X J T I N U USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT HOW JULIUS BOROS DRIVES Open Champion and now first money winner and Golfer of Year 1952 ex­ plains how he hits those big tee shots in this is­ sue. Boros earned Golfer of Year honor in PGA's annual ballot. His victory in Open was his first as a professional and also his spring­ board io success. IStiA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT PUBLISHED BY THE UNITED STATES GOLF ASSOCIATION PERMISSION TO REPRINT ARTICLES HEREIN IS FREELY GRANTED (UNLESS SPECIFICALLY NOTED OTHERWISE) PROVIDED CREDIT IS GIVEN TO THE USGA JOURNAL Vol. V, No. 6 NOVEMBER, 1952 Through the Green ........................................................................................ 1 Sportsman’s Corner .......................................................................................... 3 Clubs of Champions ........................................... Edward S. Knapp, Jr. 5 New Functions for the USGA Staff........ Totton P. Heffelfinger 8 A Sidelight on the Amateur.......................................................................... 10 The Little Things that Count .................................................................. 11 Up a Tree with the Rules of Golf ................. Joseph C. Dey, Jr. 12 Using the Driver...................................................................... Julius Boros 14 USGA Nominees for 1953 ............................................................................... 15 “Winter Rules” ............................... ................. Charles R. L. Crenshaw 16 Design in Golf Architecture ........................................... Max H. Behr 17 The Referee: Decisions by the Rules of Golf Committees............. 21 Turf Management: USGA Green Section Merion Bluegrass Survey Fred V. Grau and Alexander M. Radko 25 How Good Is Delta Bluegrass? ................................................................... 28 How Denver Country Club Rakes its Leaves ............................................... 29 An Analysis in Iowa ..................................................................................... 30 Setting Cups in Frozen Turf ............................................................................. 31 Facts and Fancy in Soil Conditioner Claims ............................................... 31 USGA Medals to GCSA Winners ................................................................... 32 It’s Your Honor: Letters .......................................................................... 33 Published seven times a year in February, April, June, July, August, September and November by the UNITED STATES GOLF ASSOCIATION 40 East 38th St., New York 16, N. Y. Subscriptions:. $2 a year. Single copies: 30c. Subscriptions, articles, photographs, and correspondence, except pertaining to Green Section matters, should be sent to the above address. Correspondence pertaining to Green Section matters should be addressed to USGA Green Section, Room 331, Administration Building, Plant Industry Station, Beltsville, Md., or to USGA Green Section West Coast Office, Box 241, Davis, Cal. Entered as second-class matter March 3, 1950, at the Post Office at New York, N. Y., under the Act of March 3, 1879. Edited by Joseph C. Dey, Jr., and John P. English. Advisory Committee—John D. Ames, Chairman; Isaac B. Grainger, Curtis W. McGraw and Bernard H. Ridder, Jr. All articles voluntarily contributed. Printed in U. S. A. USGA COMPETITIONS FOR 1953 Walker Cup Match—September 4 and 5 at the Kittansett Club, Marion, Mass. Men’s amateur teams, Great Britain vs. United States. (Dates entries close mean last dates for applications to reach USGA office, except in the case of the Amateur Public Links Championship. For possible exceptions in dates of Sectional Qualifying Rounds, see entry forms.) Championship Open Amateur Public Links Junior Amateur Entries Close May 18 Dune 8 July 6 Sectional Qualifying Rounds Championship Dates Venue June 1 *June 11-12-13 *June 21-27 Team: July 11 July 20 Indiv.: July 13-18 July 29-Aug. 1 Girls' Junior August 7 Women's Amateur August 10 none none August 17-21 August 24-29 Amateur August 17 Sept. 1 Sept. 14-19 Oakmont C. C., Oakmont, Pa. W. Seattle G. C., Seattle, Wash. Southern Hills C. C., Tulsa, Okla. The Country Club, Brookline, Mass. Rhode Island C. C., W. Barrington, R. I. Oklahoma City G.&C.C., Oklahoma City, Okla. * Championship Qualifying Rounds at Oakmont Country Club and Pittsburgh Field Club, June 9 and 10. t Entries close with Sectional Qualifying Chairmen. I Exact date in each Section to be fixed by Sectional Chairmen. USGA Journal and Turf Management: November, 1952 1 THROUGH THE GREEN The Senior Partner Delivers Being a conscientious Green Committee Chairman, Philip Brown was deeply con­ cerned when the course became parched and began to go bad last July at the Maidstone Club, East Hampton, N. Y. In the locker room one Saturday after­ noon he spied some one who, he thought, might be the very person to help him. He asked him if he could arrange for some rain. “Well,” said the other man, “I’ll speak to The Boss. When would you like it?” “How about tonight, and tomorrow night?” “That’s pretty short notice, but I’ll try. Better give me some alternative dates.” Mr. Brown suggested the following Wednesday or Thursday. Nothing happened over the week-end in the way of water. Nothing happened Wednesday. But at about noon on Thurs­ day there was a wonderful deluge. Mr. Brown promptly sent a telegram of thanks to his friend, who was then in Pittsburgh. In a day