JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT PUBLISHED BY THE UNITED STATES GOLF ASSOCIATION PERMISSION TO REPRINT ARTICLES HEREIN IS FREELY GRANTED (UNLESS SPECIFICALLY NOTED OTHERWISE) PROVIDED CREDIT IS GIVEN TO THE USGA JOURNAL Vol. IV, No. 7 February, 1952 Rules Are for Sportsmen....................... Totton P. Heffelfinger 1 Through the Green................................... 2 Are Your Local Rules Necessary? ................... Joseph C. Dey, Jr. 6 Amateurism Is in the Heart............................................. E. G. Grace 10 Sportsman’s Corner....... ...................................................................... 5 Hands and Wrists in the Swing .................................... Paul Runyan 12 An Old Putter Finds a New Home..................................................... 14 Uniformity in the Rules — or “Jungle Law”? —Isaac B. Grainger 15 Handicapping and the New Rules ................... William 0. Blaney 17 USGA Competitions for 1953 ....................... 17 How I Got Started in Golf .............................. Sam Snead 18 The Ladies as Ambassadors ... ................................ 20 The PGA’s Plans for Servicemen....................... Joseph B. Devany 22 The Referee: Decisions by the Rules of Golf Committee.......-... 23 Turf Management: USGA Green Section .......................................... 24 Turf Research at the Southeastern Turf Research Center — B. P. Robinson and Glenn W. Burton 24 Aerification is a Must ..................... James E. Thomas 30 Coming Events .......................................... 31 Annual Index to USGA Journal, Volume IV................................... 32 Published seven times a year in February. April, June, July, August, September and November by the UNITED STATES GOLF association 40 East 38th St., New York 16, N. Y. Subscriptions: $2 a year. Single copies: 30c. Subscriptions, articles, photographs, and correspondence, except pertaining to Green Section matters, should be sent to the above address. Correspondence pertaining- to Green Section matters should be addressed to USGA Green Section, Room 331, Administration Building. Plant Industry Station, Beltsville, Md. Entered as second-class matter March 3, 1050, at the Post Office- at New York, N. Y., under the Act of March 3, 1879. Edited by Joseph C. Dey, Jr. Advisory Committee—John D. Ames. Chairman: Isaac B. Grainger, Totton P. He.'feKinger, Curtis W. McGraw. All articles voluntarily contributed. Printeel in U. S. A. . USGA COMPETITIONS FOR 1952 Curtis Cup Match — June 6 and 7 at Muirfield Golf Club, Muirfield, Scotland. Women’s Amateur Teams, British Isles vs. United States. (Dates entries close mean last dates for Public Links Championship. For possible applications to reach USGA office, except in the case of the Amateur exceptions in dates of Sectional Qualifying Rounds, see entry forms.} Championship Open Amateur Public Links Junior Amateur Amateur Entries Close May 19 :May 29 June 30 July 21 Sectional Qualifying Hounds Championship Dates Venue June 2 June 12-13-14 ""June 15 to 21 July 15 Team: July 5 Indiv.: July 7-12 July 23-26 Aug. 5 Aug. 18-23 Girls' Junior Aug. 4 None Aug. 18-22 Women's Amateur Aug. 7 None Aug. 25-30 * Entries close with Sectional Qualifying Chairmen. ** Exact date in each section to be fixed by Sectional Chairmen. Northwood Club, Dallas, Texas Miami Country Club,. Miami, Fla. Yale G. C., New Haven, Conn. Seattle G. C., Seattle, Wash. Monterey Peninsula C. C., Pebble Beach, Cal. Waverley C. C., Portland, Ore. USGA Journal and Turf Management: February, 1952 1 Rules Are for Sportsmen By TOTTON P. HEFFELFINGER President, United States Golf Association {The following remarks were made by JZr. Heffelffnger on assuming office as USGA President at the 58th Annual Meeting January 26, 1952.) Golf is a great sport, and is unique in that it is generally a game of sportsmen. Knowing that this is a broad statement, I looked up the definitions of the words “sport” and “sportsman”. “Sport” is, among other things, a pastime, amusement, jest, or pleasantry; an athletic game, outdoor recreation; a gambler or cheap flashy person. Let us say, therefore, that golf is a sport because it is a pastime, an outdoor recreation, and an athletic game. “Sportsman” is defined as one who engages in sport — and one who exhibits fairness, self-control and is honorable in his game. I repeat, golf is unique in that it is generally a game of sports­ men. Let it not be said that there are not sportsmen in all sports, because there are, and many of them. In fact, I love all sports. But did you ever see a baseball player, when called safe at third base, turn to the umpire and declare himself out? How absurd! Can you imagine a football tackle telling the referee that his team should be penalized because he had enjoyed slugging the opposing player on the schnozzle? Can you picture one of those Paul Bunyans who get into the roped arena in one of those free-for- all contests, now called wrestling, ever being a sportsman in those contests? In golf we are inclined to be surprised and disappointed when true sportsmanship is not displayed, and that is good because it is rare. Think of the number of occasions we know of where a golfer has called an infraction of the Rules on himself or herself. Show me any other sport where this fine type of sportsmanship is so prevalent. The Rules of Golf as written require that each player monitor his own game. Referees are not a necessity. On the negative side of golf and the golfer,-it is hard to find a sport where the Rules of play are so nearly universally disregarded. This is bad, because the true sportsman is one who knows the Rules of the game and plays by those Rules. In a baseball park with a short right-field fence, you have never heard it even suggested that a ball hit over the fence be remitted from a home run to a double. Why? Because it is a rule of baseball. Why, then, should the individual, the club or an association feel that he. she or it can disregard the international Rules of a great sport like golf to suit the peculiarities of an individual or the fabrica­ tions of a few minds who haven’t given even a small part of the thought to the Rules that has been given by the ruling bodies of the game in the British Empire and the United States over a long period of time? Let every one of us here today — and we are here because we love golf — pledge ourselves to see to it that golf is maintained as the greatest sport of the greatest sportsmen by seeing that golf is played according to the Rules wherever we contact the game. What is it going to be—Croquet or Golf? '2 USGA Journal and Turf Management: February, 195? THROUGH THE GREEN Who Killed the Stymie? “Who killed the Stymie?” Now that the stymie is really dead, some attention is being given to the manner of its demise. “I,” said Dr. Gardiner-Hill, “With my patent, poisoned pill, “1 killed the Stymie.” One British school of thought seems to hold to the opinion that the stymie did not just die of natural causes — it must have been killed. This is a rather natural assumption when one reflects on how many years the old fellow existed, despite amputations, attacks, stonings and, for occasional brief periods, even banish­ ment. Viscount Simon seems to be a leader of this school. Having been Chancellor of the Exchequer, he would have some knowledge of departure by another’s suasion. For the edification of his fellow-mem­ bers of the Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St. Andrews, Viscount Simon con­ structed a theory of the whole procedure, complete from murder to epitaph. He presented it during the R. and A. meeting last September and, perhaps to lessen the sting of the tragic thing, he did it in rhyme. To appreciate this theory, one must first meet the cast of characters, who are: Dr. Harold Gardiner-Hill, Chairman of the R. and A. Rules of Golf Committee. Sir George Cunningham, then Captain of the R. and A. Roger Wethered, former Amateur Champion, who said he liked playing stymies, but agreed they should be abolished. General Thorpe, who said abolition would ruin golf. Bernard Darwin, the Golf Correspond­ ent of the London Times and former Chairman of the R. and A. Rules of Golf Committee. And here is how it happened, according to Viscount Simon, who advises that when you read you should keep in mind ‘‘Who Killed Cock Robin?”: “Who put it in its grave?” “I,” said George Cunningham (Holing a cunning one), “I put it in its grave.” “Who preached the sermon?” “I,” said Roger Wethered, “I thought it better dead; “I preached the sermon.” “Who’ll be Chief Mourner?” “I”—the voice ivas General Thorpe’s. “Without Stymies golf’s a corpse; “I'll be Chief Mourner.” “Who’ll write its epitaph?” “I,” said Bernard Darwin, “It’ll be something alarmin’; “I’ll write its epitaph.” Octogenarian's Ace What is the most advanced age at which a golfer has made a hole-in-one? S. C. Wortham, of Greensboro, N. C., holed a tee shot last June shortly after his 82nd birthday. This ought to be something of a rec­ ord, in the opinion of George Corcoran, professional to the Greensboro Country Club, who has started a research project on the matter. Delaware Newcomer Welcome to the newest member of the family of golf associations — the Dela­ ware State Golf Association. First officers are: President — Alvin L. Dollins, Newark C. C.: Vice-President — William F. Ward, DuPont C. C., Wil­ mington; Secretary-Treasurer — Grover T. Surratt, Newark C. C.; Assistant Sec- retarv — H. A. Turner, Jr., Wilmington C. Q USGA Journal and Turf Management: February, 1952 3 Friends of Caddies At the Annual Meeting in Chicago of the Western Golf Association, which has pioneered in caddie scholarship programs: left to right — Stanley A. Van Dyk, new Western Director and recent President of Chicago District Golf Association; the late Maynard G. (Scotty) Fessenden, former President of Western and Chicago Associa­ tions, whose recent passing is mourned by countless golfers; Jerome P. Bowes, Jr., holding plaque presented him upon completion of two successful years as Western President; Gordon E. Kummer, of Milwaukee, new Western President. Ninety-eight deserving caddies are currently enrolled in college under the Western's sponsorship of the Evans Scholars Foundation. George Hurd, freshman Evans Scholar from Buffalo, N. Y., Country Club, scored a brilliant siraight-A average during his first semester at Northwestern. It is the first perfect record for a freshman scholar in recent history. Allen Gan, from the Presidio Club in San Francisco, has been accepted by the Stanford University medical school; he has been a top Evans Scholar for the last three years. Robert Opeka, from Old Elm Club near Chicago, has received the Chicago Tribune proficiency award as top-ranking cadet among the 400 freshmen in Northwestern's Air Force unit. During Jerome Bowes's two-year tenure as the Western Association's President, gross income to the caddie fund more than doubled, and last year totaled $99,068. The Western had 13,567 individual members in 1951. Golf in Braille Among the material in “Golf House ’ Library is a booklet in Braille, titled “A Blind Golfer Breaks 80." The article as written by the late George Trevor, and originally appeared in February, 1935 in Golf Illustrated, an American magazine which has since ceased publica­ tion. The article is extremely interesting. The story of the Braille booklet in our Library is just as interesting, in its way. Morrie Talman. who has been profes­ sional at Whitemarsh Valley Country Club, near Philadelphia, for more than 30 years, has a number of blind pupils. Morrie remembered that article by Trevor and felt it would be an inspiration to his sightless golfers if they could read it. Talman knew that Dr. Robert J. Smith, of Buffalo, a member of the USGA Mu­ seum Committee, had an extensive golf library. He wrote Dr. Smith last March and asked if he could locate the article. It was no small assignment, as Morrie could not recall exactly where he had read it. But Dr. Smith found the story. He did not stop there. At his own expense, he had about 200 copies tran­ scribed into Braille, and many blind golfers have had the enjoyment of reading it, through his generosity. 4 USGA Journal and Turf Management: February, 1952 Etiquette? Jim Standish We did not try to investigate the story behind the plaintive question below; it came from a lady, and it was about a match between two gentlemen, one of whom apparently wasn’t. You may fill in your own gaps: “I don’t suppose there are any rules governing a person’s conduct or his pro­ fanity during a match. “I suppose this would come under the rules of a gentleman, who, being old enough to play golf, should be old enough also to be a gentleman.” There is an answer. We first heard it from a former member of a British Walker Cup Team. Someone was telling him a tale of a harrowing match he had just had with an unsporting opponent. “Why,” said the Briton, “Rule 66 covers that.” “Rule 66?” said the other man. “There is no Rule 66.” “Oh, yes, there is: — ‘Thou shalt not play with a cad’.” Golf Course Architects Some interesting putts were holed at the annual meeting of the American Society of Golf Course Architects in Belleair, Fla. A Senate defense spending investigation committee had recently criticised golf programs in the armed services as being “too expensive” although admitting that golf courses might provide recreational and morale-building advantages. Well, the architects pointed out that the cost of building military courses is derived solely from a percentage of profits of PX stores, and that these courses are self- supporting from nominal green fees paid by military personnel and the public. Figures were presented to the effect that 50,000.000 rounds of golf were played in the United States in 1951, of which 69% were played on public courses. New officers of the Architects’ Society are: President — William P. Bell. Pasa­ dena, Cal.; Vice-President — William F. Gordon, Doylestown, Pa.; Secretary- Treasurer — William H. Diddel, Carmel, Ind. Now he is a member of the Advisory Committee of Ex-Presidents of the United States Golf Association, and that is quite a fancy title, to be sure. But he thinks of himself as Jim Standish, and that’s the way golfers over the country think of him. He has slipped quietly out of the posi­ tion of USGA President after two years of service. Presidents change — the USGA goes on. But all of us ought to stop a moment and reflect on what Jim Standish has given to golf. And yet a moment is all too short to do it, for the contributions of this Detroit golf-lover have been boundless over many, many years. Just to cite part of his USGA record, he was a member of the Executive Committee 1921-22-23-24-25- 26-27, then again from 1946 until this year. He was the father of the Amateur