USGA JOURNAL TURF MANAGEMENT AND USGA Journal and Turf Management: June 1952 1 THROUGH THE GREEN But There Is No Guarantee Ray Porter, of the Wykagyl Country Club, New Rochelle, N. Y., has become one of the firmest supporters of the Rules < f Golf. Absolute compliance with the Rules provided him with one of his most rewarding experiences in golf. The occasion of this experience was a Club competition in which the Upper Locker Room matched its skill against the Lower Locker Room. Mr. Porter’s opponent was Dr. Ralph Capalbo, and they were even going to the fourteenth hole. As Lawrence Robinson told the story in the New York World-Telegram and Sun: “Both hit fair drives and followed them with overhit second shots. Apparently both balls went out of bounds. Proceed­ ing to the green, it was discovered that Porter’s ball was definitely out but that Dr. Capalbo’s ball had ricocheted from the stone wall in bounds. “The doctor told Porter to drop a ball there to save time and embarrassment. Put Porter had been reading about the necessity of playing by the Rules and trudged back. He made sure he was be­ ing honest by dropping back at least ten yards beyond where he had been when he bad hit his ball out of bounds, and he then let fly with a number three wood. “What do you think happened? The ball holed out. It gave him a gross 4, ev en with the stroke-and-distance penalty, and a net 3, and that beat Dr. Capalbo.” The First One? Competition among golf-equipment manufacturers is keener than you may appreciate unless you are close to the „iajor-tournament picture, but we had considered it a comparatively recent de­ velopment until we heard this tale about Johnny McDermott, the first United States-born professional to win the Open Championship. McDermott came off the last green at the Chicago Golf Club in 1911, having tied Mike Brady and George Simpson over 72 holes in the first Championship he was to win. “What kind of a ball were you using?” two eager, competing golf-ball salesmen asked. “I don’t know yet,” McDermott re­ sponded. “What are you two fellows of­ fering?” Officers of the American Society of Golf Course Architects: William F. Gordon, of Doylestown, Pa., Vice-President; William P*. ?el1, of Pasadena, Cal., President; William H. Diddel, of Carmel, Ind., Secretary-Treasurer. Honors at Brookline There was a private dinner at The Country Club, in Brookline, Mass., this spring to celebrate two occasions which are of considerably wider interest. lhe purpose of the dinner was to honor Harold W. Pierce for his twenty-five years of service as Chairman of the Golf Committee. Mr. Pierce was President of the USGA in 1940 and 1941. Francis Ouimet, the Captain of the Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St. An­ drews, Scotland, was invited to join in the tribute and was happy to accept. The 2 USGA Journal and Turf Management: June 1952 Country Club seized upon the occasion lo surprise Mr. Ouimet by making him an honorary member and by presenting to him The Country Club Gold Medal, emblematic of the Club Championship. The Country Club, of course, was the scene of Mr. Ouimet’s first great golf­ ing victory, in the Open Championship of 1913. Ouimet's Successor The Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St. Andrews, Scotland, has named the Right Honorable Lord Brabazon of Tara as its Captain-elect, and he is scheduled to play himself into office in September. He will succeed Mr. Francis Ouimet, of Boston, who is the only American Cap­ tain the Royal and Ancient Golf Club ever has had. Lord Brabazon is a member of the Rules of Golf Committee of the Royal and Ancient Golf Club and a past-president of the English Golf Union. The Hunter Medal The Richmond County Country Club, on Staten Island, N. Y., was founded in 1888, and in 1894 a few of the members who were less intrigued with riding to hounds established a new game called golf. Although this had consisted at first of little more than striking small, hard balls and then following them across the pasture land and two of their number were once arrested for endangering pass­ ers-by on Little Clove Road, the game caught on. In 1895, golf was an accepted part of the Club life and George Hunter was elected captain of the golf team. He presented to the Club at that time a medal to be awarded to the player having the lowest score in the qualifying round of the club championship. The championship has been held every year from 1895 to date, and the Hunter Medal now is one of the oldest trophies in United States golf and quite probably the oldest which has been in continuous competition. The championship at the Richmond County Country Club this sea­ son will provide the fifty-eighth annual competition for the Hunter Medal. The club, itself, is one of the oldest members of the USGA; five clubs organized the USGA on December 22, 1894, and Rich­ mond County was the first to join as an allied member on March 28, 1895. At least one golf trophy was in com­ petition earlier than the Hunter Medal. This was the championship medal of the St. Andrew’s Golf Club, then at Yonkers, N. Y., first won by Perit C. Myers in 1889 and, coincidentally, last won by George Hunter in 1893. It was a small gold medal, about the size of a half dollar, and may well have been the in­ spiration for the Hunter Medal. The St. Andrew’s medal, however, was replaced by the John Reid Medal in 1894. and William H. Sands retired that in 1807. In contrast, the Hunter Medal has been in competition each year through peace and war. The present holder, Hugh Mar- ^EL MARKEY ■WALWAUtER*- A.LWA1KER M. WELWMMY KMOLE RW CADDELL m HAROLD bmwn rnjEL MARKEY EL MARKEY HI S.B BARSELL W J B. CORNELL JA IQIti AR CORNELL JK WHLCH A. MARKEY M R EARQCHAR IW HAROS BMM'N IKOHUOf A MARKEY mi HUCK A. MARKEY I*K> VHLB. THOMAS IWCXSTOOT f»Ct STOUT JBQM8IL Mil StECWHN hpctstovt IN.ClMEWH -LTIM nfiM.LFEAR> JWCVANCUEF K ALWALKER W ALMLKER M. W ALWUJURjn « AL WALKER JU. m HMWjaJMB !« ALWALKajR. E5ALWALXER.1K. MAlaALKERju. MR M'UXJWONES W Mimx-JMB »cn. markey WALNAlKajR. The Hunter Medal shield USGA Journal and Turf Management: June 1952 3 key, stands in an unbroken line of twen­ ty-four winners, which started with A. E. Paterson, who scored an 80 with the old gutta percha ball in 1895. A. Lucien Walker, Jr., once intercollegiate cham­ pion and formerly a member of the USGA Executive Committee, won it four­ teen times. John B. Cornell, Jr., set the scoring record in 1946 when he won with a 68. Each winner is rewarded with a replica, and his name is inscribed on a gold bar and attached to a ribbon of club colors holding the original medal. We are indebted to Mr. Frank L. Mar­ key, himself a five-time winner of the Hunter Medal, for drawing our attention to it. Hagen Reminisces Walter Hagen was peering reflectively out of a clubhouse window not far from the eighth green at the Oakland Hills Country Club during the Open Cham­ pionship last year. He had, he recalled, four-putted that slippery green in the same Championship 27 years earlier. “My first putt rolled ten feet past the hole,” Walter related. “I went for the second putt and knocked it five feet be­ yond the cup. I went for that, too, and hit the ball two feet past the hole. “ ‘Get a grip on yourself, W alter,’ I said, “ ‘or they’ll think you’re just mow­ ing the green.’ ” Two Clubs in One An inventive chap has come up with a two-sided club, the loft on one side being that of a putter and the loft on the other being that of a chipper. To play it effect­ ively, of course, one would have to be ambidextrous, but a good many persons are. Now a question has been raised as to whether this club conforms to the Rules Governing the Form and Make of Golf Clubs. Mr. Charles B. Grace, the Chair­ man of the Implements and Ball Com­ mittee, in his answer, says: “We would consider that such a club would violate Rule 2-2; we would further (Continued on page 4) SPORTSMAN'S CORNER Phil Farley A leaf, a large, brown, autumn-telling leaf, lay on the sand in the flat bunker to the left of the tenth green, tossing vagrantly back and forth on its spine in the light wind. It was the final round of the 1951 Canadian Amateur Championship at the Royal Ottawa Golf Club. Phil Farley was in the trap. Walter Mc­ Elroy was not only on the green but 2 up. There was that leaf, just eight inches ahead of Farley's ball. It stopped moving, and he prepared to hit. It moved again. And so on. Finally Farley concluded autumn leaves were not going to change their ways for him this day, and he played and lost the hole. Farley didn't shake his head to invite the crowd to witness his hard luck then, or the dozen times when his ball caught bad lies, or when he was twice stymied, or when McElroy's hooks some­ how bounced straight, or when his putter be­ trayed him twice, appallingly. He did not display disgust or dispair, and when he was the moun­ tainous total of 8 down with 16 to play, he was still taking pains and playing to win. The man who had twice before been runner-up neither beseeched the crowd with spaniel eyes nor set out ostentatiously to be the "good loser" with loud remark and studied gesture. McElroy was too good to beat and won modest­ ly and deservedly. But seldom has so persistent a parade of bad luck as Farley's dogged anyone, and it is doubtful whether anyone has ever pos­ sessed, not merely shown, a finer blend of sports­ manship in the face of such ill fortune and the cup's elusiveness. —OTTAWA JOURNAL 4 USGA Journal and Turf Management: Ji ne 1932 {Continued from page 3) consider such a club unacceptable be­ cause it could readily be used to violate Rule 3, limiting the clubs carried to four­ teen. A club with a putter loft on one side and a chipper loft on the reverse would be a substantial departure from the traditional and accepted form and make; further, either one side or the other very likely would not conform with the clause in Rule 2-2 entitled ‘Attach­ ment of Shaft.’ ” Chick Evans Honored The Golf Writers’ Association has chosen Charles Evans, Jr., of Chicago as the winner of the William D. Richard­ son Memorial Trophy for the outstand­ ing contribution to golf in 1951. Mr. Evans, of course, won both the Amateur and Open Championships in 1916, won the Amateur again in 1920, played on three Walker Cups teams and continues as an active competitor at the age of 61. Yet he was honored not for his record as a player but for his part in establishing the Evans Scholarship Foundation, under the Western Golf Association. This Foundation has since 1930 assisted more than 200 former cad­ dies in obtaining college educations. One hundred of these are today enrolled in 27 colleges. Fred McLeod Fred McLeod, who won the Open Championship away back in 1908, recent­ ly celebrated the seventieth anniversary of his birth and the fortieth anniversary of his connection with the Columbia Country Club, in Chevy Chase, Md., and the members did not let the occasion pass without notice. Far from it. The little Scottish professional was the honored guest at a club dinner, and at the conclu­ sion of a series of laudatory remarks by Washington and golfing dignitaries, he was presented a check for $4,000 to be used for a vacation trip to his native Scotland. Where to Place the Cups The loosening-up season is about at an end now, and the formal com] titions are under way. New tournament chairmen and golf committee chairmen are beset by a multiplicity of problems. One of them is where to place the cups on the putting greens in order to separate the men from the boys and at the same time insure a fair competition. Last >ear, a harried chairman sent us a formal ques­ tion on the subject, and here, for the benefit of harried chairmen all over the country this year, is our formal answer: Q: How far from the edge of the green should the cup be, and how far from an undulation or ridge? A: The Rules of Golf do not cover. A former Chairman of the USGA Champion­ ship Committee has said: “It is almost impossible to set up am fixed rules, as there are many factors that can affect a cup location, with the result that the first consideration should always be the use of good judgment in deciding what will give fair results under the given condition. “We generally start with the reqiiiminent that, for an area of from two to thrtill conducts the tournament, just as '-.hen they started it. He plans still further changes for this year: additional flights :n each group for non-qualifiers, with more prizes, and a club team trophy for teams of four players each. The club team trophy, which must be won three Hines for permanent possession, has been donated by the Florida State Golf Asso- ciation. “I believe our tournament has helped m the development of some of the best players in Georgia, Alabama and Florida,” says West. “In every adult tournament held in these states we see the names of boys who used to play at Tallahassee, for example, Don Bisplinghoff of Or- temdo, Fla., Eddie Johnson and John Berry of Tallahassee, Donald Knight of Lakeland, Fla., Scotty’ Fi aser of Panama City, Fla., Larry’ Moore of Moultrie, Ga., Joe Eubank of Daytona Beach, Fla., Charles Dudley, Jr., of Columbus, Ga., Tommy Jenkins of Jacksonville, Fla., Bandy’ Church of Dothan, Ala., Wilson Allen of Newnan, Ga., Bob Harwood, Jr-, of Tampa, Fla., and many’ others who played here hold their own with the best men players in their communities. I think many’ of the future golf greats of the South will come from this list.” According to West, the tournament owes its success to the following factors: 1. Putting the boys in age groups and giving exactly the same number and quality prizes in each group. 2. Awarding prizes attractive to boys. Ihere are four prizes in the championship flight of each age group, three prizes in the consolation flight of each group and a tour­ nament medal. 3. Publicity. The event is publicized in advance and the sponsors try to see to it that each boy’s home town newspaper learns what he accomplishes in the tourna­ ment. 4. Making the event as “big-time” as possible. There is a regular starter’s tent, a PA system, five-minute notices for the players and other procedures similar to Championships. “They love it and we get a terrific kick out of them,” remarked West. 5. Co-operation. USGA PUBLICATIONS OF GENERAL INTEREST THE RULES OF GOLF, as approved by the United States Golf Association and the Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St. Andrews, Scotland, effective January 1, 1952. Booklet, 25 cents (special rates for orders of 1,000 or more). Poster, 25 cents. ARE YOUR LOCAL RULES NECESSARY?, a reprint of a USGA Journal article containing recom­ mendations regarding local rules. No charge. THE RULE ABOUT OBSTRUCTIONS, a reprint of a USGA Journal article. No charge. USGA GOLF HANDICAP SYSTEM, containing re­ commendations for basic handicaps for men. Booklet, 25 cents. Supplementary handicap table in poster form, 10 cents. THE CONDUCT OF WOMEN'S GOLF, containing suggestions for guidance in the conduct of women's golf in clubs and associations, in­ cluding handicapping. 25 cents. TOURNAMENTS FOR YOUR CLUB, a reprint of a USGA Journal article detailing various types of competitions. No charge. HANDICAPPING THE UNHANDICAPPED, a re­ print of a USGA Journal article explaining the Calloway system of automatic handicap­ ping for occasional players in a single tourna­ ment. No charge. PROTECTION OF PERSONS AGAINST LIGHTNING ON GOLF COURSES, a poster. No charge. HOLE IN ONE AWARDS. No charge. GLOSSARY OF GOLF TERMS. No charge. AMATEURISM IS IN THE HEART, a reprint of a USGA Journal article by E. G. Grace. No charge. THE UNITED STATES GOLF ASSOCIATION, a pamphlet describing its origin and activities. No charge. TURF MANAGEMENT, by H. B. Musser (McGraw- Hill Book Co., Inc.), the authoritative book on greenkeeping. $6. USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT, a 33- page magazine published seven times a year and containing authoritative information on handicapping, amateur status, greenkeeping methods, clubs and ball, new trends and the play of the game. $2 a year. These publications are available on request to the United States Golf Association, 40 East 38th Street, New York 16, N. Y. 14 USGA Journal and Turf Management: June 1952 Keeping Score at “Golf House” By EDWARD S. KNAPP, JR. USGA Executive Assistant Almost every golf course provides a score card for each player. Its most im­ portant function is to provide a space in which to keep a record of the round. It is not always necessary to keep score ex­ cept in stroke play competition, but it is always a convenience. Even the memories of golfers are not infallible. Unless there is sufficient space, properly arranged, to keep two to four scores, the score card is of little value. There are many other uses to which a score card may be adapted. A card may contain a picture of the clubhouse or a pretty view, a club coat of arms and his­ torical data, local rules if any, a map of adjacent territory to locate the club, a diagram of the course itself, comic relief in the form of a cartoon or caricature, yardages and names of the holes and many other items of fact or fiction. A few clubs defray the cost of their cards by selling advertising space thereon. It is no wonder that you seldom see the same styles in score cards at different clubs. They can be most interesting. This is one of the reasons why the USGA has a collection of golf score cards in “Golf House,” its new headquarters and mu­ seum in New York. A short time ago, Ralph A. Kennedy, of New York, who has played more than 3,035 golf courses all over the world and has an attested score card for each round, asked if the USGA could use his duplicates. “My wife says they take up too much room,” he quipped. And so the USGA’s first real collection of score cards came into being. We now have more than 2,000 different cards, mainly Mr. Kennedy’s donation, and hope to see the number grow. Another purpose than merely having a collection on exhibition can be served. Every year a number of clubs write that they are revising their score cards and ask for suggestions. This is particularly true this year when many courses, heed­ ing the recommendation of the USGA, are abolishing or revising their local rules. If we can be helpful to member clubs in suggesting a more attractive or a more efficient card by submitting sam­ ples from our collection, our time will have been well spent. In the meantime, the collection may be examined upon request by visitors io “Golf House.” Since the publication of the last issue of the USGA Journal, contributions to “Golf House” have been received from: Jim Burdock Mr. and Mrs. J. Kenneth Donohue Al Jamison William F. Newbery Mitchell Rosenholtz R. O. Sanford Robert Schussa CLUB Longmeadow Country Club, Mass. OTHER Golf Digest, Inc. Of the original goal of $105,000, about $20,000 remains to be realized. Improve­ ments and additions are constantly being made and the “Golf House” dream of a few years ago is becoming a present day actuality. Golfers and non-golfers are in­ vited to visit “Golf House” any week day between 9 A.M. and 5 P.M. Further contributions in any amount will be most welcome. They should be addressed to: USGA Golf House Fund 40 East 38th Street New York 16, N. Y. Turf Management Worth-while discussions of the problems con­ fronting Green Committee Chairmen are con­ tained in TURF MANAGEMENT, a book sponsored by the United States Golf Association. This volume was edited by H. Burton Musser and published by the McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc. It is available through the USGA, 40 East 38th Street, New York 16, N. Y.; the USGA Green Section, Room 331, Administration Building, Plant Industry Sta­ tion, Beltsville, Md., and bookstores generally- The price is $6. USGA Journal and Turf Management: June 1952 15 THE OPEN (Continued from page 7) 290, two over par, yet he had only a stroke over a homebred amateur. Charles Evans, Jr. Evans needed a 2 to tie on the last hole, and his pitch hit the cup and bounced out. As Hagen came onto the scene. Mc­ Dermott faded off; it was his last Cham­ pionship. 