or two he received the following letter in reply from the Rt. Rev. Austin Pardue, Protestant Episcopal Bishop of Pittsburgh: “We are pleased to know of your satis­ faction concerning the delivery of rain which was promised you this week on be­ half of my Senior Partner and myself. We assure you that there will be no de­ livery charge, although we would have you bear in mind that in this life nothing is free — not even salvation. “Should you like further delivery, we would be pleased to give consideration to an abundance of the desired commodity on each Sunday morning between the hours of 8 A. M. and 1 P. M. “Naturally we would expect the Com­ mittee to report at one of our various branch offices, Protestant, Catholic or Jewish, during at least part of the time during delivery. “Again, we are happy over your satis­ faction and assure you that we stand ready to serve your needs at any time.” Golfers in Politics Jack Westland, of Everett, Wash., the Amateur Champion, Prescott S. Bush, of Greenwich, Conn., a former President of the USGA, and Barry M. Goldwater, of Phoenix, Ariz., a four-handicap entrant in the Amateur last August, all have been elected to Congress, and it would seem possible that they might be able to settle some of their legislative questions in a four-ball with President Eisenhower. Eisenhower is, of course, an enthusiastic member of the Augusta National Golf Club, where he spends vacations, and plays in the 80s. Westland will represent the Second Washington District in the House of Representatives for the next two years. Bush will*' represent Connecticut in the Senate for the next four years, having been elected to fill the unexpired term of the late Senator Brien McMahon. Gold­ water, a brother of Bob, will represent Arizona in the Senate for the next six years, having defeated the incumbent, Senator McFarland. All three are Re­ publicans and will be serving for the first time. Eisenhower will be our first golfing President since Harding, who died in 1923. When in Washington in the past, he has played at the Burning Tree Club. Bob Jones' Portrait The painting of Bob Jones, which is being given to “Golf House” bv some members of the Augusta National Golf Club, will, we expect, be formally pre­ sented on the afternoon of the Associ­ ation’s annual meeting, January 31. and will fill an obvious void here. 2 USGA Journal and Turf Management: November, 1952 Thomas E. Stephens, of New York, an artist who painted many of the nation’s leading citizens, has been working on the portrait for some time, and it is now nearly completed. The gift is the sug­ gestion of Clifford Roberts, but several other members of the Augusta National share in the contribution. Stephens also has been commissioned to do a portrait of Francis Ouimet, in his red coat as Captain of the Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St. Andrews, Scot­ land. This portrait, too will hang in "Golf House” as a contribution from William H. Danforth and Edward E. Lowery. Country Club of Detroit and Merion The Amateur Championship will re­ turn to the Country Club of Detroit, in Grosse Pointe Farms, Mich., in 1954, after a lapse of thirty-nine years. The Country Club of Detroit last en­ tertained the Championship in 1915, when Robert A. Gardner won for the second time by defeating the late John G. Ander­ son in the final. It happens to be the home club of James D. Standish, Jr., President of the USGA in 1950 and 1951, and Mr. Standish was a quarter-fyialist in that 1915 Championship. The 1954 Curtis Cup Match will be played at the Merion Golf Club, in Ard­ more, Pa., scene of nine previous USGA competitions. The dates of both will be fixed later. Mawhinney and Hunter Turn Pro Bill Mawhinney, of Vancouver, Canada, who lost in the semi-final round of the Amateur Championship at Seattle last August, has announced his intention of competing on the United States winter tour as a professional. Macgregor Hunter, former California Amateur Champion, also has given up his amateur status to accept a position as playing professional at the Riviera Country Club, near Los Angeles, where his father, Willie Hunter, is head profes­ sional. Both have great golf games, and we wish them every success. Who Has an Old Vise? This note is addressed to old-time pro­ fessionals. We are most anxious to find one of the old-fashioned, spring-jaw vises used by club-makers in the era which ended in the early 1900s, and would appreciate any information any of our readers may have on where such a vise might be pro­ cured. Foxburg's Sixty-fifth The Foxburg Country Club in Foxburg, Pa., calmly celebrated the sixty-fifth an­ niversary of its founding, in 1887, with a tea and buffet supper on September 27. A Matter of Opinion One of the most common questions, in sports discussions, concerns the relative abilities of players of different genera­ tions. There is, of course, no absolute answer, which may explain why the ques­ tion has persisted. The PGA and the Washington Post recently undertook to determine a con­ sensus on the question for golf by ask­ ing its 3,032 member professionals and 900 newspaper and radio men to submit on ballots their choices as the ten lead­ ing native or naturalized United States amateurs and professionals of the last fifty years. More than 500 responded, and the results were: Professionals Amateurs Ben Hogan Walter Hagen Gene Sarazen Sam Snead Byron Nelson Tommy Armour Lloyd Mangrum Macdonald Smith Ralph Guldahl Jimmy Demaret 522 Bob Jones 519 Chick Evans 504 Francis Ouimet’ 499 Lawson Little 491 Frank Stranahan 