Pub­ lic Links Championship back in 1922 and gave the trophy for it. He was . . . But what’s the use of trying to detail a life which literally spilled over in its love for golf. You’ll undoubtedly hear more of Jim Standish in other roles in golf. For the moment, we simply record the real grati­ tude of the USGA. USGA Journal and Turf Management: February, 1952 5 Indecision “He that doubteth is damned.” Romans 14:23 Said Bobby Jones, the golfing great.. • “Just miss ’em quick,” don’t hesitate . . . If you step up and putt your ball . . . Into the cup ’twill likely fall . . . Than if you hem and haw and sight ... Or get all tense or shake with fright ... Do something! Move! Take action, Man! . . . Accomplish quickly all you can . . . For more is lost through indecision . . . Than bad approach or false precision. Julien C. Hyer Reprinted from “The Shepherd” BY KIND PERMISSION OF Publishers Syndicate, Chicago Resolved for 1952 . . . That we, the golf playing members, will: Replace divots promptly. Smooth footprints in traps. Police the greens. Refrain from tramping around the cup. Keep caddies off the cup. Refrain from needless practice swings (irons especially). If slow, wave following players through. Try to use a caddie. Not leave drinking glasses around the course. Rockville Country Club Bulletin Rockville Centre, N. Y. USGA Championship Notes OPEN — Prize money for profession­ als in 1952 will be approximately 315,000, same as was awarded the last two years. First prize again will be $4,000. AMATEUR — As a matter of regular policy, the match play draw for the Amateur Championship will be a blind draw’, except in years of \\ alker Cup Matches, in which case members of the British and the American Walker Cup Teams will be distributed throughout the draw. PUBLIC LINKS — Only the defend­ ing Champion will be eligible for exemp­ tion from sectional qualifying. Sportsman's Corner The time was 1911. The place was the Baltusrol Golf Club, in northern New Jersey. The occasion was the final match for the USGA Women’s Amateur Cham­ pionship. Principals were Miss Lillian B. Hyde and Miss Margaret Curtis. At the particular moment in history of which we write, Miss Hyde’s ball had found its way into a bunker. A bunker is a hazard. More than that, the ball was obstructed by a loose bough lying in the bunker. Under the Rules, Miss Hyde was pre­ cluded from moving the bough before striking at the ball. But up spoke Miss Curtis: “Wait a minute—let me move it. You can’t, but I can.” Miss Hyde: “Why can you and not I?” But before an answer came, Miss Curtis had removed the bough so that her op­ ponent might play without obstruction. Hat in the Ring William C. Campbell A year ago William C. Campbell, strapping young resident of Huntington, W. Va„ was polishing up his golf game preparatory to representing the United States in the Walker Cup Match with Great Britain. Now, for the foreseeable future, he says he can be considered among the ex­ golfers. Reason: he is a candidate for Congress as Representative from West Virginia’s fourth district, subject to a Democratic primary election in May. 6 USGA Journal and Turf Management: February, 1952 Are Your Local Rules Necessary? By JOSEPH C. DEY, Jr. USGA Executive Secretary When the new international code of Golf Rules became effective January 1 of this year, a great many local rules were icndered obsolete or unnecessary. It now becomes the responsibility of the committee in charge of every course to review their course’s peculiarities in the light of the new Rules of Golf. In many cases it will be found that no local rules whatever are necessary; in others, local rules will have to be re-drafted. Our purpose here is to assist local com­ mittees in their work. The first thing to do is obtain a copy of the 1952 Rules of Golf. Whenever you may think a local rule is necessary, first consult the basic Rules of Golf to see if the subject is not already covered. For instance, it is completely unnecessary and, in fact, positively incorrect to have local rules relating to a ball lost, unplayable or out of bounds. Under the new Rules, there are uniform penalties and proce­ dures for all three cases — that is, stroke and distance. In the new Rules booklet there is an Appendix, starting on page 57, and the first sub-division deals with local rules. It is the guide which the local committee should follow. One of the first points in it bears em­ phasizing: “A penalty imposed by a Rule of Golf shall not be waived by a Local Rule.” Fair play can be promoted only by steadfast observance of the basic Rules. Lateral Water Hazards For the first time the Rules of Golf now recognize lateral water hazards (more commonly called parallel water hazards in the United States). Under Definition 14, a lateral water hazard is one “running approximately parallel to the line of play, and so placed that when a ball is dropped within two club-lengths of where the ball entered the water hazard it is not possible to keep that part of the hazard between the player and the hole.” The phrase “it is not possible” has to be handled carefully. Sometimes a thing may be literally possible but, from the standpoint of golfing reason and fair play, not proper. So this mere definition of words is not adequate to cover every conceivable little babbling brook that meanders over a golf course. Therefore, Definition 14 goes on to make the local committee responsible for exactly defining a lateral water haz­ ard: “That part of a hazard to be played as a lateral water hazard should be dis­ tinctively marked. Stakes and lines de­ fining the boundaries of hazards are not in the hazards.” Let it be emphasized — a water hazard or a section thereof properly becomes a lateral water hazard only when the local committee so defines it. What may be a lateral hazard at one course could justifiably be a regular water hazard at another course, depending on playing conditions on the far side. The sketch on the next page shows the general distinction between a regular ivater hazard and a lateral water hazard. In a case of this sort, the local committee should define the margins of all parts of the water hazard and then should define which sections are to be played as lateral water hazards. The USGA recommends that the mar­ gins of all water hazards be defined by small white stakes — lathes dipped in whitewash will do, with about four to six inches exposed. It is further recommended that por­ tions to be played as lateral water hazards be distinctively marked by red stakes, and this may be done in either of several ways. One way is to mark the entire mar­ gin with small red stakes placed at fre­ quent intervals. Another way is to erect large red stakes, about four feet exposed, at the beginning and the end of each lateral section, with appropriate signs, (Continued on Page 8) USGA Journal and Turf Management: February, 1952 7 vJftTE-R V\hZ/\R^- Rule Vi-2.. vJbteR SEC Various Rulings for Water Hazards 1. The sections of the wafer hazard at lower left and upper right have been designated as lateral water hazards, and new Rule 33-3 applies. See also Definition 14c, d. Red stakes have been used io mark off these sections. 2. The top central section of the water hazard has been made the subject of a local rule because the boundary on the far side prevents dropping a ball there. Green stakes have been used to mark off this section. See accom­ panying article for details of the local rule. 3. The remaining sections of the water hazard come within Rule 33-2; there is nothing about them requiring special treatment. 8 USGA Journal and Turf Management: February, 1952 such as “Start of Lateral Water Hazard” and “End of Lateral Water Hazard.” If the latter method is used, the only note necessary on the score card is some­ thing like this: “Hole No. X: Section of water hazard at left between large red stakes is a lateral water hazard.” It is no longer necessary to have a local rule to specify how the player may proceed if his ball be in a lateral water hazard, for this is now part of the basic Rules of Golf. Rule 33-3 provides: “If a ball lie or be lost in a lateral water hazard, the player may, under penalty oj one stroke, either:- “a. Play his next stroke in accord­ ance with Clause 2b of this Rule (that is, under a stroke-and-dis- tance procedure), or “b. Drop a ball within two club­ lengths of the margin of either side of the lateral water hazard, opposite the point where the ball last crossed the hazard margin. The ball must come to rest not nearer the hole.” Ball Drop Suppose, in playing the hole sketched on the preceding page, your second shot went into the water hazard right behind the green. Immediately to the rear of the water hazard is a boundary. Thus, you are prevented from dropping a ball, under Rule 33-2a, so as to keep the spot at which the ball last crossed the margin ol the water hazard between yourself and the hole. You could always, of course, proceed under Rule 33-2b — that is, the stroke-and-distance option, returning to the place from which you last played and dropping a ball there under penalty of a stroke. But it never was a rigid principle of water hazard legislation that the player should lose distance as well as a penalty stroke. Therefore, the local committee would be within the spirit of the Rules if it were to adopt a local rule permitting a ball to be dropped in a special area near the water hazard, under penalty of one stroke. Check List for Local Rules The USGA Appendix to the 1952 Rules of Golf points out the following items for local com­ mittees to consider as possible subjects for local rules or other regulations: 1. Clarifying the status of sections of water hazards which may be lateral under Definition 14c and Rule 33-3. 2. Clarifying the status of objects which may be obstructions under Definition 20 and Rule 31. 3. Specifying the means used to define bound­ aries, hazards, water hazards, lateral water hazards, and ground under repair. 4. Preservation of the course, including turf nurseries and other parts of the course under cultivation on which play is prohibited. 5. Temporary conditions which might interfere with proper playing of the game, including mud and extreme wetness warranting clean­ ing the ball and/or lifting an embedded ball on specific individual days (see detailed rec­ ommendations in Rules booklet). 6. Accumulation of leaves. 7. Damage caused to the course by animals (other than as covered in Rule 32). 8. Snow and ice when it is preferred that they not be treated as casual water under Defini­ tion 8 and Rule 32. 9. Caddying double (see detailed recommenda­ tions in Rules booklet). 10. How to decide ties in handicap events (see detailed recommendations in Rules booklet). 11. Priority on the course (see Etiquette in Rules booklet). 12. Practice areas (see Rules 36-4b and 37-3). The committee should first determine exactly what section of the hazard defies application of the basic water hazard rule. It should define that section distinctively, perhaps by green stakes — either a series of small ones,"or two sets of large ones, one set at each end of the section. Then the committee should prepare one or two “ball drop ’ areas — mown places, adjacent to the water hazard, on which a ball may be dropped and played. They should be marked with small signs “Ball Drop.” Finally, a local rule somewhat as fol­ lows should be adopted: “Hole No. Y: Ball in water haz­ ard between green stakes — A ball may be dropped, under penalty of one stroke, upon the nearer of the two areas desig­ nated ‘Ball Drop.’ ” USGA Journal and Turf Management: February, 1952 9 Obstructions Definition 20 in the new Rules provides: “An ‘obstruction’ is anything artificial, whether erected, placed or temporarily left on the course. “When walls, fences, stakes, railings or similar objects define the boundaries of the course, they are not obstructions, nor are artificially constructed roads and paths anywhere.” This rather brief definition Has replaced an elaborate list of objects formerly set forth in the Rules as being artificial ob­ structions. To avoid misunderstanding, the local committee should carefully examine its course to determine if any reasonable doubt could arise as to whether a par­ ticular object is or is not an artificial obstruction. In doing this, it should con­ sider the possible application of Rule 31. Then, if it seems advisable, it might put a note like the following on the score card: “Hole Z: The artificial shelter protecting the drinking fountain is an obstruction.” It should be noted that stakes and similar objects used to define boundaries of the course are not obstructions. Hence­ forth no relief is given from them with­ out penalty; the ball must be played as it lies or be treated as unplayable. A player no longer has the right to remove a boundary marker to enable him to play a stroke; the course must always remain exactly as laid out for a given day or a given competition, insofar as boundaries are- concerned. But stakes used to mark hazards are obstructions. Defining Boundaries, Hazards, etc. The score card should be clear in specifying the means used to define boundaries, hazards, water hazards, lateral water hazards, and ground under repair. For example, it might be stated that: “Boundaries are defined by the inside edge of large white stakes or fence posts at ground level. (Such stakes or posts are not obstructions.) “Water hazards are defined by Rules Notes NOT to Use In drafting text for the club score card, the local committee ought to avoid, at all costs, any­ thing which contradicts the Rules of Golf. Here are some horrible examples which should not be followed: "Artificial obstructions — line of flight may be improved when obstruction interferes." (This couldn't possibly be operated fairly. See Rule 31.) "Out of bounds — loss of distance only." (It's now stroke and distance uniformly.) "Lost ball — drop ball where ball was lost." (Was it lost, or wasn't it? If it was, how do you know where? If you know where, then it wasn't lost in the first place.) low white stakes. (Such stakes are obstructions.)” Attention is called to Definitions 13, 14 and 21. Earl Ross, who recently retired after a very successful administration as Presi­ dent of the Metropolitan Golf Association, New York, makes a timely suggestion about placement of out-of-bounds markers. In view of the increased penalty for a ball out of bounds, he advises clubs to check their boundary markers and “place them as far back as possible from the edge of the fairway or rough. Maybe at some places they can widen it three yards, and at some other places ten yards. But whatever they can do to make it harder to go out of bounds, the number of penalties will be fewer.” Turf Nurseries Does your course have a turf nursery, flower beds, or any similar area which it wishes to protect? If so, a local