1915—Jerome D. Travers, an amateur from the Upper Montclair (N. J.) Country Club, followed the trail which Ouimet had blazed. 1 ravers already had won the Amateur four times, and he achieved his ambition in the Open by playing the last six holes in par to beat Tom McNamara by a stroke. The Championship was at the Baltusrol (N. J.) Golf Club in June. 1915, and Travers’ score was 76-72-73-76—297, nine over par. 19,6 The amateurs underscored their mas­ tery at the Minikahda Club, Minneapolis, Minn., in June, 1916. Charles Evans, Jr., of the Edgewater Golf Club. Chicago, the third amateur winner in four years, not only won but broke par over four rounds for the first time and lowered the record by four strokes. His score was 70-69-74-73—■ 286, two under par and a mark that was to stand for 20 years. Jock Hutchison closed with a 68 and also bettered the old record, -jut he was two strokes shy of a tie. Travers did not defend. The purse was increased 'his year to SI,200, with $500 and a gold medal for the leading professional, but mere were still only ten money places. Evans won the Amateur three months later and was the first to w'in both in the same year. 1917-1918—There were no Open Champion­ ships during World War I, but the USGA conducted a similar tournament for the benefit- of the Red Cross at the Whitemarsh Valley Country Club. Chestnut Hill, Pa., in June, 1917. Jock Hutchison won with 292 and Tom McNamara was second with 299. 9^9 When the Open was resumed in June, 1919, at the Brae Burn Country Club. West Newton, Mass., Walter Hagen, now playing [rom the Oakland Hills Country Club, near Detroit, restored the prestige of the pro- essionals. He played the last six holes in one under fours to overhaul Mike Brady with a 75 in the last round and then won a play-off marked by controversy over the Rules, 77 to 78. Hagen’s first four rounds "ere 78-73-75-75 lor 301. seventeen over Par. Meanwhile. Willie Chisholm took 18 °n the 185-yard eighth hole in the first round. The purse was increased again, to $1,745: first professional prize remained $500, but other prizes were increased and eleventh and twelfth places were added. For the first time, play was extended to three days, with one round on each of the first two days and two rounds on the third. 1920—The Open Championship went abroad for the second and last time in August, 1920. Ted Ray and Harry Vardon came over from England again to play at the Inverness Club. Toledo. Ohio. With seven holes to go. Vardon was leading by five strokes, but a gale came up and Vardon, who was 50 years old. played the last seven holes in even fives. Ray was the winner, with 74-73-73-75—295, seven over par. and Vardon finished in a four-way tie for sec­ ond. one stroke back, with Leo Diegel, Jock Hutchison and Jack Burke. Ray was 43 years old and remains the oldest winner. An amateur named Bob Jones played for the first time, tied for the lead with 18 holes to play and finished in a tie for eighth at 299; he was 18 years old. The entry rose to another new high of 265. The two- day format for the championship proper was restored. 1921—Jim Barnes, an Englishman represent­ ing the Pelham (N. Y.) Country Club, won the 25th USGA Open with remarkable ease over a strong, international field in July, 1921. at the Columbia Countrv Club, Chevy Chase. Md. His 69-75-73-72—289. nine over par. enabled him to lead after every round and win by nine strokes over Walter Hagen and Fred McLeod. Bob Jones tied for fifth at 303. Warren G. Harding. President of the United States, presented the trophy to Barnes. 1922—Gene Sarazen, 20 years old, burst onto the scene at the Skokie Country Club, Glencoe. Ill., in July. 1922. with the impact of a thunderclap. Representing the High­ land Country Club. Pittsburgh, he scored 72-73-75 to stand four strokes behind going into the last round, then finished with a 68, including a birdie on the last hole, to win by a stroke with 288. eight over par. Bob Jones and John Black, who was 43 and a grandfather, tied for second. It was the best finishing round so far. and a token of Sarazen’s future. The entry set another rec­ ord of 323. and the qualifying at the scene of the Championship had to be extended to three days. Spectators were charged admis­ sion fees for the first time. 1923—Bob Jones’ era really opened at the Inwood (N. Y.) Country Club in July, 1923. The amateur from the East Lake course in 16 USGA Journal and Turf Management: June 1952 Atlanta, Ga., was leading after three rounds of 71-73-76 but finished with a two-over-par 6 on the last hole and a 76 for 296, eight over par. Bobby Cruickshank, playing be­ hind him, birdied that last hole, and the two entered a play-off. They were even again going up the last fairway, but Cruick­ shank had pulled his tee shot and had to play his second short of the lagoon guard­ ing the green. Jones hit a No. 2 iron shot nearly 200 yards from the rough over the lagoon to the green to make his 4 and win, 76 to 78. It was his first major Champion­ ship. The entry of 360 set still another rec­ ord, and qualifying at the scene of the Championship required four days. Since the Championship proper took two more days and the play-off another day. a full week was needed to determine the Champion. 1924—Cyril Walker, an Englishman almost as little as Fred McLeod, won at the Oak­ land Hills Country Club in June, 1924. Representing the Englewood (N. J.) Golf Club, he did a deliberate 74-74-74-75—297, nine over par. Jones, who had finished earlier with a birdie 4 against the wind on the long finishing hole for 300, led until Walker completed his round and was sec­ ond. The first elements of sectional qualify­ ing were introduced; eastern and western elimination rounds were held in May at Worcester, Mass., and Oak Park, II]., and the low 40 and ties at each place qualified for the Championship proper. Use of the steel-shafted putter was permitted for the first time. 1925—Willie Macfarlane tied Bob Jones at 291, seven over par. and they had to play off twice before Macfarlane won at the Worcester (Mass.) Country Club in June, 1925. In the first play-off, both scored 75s, marking the first time a play-off, too, had ended in a tie. Jones went four strokes ahead on the first nine of the second play­ off, but Macfarlane caught him with a 72 to Jones’ 73. The Scot, who wore glasses and represented the Oak Ridge Golf Club, Tuckahoe, N. Y., had scored 74-67-72-78 in the Championship proper, and had been one of five, including Francis Ouimet, John­ ny Farrell, Leo Diegel and Walter Hagen, who came to the final hole with a chance to win or tie. His 67 was a new low. Pre­ liminary elimination rounds were held at three points: Long Beach, N. Y., Lake Forest, Ill., and San Francisco, Cal., and the entry record jumped again to 445. The Championship proper was the last con­ densed into two days. 1926—Bob Jones had won his first British Open during a spring tour of the British Isles and took his second USGA Open at the Scioto Country Club. Columbus, Ohio, in July, 1926. It was the first time a player had won both in the same year. Despite a depressing second round in which he called a penalty on himself when his ball turned over as he was addressing a putt, he came from behind with a birdie 4 on the last hole to complete a 70-79-71-73—293, five over par, and beat Joe Turnesa by a stroke. This Championship was again extended to three days, with one round each of the first two days and two on the third day. There were seventeen sectional qualifying rounds and the system was well established. So was the popularity of the Open; the entry rose to another new high of 694. I he purse was increased, too. to $2,145 by the addition of eight places so that the first 20 professionals were rewarded in cash, al­ though first prize remained $500. 1927—Tommy Armour, a Scot who had re­ cently turned professional, holed a 10-footer for a birdie on the last green to tie Harry Cooper at the Oakmont (Pa.) Country Club in June. 1927. Cooper had1 three- putted the last green but still had seemed a winner. Their scores of 301 were thirteen over par and the highest of modern times, in testimony to the terrors of the course. Armour, representing the Congressional Country Club, near Washington. D. C.. won the play-off, 76 to 79; his first four rounds were 78-71-76-76. Jones made his poorest showing, with a 309 that left him tied for eleventh. Again the entry rose, this time to 898. lhe professional competition for the Ryder Cup was played in this country for the first time, at Worcester, and the British team participated in this Champion­ ship. Archie Compston made the best show­ ing, tying for seventh with 308. 1928—Johnny Farrell, of the Quaker Ridge Golf Club, Scarsdale. N. Y.. and Bob Jones played to another tie. with 294s, ten over par, at the Olympia Fields Country Club, Mateson. III., in June. 1928. The play-off distance had been increased to 36 holes, and Farrell won it with a 70-73—143 to Jones 73-71—144. Farrell’s Championship rounds had been 77-74-71-72. The entry rose above 1,000 for the first time, as 1,064 attempted to qualify. 1929 Bob Jones took two 7s on his final round and had to hole a 12-foot putt on the last green to tie Al Espinosa at the West course of the Winged Foot Golf Club, USGA Journal and Turf Management: June 1952 17 Mamaroneck, N. Y.. in June, 1929. Jones’ score was 69-75-71-79—294, eight over par. In his fourth play-off. however, he was in­ vincible; his 72-69—141 was 23 strokes better than Espinosa's 84-80—164. The purse now was $5,000. First professional Bob Jones prize was $1,000, instead of $500, and the rewards for the other leaders also were substantially increased, although none after those tied for twentieth place was rewarded. 