351 Willie Turnesa 304 Johnny Goodman 172 Jerry Travers 145 Dick Chapman 117 George Von Elm 515 447 446 389 365 331 307 269 211 203 We have no quarrel with the consensus on a matter such as this, but we note with surprise that, among others, Walter Travis and Jess Sweetser were not rated among the ten greatest amateurs and Johnny McDermott and Willie Anderson were not placed among the ten greatest professionals. USGA Journal and Turf Management: November, 1952 3 Golf of Our • Fathers . W. K. Montague, of Duluth, Minn., has written a golf book bftsed on a really sound premise. “Like most of my golfing friends and, probably, like most American golfers,” he writes, “I started playing golf with little appreciation of its spirit and no knowledge of its traditions. The other day I met a man who had caught brook trout for years without ever casting a fly or hearing of Izaak Walton. Our golf courses are crowded with club wielders who have as little conception of the na­ ture of the game they are trying to play. And not all of these are in the dub class. In the hope that some of them can be led to a different outlook on the game, this book is written. The book is entitled “The Golf of Our Fathers” and is .being privately printed and distributed by Mr. Montague. We can only say that recipients are fortunate ' individuals. Junior Sectional Qualifying In order to give qualifiers for the 1953 Junior Amateur Championship more time to reach the Championship proper at the Southern Hills Country Club, in Tulsa, Okla., the date for sectional qualifying has been changed from Tuesday, July 21, to Monday, July 20. Fifty Years of Westerns ' The Women’s Western Golf Associa­ tion has started its fiftieth year and Mrs. John Eliot Warner, of the Glen View Club, Golf, Ill., has become the new President. This marked the second time the Association has had a golden celebra­ tion. In 1950 the Golden Championship of the WWGA was played at the Exmoor Country Club. After two tournaments had been conducted by the Western Golf As­ sociation, a men’s group, the women in and around Chicago decided in 1903 to inaugurate their own association and to conduct the. already well known Cham­ pionship for Women of the WGA. On a fContinued on Page 4 J SPORTSMAN'S CORNER Dave Stanley Courage has many facets, but under­ lying all of them are persistence and hope. Often’these qualities are rewarded. There is, for example, the case of the son of the coal miner in Pittston, Pa., whose right hip had been gradually rav­ aged by osteomyelitis for eleven years, and who had suffered three attacks of rheumatic fever. He walked in pain, and he was permitted to place no strain on his heart. Hardly a promising start for a golfer* At the age of 15, an operation on the hip was successful beyond highest hopes, but the boy still was debarred from athletic activity and moved to Los An­ geles, so that the sunshine might further his recovery. In his quest for extra money, he began io caddie and work part-time at the Montebello municipal course. At first, he didn't even dare to avail himself of his opportunity to play with the other caddies on Mondays, but eventually the contagious enthusiasm of the many good golfers there reached him, and he began to risk some practice strokes on the driv­ ing range. Then he risked a few tenta­ tive* starts in competitions. Five years later his courage was re­ warded. A healthy young man, Dave Stanley won the Amateur Public Links Championship, at the Brown Deer Park Golf Course in Milwaukee in 1951. 4 USGA Journal and Turf Management: November, 1952 Fifty Years of Westerns (Continued from Cage 3) hot day in July, 1903, delegates from twenty-one clubs assembled in Chicago and formed the WWGA. It now has 308 member clubs, and last season conducted three championships. Meanwhile, the WGA also has con­ ducted its fiftieth Amateur Championship, at the Exmoor Country Club, and Frank Stranahan reversed the result of the Brit­ ish Amateur final by defeating Harvie Ward, Jr., 3 and 2. It was Stranahan’s fourth victory in the event. In a Fog Francis Ouimet tells the story of a game he had with John Beck, once Cap­ tain of the British Walker Cup Team, on a Scottish morning so foggy that the players could scarcely see each other and the finding of a ball became as important as the execution of a stroke. Beck prowled along one fairway for some 300 yards in search of his ball and finally, by rare good fortune, came upon his caddie. “Where’s my ball,” he asked. “Mr. Beck,” the caddie responded, “You haven’t hit your drive yet.” Mr. Grace's Aces At the age of 74, Eugene Grace has made his fourth hole-in-one. He holed a No. 4 iron tee shot on the 159-yard eleventh hole at the Saucon Valley Coun­ try Club, Bethlehem, Pa. That is where Mr. Grace and his fellow­ members were such wonderful hosts to the contestants in the 1951 Amateur Championship. Mr. Grace is Chairman of the Board of Bethlehem Steel Co. Public Course Operation Recreation, the official publication of the National Recreation Association, car­ ried in a recent issue a summary of a survey made by Bridgeport, Conn., of the operations of 56 public courses in 1951. The meat of the summary, of course, is contained in a lengthy and detailed tabu­ lation, but the summary also produced the following conclusions of general interest: “1. Of the 56 cities reporting, 33 operated their golf courses on a self- supporting basis; 23 did not. In some cases the profits from concessions and refectories are included in the course income; in others it is not. “2. The cost of operation per