rule is needed. The ground under repair Rule (32) does not give real protection because its use is optional with the player. The following mandatory sort of local rule will insure protection, or else the player is subject to penalty: “Hole M: Ball in turf nursery to right must be lifted, without penalty, and dropped off the nursery as near as possible to the spot where it lay, but not nearer the hole.” Rewriting the Rules of Golf It is always a temptation for a local committee to want to rewrite or revise (Continued on Page 11) 10 USGA Journal and Turf Management: February, 1952 Amateurism Is in the Heart By E. G. GRACE Honorary Chairman, Saucon Valley Country Club Executive Committee for 1951 USGA Amateur Championship Editor’s Note: The article below consists of notes on remarks made by Mr. Grace at a USGA dinner for contestants in the 1951 Amateur Championship on September 8 at Bethlehem, Pa. Mr. Grace, who is Chairman of the Board of the Bethlehem Steel Co., greeted the guests, made a jew introductory remarks in a light vein, and then spoke on amateurism in athletics substantially as follows’. Why did the Saucon Valley Country Club seek to have the 51st Amateur Championship held here? We have no interest in Saucon becom­ ing a tournament club. We don’t want that. We are not seeking bids for the Open or sectional tournaments. Ours is a family club aimed to serve the com­ munity, the area and our friends. It is a membership affair and wholly non-com- mercial. We like to think of it as a play­ ground with swimming and tennis lay­ outs and ample clubhouse facilities for all types of social functions. We felt that by holding the Amateur Golf Championship here we might be able to make a contribution to amateurism in golf, and to sport in general. That seems particularly vital at this time when the public has been disturbed by commer­ cialism, and worse, in some of our sports. Don’t misunderstand me — the bulk of play in these various sports is clean. In passing, I would like to remark that Lehigh University last season had the best football team in its history and there was no hint of commercialism or impro­ priety in respect to any players. Yes, American sport is generally clean, but we must face the fact that there have been various exceptions and that there has been overemphasis on the commercial end. What Amateurism Is Hence it is particularly important right now to emphasize that amateur golf is just that and completely that in the fullest spirit of the word. You contestants know better than anyone that you have paid your own way here, and that you are entirely on your own. The only way in which amateurism in E. G. Grace sports can be defined is in the sportsman’s own heart. If the player says to himself that the only reason he is playing (and putting up with the sacrifices and inconveniences of stiff amateur competition) is that he gets his full reward out of his enjoyment of the game, then he is a sure-enough amateur. If he expects direct or indirect cash reward, then he is a pro. It is certainly not dishonorable to be frankly a professional; but to lie to your­ self and pretend you are an amateur, when you know in your heart you are lying, is just a ruinous habit. That's the real nub of the amateur problem in ath­ letics. Schools that are supposed to train young men, yet warp their consciences by phony amateur standards, can't have much to brag about. USGA Journal and Turf Management: February, 1952 11 Saucon Valley has felt that it could make a contribution by surrounding this tournament with an atmosphere wholly appropriate to an amateur event. You will note that we have no advertising in the tournament program. The Club will make no profit from the tournament. The food prices and the prices at the soft drink stands have been kept at normal levels. The Club has operated all of that itself rather than through concessionaires in order to keep control. All of that emphasizes amateurism. There is an honorable place, of course, for professional sport. Professional base­ ball is a great and constructive national institution. Professional golf is conducted on a high level. The players are a great credit to the sport. There is a place for the professional and a place for the amateur, but the point is to keep the distinction sharp and clear. I had that in mind when I was down at the Masters Tournament in Augusta last spring and talked with that greatest of amateurs, Bobby Jones. I asked him if he would be willing to write a piece for cur program which would point out the place of the amateur and the place of the professional, what their separate fields are. He agreed, and his piece is in our program. It does the job beautifully. Everyone interested in sports should read it. Here, this coming week, we are going to see the amateur end of the game. We at Saucon Valley will do our best to make this an outstanding example of what an amateur tournament can be. Volunteer Officials I was invited to make a few remarks on behalf of the Saucon Valley Club and why we were interested in this tourna­ ment, but any comment on amateurism would be wholly incomplete without due tribute to the Board of the United States Golf Association and its efficient staff headed by Joe Dey, its Executive Secre­ tary. Possibly some of you contestants may not realize that the Board of the USGA xolunteer their time, paying all their own expenses, to the cause of amateur golf. They are all busy men carrying heavy responsibilities in industry and other lines. They run several tournaments a year and have frequent meetings, all as a con­ tribution to the game of golf, taking nothing whatever for themselves. I can think of no finer example of public serv­ ice, no finer contribution to our national sports. And their work goes on year after year. (Addressing the USGA President'.) Mr. Standish, as long as the efforts of yourself and your associates continue, the high standard of amateurism in golf will continue to be an inspiration to amateur sport in all play throughout the country. — • — Are Your Local Rules Necessary? (Continued from Page 9) or repeat some basic Rules of Golf on the club score card. A better procedure would be for the club to furnish every member with a Rules book at the start of each season — and certainly at the start of this season, when a radically revised code has come into effect. It is not an easy matter to rewrite a Rule of Golf into shorter or simpler form. It is practically impossible to do so and yet retain the full meaning of the Rule. There are many ifs and buts and excep­ tions throughout the Rules and, although we may deplore them, they are necessary. If a club committee sets forth one basic Rule on its score card, it almost has a moral obligation to print them all, or else clutter up the score card with many of the more important Rules. But why do that when all Rules are important and when the club can readily provide a copy of the Rules book for every member to carry in his bag? It is respectfully suggested that, on the subject of Rules, a score card should con­ tain only the following: “The Rules of the United States Golf Association Govern Play” followed by such notes about defining boundaries and hazards and such local rules as may be deemed necessary. 12 USGA Journal and Turf Management: February, 1952 Hands and Wrists in the Swing By PAUL RUNYAN Professional Golfers’ Association of America Champion 1934-38 Professional to Annandale Golf Club, Pasadena, Cal. Much has been written and said about this most vague and elusive subject, hand or wrist action, and its relationship to the art of swinging a golf club. Perhaps when- I have completed this article I will have added nothing to what has already been pointed out. However, I feel this phase of the swing to be of such import­ ance that I will chance giving my impres­ sions in the hope that, should I put forth no original thoughts, at least repe­ tition may be of value to some one. To begin with, I readily admit that some people have better reflexes than others, better co-ordination, quick strength or whatever is required to propel a clubhead with speed and accuracy through a golf ball. However, I am firm­ ly convinced that everyone’s ability so to direct the clubhead is affected, either favorably or unfavorably, by the degree of soundness of his application of the basic fundamentals of the game, and a definite understanding and feel of just what the wrists and hands should do. Distance Lost — and Regained For example, I recently had a pupil of low handicap calibre who had lost a great deal of his distance. Why? Because he had begun to grip the club so badly that when he used his wrists and hands in such a manner as to propel the clubhead through the ball with any speed, it would sg mis-direct the ball that he had no con­ trol. Instead of correcting the original fault he made a compensating error — namely, curtailing the action of his wrists and hands, in order to get some semblance of control. This he did, but at the cost of loss of distance. This player, coming to me for advice, asked me to help him get his distance back at all costs and, said he, then we would work toward controlling the power. My advice to him was that our prob­ lem was to go back to the basic principle that would permit him to use the hands Roughly speaking, the club face and ihe palm of ihe right hand travel from X io Y (180°) while ihe hands are going from R io S (60°). and wrists properly, which would produce the desired results of both powrer and control. This basic fundamental wras to get the hands placed on the grip with the V formation of the thumb and first finger of the left hand slightly behind a vertical point above the shaft so as to enable the left hand to make a back-hand motion Re the club is swung downward toward the ball, while the right hand is so placed as to put the palm of the hand in exact alignment with the face of the club. When this is done, the V formation of thumb and first finger of the right hand points directly upward towards the face in a vertical manner, thus permitting a good, strong fore-hand motion without loss of control of the ball in either direction or trajectory. The major secret of power and control, in my estimation, is the ability to re­ verse the position of the wrists and palms of the hands as the club is passed through the downswing and follow-through. Camera studies of all the fine players 1 have ever seen show the position of the palm of the right hand and the face USGA Journal and Turf Management: February, 1952 13 behind the ball to a parallel position in front of the point of impact. Of course, the trick of control is to cause exactly half of this transition of wrist and club face to take place at the instant the club face meets the ball, which would insure the club face being at an exact right angle to the desired line of flight to the ball. The trick of obtaining power is the knack of holding the full cock of the wrists until the very latest instant at which the power, quickness of reflexes, and ability of the player will permit him to begin this wrist and hand motion and still bring about the transition of club face positions mentioned above. I contend that Ben Hogan is one of the most remarkable men ever to have played golf from a power and control standpoint because he embodies these basic principles to a very high degree, so as to permit him to get the most out of his God-given powerful wrists and quickness of reflexes. The third com­ ponent in his remarkable game, Ability, is his own, and was acquired through his untiring practice efforts. — • — Oklahoma's Gals Gals, an organization of women in Tulsa devoted to junior girls’ golfing activities, conducted a round-robin tour­ nament at Tulsa’s four country clubs last season, and the Women’s Oklahoma Golf Association held its second state tournament for junior girls. Mrs. Ira J. Dietrich, of Tulsa, active in both, wonders how many other states hold tour­ naments for junior girls. Temper-ament Some people think they have a dynamic personality if they occasionally explode. Rockville Country Club Bulletin Rockville Centre, N. Y. f Paul Runyan of the club to be approximately 90° away from the address position when the hands and arms have completed about two-thirds of the downward swing. When the arms and hands have reached slightly past the impact point, the face of the club and the palm of the right hand are in a position of 90° past the address position. Thus, it is evident that while the arms are swinging about 60° through the arc of the swing, the palms of the hands and the face of the club are completing a 180 transition from a parallel position 14 USGA Journal and Turf Management: February, 1952 An Old Putter Finds a New Home When an 18-year-old Boston golfer acquired a new putter one day in 1911, he certainly never dreamed that any­ body would bother to write a story about it 41 years later. But the things that Francis Ouimet did in golf back in the “old days” will long be subjects for chat. Thus it is that we record the recent addition of his trusty old putter to the Golf Museum and Library located in “Golf House”, the USGA’s headquarters in New York. This is the putter with which Francis Ouimet, the unknown American amateur, defeated Harry Vardon and Ted Ray, the great British professionals, in a play-off for the 1913 USGA Open Championship. This is the putter with which he won the A'lassachusetts Amateur in 1913, the USGA Amateur and the French Amateur iii 1914, the Western Amateur in 1917, and a host of other honors from 1911 through 1922. The old wooden-shafted putter has come to the USGA collection through the great generosity of the Blagden Bulls, founded in 1922 as a club within a club in the Boston Athletic Association and composed of a limited membership of 25 soortsmen from metropolitan Boston. Mr. Ouimet has been a member of the Blagden Bulls, and he presented the putter to them in 1924. The President of the Blagden Bulls, Paul 0. MacBride, has written the USGA: “This Club, following the closing of the home of the B. A. A., has continued its active existence in outside quarters in which this putter has been on display in a very important wall position as a con­ stant reminder of the fine mutual friend­ ship that carries on between our members and Francis.” A recent vote of the membership re­ sulted in the new home for the doughty little club. The USGA records the con­ tribution with deep gratitude to the Blag­ den Bulls. The collection of historical items in the Golf Museum has grown apace since the opening of “Golf House” somewhat more than a year ago. A special fund ol contributions for purchase and equip­ ing of the building now stands at $85,500. The total need is $105,000. More than 4,700 contributors have en­ rolled as Founders of “Golf House”. Con­ tributions are welcome from any golfer, club, association or anyone else interested in the game, and should be sent to: USGA Golf House Fund 40 East 38tii St. New York 16, N. Y. Following are Founders not previously recorded in the Journal: James C. Brydon Merrill L. Carlsmith Charles Chung In Memory of John Samuel Clapper Miss Berridge Long Edward H. Long George F. Markham, Jr. Charles G. Wilson Joseph G. Wright CLUBS by The Clapper Company Mr. and Mrs. Midge Cova Richard J. Crosby Mr. and Mrs. M. R. Denison Melvin H. Deutsch Claude M. Dillinger Ross E. Dodge, Jr. Myron E. Foote Albert O. Foster J. W. Friel Camille L. Gairoard Carl R. Hallock Ernest Jones John Kieran Harry M. Naugle Brooklawn Country Club, Conn. Claremont Country Club, Cal. Indian Hill Club, III. Niagara Falls Country Club, N. Y. Ladies' Auxiliary, North Hills Golf Club, N. Y. John P. O'Hara Stacy W. Osgood Charles Penna Harold W. Pierce J. Thomas Pye Mr. and Mrs. Alexander M. Grantland Rice Mr. and Mrs. B. Franklin Richards_ ., . . . Lawrence Robinson Robert F. Smith Mr. and Mrs. John C. Thaxter Minnesota Golf Association Harold Thomae H. T. Verney ASSOCIATIONS . . _ „ ,. |jon , . Golf Association of Philadelphia „ Kentuckiana Greenkeepers Associa- ... , . , . . . New Jersey Section, Professional Golfers' Association of America Richmond County Country Club, • N. Y. USGA Journal and Turf Management: February, 1952 15 Uniformity in the Rules -- or “Jungle Law”? By ISAAC B. GRAINGER USGA Vice-President and Chairman of Rules of Golf Committee If the new world-wide Rules of Golf are to have real meaning, they must be ob­ served uniformly by players and com­ mittees. This is the only way in which fair play can be had. The aim of the Rules is to produce fair play. Any departure from uniformity would produce unfairness. Committees some­ times are tempted to adopt local rules which conflict with the basic Rules of Golf cr which “soften"’ penalties. This is a pitfail to be avoided, for it could have a number of unfortunate results, among them the following: 1. The interrelation among the Rules would be distorted. The Rules are so closely integrated and dove-tailed that serious departure from one Rule would automatically throw the code as a whole cut of balance. 