1930—The third trick of Bob Jones’ Grand Slam was played at the Interlachen Country Club, Minneapolis, Minn., in July, 1930. He had won the British Amateur and the British Open. After three rounds he had a five-stroke lead in the USGA Open, thanks in part to a half-topped spoon shot which skipped across the lake to set up a birdie 4 instead of submerging at the long ninth hole in the second round and in part to his 68 in the third round, his lowest in the Open. Yet he had to make three birdies on the last five holes and hole a 40-footer on the last green to win by two strokes over Macdonald Smith. His score of 71-73- 68-75—287, one under par, was his best in eleven Opens, and it marked the second time par over four rounds was broken. After completing the Grand Slam by win­ ning the Amateur, he retired at the age of 28. The entry rose to 1,177, another new record. This Open was the last for the ball no smaller than 1.62 inches in diameter and no heavier than 1.62 ounces. 1931—When Bob Jones retired, a wide-open and keen struggle was anticipated, but not such a lengthy struggle as was waged at the Inverness Club, Toledo, Ohio, in July, 1931. George Von Elm made a birdie 3 on the last hole to tie Billy Burke, of the Round Hill Club, Greenwich, Conn., at 292, eight over par, and 72 additional holes were required to determine the winner, who turned out to be Burke by a stroke. Burke’s score in the Championship proper was 73- 72-74-73. In the first 36-hole play-off, Burke did 73-76—149 but Von Elm again birdied the last hole to tie with 75-74—149. In the second 36-hole play-off, Burke made 77- 71—148 to Von Elm’s 76-73—149. The margin between them thus was one stroke, acquired five holes from the finish, in 144 holes of golf, the most ever required to determine a Champion. The so-called “bal­ loon” ball, no smaller than 1.68 inches in diameter and no heavier than 1.55 ounces, which had been used experimentally and optionally in the previous two years, was standard this year. 1932—Gene Sarazen won the British Open and came home in June, 1932, to play the last 28 holes in 100 strokes and win the USGA Open, too, at the Fresh Meadow Country Club, Flushing, N. Y. He was seven strokes behind as he came to the 18 USGA Journal and Turf Management: June 19-2 ninth tee on the morning of the final day, and he decided to throw caution to the winds. A birdie 2 on that hole and a 32 on the second nine gave him a 70 and left him only one stroke off the pace. The final 18 he played in 66, the lowest round in the Championship to that date, to win by three strokes. He was representing the Lakeville Golf and Country Club, Great Neck, N. Y., and his full score of 74-76-70-66—286, six over par, tied the mark Evans had set six­ teen years earlier. The victory made him the second man, after Jones, who did it twice, to win the British and USGA Opens in the same year. The present ball, no smaller than 1.68 inches in diameter and no heavier than 1.62 ounces, replaced the “balloon” ball. 1933—Johnny Goodman, an amateur, played away to one of the Open’s longest leads, then turned conservative and won by only a stroke at the North Shore Golf Club, Glen View, Ill., in June, 1933. Goodman started with a 75 and a 66 to lead at the halfway mark, extended his lead to six strokes with a 70 in the third round and started his last round 4-3-2, three less than par. Yet he fell away to a 76 for 287, one under par, and Ralph Guldahl would have tied him if his iron shot to the last green had been true for a 4, instead of fading into a bunker for a 5. Goodman, the third man to break par in the Open, played from the Omaha (Neb.) Field Club and was the fifth and last amateur to win; like Ouimet, Evans and Jones, he was not to win his Amateur Championship until later, four years later in his case. 1934—Olin Dutra, of the Brentwood Coun­ try Club, Los Angeles, Cal., reversed Good­ man’s procedure in winning at the East course of the Merion Cricket Club in June, 1934. His 76-74 in the first two rounds left him eight strokes back starting the final 36 holes. Among the seventeen men ahead of him were nearly all the great professionals of the times. On top of this, he was seriously upset by a stomach ailment. Yet his strokes on the last day were true as a surveyor’s measure, through all of Merion’s hazards, and lie caught and passed the pack with rounds of 71 and 72 for 293, thirteen over par, to lead Gene Sarazen by one. That de­ ficit of eight strokes was the largest a win­ ner has made up over the final 36 holes in modern times. 1935—Sain Parks, of Pittsburgh, used his knowledge of the Oakmont (Pa.) Country Club to win in June, 1935. Although a comparatively recent convert from college and amateur ranks and little known na­ tionally, Parks, professional at the nearby South Hills Country Club, was the only player to negotiate Oakmont’s furrow- d bunkers and shaved greens in less th.m 300. He won by posting a 77-73-73-76—299. eleven over par. Jimmy Thomson, who had been tied with him for the lead going into the final round, fell two strokes behind m his attempt to match or beat that figuie. It was a heart-breaking Championship t--r many; none of the twenty leaders was aide to break 75 in the last round. 1936 Tony Manero of the Sedgefield Chis*. Greensboro, N. C., lifted himself from comparative obscurity by finishing with a 67 for 282, six under par, to break the rec­ ord by four strokes, and thus, as it had been in 1927, the Open title was again snatched away from Harry Cooper. It hap­ pened at the Baltusrol Golf Club, Spring- field, N. J., in June. 1936. Cooper’s 281 already had broken by two strokes Evan- and Sarazen’s record which had stood for twenty years and all the principal chal­ lengers appeared to have foundered when Manero played out his brilliant finish, pos'- ing 73-69-73-67. Par for four rounds was broken for the first time by a professional in this Championship and in the proce - suffered its first real beating. Manero was six under, Cooper was four under and Clarence Clark was one under. Previously par had been broken only by the three amateurs, Evans in 1916, Jones in 1930 ami Goodman in 1933. As the scores went down, the entry went up, and the 1,277 who com­ peted in sectional qualifying set another high mark. 1937—Ralph Guldahl, an unattached pro­ fessional from Chicago, who had just missed four years earlier, made short woik of Manero’s record at the Oakland HiHs Country Club in June, 1937. With another late and great finish, lie completed a score of 71-69-72-69—281, seven under par, to reestablish the record. He beat Sam Snead, playing in his first Open, by tw'o strokes. In all, five players were under par for the four rounds. The entry increased again to a new high of 1.402. 1938 Ralph Guldahl became the fourth player, after Willie Anderson, Johnny Mc­ Dermott and Bob Jones, to win in successive years, and he did it easily. With a score of 74-70-71-69—284, even par. he built a lead of six strokes over Dick Metz at the Cherry Hills Club, Denver, Colo., in June, 1938- USGA Journal and Turf Management: June 1952 19 This Championship also was distinguished by a new record for strokes taken on a single hole; Ray Ainsley took 19 on the par-4 sixteenth hole in the second round, most of them in trying to extricate his ball from a brook. Prize money was increased to $6,000 by the addition of awards to those finishing from twenty-first to thirtieth; first prize remained $1,000. 1939—Byron Nelson, of the Reading (Pa.) Country Club, made up five strokes in his last round and posted 72-73-71-68—284, eight over par. Sam Snead came to the last hole needing a par 5 to win, took 8 and finished fifth. Craig Wood came along later needing a birdie 4 to tie and made it. Denny Shute came up last needing two pars lo win but lost a stroke on the seventeenth hole and created the fourth three-way dead­ lock. hi the first play-off, Wood appeared to have the Championship in hand, but Nelson birdied the last hole and they tied ‘gain at 68; Shute had 76 and was elimi­ nated. In the second play-off, Nelson was >n such form that he holed a full No. 1 iron -hot for an eagle 2 at the fourth hole, and he won with a 70 to Wood’s 73. The Cham­ pionship was played over the Spring Mill course of the Philadelphia Country Club in June, 1939. Marvin II. Ward, who was to )'in the Amateur later in the season, fin­ ished fourth, one stroke out of the triple tie. .^"Lawson Little placed a 72-69-73-73— -87, one under par, on the scoreboard and then stood by while Gene Sarazen finished 'vith three pars to tie. Little played superb golf to win the play-off, 70 to 73, at the Canterbury Golf Club, near Cleveland, Uhio, in June, 1940. Little was playing from Bretton Woods, N. H., and had Pr°fessional after winning the USGA and the British Amateur Champion­ ships in 1934 and 1935. He was the sixth man to win both Amateur and Open Cham­ pionships. Sarazen was 38 years old and ^as making his bid eighteen years after he iad won his first Open. Six players were disqualified for starting their last rounds ahead of schedule, with a storm brewing, hut played out the round provisionally and 287 ^lem’ Ed Oliver, made an unofficial 41_~~Craig Wood, of the Winged Foot Golf Club, Mamaroneck, N. Y., shared or leld the lead after each of the last three rounds and won with 73-71-70-70—284, four over par, at the Colonial Club, Fort Worth, lexas, in June, 1941. This despite a back lnjury prior to the Championship which almost caused Wood to withdraw. He won by three strokes over Denny Shute. Rain was so heavy and lightning so severe dur­ ing the second round that play was twice stopped. The Colonial course was com­ paratively new, having been opened in 1936. 