player varies from 31 cents to $1.81, the average being around 65 cents. Many factors must be considered, mainly the type of maintenance and condition of the course. A properly maintained course will attract all golf enthusiasts. “3. Season-ticket policy and charges vary quite a bit, with several attractive reductions for women and juniors. The cost of daily tickets for 9 or 18 holes also varies. The average green fee for 18 holes is $1.00 and for 9 holes, 60 cents. Many courses have discontinued a 9-hole ticket, but others have substituted a twilight, re­ duced rate after 5 P.M. About half the courses increase the daily ticket rate on Saturdays, Sundays and holidays. “4. Where concessions or refec­ tories are in operation, 31 are let out on contract; 16 are operated by the city itself; eight are run by the pro, usually as a part of his compensa­ tion; one by a caretaker, and one by a steward. Seventeen serve complete meals; twenty serve beer, and only three serve liquor. The income to the city from this source varies greatly. “5. Most of the cities listed are in the northern half of the United States, but even in this territory, weather conditions vary quite a bit. Of the 56 cities, 21 keep their courses open during the winter, although a few make no charge during this period.” USGA Journal and Turf Management: November, 1952 5- Clubs of Champions By EDWARD S. KNAPP, JR. USGA Executive Assistant One of the first sights that meets the eye of the visitor to “Golf House” is a glass case in the lobby to the right of the front door containing clubs of cham­ pions. Each club, of course, could tell a dozen stories. A few of these are: Jamie Anderson’s Spoon: A McEwan spoon used by the British Open Champion of 1877, 1878 and 1879. In the last round of the 1878 Championship at Prestwick, he made a hole-in-one on the 17th hole, possibly using this club, and he won by only one stroke. Tommy Armour’s Mongrel Mashie: In the 1927 USGA Open Championship, Armour played a second shot with this club to the 72nd green and tied Harry Cooper. Armour won the play-off, 76-79. Mrs. Edwin H. Vare, Jr.’s Spoon: A club which played a part in the six USGA Women’s Amateur Championships Mrs. Vare won. Mrs. Vare used this club from about the time she started to play golf continually until 1936. She re­ marked: “I had it re-shafted several times and finally it got really tired.” Miss Margaret Curtis’ Cleek: Miss Curtis played it in the first USGA Wo­ men’s Amateur Championship in which she competed, in 1897, when she was 13 and had only four clubs. She was still using it in 1907 when she won her first Championship. Walter Hagen’s Mashie-iron: Hagen relates of the 1919 USGA Open Cham­ pionship: “I played my second shot with this club on the 72nd hole, where it was necessary for me to get a par to tie Mike Brady. I put the ball about 15 feet to the right of the hole, where I had my famous putt for a birdie to win. “Then, of course, I missed. But before addressing the ball, I looked around the gallery of several thousand and said, ‘Where is Mike?’ knowing of course he would be there somewhere. “The psychology I used at this time would aid me greatly in the play-off, I felt, and it did.” Miss Beatrix Hoyt’s Eofter: Miss Hoyt found the head in some bushes at the Shinnecock Hills Golf Club, South­ ampton, N. Y., and had it shafted. It aided her in winning three USGA Wo­ men’s Amateur Championships in 1896, 1897 and 1898. Mrs. Dorothy Campbell Hurd’s Cleek: This iron was a factor in eleven championship victories in four countries, the USGA Women’s Amateur in 1909, 1910 and 1924; the British Women’s in 1909 and 1911; the Scottish Women’s of 1905, 1906 and 1908, and the Canadian Women’s of 1910, 1911 and 1912. Jock Hutchison’s Mashie-niblick: Hutchison used this club in making a hole-in-one on the eighth hole while win­ ning the British Open in 1921 at his birthplace, St. Andrews, Scotland. It had become his pet club as a result of a hole-in-one at the eighth hole at St. Andrews Golf Club, Mount Hope, N. Y., in 1906. Harrison R. Johnston’s Spade Mashie: Johnston used this club to play his famous shot from Carmel Bay onto the 18th green at Pebble Beach against Dr. 0. F. Willing in the 1929 USGA Amateur final. He gained a half in par and said that the moral value of that half was in­ estimable. Francis Ouimet’s Putter: This is the putter used by Ouimet in the 1913 USGA Open Championship when he tied the famous British professionals, Harry Vardon and Ted Ray, and then defeated them in the historic play-off. Gene Sarazen’s Sand-iron: This club, a factor in Gene Sarazen’s victories in both the USGA and British Open Championships in 1932, is one of the earliest sand irons. Sarazen, who fre- 6 USGA Journal and Turf Management: November, 1952 On a recent visit to "Golf House," Gene Sarazen inspected fondly the rudimentary sand wedge which he himself fashioned from a niblick and used in winning the USGA and British Open Championships in 1932. quently experimented with clubs, added an appreciable amount of lead to the sole in 1931, making the back of the sole about a quarter inch lower than the front. His splendid play with the club helped popularize it. Jess Sweetser’s “Bakspin” Mashie: Sweetser played with this club in win­ ning the 1922 USGA Amateur and the 1926 British Amateur Championships. In 1922, the club was legal, although the face was slotted to impart back-spin to the ball. When the Rule was changed in 1924, he had the grooves filled in, as can readily be seen, and continued to use it. Robert T. Jones. Jr’s Calamity Jane