2. Scores would tend to be lower and therefore handicaps would be lower for the players affected. Thus, their handi­ caps would be out of line with handi­ caps of players whose clubs observe the Rules as written. Play under “soft local rules would ultimately put the players at a disadvantage. 3. There would be a general lowering of standards and diminished respect for Rules of orderly procedure. This would result in unfairness, a tendency toward “jungle law” of every man for himself, and eventually chaos in the conduct of play. A tendency to depart from the uniform Rules should be regarded as a danger signal. Sometimes it indicates a deeper need — a need to make architectural changes in the course. If it is desired to case the course, the root of the trouble should be probed. But changing the Rules by local amendment is no proper sub­ stitute for changing the course. The dove-tailing of the Rules is per­ haps most strikingly illustrated by Rule 29 relating to a ball lost, unplayable or out of bounds. In the past there have been unfortu­ nate experiments with a penalty of loss of distance only for a ball lost or unplayable. Isaac B. Grainger In the case of a possible lost ball, under such a pen­ alty there often would be no incentive for a selfish player to make an honest search. He simply might prefer not to find his ball if it were apt to be in an atrocious lie. He thus could look in the wrong places and otherwise abuse the discretion which such a “soft" penalty would allow him. The same would be essentially true of an unplayable ball. When a local rule provided a penalty of loss of distance only, a player once had a two-foot putt on a fast green, on a windy day. The ball missed the hole and slid ten feet past. The player deemed the ball unplayable and, under the penalty of distance only, re­ placed it where it originally lay. He thus had his old two-foot putt instead of the ten-footer. Further, suppose a ball were lying well on grass 15 yards from the hole, with a bunker intervening. The player flubs his shot into sand in the bunker. If he feels inexpert in playing from sand, and if the unplayable penalty were distance only, he could merely drop the ball back on the turf where it first lay, and he would have the next shot to play from grass instead of sand. The distance lost would be in­ consequential. On a par-3 hole, assume that the player's tee shot strays into woods. Al­ though the ball lies well, the player is blocked out from the green. He elects to deem the ball unplayable and returns to 16 USGA Journal and Turf Management: February, 1952 the tee for another try, playing 2 under the distance-only penalty. Suppose in similar circumstances that the player has played a provisional ball from the tee before going forward to ap­ praise the situation. If the provisional ball is on the green and within reasonable putting distance, the player would be quick to choose to play that ball under the distance-only penalty. It is obvious that severe inequities can be produced by a distance-only penalty for a ball lost or unplayable. It is equally obvious that such a rule could allow golf to degenerate into a game of “replay”, in which the player could try over any stroke he didn’t like and lose nothing more than that stroke. This could slow up the game and change its basic nature. The only feasible way to safeguard against such consequences is to have a basic penalty of stroke and distance for a ball lost or unplayable—that is, for example, if the player’s first stroke be lost or deemed unplayable, he returns to the place from which he played it, adds a penalty stroke to his score, and plays 3 from that location. Rule 29 so provides. Ball Out of Bounds Now granted that the basic penalty for a ball lost or unplayable must be stroke and distance, how about a ball out of bounds? Consider a case in W’hich Smith plays Green at match play. Smith’s drive fetches up in an unplayable lie. He elects to re­ turn to the tee and proceed under a stroke-and-distance penalty, playing 3. Green, his opponent, hits his drive out of bounds. If the penalty for a ball out of bounds were loss of distance only, Green would return to the same tee and play 2. Thus, Smith, whose first shot was on the course but unplayable, would play 3 off the tee, whereas Green, whose first shot was off the course (theoretically the worst shot that could be made), would play 2 from the same tee. , When the penalties are dissimilar and a ball is lost near a boundary, there often is a tendency to declare, without proper search, that the ball is out of bounds (if the penalty is distance only instead of lost (stroke and distance). Such doubtful cases are almost impossible to adjudicate fairly. They have created problems which ought never arise in golf. It is plain to see why the penalty for a ball out of bounds has nowr been changed in the new code to stroke and distance— see Rule 29-1. It is equally plain why a note to the Rule provides: “The penalty stroke provided for in Rule 29-1 may not be remitted by Local Rule”. Restrictions on Committees What has been said of the interrelation among balls lost, unplayable or out of bounds is true of all Rules to greater or less degree. The new code is a unified, integrated code. Its various parts have been carefully correlated. It is based on long experience the world over—experi­ ence which no one local committee could possibly have. No fundamental of the Rules can be disregarded without upset­ ting the balance with other features. The foregoing are among the reasons why the following provisions appear in the new Rules: Rule 11-3: “If play be conducted other than in accordance with the Rules of Golf, the (USGA) Rules of Golf Committee will not give a decision on any question”. Rule 36-5: “The (local) Committee has no power to waive a Rule of Golf”. Rule 36-7a, b: “The (local) Committee shall make Local Rules for abnormal con­ ditions, having regard to the policy of the Governing Authority of the country con­ cerned as set forth in the Appendix at­ tached to these Rules. “A penalty imposed by a Rule of Golf shall not be waived by a Local Rule”. The Rules are designed to work the maximum in fair play. In the last analysis, the answer lies not in what is written in the book but in what is practiced on the course. Only the player and the committee can bring about fair play. (Copies of this article in leaflet form are avail­ able free from the USGA, regardless of quantity.) USGA Journal and Turf Management: February, 1952 17 Handicapping and the New Rules By WILLIAM 0. BLANEY Chairman, USG/V Handicap Committee Now that a stroke-and-distance penalty for a ball out of bounds is in effect, the LSGA Handicap Committee has been con­ fronted with one aspect of the old ques­ tion of waiving by local rule the stroke portion of the penalty. My attitude is that there is only one path to follow, and that is to insist that scores used for handicap purposes shall be based on full observance of the Rules of Golf in force at the time the scores are made. Any departure from the Rules would lend to make handicap results less uni­ form, especially if some few clubs should use a distance-only penalty for a ball out ■of bounds. The extra stroke penalty now required by the Rules is bound to have some effect •on scores, particularly those of the poorer players. The upward trend caused by this extra stroke penalty would mean that players of a club using an “illegal” dis­ tance-only penalty eventually would find themselves at a disadvantage handicap­ wise when competing against players of equal ability whose scores for handicaps were made under the Rules of Golf. It might be thought that there is one possible inequality in the stroke-and-dis­ tance penalty; namely, that handicaps of players at a course having many holes bordered by boundaries will be higher than handicaps of players of equal ability at a course having no out of bounds at all. This is theory only, and if the USGA Golf Handicap System is followed close­ ly, this seeming inequality will be re­ moved by correcting the rating of the course having the many out of bounds. In other words, if the present rating of a course includes fractional additions for the proximity of out-of-bounds markers on certain holes, said fractional additions should be increased to take into consideration the more severe out-of- bounds penalty now in effect. USGA COMPETITIONS FOR 1953 Walker Cup Match—September 4 and 5 at the Kittansett Club, Marion, Mass. Men’s amateur teams, Great Britain vs. United States. (Dates entries close mean last dates for applications to reach USGA office, except in the case of the Amateur Public Links Championship. For possible exceptions in dates of Sectional Qualifying Rounds, see entry forms.) Championship Open Amateur Public Links Junior Amateur Entries Close May 18 Sectional Qualifying Rounds Championship Dates Venue June 1 June 11-12-13 *June 8 ♦♦June 21-27 July 6 July 21 Team: July 11 Indiv.: July 13-18 July 29-Aug. 1 Girls' Junior Women's Amateur August 7 August 10 none none August 17-21 August 24-29 Amateur August 17 Sept. 1 Sept. 14-19 * Entries close with Sectional Qualifying Chairmen. '• Exact date in each section to be fixed by Sectional Chairmen. Oakmont C. C., Oakmont, Pa. W. Seattle G. C., Seattle, Wash. Southern Hills C. C., Tulsa, Okla. to be determined Rhode Island C. C., W. Barrington, R. I. Oklahoma City G.&C.C. Okla. City., Okla. 18 USGA Journal and Turf Management: February, 1952: How I Got Started in Golf By SAM SNEAD British Open Champion 1946, Professional Golfers’ Association of America Champion 1942-49-51 Many people ask how I got started playing golf. Well, recently my sister and I were reminiscing on this very subject and re­ called how every Sunday my uncle would come by and make me go out and pitch horse shoes. He was a foreman at Hot Springs, Va., and he used to play golf occasionally. I had a lot of empty cans put in our yard, so we started chipping and putting. When I got into high school, I played on the school golf team and finally our coach arranged to have all the classes A, B, C and D in all the schools compete in a tournament. The first time, I remember, we played on sand greens. If you pitch on a sand green the ball bounces over, and I never was able to cope with those greens. Finally, I cracked one down the middle one day and, to my surprise, I won the driving test. Fortunately, I won it the next two years also. After finishing school, I started work­ ing in a drug store, and from there went to work for my uncle in a restaurant, where my hours were from 8 until 2 in the morning. Several small colleges offered me a scholarship if I wanted to play a little golf and football. So I went to the coach and asked him what he thought about my going to school. “Well, Sam,” he says, “ after looking over your record here, I think if you would take up golf you would be better off in future years than going to college.” $20 A Month At that time there was an opening at Hot Springs for a club-maker at S20 a month, so I finally got the inside track and got the job. I was only around there two weeks when an old lady came down and said, “I'd like a golf lesson.” I told her I was sorry but the pros were busy and probably they could give her one in the afternoon. But this lady in­ sisted that she must have one immediately and finally asked me what I did. “I’m just a club-maker — the boy in the shop, “Ma’am.” “Can you teach?” she asked. And the- boys in the shop told her I could. I had learned a fewT tricks, so I got a bag of clubs, and within a half-hour she was puffing like a steam engine, and she says, “Young man, I think you should have a club of your own.” I tried to tell her that I had only been in the business two weeks, but she insisted I see a Mr. Ingals for a job of my own. Of course, I didn’t do anything about it, but the fourth day the athletic director said, “Snead, come upstairs, I want to talk with you.” Well, I knew I was going to get fired as I sat down in his office, so you can imagine my surprise when he asked me how I would like to go to Cascades as pro. I was to start the next morning, so I picked out a set of clubs. You should have seen the conglomeration! Also, the bag I had was one a man had left at the club, and the whole side was worn off. The pro asked me what I was going to do with the bag. He gave me a new one and told me he might be able to use my old one. Well, that’s how I got my start. Actual­ ly, at that time I hadn’t seen many of the top-notch players, only possibly Bob Cruickshank, Vic Ghezzi, Ray Mangrum and Henry Picard — and they were lords to me. I remember I ran over to meet them when they came