1942-1945—Open Championships were sus­ pended again during World War II. Instead of the competition which had been sched­ uled for the Interlachen Country Club, Minneapolis, a Hale America Open wms conducted in June, 1942, at the Ridgemoor Country Club, Chicago, in cooperation with the Chicago District Golf Association and the Professional Golfers’ Association of America. Ben Hogan, of the Hershey (Pa.) Country Club, won with a score of 72-62- 69-68—271, seventeen under par. His re­ markable score was three strokes lower than those of Mike Turnesa and Jimmy Demaret. Bob Jones, now a captain in the Army, came out of retirement to play and scored 290. The competition was played for the benefit of the United Service Organizations and the Navy Relief Society, which divided $25,745.27. Prizes distributed were in the form of defense bonds. 1946—When the Open was resumed at the Canterbury Golf Club, Cleveland, in June, 1946. Lloyd Mangrum, of Los Angeles, an ex-soldier who had fought and earned the Purple Heart overseas, appropriately w’on. On the last day of the Championship pro­ per, which was attended by the largest crowds to that time, Vic Ghezzi set the stage by posting a 284, four under par. Mangrum and Byron Nelson, playing to­ gether behind him, remained in the conten­ tion. Nelson had incurred a penalty stroke in the third round when his caddie had in­ advertently kicked his ball in the swirling crowd, but he could still w’in by twTo strokes if he finished with three pars, and Man­ grum was only a stroke behind him. Nelson three-putted the next-to-last green and took a 6 on the last hole to tie Ghezzi. Mangrum held steadier and made it the fifth three- way tie. Ben Hogan and Herman Barron came still later, each needing three pars to win, but they failed by a stroke of even tying. These five and four others all were under par for four rounds, establishing a quantitative mark in this aspect of the Championship. In the first play-off, Man­ grum once had a lead of four strokes, but at the end all three were tied again with 72s. In the second play-off, Mangrum wTas three strokes behind Ghezzi and two be­ hind Nelson with six holes to play, but he 20 USGA Journal and Turf Management: June 19'-2 birdied three of them, survived a sharp thunderstorm and won in rain under dark­ ening skies with another 72, to 73s by Nel­ son and Ghezzi. Mangrum’s original four rounds were 74-70-68-72. The purse was increased to $8,000, and the first profes­ sional prize was increased to $1,500. 1947—Lew Worsham, of the Oakmont (Pa.) Country Club, scored 70-70-71-71—282, two under par, was tied by Sam Snead and then won in a play-off, 69 to 70, at the St. Louis (Mo.) Country Club in June, 1947. They were three strokes ahead of the field in the Championship proper. A dramatic moment occurred when Snead came to the last hole needing a birdie 3 to tie; he made it with an eighteen-foot putt. Snead had less for­ tune on the last green of the play-off; he missed a putt of less than a yard which would have kept the play-off alive. James B. McHale, Jr., an amateur, set a new 18- hole record when he played the course in 30-35—65 in the third round. The purse was increased again, the total to $10,000 for the first 30 professionals and first prize to $2,000; and the competition was for a new cup, the original having been destroyed in a fire at the Tam O’Shanter Country Club during the winter. This Championship w’as the first to be televised. 1948—Ben Hogan, of the Hershey (Pa.) Country Club, was again a favorite, as he had been for some years, and this time he won exactly as expected at the Riviera Country Club, Los Angeles, in June, 1948. His score of 67-72-68-69—276 was five be­ low Ralph Guldahl’s mark for the Cham­ pionship and eight below par. another rec­ ord in itself. Jimmy Demaret, with 278, and Jim Turnesa, with 280, also were under the old Championship record in finishing two-three, and altogether five players were under par. The entry record rose again to 1,411. 1949—Dr. Cary Middlecoff, a dentist who had left the amateur ranks two years pre­ viously. and Clayton Heafner came down the stretch together, matching shot for shot in June. 1919. Middlecoff went ahead with a par on the fifteenth hole and completed a 75-67-69-75—286. two over par. while Heaf­ ner missed a putt for a birdie on the last green and trailed by a stroke. Sam Snead, playing later, needed 33 on the last nine to tie but lost a stroke at the par-3 seventeenth hole, where he needed three strokes to get down from just off the green, and had to share second place with Heafner. Play was over the No. 3 course of the Medinah (Ill.) Country Club. Hogan had boo severely injured in an automobile accident in February and could not compete. 1950—Ben Hogan achieved the miracle m - tory which few but he had thought possible in the Golden Anniversary Open over ti e East course of the Merion Golf Club m June. 1950. Sixteen months after a near1, fatal automobile crash in Texas, and slid walking in some discomfort, he played an exacting course in 72-69-72-74—287, seven over par. and tied Lloyd Mangrum ami George Fazio. The final 36 holes markon the first time Hogan had attempted tw“ rounds in a single day since his injury, ami it may have been weariness which caused him to lose strokes to par on the fifteenth and seventeenth holes of the last round when he seemed to have the Championship won. It was the eighteenth tie, and the sixths three-way tie. in fifty Championships, am! like all but four of the previous deadlocks, it was settled in one round. Hogan came back to play a flawless 69 which won over Mangrum’s 73 and Fazio’s 75. Mangrum trailed by only a stroke with three holes to play hut thoughtlessly picked up his ball to blow off an insect at the sixteenth green and incurred a two-stroke penalty. The rec­ ord for a single round fell when Lee Mackey. Jr., a professional, opened with a 33-31—64; but he finished in a tie for twenty-fifth at 297. Prize money was in­ creased again to approximately $15,000: the first professional now received $4,000 and every professional who returned a 72- hole score was assured of at least $100. 1951—Ben Hogan, still representing the Hershey (Pa.) Country Club, rose to more great heights at the Oakland Hills Country Club in June. 1951. The revamped course was perhaps as difficult as any on which the Open had been played. Hogan already had warn in both of his last two tries and. despite Willie Anderson’s record in the early days, the law of averages seemed against him. His first two rounds left him five strokes off the pace. Yet Hogan tamed course, fel­ low-competitors and the law of averages with 76-73-71-67—287. seven over par. to lead Clayton Heafner bv two strokes. The 67 he considered his greatest single round to that time, and he made it by playing the last nine in 32. The only other sub­ par round of the Championship was Heaf­ ner s closing 69. From the standpoint of attendance, this was the most successful in the series, and the entrv, too. rose to a new high of 1.511. USGA Joi;rnal and Turf Management: June 1952 21 THE REFEREE Decisions by the USGA and the R. and A. Rules of Golf Committees Example oi symbols: "USGA” indicates decision by the United States Gol. Association. "R & A” indicates decision by the Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St. Andrews, Scotland. “52-1” means the first decision issued in 1952. “R. 37-7” reiers to Section 7 oi Rule 37 in the 1952 Rules of Golf. Taking Stance and Testing Hazard USGA 52-17 R.33-1 Q: Will you kindly clarify Rule 33 regarding procedure in taking stance in sand trap? Player claims that after taking stance in trap and digging feet in for such purpose, player is obliged to complete stroke. Player claims that after breaking surface of hazard to take stance and leaving this position to pos­ sibly change club or for some other reason, player has violated Rule 33 by testing depth of sand. Question by: Jim Rooney Ft. Lauderdale, Fla. A: Rule 33-la entitles the player to place his feet firmly in taking his stance. After so doing, the player is not obliged to complete the stroke. There is nothing to prevent him from leaving his position; he may, for instance, want to take an entirely different stance. On the other hand, one of the objects of Rule 33-1, first paragraph, is to prohibit test­ ing the condition of the hazard before making a stroke. Therefore, in taking or leaving a stance, a player should always comport him­ self in such a way as to gain no undue ad­ vantage, as by testing the condition of the hazard. If he does otherwise, he is subject to penalty for violation of Rule 33. Ball Lodged in Tree USGA 52-18. D.13; R. 17-3,4; 22-2, 27-lc, 29-1, 32, 36-4c, 37-7 QI; A ball lodges in a tree. As the player is climbing the tree to try to play a stroke, the ball drops to the ground. a- Does the player sustain a penalty? b. Suppose that while standing on the ground he purposely shake? the tree in trying to make the ball drop out of the tree. Is he penalized? c. Is a player entitled to leave the ground and climb a tree in order to play a stroke? Is that building a stance within the meaning of Rule 17-4? Ala.: Ye:----one stroke under Rule 27-lc, as the ball must be deemed to have been moved accidentally. b. Yes—two strokes under Rule 17-3, as the player's action is purposeful. C. The player i? entitled to try to climb a tree under the circumstances described. Rule 17-4 does not apply. Cancelling Day's Play Q2: In addition to water-logged condition of the course and lightning, what are some justi­ fiable reasons for cancelling a day’s play in stroke play under Rule 36-4c? What about high winds, and physical danger to players? A2: Good reasons would include very high winds, danger to players, lack of light, or any other unplavable condition. Q3: a. Is it the committee’s duty in stroke