II: Of this club, perhaps the most famous in the world, Jones wrote: “This is the putter which I used reg­ ularly from 1924 on through 1930. “The original Calamity Jane was an old Winton iron given to me by Jim Maiden. I got the original club in 1920 and I should judge it was at least 15 or 20 years old at that time. Constant buffing and polishing caused the face to be so irregular, I had a copy made and from then on used the copy. The copy is the one I am sending you.” Calamity Jane II was used by Jones in winning the USGA Amateurs of 1924, 1925, 1927, 1928 and 1930; the USGA Opens of 1926, 1929 and 1930; the Brit­ ish Amateur of 1930, and the British Opens of 1926, 1927, and 1930. The USGA is constantly on the look­ out for similar items. We will be grate­ ful for any assistance in enlarging this collection, thereby making “Golf House” an even more interesting place for golfers to visit. USGA Journal and Turf Management: November, 1952 7 The USGA is also anxious, of course, to complete the financing of “Golf House,” which will require approximate­ ly $110,000. Thus far, 5,133 individuals, clubs and associations have contributed $92,275.99. The Members Clubs which have not yet contributed are in sufficient number so that they can, by enrolling as Founders, enable their Association to complete the job. Only 387 clubs are now enrolled, although their contributions total more than $21,000. In addition to those listed in previous issues, the following have enrolled as Founders: Charles Allen, Jr. C. Scott Althouse B. Allan Arcuni H. J. Arnot J. Y. Ballard Joe E. Barnett Frank C. Beacham James Beattie Mrs. Martha Noll Beirne Hal L. Bemis Edgar Bibas Nelsen L. Bond Bruce Brodie Thomas J. Brogan, Jr. Scott McLain Buttfield Ben A. Calhoun Edwin J. Carey W. D. P. Carey William P. Castleman, Jr. W. Fitzhugh Catlett John 5. Chapman G. R. "Dick" Clover John W. Dawson Hugh Dean John J. Donohue, Jr. John P. Drews J. A. Ducournau Bernard L. Eberts George Ferrier Mrs. G. W. Foelochow James C. Frink Joseph M. Gambatese Fred A. Gariepy Individuals Addison H. Gery, Jr. Maj. Nevin H. Gibson, USAF John S. Giles Willie Goggin Miss Mary E. Gordon William G. Harding Hoyt E. Hayes Grant Hellar, III W. J. Hickey Harry H. Hilp, Sr. John S. Holl Mrs. E. A. Hooton Evan Howell Jerry S. James C. O. Johnson Paul E. Johnson Harry F. Jones James R. Kearney, Jr. Raymond L. Klinck Miss Sandra Alison Kohlmann Frederick R. Krohn John N. Ledbetter, Jr. Col. and Mrs. Louis L. Lesser Perry Liebman William A. Liddell, Harold Lindquist Edward Loeb Mrs. Henry G. Lubke, Jr. Thomas G. McMahon Leo E. McNamara F. J. D. Mackay Ed Maden Mrs. Phyllis Madison Associations Robert A. Magowan Al Mengert Roy Moe, Jr. F. A. J. Morrison Mr. and Mrs. Stuart Murray Richard C. Palma Ma':. Gen. F. L. Parks Daryl Parshall Julius C. Peters Frederick W. Phipps Harold W. Pierce Mrs. Edwin A. Quier Loyal C. Radtke Bernard H. Ridder, Jr. J. Russell Shaw George F. Sheehan Thomas Boardman Smith Howard A. Spurrier Charles L. Stacy Daniel Stuckey Otto C. Stuhmer George M. Thompson Arthur H. Tiedemann Mrs. Hazel A. Tilley Dr. O. C. Tomec Mrs. Benjamin Graser Troxell Frank Urzetta Charles T. Wagner John M. Waters George Weinhagen, Jr. Donald E. Whitehead John M. Young Hawaiian Golf Association Northeastern New York Women's Golf Association Oklahoma City Amateur Golf Association Seniors Golf Association of Southern California Trans-Mississippi Golf Association Tulsa District Golf Association Western Seniors' Golf Association Willamette Valley-Southern Oregon Women's Golf Association Women's Cross County Golf Association, N. Y. Women's Golf Association of Philadelphia Columbus Country Club, Ohio Cypress Point Club, Cal. Farmington Country Club, Va. Fort Washington Golf Club, Cal. Fox Chapel Golf Club, Pa. Green Hill Yacht and Country Club, Md. Green Spring Valley Hunt Club, Md. Harding Park Golf Club, Cal. Hudson River Country Club, N. Y. Inglewood Country Club, Cal. Kernwood Country Club, Mass. Leewood Golf Club, N. Y. Clubs The Misquamicut Club, R. I. Montclair Golf Club, N. J. Northampton Country Club, Mass. Northwood Club, Tex. Portland Country Club, Maine Ravisloe Country Club, III. The Ridgewood Country Club, Conn. Taconic Golf Club, Mass. The Wee Burn Country Club, Conn. Wheeling Country Club, W. Va. Williamsport Country Club, Pa. Theodore Wirth Golf Club, Minn. 8 USGA Journal and Turf Management: November, 1952 New Functions for the USGA Staff By TOTTON P. HEFFELFINGER President, United States Golf Association The expanding activities of the United States Golf Association have made it necessary for the Executive Committee to place increasing responsibility on the permanent, paid staff in New York for the direction and coordination of our operations. The Executive Committee normally meets four times a year. At these meet­ ings all matters of policy are decided, and approval of decisions made between meetings is given. For proper operation and organization it is essential that the permanent staff accept wider responsibili­ ties in making decisions and carrying out the policies established by the Execu­ tive Committee. In order that the organization shall reflect the increased responsibility which the permanent staff now bears, the func­ tions have been redefined and the titles of Executive Secretary and Assistant Ex­ ecutive Secretary have been replaced by Executive Director and Assistant Ex­ ecutive Director. The change in titles is designed to emphasize the character of the reorganization which has taken place in the function of the permanent staff. It