in on the train. It was about two miles from home, but 1 think I made it in 15 minutes. The Tournament Trail Starting in my first tournament, I was paired with Johnny Farrell. I was so nervous I couldn't hold the ball to tee it. By the time the fourth round came up I was still mighty scared but finally fin­ USGA Journal and Turf Management: February, 1952 19 ished with an 80 in the last round and won $358.66. From there I played in the Miami Open. I couldn't use a driver, so I used a brassie to drive with. Well, I didn’t win the tournament, but I didn’t do too badly, either. I went back home for the winter, and the next year started off in the Hershey Open. I played with Craig Wood in the afternoon, and on the eleventh hole I was lucky. I got on the green and I think it was about 300 and something. So Craig says, “Look. I’ll send you a letter within a week or so.” I waited a month and finally went to Florida and met Ray Mangrum. I didn’t finish in the money down there but I asked Henry Picard and Craig Wood about my chances of going on to the West Coast. Picard was against it, but Wood, after asking me how much money I had saved, which amounted to $300, said he’d give me enough money to come back home if I couldn’t make it. While out on the Coast, I picked up a driver of Picard's and he asked me if I liked it. When I told him yes, he gave it to me. My driving started to improve with this new club. I heard Johnny Revolta split his win­ nings, so I asked Johnny Bulla, whom I had gone out to the Coast with in his Model A Ford, to split with me. “No,” he said. “You can’t play a lick.” I told him I would play him for $5 every time, and he said that was plenty. Could This be Advice? At the Los Angeles Open, I hit a drive down the middle and Bulla came up and said. “Now, Jackson, you got a Number 6 iron?” “It looks like a 7,” I said, “ ’cause if you go over that green you are out.” “I just played it,” said Bulla. But when ( asked him what he had, he walked away and said, “That’s all right — don’t bother.” I took a seven iron and then turned to Bulla to see if he still thought it was a six. “You just forced it,” he came back. But I didn't do too badly in the tourna­ ment, for I won $600. Sam Snead Well, that was the start, and from the L. A. Open we went on to Oakland, where I won my first tournament with 270. Actually, when I look back on it, the success I have had in golf I more or less owe to other people. I have been very fortunate and lucky in winning as much as I have. One of the finest men I ever knew, who always steered me on the right path, was the late L. B. Icely, former President of the Wilson Sporting Goods Co. I always called him the “Boss” for he was just like a dad to me. Another person I have to give a lot of credit to is J. Victor East, who recently retired from Wilson. Victor once told me: “Never get steamed up about your put­ ting, as only one of two things can happen . . . you either make it or miss it!” Pretty good philosophy, isn't it? Well, frankly, I’ve tried never to forget it. — • — Golden Anniversary Congratulations to the Middle Atlantic Golf Association, which has just held its Fiftieth Anniversary Meeting. Dr. Robert A. Keilty has long been a devoted spearhead in the Middle Atlantic and is Executive Secretary-Treasurer. 20 USGA Journal and Turf Management: February, 1952 The Ladies as Ambassadors This year it is the ladies’ turn to repre­ sent our country in an international team golf affair. It is a Curtis Cup Match year, with teams of women amateur golfers representing Great Britain and the United States meeting in their biennial series. The Match will be played at the splendid Muirfield course, near Edinburgh, Scot­ land, June 6 and 7. Our seven players include only two who have had previous international match experience — Miss Dorothy Kirby, of Atlanta, the USGA Women’s Amateur Champion, and Miss Polly Riley, of Fort Worth, Texas. The others are: Miss Grace DeMoss, Corvallis, Ore. Miss Claire Doran, Cleveland Miss Marjorie Lindsay, Decatur, Ill. Miss Mae Murray, Rutland, Vt. Miss Patricia O’Sullivan, Orange, Conn. Non-playing Captain is Mrs. Frank Goldthwaite, of Forth Worth. She is Chairman of the USGA Women’s Com­ mittee and was a member of the Curtis Cup Teams in 1934 and 1936. In case any original nominee is unable to make the trip, an invitation will be is­ sued to an alternate, in the following order: 1st Alternate — Mrs. Julius A. Page, Jr., of Chapel Hill, N. C. 2nd Alternate — Miss Mary Ann Downey, of Baltimore. Members of the Team plan to play in the British Ladies’ Amateur Champion­ ship June 16-20 at Troon, Scotland. Personnel of the Team is always recom­ mended by the USGA Women’s Com­ mittee to the Executive Committee, which made the announcement at the USGA’s 58th Annual Meeting at the Princeton Club in New York last month. State of the USGA The Annual Meeting revealed the As­ sociation’s affairs to be in excellent con­ dition after successful operations in 1951. Following are summaries of a few sub­ committee reports for the year: Rules of Golf — Production of a uni­ New Rules Booklet Available from USGA Copies of the new Rules of Golf in booklet: form are available at the following prices: 1 to 1,000 copies — 25 cents each 1,001 to 5,000 copies — 20 cents each 5,001 and more copies—15 cents each Upon request, name or club or association will! be imprinted, in one or two lines, on outside front­ cover at additional cost as follows: 1 to 100 copies — $6.50 additional 101 to 300 copies — $8.50 additional 301 to 500 copies — $9.50 additional Exact name to be imprinted must be clearly stated. Address orders to: United States Golf Association 40 East 38tii Street New York 16, N. Y. form international code in collaboration with the Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St. Andrews, Scotland. Championship — Record entries for the Open and the Amateur. A marvelous, victory by Ben Hogan in the Open, which attracted record admissions receipts. An outstandingly prepared Amateur Cham­ pionship. Walker Cup Match with Great Britain and informal team match with Canada. Amateur Status and Conduct — Con­ ditions generally satisfactory, but educa­ tion in amateur golf standards apparently' needed at some colleges. Negotiations for uniform international code under way with the British. Implements and Ball — Revision of Bules for golf clubs made in collaboration with the British. Membership — Record total of 1,495 USGA member clubs and courses at end of fiscal year. Green Section — A year of varied., constructive work for benefit of member clubs’ golf courses and in general turf research. The USGA-sponsored book; “Turf Management” well received. Survey soon to be made as to advisability of establishing a West Coast office of the- Green Section. Result will be determined largely by degree of interest and support manifested by USGA member clubs in California, Washington and Oregon. USGA Journal and Turf Management: February, 1952 21 Museum — Record number of acquisi­ tions, contributed by 79 donors. Treasurer — Excess of $42,359 in income over expenses for the year. New President A new President heads the USGA in the person of Totton P. Heffelfinger, of Minn­ eapolis. He succeeds James D. Standish, Jr., of Detroit. Mr. Heffelfinger has been a member of the Executive Committee since 1942 and has served as Chairman of the Sectional Affairs and the Public Links Committees. Following is the slate elected: President—Totton P. Heffelfinger, Minneapolis Vice-Presidents—Isaac B. Grainger, New York Richard S. Tufts, Pinehurst, N. C. Secretary—John D. Ames, Chicago Treasurer—James W. Walker, New York Executive Committee—The above officers and: J. Frederic Byers, Jr., Pittsburgh William P. Castleman, Jr., Dallas, Texas John G. Clock, Long Beach, Cal. Frederick L. Dold, Wichita, Kansas John W. Fischer, Cincinnati T. R. Garlington, Atlanta Charles B. Grace, Philadelphia Lewis A. Lapham, New York Charles L. Peirson, Boston Cory don Wagner, Tacoma, Wash. General Counsel—Fraser M. Horn, New York STATEMENT OF THE OWNERSHIP. MAN­ AGEMENT, AND CIRCULATION REQUIRED BY THE ACT OF CONGRESS OF AUGUST 24, 1912, AS AMENDED BY THE ACTS OF MARCH 3, 1933, AND JULY 2, 1946 (Title 39, United States Code, Section 233) of USGA Journal and Turf Management, published seven times a year at New York, N. Y., for Oct. 1, 1951. 1. The names and addresses of the publisher, editor, managing editor, and business managers are: Publisher United States Golf Association, 40 East 38th St., New York 16, N. Y. Editor Joseph C. Dey, Jr., 40 East 38th St., New York 16, N. Y. Managing editor none. Business manager none. 2. The owner is: (If owned by a corporation, its name and address must be stated and also immediately thereunder the names and addresses of stockholders owning or holding 1 percent or more of total amount of stock. If not owned by a corporation, the names and addresses of the individual owners must be given. If owned by a partnership or other unincorporated firm, it* name and address, as well as that of each individual member, must be given.) United States Golf Association, 40 East 38th St., New York 16. N. Y. President James D. Standish, Jr.. 40 East 38th St., New York 16. N. Y. Vice- President: Isaac B. Grainger. 40 East 38th St., USGA Committee Chairmen The following chairmen of USGA committees for 1952 have been appointed by Totton P. Heffel­ finger, President: RULES OF GOLF — Isaac B. Grainger, New York CHAMPIONSHIP — John D. Ames, Chicago AMATEUR STATUS AND CONDUCT — James W. Walker, New York IMPLEMENTS AND BALL — Charles B. Grace, Philade’phia MEMBERSHIP — Lewis A. Lapham, New York GREEN SECTION — Richard S. Tufts, Pinehurst, N. C. WOMEN'S — Mrs. Frank Goldthwaite, Fort Worth, Texas SECTIONAL AFFAIRS — Charles L. Peirson, Boston PUBLIC LINKS — Frederick L. Dold, Wichita, Kans. HANDICAP — William O'. Blaney, Boston JUNIOR CHAMPIONSHIP — Richard S. Tufts, Pinehurst, N. C. GIRLS' JUNIOR — Mrs. William R. Millar, Los Angeles, Cal. MUSEUM — James W. Walker, New York INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS — Charles W. Lit- t’efle d, New York "GOLF HOUSE" FUND — Daniel A. Freeman, Jr., New York PUBLIC RELATIONS — John D. Ames, Chicago New York 16, N. Y. Vice-President: Totton P. Heffelfinger, 40 East 38th St., New York 16, N. Y. Secretary: Richard S. Tufts, 40 East 38th St.. New York 16, N. Y. Treasurer: John 1). Ames, 40 East 38th St.. New York 16, N. Y. 3. The known bondholders, mortgagees, and other security holders owning or holding 1 percent or more of total amount of bonds, mortgages, or other securities are: (If there are none, so state.) None. 4. Paragraphs 2 and 3 include, in cases where the stockholder or security holder appears upon the books of the company as trustee or in any other fiduciary' relation, the name of the person or corporation for whom such trustee is acting; also the statements in the two paragraphs show the affiant’s full knowledge and belief as to the circumstances and conditions under which stock­ holders and security holders who do not appear upon the books of the company as trustees, hold stock and securities in a capacity other than that of a bona fide owner. Joseph C. Dey, Jr., Editor Sworn to and subscribed before me this 26th day of September. 1951: (signed) Stanley Peckerman, Notary Public of the State of New Aork. (My commission expires March 30, 1953) 22 USGA Journal and Turf Management: February, 1952 The PGA’s Plans for Servicemen By JOSEPH B. DEVANY Chairman, War Program Planning Committee of Professional Golfers’ Association of America Professional to Grosse Ile Golf and Country Club, Grosse Ile, Mich. This is to present the plans of the Professional Golfers’ Association relative to our War Program undertaking. With­ out the aid of all the golf clubs, both pri­ vate and public, the fine plans as now •outlined could not materialize. If among my readers there should be members of boards of directors of private golf clubs, then to you I make an appeal to get behind our plans to aid the boys in all branches of the armed services. During World War II, PGA members made many noteworthy contributions. In the present emergency, with the armed forces expanded tremendously, the PGA War Program Committee is determined to see to it that all servicemen interested in golf will be given all the aid possible to further this interest. Our National War Program Planning Committee consists of ten men strategical­ ly situated geographically. The thirty PGA sectional Presidents have appointed sub-committees in each section. The sub­ committeemen will contact special service officers at all military bases and try to aid the athletic officers with all plans for golf programs. Among our projects are: 1. Periodic visits to all armed service installations in the country by local pro­ fessionals, scheduling golf clinics and group instructions. 2. Aiding the special service officers in erecting golf ranges and practice nets and supervising the construction of putting greens, when possible. 3. Picking out qualified men in the services to aid athletic officers with golf. 4. Helping supply golf films. 5. Interceding and speaking at local organization lunches, such as Rotary, Lions, Kiwanis, Junior Chambers of Commerce, for the purpose of obtaining funds for golf balls, clubs, cotton balls and all necessary equipment for the boys’ enjoyment. Joseph B. Devany 6. Appealing to the same groups to donate golf libraries to cantonments in I heir areas. Our Committee has contacted publishers of ten of the best golf books written and has arranged to have these delivered in one package. 7. Aid in forming golf teams at all cantonments and scheduling matches for these teams, with private clubs and inter­ service teams. 8. Contacting all golf clubs to try to arrange for service men to use the courses at specific dull periods, either free or at nominal green fees. Arranging with clubs and athletic officers some sort of ticket allocation for the men permitted to play. 9. Helping athletic officers with rules of deportment expected of these men while playing various courses. 