play to declare when a course is unplayable be­ cause of insufficient light? b. In declaring the course unplayable and ordering a temporary suspension of play, should the committee give the players the option to dis­ continue immediately and mark the location of their balls or to play to any degree desired? c. Instead of cancelling an entire incompleted round under Rule 36-4c. could the committee rule as follows: first, that all 18-hole scores re­ turned shall stand; second, that 18-hole scores returned by a certain hour shall stand or that players finishing 18 holes shall have the choice of either "keeping” their scores or replaying the following day? d. Could the committee declare an "official unplayable time'. accept all 18-hole scores posted, and give all players still out on the course the option of either (1) lifting and mark­ ing their balls and resuming play the next day at the point where they stopped, or of (2) con­ tinuing on as far as they desired? A3: a. Yes. See Rule 36-4c. b. No. All play should be suspended as near­ ly simultaneously as reasonably possible; it is advisable to permit players to complete an un­ finished hole. c. Such a ruling would conflict with Rule 36- 4c. See answer b. d. Such a determination would conflict with Rule 36-4c. See answer b. Undue Delay Evidence Q4: Unless th ere are officials on the course, who can prove and enforce Rule 37-1 regard­ ing undue delay? Would you accept one or two players' protest or testimony? A4: As a general proposition, two players’ testimony would be adequate. In any case, the committee must weigh all available evidence in trying to arrive at a fair decision. Backswing Breaks Twigs Q5: On a practice backswing. is it a viola­ tion of Rule 17-3 to break twigs from tree?? A5: Yes. if the position of the ball i? im­ proved. Cracks in Earth Q6: What rules apply to crack? in the earth. ?uch as mav be caused by intense rays from the ,22 USGA Journal and Turf Management: June T)52 sun; also to tracks across a course made by vehicles? A6: The Rules of Golf do not give relief without penalty unless a specific area is classed as ground under repair—see Definition 13 and Rule 32; in «uch case, the classification should be temporary and should be removed when the area is restored to proper condition. Dropping Ball in Hazard Q7: A ball played from a bunker goes out of bounds. The player drops a ball on a bank of the bunker but outside the confines of the hazard; he drops it in such a way that the ball rolls into the bunker and comes to rest near the place where the original ball had lain. However, had he dropped the ball in the bunker, it probably would have become partly buried in sand. Did the player drop the ball correctly? A7: No. The player was obliged to drop the ball in the hazard as near as possible to the spot from which the original ball was played. See Rules 29-la and 22-2. The penalty in match play is loss of hole and in stroke play two strokes. Ball Marks on Green USGA 52-20. Et. 7; R. 35-lb; LR Q: I would like to have a ruling on how ball marks on the green are treated, not only those made by the player’s ball but also the ball pits made by players ahead of him and who failed to repair same. Is the player permitted to re­ pair or level out the ball mark before putting? What is the rule if the player’s ball mark is between the ball and the hole—that is, directly in his line? If he is allowed to repair same, let me know in what manner. Will this have to be covered by a local rule? Question by: Al Escalante, Pro. Mexico City Country Club Mexico, D.F. A: The Rules of Golf do not give relief. A local rule designed to give relief would conflict with the Rules of Golf. Rule 35-lb prohibits touching the line of putt. A basic general theory of the game is that you play the course as you find it. Section 7 of Etiquette provides in part that damage to the putting green made by the ball or the player should be carefully repaired after the players have holed out. In USGA Champion­ ships members of the club’s greenkeeping staff repair ball marks after a group has holed out and before the next group plays to the putting green. On specific days when conditions warrant, it is sometimes advisable to adopt a local rule giving relief for a ball embedded in its own pit-mark—see recommendations for local rules on page 58 of the 1952 Rules of Golf booklet. Dropping from Lateral Water USGA 52-21 R. 33-2,3 Q: We have several holes with parallel water hazards. Would you please clarify Rule 33 for us to this extent: when a ball enters a lateral water hazard, is it permissible to apply Note 2, Page 40, that states: “There is no limit to how far behind a water hazard a ball may be dropped”? Question by: Paul L. Smith, Chairman Golf Committee The Zanesville Country Club Zanesville, Ohio A: The note in question refers to Rule 33-2a, which provides for dropping a ball behind a water hazard. With reference to lateral water hazards, Rule 33-3b is specific in requiring that a ball be dropped within two club-lengths of the hazard margin, etc. Ball Not Replaced in Four-Ball USGA 52 22 R.22-2, 23, 40-3g Q: In a four-ball match last year my bull was on the green some 10 feet short of tae cup. One of the opponents being some 30 yards short of the green, with my ball in his line to the pin, asked me to mark my bail, which I did and 1 knocked my ball to one side some 10 feet from the line of his approach in­ stead of picking it up. With my ball lying at the place where I had knocked it aside, without thinking I lined it up and putted. Just after hitting the putt, I looked up and saw the coin I had used as a mark and realized I had played the stroke from the wrong position. Immediately I called at­ tention to what I had done, otherwise I do not believe it would have been noticed. My opponent said I had lost the hole, which rather embarrassed me. Instead of insisting on what I thought was my right to play another shot from the spot I had marked, counting the stroke I had played from the wTong position, 1 picked up my ball and conceded the hole. Needless to say I missed the putt that was made from the wrong position, it being some 10 feet farther from the cup than was my mark. Question by: C. R. White Dodge City, Kansas A: As you did not replace the ball on the spot from which it was lifted, you violated Rule 22-2. You therefore disqualified yourself from the hole; but the penalty did not apply t0 your partner—see Rule 40-3g. In knocking your ball aside instead of lift­ ing it, you violated Rule 23 and were subject to penalty had your opponent entered a claim- To do other than actually lift the ball in such circumstances could raise question as to whether the player were testing the putting surface or taking a practice stroke or resorting to a device for cleaning the ball. The same rulings would have been made un­ der the 1951 Rules, although the Rules re­ ferences have been changed. Determining where Ball Crossed Margin USGA 52-25 R.33-3 Qt The new lateral water hazard rule is al­ most unapplicable for at least one water hazard USGA Journal and Turf Management: June 1952 23 here. We drive almost directly down the length of a ditch. It would take a Solomon to decide when the ball crossed the margin on the hazard (first, last or any time) for dropping purposes. e long have had a local rule there to drop in ‘fairway” side opposite where ball has come to rest, taking the one-stroke penalty. If you now play this hole under a strict interpreta­ tion, the player nearly always will lose the length of a full tee shot—though an erratic one. And it’s certainly impossible to drop pro­ perly under regular, old water hazard rule. So I am afraid the lateral writer hazard rule won’t help here, in this particular instance. Question by: Bob Phillips Birmingham, Ala. A: Although it may be almost impossible to determine the precise point w’here a ball last crosses the margin of any water hazard, it is possible to come reasonably close to doing so in most cases. It is preferable to the practice yai describe. )ou say you permit dropping a ball opposite "here the ball came to rest in the ditch. Sup­ pose the ditch were full of water—how could you tell where the ball were? Most water hazards do contain water, and most balls which enter water hazards become lost therein. The point of last crossing the margin is therefore the best test. Suppose a water hazard contained a swift- I'.owing stream: it might be possible for the ^ream to carry the ball out of bounds, or far oeyond the point where it was sent by the impetus of the player’s stroke. In view of all the considerations, the last point of crossing is considered to be not only the fairest but also the only’ practical test. Fourteen-Club Rule USGA 52-26 R.3, 11-3, 36-5 Qt May I please have a ruling on the fol­ lowing: A and B are playing a match. The day be- ore, a match had been called because one Player had 15 clubs in her bag. Naturally, the next day every one was conscious of the 14- club rule. In removing clubs from the trunks ° . ,c^rs> the attendant stuck a club in A’s bag "Inch was lying loose in her car. On the fifth °ii A not*ced the extra club and immediately called the match on herself. B refused to ac­ cept the disqualification, maintaining that A >ad not used the extra club (a brassie), which "as true. B declared the match still alive and °th players continued to play. The committee ruled A disqualified and would not accept B’s contention that the match was still alive be­ cause of extenuating circumstances. B then declared she was disqualified as she had not aken the disqualification at the time it was ’"Covered but that both A and B continued 0 play the match, with B 1 up at the turn 0 - because A w’as upset over the illegal club. Question by: Mrs. Ross Lewin A: The committee’s decision was final; see A violated Rule 3, the penalty for which is Rule 11-3. disqualification. As