smaller institutions and private individuals are recipients'of ■ such knowledge; I mean that ip acreage you roach them direct, whereas, -in numbers of pooplo you reach a thousand fold moro indirectly in your technical work and enlightened principals-. “ ILLINOIS - 8 - Plant patents, 10:183 Plugging, 2:341 *Poa annua (soo .Annual bluegrass) Pea bulbosa, 7:78 Pea comprossa (soq Canada blue­ grass) Pocket gophers, 5;36; 11:198 Poison ivy, 8:215; 13:71 *Polo field., 4:49; 178 Ponds and lakes, 5:258 Potash fertilizers, 8:71; 9:165,214, 216; 11:95; 12:201 Potassium, 11:96 Potassium chloride, (see Muriate of potash) Poultry manure, 8:112,208; 10:34; 11:96-235; 12:220 Povror sprayer,' 3:144 Proportioning machine, 5:33,179 Public golf, 3:26; 7:101 Puddling and baking, 2; 294 *Putting green, 9:142; 11:235; 12:22,29,219,221; 13:150 ' Putting green grass ratings, 11;230 Putting green maintenance, 1:107, 159,187; 2:151.207; 3:217,314; 4:13,117,239; 6:45,80,231; 7:149; 8:58, 177-195;. 9:142,196; 10:142; 11:106,230 Putting tests on greens, 9;3; 12; 224; 13:74 Pyrethrum, 12:1.6 Pythium, 12;139 Rakes, 11;224 Rodtop, 6:110; 8:164,221; 10:39.,44, 225; 11:133, 193,245; 12;223 Reseeding putting greens, 1:159; 8:235; 13:150 Rhode Island bent (see Colonial bent) Ringspot, 12:150 Rolling turf, 1:36; 2;148; 6:59; 8:205 Root growth of fine grasses, 5:58 Rotenone, 9; 199 *Rough, 2:173,270; 5;21, 143,252,287; 6:165; 7:35,55,59; 8:169; ,9;37 Rough-stalked bluegrass, 6:110,266; 8:164; 13:140 Rust, 12:154 Rye, 5:167; 7:82 * Poa annua is an example of a grass of ■which the scientific name is used more generally, probably, than is the common name. It has the distinction of being a grass’ both highly prized and severely condemned- on different golf courses. Information is there­ fore sought on how to preserve it and how to destroy it. * * * * Polo, tennis and othor sports that use turf have profited from the work of the Grohn Section. The fundamental principles of suitable grasses, fertilizers, weed and post control apply in the growing of turf whether it is for- golf, polo, football Othor sports or for lawns or general park: purposes. * * * * The- most important and most carefully grooved turf on the golf course is the -putting green. There­ fore a major .‘portion of the efforts of the Green Section has boon devoted to the 'problems-encountered in building and caring for.putting greens. Studios have demonstrated that the most suit­ able grasses for this purpose in this country are those of the bent group. Long series of experiments havo boon conducted to determine the most de­ sirable fertilizers for putting green turf. Remedies havo boon devised for diseases and posts. Information has boon obtained to help in the improve­ ment of soil and in othor ways aid­ ing the causo -of bottor putting green maintenance• * * * * Some spocios of grass, notably shoops foscuo, have boon found to be more offoctivo than othor species in the rough’and •may bo maintained more economically. “It is entirely clear that the organization of the Groon Section of tho United States Golf Association ..... is designed.to sayo this country a vast amount of wasted expenditures on golf, courses. Lot tho good work go on." HEW JERSEY - 9 - *Ryegrass, 6:114; 8; 164/224;-. IQ; 221; 11:185,193,197 ' Saint Augustine (St.- Lucio)-grass, 1:245; 3;101; 4S273; 7:90; 11:193 Salt, 11;97; 12:170 Salt grass, 8; 14 Salty-soils, 4:278; 6:51,147,186 *Sand, 2:144; 3:321; 4;254; 6-2,10; 7:223; 8;4 Sand groons, 1-244; 2;144; 11:145 Sand pits, 8; 4 Sandy soils, 8; 12; 10-73; 13;149 Scald, 12:160 Screening machinos, 1;251; 3:280, 285; 5:36,138,256 Seaside bent, 8;60,82,221; 10:44, 157; 11:193; 12;103,222 Sea woods, 7:190; 8;107 *Sood: certification, 10:195,212. identification, 10:39 market changes, 8-226 production, 10:193-213; 217-233 purchasing, 11:222 Soods and seeding, 1:14,37,162; 2:90,119,139, 233; 3:159, 215.; 6;183; 8;164,165; 9:153 Seepage, 7:46 Sewage sludge, 2; 107,218; 5:203.; 9:214,217 Shaded areas, 1:192; 9;58 *Shado, effect on grasses, 13:131 Shade grasses, 1:245 Shading injury to -turf, 12:176 Shoop fescue, 2;316; 4:103,295; 5:278; 6;113 Shoop manure,’ 6:48,178; 8:112. Shelters, 3;136; 13:52 Siftor, 2:155 Silica, 11:98 Silt, 9;185; 12:32 Skunks^ 6:11 Sludgo, 11;98 Smut, 1.2:152 Snowmold, 7:193; 8:198,200; 9;134; 12:140 Sodding, 1:132; 2;333; 5:172; 6:33; 9:157,140^1^2,150 Sodium chlorato, 13;’50,154 * Ryegrass has boon used for many years both-as. a winter grass in the south and for quick coverage in seed mixtures used in-tho north. Much in­ formation has boon given in the Bul­ letin on the most effective use of this grass as well as advico against the wasteful use of ryegrass seed under the many conditions where the grass is unsuitable. * * - * * Sand,, in addition to its use in traps, has many uses on a golf course. V.hon added in proper proportions it gives a bettor.consistency to heavy soils in putting green construction and for top-drossing*. V