10. Selling War Bonds locally at all exhibitions, open and pro-amateur tourna­ ments in the event our country's safety is threatened. To make the project the success we hope it will become, everyone connected with golf is earnestly requested to lend a hand. USGA Journal and Turf Management: February, 1952 23 THE REFEREE Decisions by the USGA Rules of Golf Committee Example of symbols: “No. 52-1” means the iirst decision issued in 1951. “R. 37-7” means Section 7 of Rule 37 in the 1952 Rules o. Got . Practice after Holing Out No. 52-1. R.8, 37-7 Q: Please wire if player may practice putts after holing out, also if permissible practice chips around tee and away from any hole. Question by: Horton Smith, President Professional Golfers’ Ass’n. of America Santa Monica, Cal. A: Between play of two holes practice putts and chip shots around tee are not prohibited by Rule 8, which deals with practice during play of hole. However, such practice might constitute delay in play under Rule 37-7. Boundary Marker: No Relief No. 52-2. D.20 Q: Am I to understand that, following Defini­ tion 20 regarding obstructions, should a ball come to rest on the playing grounds near a boundary' stake, one is not allowed to remove the stake to make his shot? Question by: James Fraser Wilmington, Del. A: Your understanding is right. Placing Clubs in Hazard No. 52-3. R.33-1, If. Q: This refers to the Rules of Golf, 1952. Rule 33-1. Page 37: “Before making a stroke, the player shall not touch the ground or the water with a club or otherwise,” etc. Rule 33-lf. Page 38: “The player may. without penalty, place his clubs in the hazard prior to making a stroke, provided nothing is done which may improve the lie,” etc. Will you please explain? Question by: James I). Dyer Pittsburgh, Pa. A: Clause f in Rule 33-1 is for the practical purpose of permitting one’s clubs to lie in a hazard without penalty while the player is making his stroke. It is a matter of convenience and time-saving, especially when the player is carrying his own dubs and the hazard is large or awkward to enter and leave. Clause f in no way abrogates the fundamental principle of Rule 33-1 that the lie of a ball in a hazard may not be improved and that the player may not touch the hazard with anything which could conceivably affect his lie or could be used to test the hazard's condition. Lateral Water Hazard: Where io Drop No. 52-5. R.33-31) Q: Your attention is directed to Rule 33-3b: "Drop a ball within two club-lengths of the margin of either side of the lateral water hazard, opposite the point where the ball last crossed the hazard margin.” Has the player the option of dropping the ball on either side he prefers, of the hazard? Question by: Gibson B. Witherspoon Meridian, Miss. A: Yes, the choice is up to the player. Need for Uniform Penalty (Note: The following case is based on the 1951 Rules of Golf, and all references are to the 1951 Rules. In the 1952 Rules, there is a uniform penalty of stroke and distance for a ball lost, unplayable or out of bounds. The case illustrates the need for such uniformity in penalty.) No. 51-68. Q: Competitor’s original (tee shot) ball on par-3 hole is thought to have ricocheted off slope at side of green out of bounds. Provisional ball was played from tee and eventually holed out by player for a 5, including the one-stroke out-of-bounds penalty. Player took caddie's word that original ball was out of bounds and did not search for it. Upon leaving green for next tee, original ball was found at spot on mezzanine slope at side •of green, within hounds, and beyond the hole. Player had not reached this point in playing hole with provisional ball, as he did not go beyond the pin with this ball. Player played original ball and holed it for a deuce. Which ball counts? Is there a difference in your ruling for stroke play and match play? Question by: W. P. Dutton Honolulu, Hawaii A: Rule 9(1) provides in part: “When a ball has been struck toward out of bounds, it is a question of fact whether the ball is out of bounds or lost in bounds. For the player to treat the ball as being out of bounds, there must be reasonable evidence to that effect; in the absence of such reasonable evidence, after a search of five minutes, the ball must be con­ sidered lost." The player, in effect, made an election to pro-eed with the provisional ball, under Rule 19(2). He must he considered to have aban­ doned the original ball as being lost; it could not be considered out of bounds, and subsequent facts showed it was not out of bounds. There­ fore. the player’s score for the hole was 6 — see Rule 8(1) for penalty for lost ball. Match Play — If the player did not give his opponent proper information relating to his penaltv. he lost the hole for violating Rule 4(3). Stroke Play — The player’s score for the hole was 6. 24 USGA Journal and Turf Management: February, 1952 Correspondence pertaining to Green Section matters should be addressed to: USGA Green Section, Room 331, Administration Building, Plant Industry Station, Beltsville, Md. TURF RESEARCH AT THE SOUTHEASTERN TURF RESEARCH CENTER1 By B. P. ROBINSON AND GLENN W. BURTON 2 Even though turf research in the South­ east is still in its infancy, much has been accomplished since the experimental plots were established at Tifton, Ga., in 1947. Originally, the program was sponsored by the United States Golf Association Green Section, Georgia Coastal Plain Ex­ periment Station, U. S. Department of Agriculture, and several golf clubs in the Southeast. Programs of research, extension, and teaching, however, have grown to a point iv here the Southern Golf Association has assumed the major task of financially supporting the Southeastern Turf Re­ search Center. Golf continues to be the best supporting arm and the entire pro- giam is co-sponsored by the USGA Green Section, the University of Georgia, and the U. S. Department of Agriculture. In order to cover the extensive field of turf production, research projects at Tif- 1 Cooperative investigations at Tifton, Ga., of the Division of Forage Crops and Diseases, U. S. Department of Agriculture; the Georgia Coastal Plain Experiment Station, the United States Golf Association Green Section, and a number of Southern golf associations. 2 Turf Specialist, Georgia Coastal Plain Ex­ periment Station, and Principal Geneticist, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Tifton, Ga. ton have been diversified and may be thought of as covering the following ex­ perimental fields: Breeding and Selection of Grasses for Special Purpose Turf Bermudagrass: During the past four years, more than 116 types of ber­ mudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) have been tested for putting green, fairway, and lawn qualities. These include 74 selec­ tions from golf clubs in the Southeast, 40 selections developed at Tifton, and two selections from the USGA Green Section. Many observations indicate that several selections superior to common seeded bermudagrass are available. Hybrids be­ tween a dwarf type, Tifton No. 12, and other disease resistant bermudas have been outstanding. One of these selections, Tifton No. 57, has been released by the Experiment Station as a general purpose turf bermuda and is receiving wide ac­ claim for its performance on putting greens, tees, and lawns. Extensive tests indicate that Tifton 57 and a few other selections will whip the ryegrass-bermuda transition, weed and crabgrass control, and disease control problems. It is realized that Tifton 57 and most USGA Journal and Turf Management: February, 1952 25 of the outstanding selections from golf courses are not ideal for putting green purposes but are far superior to the pres­ ent common seeded bennuda. With this in mind, hybridization of the best selec­ tions (Cynodon dactylon) with a fine- leafed bermudagrass (African bermuda — Cynodon transvaalensis) has been under way since 1948. These hybrids appear to be superior to either parent for putting green purposes. Hybridization in 1951 has involved crossing the original Cyno­ don dactylon-C. transvaalensis hybrids back to C. transvaalensis. With this pro­ cedure, it is hoped that a fine textured bermudagrass will be produced which will compare with the putting qualities of bent or ryegrass. Only time and trial can tell if this is possible. Centipedegrass: Two types of centi­ pede exist which have value as turf grasses in the Southeast. Common or red centi­ pede is very aggressive and produces a fine turf but turns a displeasing reddish brown in early fall. Another type is lighter green in color, not as aggressive as red centipede, but holds its color until heavy frost. By continuous breeding and selection, it may be possible to develop a plant which will combine the desirable characteristics of both grasses. The Zoysias: Selections of Zoysia ma- trella and Zoysia japonica from various individuals in the Southeast, USGA Green Section, and U. S. Department of Agriculture are being established in the turf plots to determine their possible value for turf. It is the objective of the research center to establish a program with the zoysias comparable to the bermudagrass improvement studies. This program has been greatly facilitated by the transfer of Ian Forbes, Jr., from the Beltsville, Md., Station to Tifton. Forbes has done a lot of work in the breeding behavior, seed setting, and seed production in the zoysias and, with his experience to draw upon, the program on zoysias at Tifton can move much faster. Cool-Season Grasses: Since the use of cool-season grasses is a must with the turf producer in the South who desires to maintain a year-’round green turf, a program of management, adaptation, and "Turf Management" Book Anyone interested in turf will find a fund of useful information in the book "Turf Management," sponsored by the USGA Green Section and compiled by H. B. Musser. Copies are available at $6. They may be obtained from local booksellers or from USGA Green Section Room 331 Administration Bldg. Plant Industry Station Beltsville, Md. growth compatibility has been in progress for several years. Such grasses as rye­ grass, redtop, Kentucky bluegrass, tall fescue, red fescue, Astoria, Seaside, and Highland bents are being evaluated when used to overseed putting greens or lawns. Bents: Some of the best bentgrass strains produced in the United States are being established in experimental turf plots. Such strains as C-l, C-7, C-19, C-114, and C-115 may survive high tem­ peratures and disease incidence and be of value in the production of year-’round putting green turf. Management and Fertilization of Turf Grasses A test to determine the rate of seeding, fertilization, and height of cut of com­ mon bermudagrass, Tifton No. 3 ber- rcuda, lawn Bahia, centipede, St. Augus­ tine, carpet, Kentucky 31 fescue, and Zoysia rnatrella has been in progress since 1947. Where seed was available each grass was seeded on the basis of an equal amount of seed per square foot. Other­ wise, the grasses were sprigged on 12" centers. After establishment, the test has consisted mainly of two heights of cut — % inch and l1/^ inches — and fertiliza­ tion. Three growing seasons were required for Zoysia rnatrella to produce a complete ( ever. All other grasses were completely established in less than one season. Zoy­ sia rnatrella produced its most satisfactory turf and was, apparently, better able to compete with weeds and other turf grasses when cut close. A complete cover of Zoysia rnatrella has not been obtained on 26 USGA Journal and Turf Management: February, 1952 the plot cut at inches. This is ap­ parently due to the competitive nature of co-existent bermudagrass and not the level of fertility. Satisfactory turf of bermudagrass, centipede or carpet can be maintained at either height of low cut, whereas St. Au­ gustine and Bahia grass should be cut higher. When cut at % inch or 1T/2 inches, it apparently requires three to four pounds of actual nitrogen per 1,000 square feet per year to maintain good bermudagrass, St. Augustine or Zoysia matrella turf. Somewhat less is required for Bahia, centipede, and carpetgrass. Kentucky 31 fescue was planted in the fall but did not survive the summer. Attention has been given the use of various nitrogen sources on bermuda and centipedegrass for the production of turf. 3 he sharp differences observed in the re­ sponse of grasses to organic and inorganic sources of nitrogen in the northern part of the United States are not as distinguish­ able in this area. Soil nitrification rates in the South are higher throughout the growing season, thus somewhat offsetting part of the benefit obtained from organic nitrogen sources in the North. A determination of the lime and ferti­ lizer requirements of southern turf grasses has been in progress since 1947. A marked response to lime applications up to a soil pH of 7 was observed in bermuda and St. Augustinegrass. Zoysia matrella, centipede, carpet, and Bahiagrass did not respond to lime applications which raised the soil pH above the normal 5.6. Carpet­ grass, however, did show a marked re­ sponse to applications of sulphur up to one ton per acre and a soil reaction of 4.0. A study of the transition problem from bermuda to rye and rye to bermuda has been the object of another test. Rates and dates of seeding ryegrass, rates and time of nitrogen application, levels of phos­ phorus and potassium, and seedbed prep­ aration for seeding of ryegrass have been involved. Disease incidence on ryegrass was much higher where ryegrass was seeded at 100 pounds per 1,000 square feet as compared to 40 pounds per 1,000 square feet. Nitrogen (inorganic) applied at two pounds of actual nitrogen per 1,000 square feet one month before seeding or at the time of seeding ryegrass actually reduced the occurrence of dollarspot. Heavier applications of nitrogen appeared to increase the incidence of this disease. The levels of phosphorus and potas­ sium had no visible effect on disease in­ cidence or growth of ryegrass. This was probably due to an adequate supply of phosphorus and potassium existing in the non-fertilized check plots. The best stand of ryegrass and the best putting surface were obtained where the bermudagrass was cut back to 3/16 inch before seeding lyegrass and where the bermuda turf was not disturbed. Another management study has been the introduction of improved strains of bermudagrass into existing turf. Where it is desired to remove all of the existing vegetative growth on putting greens and replant within at least two days, methyl bromide continues to be the best chemical for such a job. As little as one pound of methyl bromide per 225 square feet has given satisfactory results. This product is also very effective for the control of nutgrass and sterilization of topdressing materials. The fertility requiiements of most grasses for pasture production are fairly well known. On the other hand, the nutri­ tional requirements of closely cut turf grasses have not been thoroughly investi­ gated. During 1951 test plots were estab­ lished in order to determine the levels of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and calcium necessary for the production of good bermuda and ryegrass putting green turf. Periodic soil tests, yields of grass dippings, and chemical analysis of the clippings have been made. It is too early to report on this study. Studies on the production of centi­ pedegrass seed were begun in 1946. It was found that adequate supplies of phos­ phorus and potassium plus heavy applica­ tions of nitrogen at least two to three months before the formation of seed heads produced as high as 200 pounds of