far as the competition was concerned, the match ended when the violation was dis­ covered, and therefore the subsequent actions of the players had no bearing on the result. However, under Rule 36-5, the committee could have waived or modified the penalty against A in view of the unusual circum­ stances. Out of Bounds from Wafer USGA 52-28 R.22-lb, 29-1, 33-2a Q: Player hit his second shot into a W’ater hazard, short of the green. The water was shallow, and he elected to play it out. He hit it too strongly, going over the green and out-of- bounds. Now, the out-of-bounds shot costs him two strokes and makes him 4. Then what? I assume he would have the privilege of drop­ ping without further penalty in the water as near as possible to previous lie, or dropping behind the creek (under Rule 33-2a) at the cost of another stroke. Right? Then I wondered whether Rule 22 -would give him the right to place the ball in the water (in the event he again wanted to try to play it out) on the theory that it would be impossible to drop it without the ball coming to rest nearer the hole. It wouldn’t be good golf, of course, but there was much argument over rights, etc. Question by: Fred Byrod Philadelphia, Pa. A: The player’s third stroke went out of bounds. He was then obliged to proceed un­ der Rule 29-1, dropping a ball in the water hazard as nearly as possible at the spot from which the original ball w’as played, and adding a penally stroke to his score for the hole (he now lies 4). If the ball when dropped in the water hazard should come to rest nearer the hole, the player w’ould be obliged to re-drop it, without penalty. If it w’ere not possible, because of the con­ figuration of the ground, to prevent the ball from rolling nearer the hole, the player would be obliged to place it as nearly as possible at the spot from W’hich the original ball was played, without further penalty. See Rule 22-lb. If the player did not care to play the ball from the water hazard, he could drop a ball behind the water hazard under Rule 33-2a, under penalty of an additional stroke. His score then would be 5 before he played the next stroke. Practice on Day of Competition USGA 52-34 R. 8, 37-3. 7. Et. 4,9. Q: M ill you please help me with a clarifica­ 24 USGA Journal and Turf Management: June 195i tion of the Rules as concern practice strokes during a competitive round. We know (per Rule 8) that a player may not play a practice stroke during the play of any hole. We know, also, that according to Rule 37-7, a player is liable to penalty if his practice strokes between holes delay play. What exactly constitutes “delay”? Suppose that another match is held up on the next sub­ sequent tee, and the hole behind is void of players. Then, any amount of time may be available for practice. Now, our big question is, where does Rule 37-3 fit this picture? According to this Rule, a player is liable to disqualification for practice on a course over which the competition is be­ ing held. This Rule also states, “On any day of a stroke competition.” Can this be interpreted to mean that any practice stroke during a round is also a practice stroke within the meaning of Rule 37-3? Question by: Bob Rollason Lakewood Country Club Westlake, Ohio A: Rule 8 provides: “During the play of a hole, a player shall not play any practice stroke.” The purpose of this Rule is to pro­ hibit any type of practice during play of a hole. In match play, the play of a hole is ended when the result of the hole has been determined, as provided in Rule 6. In stroke play, the play of a hole is ended when the competitor concerned has holed out. Rule 37-7 provides: “Players shall at all times play without undue delay. Between the com­ pletion of a hole and driving off the next tee, a player may not delay play by practicing or in any other way.” The purpose of this Rule is to prohibit undue delay of any type in com­ pleting a match or round. The existing cir­ cumstances must govern in determining what constitutes “delay.” The mere act of engaging in reasonable practice either on the putting green or around the tee does not in itself con­ stitute “delay,” although the player should, of course, be mindful of Etiquette 9 and 4 and should not endanger other persons. For ex­ ample, such practice could be of such a nature as to have no effect whatever upon any other player or upon the progress of a competition. On the other hand, if two players in a match had the course entirely to themselves, one could conceivably violate the Rule by delaying play. Rule 37-3 provides in part: “On any day of a stroke competition, a competitor shall not practice on a course over which the competition is being held except in the area defined by the Committee as practice ground or as the Com­ mittee may otherwise permit.” The purpose of this Rule is to prohibit practice on the compe­ tition course before starting or after finishing a round, unless the Committee permits other­ wise. Touching Sand in Bunker on Backswing R & A 52-9 R. 33-1 Q: In the event of a player when taking ba Check *’" Indicates significant reduction from check at 1% level Per cent survival Per cent survival Permanent injury after third appl. final reading 55.55** 41.96** 46.37** 95.33 Rate/jicre 5 pints 8 pounds 1 pound 30.25** 19.45** 27.20** 97.90 Slight Slight Moderate to grass 30 USGA Journal and Turf Management: June 1932 The Early-Late Series: The first three applications were made at the same time as the early series. Three additional applications were made at the same time as the late series, thus combining the above two series. Per cent crabgrass survival, mean values, 7 locations, 6 applications: TABLE III Per cent survival Per cent survival Permanent injur) Chemical Rate/Acre after sixth appl. final reading to grass PMA KCNO NaAsOs Check * indicates significant reduction from check at 1% level ^Indicates significant reduction from check at 5% level 6.85** 11.05** 45.60** 89.50 26.41** 34.26** 58.40* 88.11 5 pints 8 pounds 1 pound Slight Slight Slight Discussion of Results A study of the data which were ana­ lyzed and presented in Tables I, II and III clearly indicates that there is a best time and a best set of conditions for each of the herbicides tested. Combined analy­ ses for each series indicate that PMA is the most effective on seedling crabgrass and that three applications, under most conditions this year, appear to be suffi­ cient for lasting effect for one particular season. Six applications of PMA reduced the amount of crabgrass slightly more (as compared with three applications) but apparently not enough to warrant the expense of three additional applications. PMA in the late-series performed the least efficiently, as compared with PMA treatments in the other series. Results reported by some cooperators indicated that PMA can be used safely at the rate applied in these trials when soil moisture conditions are below optimum. The high cost of PMA formulations may continue to limit their use to small areas and to highly specialized turf, such as bent putt­ ing greens. Applications of potassium cyanate at the rates used in these trials indicate that this herbicide is the most efficient when it is applied on mature crabgrass. In early season on crabgrass seedlings, three applications of KCNO also produced good results. However, as KCNO hydro­ lyzes quite rapidly, reinfestation did occur. Three applications of KCNO in early season appear beneficial despite the non-residual qualities of KCNO. At the end of the season there remained only 48 per cent crabgrass in the KCNO treated areas as compared with 121 per cent crabgrass in the check plots. Six treatments with KCNO provided more perfect control. Potassium cyanate has been and may continue to be used mainly by home owners due to the safety factors (non-toxicity to man or animal). Soil moisture appears not to be so critical a factor with KCNO as it is with sodium arsenite. Sodium arsenite results indicate that this herbicide can be used to best advan­ tage on mature crabgrass. Under some conditions, sodium arsenite can also be used efficiently on seedling crabgrass. Cooperators who conducted trials on bermudagrass turf reported excellent re­ sults on seedling crabgrass with sodium arsenite, KCNO and PMA. Under such conditions, the cost of application would then become the primary factor for con­ sideration (and sodium arsenite is the most economical by far). The one-pound rate of sodium arsenite to the acre has come into rather widespread usage, mainly with the golf-course superin­ tendent, whose eye is ever on the budget. Three applications in early season on seedling crabgrass in turf other than bermudagrass appear to be of little value. USGA Journal and Turf Management: June 1952 31 Reinfestation of crabgrass one month after the third application was sufficient io bring the mean figure to 103 per cent. Since bermuda treated plots, which af­ forded nearly perfect . control, were included in this average, it is safe to assume that plots of other types of perma­ nent turf had considerably more than the 103 per cent crabgrass survival shown on Table I. Summary and Conclusion 1. There is a best time and a best set of conditions for the use of each of the herbicides tested. 2. Under most conditions, PMA af­ fords the best control of seedling crab­ grass. On bermudagrass turf, any of the three chemicals effectively control seedling crabgrass with three applications. Re­ sidual properties appear to be of less importance in bermudagrass turf, as bermudagrass, if given a slight edge, will fight its own battle against crabgrass reinfestation. 3. PALY appears to be the safest herbi­ cide of the three tested (at these rates) when soil moisture conditions are below optimum. 