is no longer merely a secretarial function; it is a directional function. The Executive Committee will continue to represent the Member Clubs in all matters of policy and will hold the staff responsible for carrying out those poli­ cies; but the Committee’s members, who must carry on business affairs of their own and who are scattered geographically, henceforth will rely heavily on the perma­ nent staff for advice and executive de­ cisions in all the diverse fields in which the Association operates. This has been the case for some time, but the division of responsibility has now been clarified and defined. The Executive Director, under the Ex­ New Members of the USGA Regular Athens Country Club, Texas Contra Costa Golf Club, Cal. Lakeside Country Club, Texas Marble City Golf Club, Ala. The Meadville Country Club, Pa. Pine Tree Country Club, Conn. Prineville Golf and Country Club, Ore. Santa Maria Country Club, Cal. Associate Agate Beach Golf and Country Club, Ore. Hollywood Beach Hotel Country Club, Fla. Macktown Golf Course, III. New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology Public Golf Course, N. M. ecutive Committee, will administer and coordinate all the affairs of the Associa­ tion, including those of the Green Section. In this responsibility, it is agreed that the Director of the Green Section will be relieved of arduous administrative functions and will be able to give more time to serving the turf interests of our Member Clubs, for which he is so emin­ ently qualified. The Executive Director will assume many of the detailed func­ tions which in the past have been car­ ried out by individual members of the Executive Committee in their roles as chairmen of the various sub-committees. Also, he will, to a greater extent, repre­ sent the Officers and Executive Committee in executive matters, both internal and external. In order to free himself to assume these broader functions, he will, of course, delegate many of his present duties to the Assistant Executive Director. The Executive Committee will hold the Executive Director responsible for the successful conduct of all the Association’s affairs and will expect him to recommend to them appropriate action on matters of policy. This additional responsibility should lend added continuity and coher­ USGA Journal and Turf Management: November, 1952 9 ence to the conduct of the Association’s affairs over the years and should lighten the impact of changes in the personnel of the Executive Committee. As a development in the growth of the Association, this reorganization is logical and inevitable. In the earliest days, a few men of goodwill for the game were able to handle all the Association’s af­ fairs without clerical assistance. In the early 1920s, however, they found it ad­ visable to employ a part-time accountant to handle the moneys of the Association and to assist in the conduct of Champion­ ships, and he soon became a full-time Executive Secretary, carrying out ad­ ministrative functions with the assistance of two stenographers. The permanent staff in New York has now grown to eleven persons, and, in ad­ dition, there is the Green Section staff of five in Beltsville, Md., and the newly open­ ed Green Section West Coast Regional Of­ fice in Davis, Cal. We hope eventually to establish more Green Section Regional Of­ fices in order to be able to provide readily direct services to Member Clubs in all parts of the country, and our agronomists must be free to work in their specialized field, unencumbered by overmuch ad­ ministrative detail. The roster of Member Clubs and Courses now numbers nearly 1,600, the highest number in our history, and the services of the Association also are avail­ able to Clubs in foreign countries. In his day-to-day work the Executive Director must administer all Association offices, handle a substantial income, pre­ pare for the six Championships and three international team matches which we conduct, deal with other associations and make a variety of executive decisions concerning the Rules of Golf, the Rules of Amateur Status, the implements and ball, handicapping, personnel, the budget, public relations, membership matters and the Museum and Library. The operation of “Golf House,” as a symbol and a headquarters, and the editing of the USGA Journal, as our official voice, are important functions of the permanent staff. The regular correspondence of the Association has long since assumed large proportions. The day when a few members of the Executive Committee, working voluntarily in their free time, can effectively provide detailed direction of the Association’s affairs has passed. The Association has, we believe, served the game well, and has prospered in that service to such an ex­ tent that this new delineation of functions is essential to further effective growth. In Joe Dey, as Executive Director, with his years of experience, his knowledge of golf and love of people, his high prin­ ciples and outstanding ability; in John English, as Assistant Executive Di­ rector, with his drive, his ability to write and to make friends and his ability to handle personnel; and in Fred Grau, as Director of the Green Section, with his years of recognized ability as an agron­ omist, his outstanding knowledge of turf and turf research; plus all the other val­ uable members of our official family, for whom enough cannot be said, the Execu­ tive Committee feels that the USGA has the finest and most efficient type of opera­ tion, and golf should consider itself fortunate. HORTON SMITH A caddie once—and now