clean seed per acre. This type of management was not effective, however, unless the USGA Journal and Turf Management: February, 1952 27 Bermuda — and Bermuda Two-year turf of Tifton 57 bermuda maintained at putting green height at Tifton, Ga. Two-year-old turf of common bermuda established from seed and maintained in the same manner as Tifton 57 at putting green height. grass was mowed until the appearance of the first seed heads. Centipede seed is now’ being produced commercially by this system of management. The Production and Use of Topdressing Materials The lack of a good, cheap source of organic matter for making topdressing materials has been one limiting factor in the production of satisfactory putting green turf. A partial answer to this problem has been found in a material produced by thoroughly mixing one part of sewage sludge, three parts old pine sawdust, six parts loamy sand soil and calcium cyan- amid at 15 pounds per cubic yard. After composting for one year, the material was in good condition for use. The cyanamid not only killed the weed seeds in the mixture but also added nitrogen. Since the mixture appeared to be satis­ factory for turf purposes, the composted 28 USGA Journal and Turf Management: February, 1952 sawdust-sewage sludge needed to be tested against a proven organic material for making topdressing mixtures. Thus, in 1951, composted sawdust-sewage sludge, fresh sawdust, and peat moss were in­ cluded in a greenhouse test to determine the effect of these materials on the growth of Tifton 57 bermuda. The materials were mixed with washed builder’s sand and loamy sand and grown under two systems ol fertilization and water management. Complete results of the test will be pub­ lished later, but indications are that the composted sawdust-sewage sludge mixture is as satisfactory as peat moss. Crabgrass and Weed Control Annual crabgrass and weed control tests have been conducted since 1947. Several herbicides have been applied to weed-infested turf at Tifton and outlying golf courses. The most promising of these have been the phenyl mercury ace­ tate compounds, sodium arsenite, Milar- senite, potassium cyanate, and lead ar­ senate. The phenyl mercury acetate compounds are expensive but have given good crab- giass and weed control when properly applied, with little or no injury to the associated turf. Sodium arsenite and Milarsenite give excellent weed control but cause temporary injury. Most south­ ern turf grasses, however, recover rapidly from this type of damage. Potassium cya­ nate is also very good for general weed control and ranks between the arsenites and phenyl mercury acetate in injury produced to turf. Insect Control Army worms have been effectively con­ trolled by the use of 20% toxaphene dust, calcium arsenate dust, and a new in­ secticide dust composed of 2% aldrin, 5% DDT, and 20% sulphur. Ten to twenty pounds of lead arsenate per 1,000 square feet has been effective in reducing the number of earthworm casts observable in turf areas. Chlordane applied at only one pound per acre and washed into the soil has given good control of mole crick­ ets. Longer residual control was obtained, however, by using 10 pounds of lead arsenate per 1,000 square feet. Related Fields A two-year course in turf management is being offered cooperatively by the Re­ search Center and the Abraham Baldwin Agricultural College, Tifton, Ga. Even though the course does not involve turf research, it will lead to the improvement of southern turf. It is hoped that golf courses in the Southeast which are in need of better-trained personnel will support the two-year course. Young men interest­ ed in turf management can gain valuable experience on the research plots while at­ tending the college on a turf fellowship sponsored by a golf club. Several golf clubs in most of the south­ eastern states have been visited by person­ nel of the Southeastern Turf Research Center. This was made possible during the 1950 annual Southeastern Turf Con­ ference by the action of the Turf Advisory Committee. This Committee decided that the ser­ vices of a turf specialist should be made available on call, provided consultation services did not interfere with the re­ search program being conducted at Tif­ ton, Ga. The Committee also decided that organizations visited should pay a small consultation fee plus traveling expenses. Rendering these services has supple­ mented very nicely the turf program at Tifton in that research personnel have been kept in close contact with the cur­ rent practical problems of the turf pro­ ducer and have been able to judge the effectiveness of applied experimental data. Turf Book Praised To the USGA: I am the possessor of a copy of Turf Management, having bought it through a local book store, and it is a fine book. The USGA deserves to be proud of its sponsorship of this publication. Lane Fulenwider Jacksonville, Fla. USGA Journal and Turf Management: February, 1952 29 Projects at Tifton, Ga. Plots of bermudagrass on the left and Zoysia japonica and Zoysia matrella on the right. Photographed 30 days after they were set, 1951. Establishing Tifton 57 in com­ mon bermuda turf by planting plugs cut with cup-cutter tool. Centipedegrass in full head seed profusely as the result of proper fertilization and management. 30 USGA Journal and Turf Management: February, 1952 AERIFICATION IS A MUST By JAMES E. THOMAS Superintendent, Army Navy Country Club, Arlington, Virginia While walking around the golf course on a tour of inspection, a superintendent overheard the following conversation amongst a group of players: “When we were last over the course the greens were in perfect shape. Now they have been infested by Jap beetles. The pests have riddled the greens with numerous holes. They must be going into winter hibernation; yet their work has been done thoroughly and method­ ically and with very little harm, if any, to the putting surfaces. They seem im­ bedded in the soil by the thousands.” The truth was that an aerification oper­ ation had just been finished. The turf had not been attacked by the Japanese beetle, as the golfers thought. All the more reason why golf course superinten­ dents should acquaint members with the why and wherefore of their plans and actions. The benefits derived from aerifying and opening up grasslands are manifold. By this process we are able to make better use of air, water, soil, sand, lime and chemicals; each is a component of the whole, very closely related one to the other. Without their proper blending and entry into the physical structure of the soil, we would not enjoy the beautiful green carpets of playable turf that exist on our golf properties. These materials were formerly applied to the surface of the ground as a top­ dressing, and from there they slowly leached downward. Now with the em­ ployment of modern equipment, plant nutrients and soil amendments can be worked into the root zone of the soil pro­ file. The results from these placements are soon noticeable. Turf authorities tell us that compaction restricts the availability of plant food, air, and moisture. The fact has been well proved since, for these substances to be available, they must exist in the area of the root system. It is there that all growth receives nourishment. A compacted land surface is much like a hard brick, a pane of glass or a block of concrete. Under a strong magnifying glass, each of the three is seen to contain pore spaces, but they are not large enough for the necessary entry and penetration of materials. Bad conditions may sooner or later occur on any golf course, especial­ ly where play is heavy and foot traffic is excessive around the cupping locations. The only remedy for these conditions at the present time is the aerifier. Its use enables us to cultivate our fields beneath the sod, yet does not prevent them from remaining in play. We are able to secure artificially the same friable tilth that frost produces-when it loosens the ground in the early spring. This tillage of the earth is as necessary to the successful main­ tenance and improvement of a golf course as the mowing of its tees, fairways and greens. Much has been said and written concerning the benefits of the perform­ ance; also, how and when the work should be done. All recommended methods are satisfactory, but which one to use depends on good judgment, local conditions, and the weather. Case Histories This article touches briefly on some of the advantages of the procedure, and cites a few personal experiences. The first case history is that of a golf course in a southeastern city. The street department there had provided this club every fall with a large amount of tree leaves as they were cleaned from the high­ ways. These leaves, when composted and allowed to decay, formed a very fine- textured silt high in moisture content and organic matter. For years this material had been applied straight as a topdressing with nothing added. The result of this practice was a thick surface layer which, in periods of wet weather, would hold water like a sponge, to the detriment of the turf. Almost the only way the excess USGA Journal and Turf Management: February, 1952 31 •water could get away was through evapo­ ration. This bad soil condition was corrected by an aerifier. One-inch spoons were used and set for a depth penetration of five inches. These perforations into the soil formed vertical drainage channels and allowed excess water to seep deeper into the ground. After being repeated several times, this soon provided a firmer and drier top surface. The texture of the leaf compost was also improved by the addition of sharp sand to the mixture. Another experience was where greens had been mowed infrequently at a high level of cut. As a consequence a heavy mat of thatched grass had developed, ac­ companied by a shallow root system. Nu­ merous applications of topdressing had been made without any attempt to remove the excess covering of grass. Iron chlor­ osis and localized dry spots were quite prevalent. Fertilizers, when applied, often­ times did more harm than good, as it was difficult for the materials to penetrate their way through the almost impervious layers. In this aggravated situation, machine aeration was resorted to in mid-summer. This time one-half-inch spoons were put into service and the areas were double aerified at right angles to each other. Within a period of seven days the forma­ tion and growth of white roots could be observed in the holes made by the ma­ chine. In addition to this, frequent light applications of ferrous sulphate (iron) were made so as to help clear up the chlorosis. Late in the fall another reno­ vation was made. Dolomitic limestone was also applied so as to help decompose what was left of the remaining hide-bound mat. The following season these putting swards showed their first active growth in the cavities made by the aerifier. Early the following spring, when the grass showed the first signs of life, the putting surfaces were closely mowed, brushed, cross-raked, aerified, and lightly topdressed with compost. This treatment followed by a change to a lower height of cutting, plus more frequent mowing, solved and eliminated the troubles of the year before. COMING EVENTS February 18 - 21: Turf Conference. The Pennsyl­ vania State College and Turf Advisory Com­ mittee. State College, Pa. H. B. Musser. February 26 - 28: Fifth Cornell Turf Conference, Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y. J. F. Cornman. March 3 - 6: Turf Conference. Midwest Regional Turf Foundation and Purdue University. West Lafayette, Ind. W. H. Daniel. March 10 - 12: Turf Conference. Iowa Green­ keepers and Iowa State College. Ames, Iowa. H. L. Lantz. March 13 - 14: Turf Conference. University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Mass. Geoffrey Cornish. March 13 - 14: Turf Conference. Michigan State College, East Lansing, Mich. James Tyson. March 17 - 19: Turf and Soils School, Guelph, Ontario. Royal Canadian Golf Association. C. E. Robinson. April 7: Turf Conference. Colonial Country Club, Memphis, Tenn. Reg. Perry April 23 - 24: Turf Conference and Field Day. Southeastern Turf Research Center, Tifton, Ga. G. W. Burton and B. P. Robinson. June 9: Field Day. Central Plains Turf Foundation, Boystown, Neb. L. E. Lambert and Harold Glissmann. June 16: Field Day. Oklahoma Turf Association, Oklahoma A. & M. College, Stillwater, Okla. Roy A. Chessmore. October 22 - 24: Third Turf Conference. Central Plains Turf Foundation and Kansas State College, Manhattan, Kans. William F. Pickett and L. E. Lambert. One still hears skeptics disapprove of the use of the several different implements which provide mechanical cultivation of vegetative swards. They say, “Why not plow and regrade, do the job right, cor­ rect the situation, and replant?” Yes: why not? The answer to the question is that it would put the location out of play. Aerification still permits con­ tinued use with only temporary incon­ venience and, in most cases, will give the desired results. (Editor’s Note: This article was written by Mr. Thomas especially for the USGA Journal. A poll of members of the Mid-Atlantic Golf Course Superintendents Association revealed that Mr. Thomas had done the most outstanding job in the Mid-Atlantic area of improving turf by- aerifying. It is significant that play was never interrupted. The procedure on the golf course and the preparation of this article has had the full support of the Green Chairman, Admiral Jack Phillips.) 32 USGA Journal and Turf Manacement: February, 1952' ANNUAL INDEX TO USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT VOLUME IV — APRIL, 1951 THROUGH FEBRUARY, 1952 ISSUE PAGE INTERNATIONAL (Continued) ISSUE PAGE AMATEUR STATUS Amateurism is in the Heart ................. ....Feb. No Expenses in Amateur Team Match . ...Nov. No Man’s Land ........................................... ....July Why of Amateurism .................................. ...Aug. BOOKS A Blind GoL'ejvBreaB^J^A ...................... Feb. Are Golfers ..................... Nov. Development o^Wqjffeffs pEtjgaP J Sept. Suggestions by MapY-vpicnerts ?,>,..........