4. Where more than three herbicidal applications are made, all chemicals ma­ terially reduce the crabgrass population. Other factors, such as cost of herbicide, effect on permanent turf grasses, ease of handling and toxicity to man and animal, should be weighed carefully before a choice of a herbicide is made. 5. Potassium cyanate and sodium ar­ senite appear to be the most efficient on mature crabgrass. 6. Soil moisture is an extremely critical factor when considering the use of sodium arsenite. G Each herbicide applied at the rates used in these trials can be used effectively hi thinning-out the crabgrass population. Proper management practices can then enter into the picture to help the perma­ nent grasses to fight their own battle against crabgrass. 8. Chemical control of crabgrass should be considered in its proper per­ spective, as a tool which can be utilized along with good management practices on the proper types of permanent grasses to provide better and lasting turf. Grateful acknowledgement is made to: The American Cyanamid Company, ivhose financial support contributed largely to the success of this program; to O. E. Linck Co., Inc., Clifton, N. J., manufacturers of phenyl mercuric acetate formulations, The American Cyanamid Co., New York, N. Y., manufacturers of potassium cyanate and The Chipman Chemical Co., Bound Brook, N. manufacturers of sodium arsenite, for contributing the chemicals used in these trials; to The Antara Products Division of the General Dyestuff Corp., New York, N. Y., for contributing the wetting agent; to D. D. Mason and J. Koch of the U. S. Dept, of Agriculture, Division of Biometrical Services, who supervised presentation of the statistical data; and to Spraying Systems Co., Bellwood, III., for con­ tributing Tee-fet nozzles. COMING EVENTS June 9: Field Day, Central Plains Turf Founda­ tion, Boys Town, Neb. L. E. Lambert and Harold W. Glissmann. June 16: Field Day, Oklahoma Turf Association, Oklahoma A. & M. College, Stillwater, Okla. Roy A. Chessmore. August 17-23: Sixth international Grassland Con­ gress, State College, Pa. W. M. Myers, Gen­ eral Chairman, Plant Industry Station, Belts­ ville, Md. August 5: Field Day, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, N. J. Ralph E. Engel. Tour starts at 1:30 P. M. from Turf Plots. August 20-21: Field Day, University of Rhode Is­ land, Kingston, R. I. J. A. DeFrance. September 3-4: Pennsylvania Field Day, Pennsyl­ vania State College, State College, Pa. H. B. Musser. September: Field Day. Greater Cincinnati Golfers League and Cincinnati Golf Course Superin­ tendents. (Date during week of September 22 and place to be announced). October 22-24: Third Turf Conference, Central Plains Turf Foundation and Kansas State Col­ lege, Manhattan, Kans. William F. Pickett and L. E. Lambert. November 17-21: American Society of Agronomy Meetings, Netherland Plaza Hotel, Cincinnati, Ohio. L. G. Monthey. December 1-3: Texas Turf Conference, Texas A. & M. College, College Station, Texas. James R. Watson. 32 USGA Journal and Turf Management: June lf-52 NITROGEN ON SPECIAL-PURPOSE TURF “Special purpose turf requires liberal quantities of available nitrogen at all times throughout the entire active grow­ ing season to maintain satisfactory growth and quality. The relative value of various nitrogen carriers for turf fer­ tilization was compared over a three-year period, 1947-1949, by measuring growth rates as determined by clipping weights throughout the growing season. Nitro­ genous materials compared included dif­ ferent urea-formaldehyde formulations, activated sewage sludge (Milorganite), tannery sludge (Pitorganite), nitrogen­ ous tankage (Agrinite), sulfate of am­ monia and urea. In 1947 and 1948 field plot experiments were located on mixed Kentucky bluegrass-fescue turf at State College. The 1949 tests were located on similar turf at State College and on mixed colonial bentgrass and creeping bentgrass turf containing small percen­ tages of Poa annua and Poa trivialis at the Ashbourne Country Club, in the Philadelphia area. “Rates of nitrogen applications varied from P/2 to 5 pounds per 1,000 square feet. All treatments were applied in the spring. Growth rates of the grass were measured by clipping weight determina­ tions made at weekly intervals or oftener on each plot in the test. “The relative availability of nitrogen from the various sources is reported as differences between clipping weight of the treated and untreated (check) plots in each experiment. “The results were: 1. The urea-formaldehyde formula­ tions showed more uniform rates of nitrogen release throughout the grow­ ing season than any other material tested. 2. The growth increases produced by the urea-formaldehyde formula­ tions, activated sewage sludge and ni­ trogenous tankage were adequate ,f> maintain a good quality turf through­ out the growing season with a single spring application. 3. Single spring applications of soluble nitrogen resulted in excessive growth during the early part of the season with subsequent reductions b> levels no better and sometimes poorei than the untreated turf. 4. Split applications of soluble nitrogen made at monthly intervals (except July and August) gave growth responses similar to single applica­ tions of slowly available forms of nitrogen. 5. Results of these experiments and findings of other investigators, as re­ viewed in the cited literature, indicate that urea-formaldehyde products of the ratios tested, are satisfactorj sources of slowly available nitrogen for use on turf and can be used ad­ vantageously to replace or supple­ ment supplies of natural organic nit­ rogenous fertilizers.”-—U rea-F ormalde- hyde and Other Nitrogenous Fertilizers for Use on Turf, Bulletin 542, September 1951, The Pennsylvania State College, State College, Pa., by H. B. Musser, J- R. W7atson, Jr., J. P. Stanford and J. C. Harper, 11. NEW GREEN SECTION SERVICE SUBSCRIBERS Baltimore Toro Co., Baltimore, Md. C. & H. Nursery, Amarillo, Texas Chipman Chemical Co., Inc., Bound Brook, N. J. Gulf Oil Corporation, Foreign Production Division, New York, N. Y. Harradine, Donald, Magliaso, Switzerland Kenyon's Nursery, Dover, Okla. Merry Grass Nursery, Spring Hill, Ala. Ruthven, W. H. C., Alliston, Ont., Canada Editor s Note'. This piece of literature is a must for every progressive turf super­ intendent. The work reported is a decisive step forward in our knowledge of fertiliz­ ing turf. The Green Section takes pride in pointing out that Messrs. Watson and Harper, two of the authors, were graduate students at Penn State by virtue of USGA Green Section-financed turf research fel­ lowships. USGA Journal and Turf Management: June 1952 33 IT’S YOUR HONOR For "Golf House" To the USGA: This is only the smallest part repayment for the great pleasure which I still re­ member so well of having played at the University of Michigan in the first Junior Amateur Championship. I didn’t set any records, to be sure, but the enjoyable com­ panionship and competition more than made up for any possible individual lau­ rels. Mitchell Rosenholtz St. Paul, Minn. The New Rules To the USGA: 1 was able for the first time recently to sit down and go over the new Rule book in detail. Believe me when I tell you that it’s a wonderful job of simplify­ ing what is at the outset a most involved code. I think that over a period of two or three years, the average golfers in the country are going to be far more conver­ sant with the Rules, thanks to your simpli­ fication. Bob Gibson, Editor Professional Golfer Chicago, III. To the USGA: First I want to compliment the com­ mittee that worked these (Rules) out. It is the most sensible approach to the program that we have ever had. Now let me add a gripe — and it has to do with one feature of the unplay­ able ball rule. I think it’s swell that the penalty for a lost ball, ball out of bounds, and unplayable ball are uni­ form. I've been griping about the liberties that have been taken along those lines for some time. In the little circular “Uniformity in the Rules — or Jungle Law?”, you make a plea for adherence to the Rules so there will be no general lowering of stanards. Fine! I’m enough of an old-timer to think we ought to play according to the Rules without any local rule liberties. And here’s my gripe. How can we stand up and argue this way and then, solely on the basis — as I understand it — of saving time, allow a fellow to play a provisional ball when he thinks his first one may be unplayable, and then let the circumstances surrounding both the first and the second ball determine which one he’ll play? In my book, time on a golf course isn’t such an important matter that we should not require a player to determine that his first ball is unplayable before hitting his second. Frank D. Ross Hartford, Conn. A Stumper To the USGA: We have a course here that a special Rule book should be written for. How­ ever, find enclosed 25 cents for a copy of the Rules of Golf and maybe I can settle a few arguments. Max Sandeman Creston, Iowa Our Loss To the USGA: After very serious consideration, I have concluded that I cannot continue to act as a member of the USGA Public Links Com­ mittee. I have reached this decision with considerable reluctance because of the many lasting friendships and associations that I have formed while serving in this connection. A number of years ago, I joined Baltimore Country’ Club and since that time have played there. As I am no longer playing on public courses, I think it is only fair to the public links players that their representative should be one who has a closer connection with them. This fact has contributed to my final de­ cision. I want you to be assured of my con­ tinuing interest in the USGA and if at any time in the future I can serve in any other capacity or on any other committee, please do not hesitate to call on me. Preston A. Pairo Baltimore, Md. Editor's Note: The USGA Journal invites comments on matters relating to the welfare of the game and will publish them as space permits.