[Nov. JAug. a Hundred .................................................. (Nov. 100 Handy Hints on H-row tit-Break CADDIES Caddie Bonus System ................................... Sept. Caddie Care ................................................... July Detroit Caddies Get a Break ................... June Friends of Caddies ..........................................Feb. PGA View of the Caddie Problem ............. July CHAMPIONSHIPS (see also Historical) Case for All-Match Play ............................Aug. Championship Picture ................................. June Fair Play for Substitutes ............................Nov. Lesson from Hogan in the Open ............... July Little Man, Big Course ............................... July Oakland Hills’ New Look for the Open ....June Spirit of Public Links Championship ..... Aug. State of Amateur Golf ................................... Nov. Tent of Broken Dreams ............................. July USGA Championship Notes ....................... Feb. USGA Competitions for 1952 ................... April USGA Competitions for 1953 ..................... Feb. COURSES Dr. Livingstone of Golf ................................Nov. Golf Course Architects ................................Feb. Pictures, not Words ........................................Aug. Resolved for 1952 ...........................................Feb. Tragedy of John Smith, Esq........................Nov. What the Open Figures Show ................... Aug. Why not Six-Hole Courses? ................... Nov. 10 14 4 20 3 11 2 3, 30 3 15 11 3 11 3 11 1 2 16 3 19 5 18 1 5 1 7 10 7 10 5 21 17 16 4 9 5 5 17 12 Anyone Can be a "Golf House” Founder Sept. Champion Tee Totaler ................................April "Golf House” as a Hall of Fame ...........April “Golf House” Helps Itself ....................... June "Golf House” Hums with Stories ............ June “Golf House” is International ................... Nov. More Help Needed ..................................... July Old Putter Finds a New Home ................ Feb. Red Coats are Still Coming ........................Aug. “GOLF HOUSE” AND GOLF COLLECTING 21 11 18 20 20 21 2 14 21 HANDICAPPING Handicapping and the New Rules ...........Feb. HISTORICAL Fighting Golfers ............................................June First 50 Amateur Championships ...........Sept. How Golf Came to Town and Country ....Aug. They Gave to the Game ................................Nov. IMPLEMENTS AND THE BALL Are We Too Cluttered Up? ................... April Dept, of Mathematics ................................April Enchantment of Distance ............................Nov. Schenectady Putter ..................................... June When the Guttie Gave Its Last Gasp .....July Why- Not the Small Ball? ........................... Sept. INTERNATIONAL British Walker Cup Captain’s View .......June Canada vs. United States ............................Aug. Cups on Voyage ..............................................April 17 3 12 8 4 1 3 4 1 17 18 13 1 2 “—From Little Acorns” ............................June Happy International Relations ................Nov. Ordeal of Francis Ouimet ........................Sept. Rare Distinction ..............................................June Selecting the Walker Cup Team ........... April Walker Cup By-Play ....................................July Walker Cup Itinerary ..................................April Walker Cup Match (results) ....................June 2 20- 5 4 5- 4 6 10- JUNIOR Girls’ Junior is Growing Up ....................Sept. Junior Association (So. Cal.) .................April Junior is Lots of Fun ..................................Sept. Model Junior Program ..................................July- Oklahoma’s Gals ..............................................Feb. MISCELLANEOUS Additions to Executive Committee June Art for Golf’s Sake ....................................Aug. Average Score IV: ........................................Aug. Delaware Newcomer ......................................Feb. Differing Views of Creepers ........................Nov. Do You Want a Scandal? ............................April Etiquette? .......................................................... Feb. Exclusiveness ....................................................Sept. Georgia’s Golfing Peaches ..........................Nov. Golden Anniversary ........................................Feb. Gol: for Service Men ....................................Aug. Golf in Veterans’ Hospitals ........................Nov. Gol* is a Vacation. Item ............................July Hat in the Ring ............................................Feb. Heave-Ho ..........................................................Sept. Hen and Chickens ..........................................July How I Got Started in Golf ......................."".Feb. It Happened in St. Paul ............................Sept. Jim Standish ....................................................Feb. Like Mother, Like Son ................................Nov. Long Hole — 36% Miles ............ ...............July Octogenarian’s Ace ........................................Feb. Putting Performances .............. ....^"."""^"Sept. Richard S. Tu'ts Honored .......... .............April Statement of Ownership, Management, etc...................................................................... Feb. Stroke for Age ................................................April Unrozen Asset ..............................................April USGA Committee Chairmen ...... ...............Feb. USGA Policy on Gambling ................ ".....April Winged hoot Honors Its Champions Nov-. 10,000-to-l Shot ..............................................Nov. NECROLOGY Leo Diegel ....................................................... .. John D mean Dunn ....................................April Joseph Gumbel ................................................Nov. Carl F. Kauffmann ........................................Aug^ Mrs. Sidney B. Kent ....................................Aprii George McLean ......................... Anril R bert D. I’ryde ..............................................April Henry F. Russell ..........................................April Jerome D. Travers ......................................April Mrs. Miriam Burns Tyson .................... ""'"April 9 2 10 12 13 1 12 3 2 6 10 4 4 15 19 2 10 2 5 1 1 18 4 4 3 16 2 2 1 21 4 2 21 10 3 1 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 PLAY OF THE GAME CauseEfTec.t ........................................... July 14 Golf Discovery ................................................... j Hands and Wrists in the Swing ................Feb. 12 Learn the Short Shots First ....................Sept. 19 Mind Controls the Swing ... Anril 13 Playing from Trouble ...................................................15 This “Inside to Out” Business ................... June 15 PROFESSIONAL GOLFERS’ ASS’N. Finances o' the PGA ................. PGA Gol' Instruction Program PGA Officials ........................... PGA'S Employment Service PGA’s Plans for Servicemen What the PGA Is ..................... .Sept. April ..Nov. ..Feb. April RULES OF GOLF (not The Referee) Are Your Local Rules Necessary? Feb PGA Support or the Rules ................ ""’’’.Autri To the Nineteenth Hole ....... Sept. Retiring for Sportsmen .......................... Feb. Rules Are 14 20 17 19 16 (7 19 16 1 USGA Journal and Turf Management: February, 1952 ISSUE PAGE 33 ISSUE PAGE RULES OF GOLF (Continued) Stroke and Distance for Out of Bounds ..Aug. Three off the First Tee.................................. July Uniformity in the Rules — or “Jungle Law”? ....................................... Feb. “Winter Rules” ............................................. Sept. World Code of Rules ..................................... June 15 RULES OF GOLF DECISIONS (The Referee) Artificial Obstruction: Repeated Relief ..April Ball Hitting Another, Stroke Play ....... Aug. Ball Moved by Ball Outside Match ........... Aug. Ball Moving after Address ........................Aug. Ball on Grass, not in Hazard ....................June Ball on Green Moved by Another ........... Aug. Ball on Lip of Hole: Brief Delay ....... April Balls Close Together in Bunker ................Aug. Balls Exactly Six Inches Apart ........... Aug. Ball Striking Flagstick Removed ............. Aug. Ball Wrongly Assumed in Water Hazard April Boundary Marker: No Relief ....................Feb. Casual Water Defined ................................July Casual Water on Putting Green ................June Changing Balls for Putt ............................July Committee Must Correct Mistake ........... Nov. Concession Can be Declined ....................June Damp Areas in Rough ............................Sept. Dropping Ball behind Water Hazard ....April Dropping off Wrong Putting Surface ....Sept. Duty to Report Violations ..........................July Friend Posing as Caddie ............................Nov. Improving Position in Loose Dirt ........... July Influencing Position of Ball ...*................Sept. Lateral Water Hazard: Where to Drop ....Feb. Lost Ball: An Unfair Local Rule ........... Nov. Need for Uniform Penalty ........................Feb. "No Local Rules” ........................................April No Measuring through Obstruction ....... Sept. Ordering Opponent’s Caddie from Flag ..Nov. Placing Clubs in Hazard ..............................Feb. Player Judge of Unplayable Ball ........... Sept. Player Responsible for Own Ball ....... July Practice after Holing Out ............................Feb. Practice be'ore Match Play ........................Aug. Practice on Day of Competition ........... July Provisional Ball Optional ............................June Putting out of Turn ..................................... Aug. Removing Flagstick ..................................... Sept. Removing Grass Blade from Ball ....... April Repairing Ball-Marks on Green ................Aug. Responsibility, Replacing Ball ................Aug. Sand is a Hazard ........................................Aug. 16 2 2 5 23 22 24 24 24 23 24 22 24 23 24 23 23 23 24 23 23 24 24 23 22 24 23 23 23 22 23 22 24 22 23 23 22 23 24 24 23 23 23 24 23 22 23 RULES OF GOLF DECISIONS (Continued) Scores May be Cancelled ............................... Nov. Smoothing Footprints in Hazard ........... Aug. Smoothing Sand in Bunker ....................... June Status of Player Who Defaults ............... Nov. Striking Ball Twice ....................................... Aug. Striking Fellow-Competitor’s Ball ........... Nov. Striking Flagstick from Bunker ............... Nov. Tardy Claim in Match Play ....................... Nov. Temporary Substitution of Club ............... June Things Growing: Dropping from Obstruction ................................................. June Unnecessary Provisional Ball ..................... July Use of Equity ............................................... Sept. When Obstruction is Out of Bounds ....Nov. Wrong Information from Forecaddie ....Nov. SPORTSMAN’S CORNER Miss Margaret Curtis ................................... Feb. Mrs. W. G. Fraser ....................................... Aug. Joe Gagliardi ................................................... Nov. Mrs. H. Arnold Jackson ............................. July Bob Jones ....................................................... April Gil Nicholls ..................................................... July Alfred C. Ulmer ........................................... June George Voigt ................................................. Sept. TOURNAMENTS (not USGA) British Open to Faulkner ........................... Aug. Improving with Age ................................... Aug. Knowles Wins French Amateur ............... July Try, Try Again ........................................... June Tournaments for Your Club ..................... April VERSE Golfers’ Epitaphs ......................................... April Indecision ......................................................... Feb. St. Andrews ..................................................... July The Caddie ..................................................... Sept. To a Golfer’s Credit ................................... April Who Killed the Stymie? ........................... Feb. WOMEN Conduct of Women's Golf ........................... June Eye-Openers ................................................. Sept. Golf for Women — 1890 ............................. Aug. Kid’s a Noble Woman Now ....................... July Ladies as Ambassadors ............................... Feb. Letter from Britain ....................................... July Miss Dorothy Kirby Comes into Her Own .............................................................Sept. Miss Hanson Turns Professional ............... July “Miss Higgins” ............................................... Aug. 23 24 24 23 22 22 22 23 23 24 23 23 24 23 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 4 4 1 14 2 5 4 1 12 2 19 2 2 11 20 18 7 13 2 TURF MANAGEMENT — USGA GREEN SECTION ISSUE PAGE Aerification and Effective Turf Maintenance ........................................... Sept. Aerification is a Must .................. Feb. American Society of Agronomy ...............Nov. Better Bluegrass with Zoysia? ..................July Brown Patch Observations on Bentgrasses ............................................. Aug. Compaction of Turf Soils — Some Causes and Effects ............................... June Fertilizer — Seed Mixtures ........................April From the Golf Course {July Superintendents ........................................{Nov. Further Suggestions for Research on Poa Annua ................................... Sept. Golf in Frosty Weather ............................April Green Section Offices Move ........................Aug. How to Obtain Green Section Services ....April Interesting Reading ....................................... July McCall Retires; Myers Leaves Forage Crops ........................................... June Merion Bluegrass Seed ................................Aug. Meyer (Z-52) Zoysia ................................Nov. 1951 National Turf Field Days ................Aug. 29 28 25 30 32 30 31 25 29 30 28 30 28 26 31 32 30 30 ISSUE PAGE Open Letter to Green Chairmen about Poa Annua ................................................... July Observations of Nematodes in Yellow Tuft of Bentgrass ........................................... June Questions and Answers ............................... Aug. Report of 1951 National Turf Field Days ............................................... Nov. Schedule for 1951 National Turf Field Days ............................................ Sept. Sulfur Scarce. Use Less Superphosphate ......................................Aug. “Temporary Greens Today” or "Course Closed until Further Notice” ........... April They Aerify for Better Turf in Philadelphia ........................................... April Travel Highlights ........................................... June Turf Experiments in South Africa ....... July Turf Management Hints for August ...... Aug. Turf Management Hints for September ..Sept. Turf Nursery Stock is a Critical Material ................................................... April Turf Research at Southeastern Turf Research Center ..................................... Feb. Turf Research Review ............................... June U-3 Bermudagrass ....................................... April 27 28 31 25 25 32 27 25 30 24 31 32 25 27 30 31