today The head man of the PGA— A story almost like a myth Is that we tell of Horton Smith, A golfer who has risen to fame By long devotion to the game. From boy to champion and then To labor for his fellow men; To hold, however high they rise, The game is greater than the prize And though they strive at golf for pay To keep unstained the joy of play. To Horton Smith tonight we say As President of the PGA As golfers all, to every test We know that he will give his best. Though time may cups and medals dim Still bright will be our faith in him. Edgar A. Guest Written by Mr. Guest especially for a Testimonial Dinner last Spring given by the Detroit District Golf Association in honor of Horton Smith 10 USGA Journal and Turf Management: November, 1952 A Sidelight on the Amateur Douglas Welch, of the Seattle Post­ Intelligencer staff, put on a green “press” arm-band and went out to the Seattle Golf Club last August to follow Harvie Ward, Jr., the British Amateur Champion, in the USGA Amateur Cham­ pionship. Although Mr. Welch is not reg­ ularly a golf reporter, his story of that day was an outstanding example of hu­ man-interest coverage: “We managed to keep up with Mr. Ward for 12 holes,” he wrote. “He comes from Tarboro, N. C., an unlikely place, and he seems like a real nice fellow, not only being a Champion but looking the way Champions ought to look. He wears an air of insouciance—-his last year’s in­ souciance, in fact, just taken up a little in the hem—and he beat his man handily and with quiet, unostentatious efficiency, 4 and 3. “His opponent was Tim Holland, of Rockville Centre, N. Y., and while he appeared to be a good sort, too, anyone with half an eye could see at the outset that Mr. Ward was going to win. You could tell by the way Mr. Ward wears his clothes. He wears his golf togs as if he had been born in them and as if they are inseparable from the man inside them. “We didn’t follow Mr. Ward around because we were interested in his game but really because we were interested in Mr. Ward’s caddie, who happens to be related to us by marriage, being our son and answering to the name of Charles, but only when he wants to. “There is nothing automatic about our son responding when someone calls his name. He gives it thought first. “Charles performed beautifully, we thought, considering that he is only 14 and that Mr. Ward’s bag weighs one-third of Charles’ own weight. Charles replaced all the divots that Mr. Ward told him to replace, he never lagged more than a quarter of a mile behind Mr. Ward, he only let Mr. Ward’s bag fall once, and any time Mr. Ward told Charles to lift the flag out of the hole, why Charles ran and did it. Well, he didn’t exactly run, but he got there. “Charles shoots in the low 80s himself at Jefferson, has hopes of making the Queen Anne golf team this coming year, and there were probably a number of times during Mr. Ward’s match with Mr. Holland when Charles was strongly tempted to give his man some pointers. He stoically resisted the impulse, and it must be said fairly that Mr. Ward won entirely on his own. “It seemed to us, as the match wore on, that Charles looked a little tired— he seems such a little boy in his father’s eyes and probably always will—and we were sympathizing with him from a dis­ creet distance and wondering how he could possibly last out the full 18 holes. ‘The kid’s in there punching all the time,’ we told ourselves proudly. ‘He’ll drop with exhaustion before he’ll admit being tired.’ “About then Charles saw us with sur­ prise and sidled over and said out of the corner of his mouth: ‘Do you think you can make it all the way around with that big stomach of yours?’ “Well, it’s affection, that’s what it is. Father-and-son-type affection. Caddies-Eye View “We were also interested in Mr. Ward because Charles has described him at the supper table as a paragon of virtue and masculinity. Charles thinks of Mr. Ward as being at least two stories high, with muscles like the village blacksmith, a mind like a steel trap, the eyesight of an eagle and the charm of Walter Pidgeon. “Charles is loyal to Mr. Ward like he is loyal to the St. Louis Cardinals. Neither Mr. Ward nor the Cardinals can do wrong, and if either is bested it is be­ cause they’ve been framed. We suspect Charles would like his father to be a little more like Mr. Ward and a little less like (Continued on Next Page) USGA Journal and Turf Management: November, 1952 11 The Little Things that Count It was Mark Twain who remarked that many people talk about the weather but very few do anything about it. The same view may be taken of slow play. L. B. Peterson, Secretary-Treasurer of the Vir­ ginia State Golf Association, is an ex­ ception, however. He has figured out in concrete terms how players might cut thirty to forty-five minutes from the time required for a round of golf, without run­ ning. Here are his suggestions: 1. Tee up immediately. The man who has the honor should make it a point to reach the tee immediately and play without delay. Each player should tee up as soon as the man ahead of him has hit. Balls should be washed prior to the player’s turn to hit. Approximately one minute could be saved on each tee, SIDELIGHT (Continued from Previous Page) us, but he’s been kind enough not to say so yet. “We liked what we saw of Mr. Ward pretty well ourselves. He has a nice personal way of talking to his ball. On the first hole he said to his ball, “Git up! Git up!’ On the fourth hole he urged it along in the third person by saying, ‘Git it up! Git it up! ’ On the fifth hole he said to his ball ‘Roll. Roll some mo’. Roll some mo’. The ball did roll some more, too. On the tenth hole, when Mr. Ward fluffed a shot out of a sand trap, he said aloud to himself: ‘Oh, for gosh sakes, Ward, what a shot! Ward, you can do better than that!’ “Another man might have screamed out in anger that someone had breathed two holes away or that someone had rustled a paper bag back at the clubhouse. But not Mr. Ward. He accepted the re­ sponsibility and put the blame where he thought it belonged. “Charles’ idol does not have feet of clay.” which should result in a saving of fifteen or twenty minutes on each round. 2. Reduce the number of practice swings. Practice swings can be taken while other players are likewise prepar­ ing to play. Also, it should not be neces­ sary to take more than one or two prac­ tice swings. Many good golfers take only one or none. 3. Select a club while others are play­ ing. A player need not always wait un­ til it is his turn to play before going into a long conference with himself and his caddie to decide which club to use. He can usually be ready to play as soon as it becomes his turn if he gives the matter some thought in advance. 4. Each player can usually line up his putt, at least provisionally, while other players are lining up theirs. It is seldom necessary to wait until it is one’s turn to putt before starting this process. 5. Each player should be considerate of his fellow players and make every effort not to be moving or talking or swinging a club when another is making a stroke. If this is done, the player will not have to delay his stroke. 6. Pick up your ball immediately after holing out and step back so the next player can putt. Whenever possible, re­ pair ball marks which are removed from anyone’s line of play between putts. Walk to the next tee immediately after the last player has holed out. 7. Invite faster players to play through. This is as it always has been, but it should be emphasized, especially when there is a clear hole ahead or when a ball has been lost. 12 USGA Journal and Turf Management: November, 19L2 Up a Tree with the Rules of Golf By JOSEPH C. DEY, JR. USGA Executive Director It was one of the brighter moments during the Amateur Championship last August at the Seattle Golf Club. Paul H. Johanson, a nimble-witted student at the University of Washington, was seeking some Rules of Golf gospel from Richard S. Tufts, a Vice-President of the USGA. The conversation went something like this: Player: “Can I climb the tree?” USGA man: “Nothing to stop you.” Player: “Suppose the ball moves while I’m climbing?” and he gave a longing look up into the branches of the big evergreen; high overhead, you could see a little white golf ball nestling. USGA man: “In that case, one stroke penalty — see Rule 27-lc about moving a ball accidentally.” Player: “Can I throw my club up at it?” USGA man: “Loss of hole if you do — can’t improve a ball’s position or lie by moving, bending or breaking anything fixed or growing (Rule 17-3); also, a ball can’t be touched purposely and must be played as it lies (Rule 16) ; also, have to strike at ball fairly with the head of the club (Rule 19-1). Can I help fur­ ther?” Player (gracefully lofting mental stymie) : “Can I shake the tree?” USGA man: “Yes, but it would cost you loss of hole (Rule 17-3).” Fantastically enough, a tall step-ladder happens to be in the vicinity. Player; “Can I stand on that ladder and play the ball?” USGA man: “Loss of hole for building a stance (Rule 17-4).” Player: “Can I use the ladder to help climb the tree?” USGA man: “Why not?” Player does climb ladder. Climbs out on limb above the limb on which ball is resting, ball remaining quite still. Calls out: “Fore below!” Plays ball to ground. Halves hole. (Later wins match, 1 up). USGA man polishes his badge and strolls off. Removing Flagsiick in Match Play On the 12th hole of the final at Seattle, Al Mengert played a pitch-and-run from about 30 yards from the hole. The flag­ stick was unattended. The ball on first bounce struck the flagstick about a foot above the ground, and dropped into the hole for a winning birdie 3. Jack Westland had failed to exercise his right to have the flagstick removed, under Rule 34-2c. Fortunately for him, the incident did not materially affect the ultimate result of 3 and 2 for Jack. The Rules contain many rights for players, as well as prohibitions. It pays to protect your rights. Playing Wrong Ball Charles Coe and Frank Stranahan were partners iepresenting the United States in a three-ball “sixsome” against Canada and Mexico in the Americas Cup Match at Seattle just before the Amateur. On the 35th hole Stranahan played a wrong ball (not in a hazard) ; under Rule 21-2, the United States pair lost the hole. They lost their matches by 1 down to both their Canadian and Mexican opponents. A note preceding Rule 21 advises: “The responsibility for playing his own ball rests with the player. Each player should put an identification mark on his ball.” Touching Sand in Bunker with Club During the Amateur a referee warned a player that in addressing the ball in a couple of bunkers his club came so close to touching the sand that it was almost impossible to be sure whether it did touch the sand or not. The player objected to the warning, USGA Journal and Turf Management: November, 1952 13 YOUNG MAN IN SEARCH OF A BIRDIE? Paul H. Johanson, of Seattle, actually is attempting a stance 20 feet up in a Douglas fir at the Seattle Golf Club during the Amateur Championship. The ball can be! seen at the extreme right, below Johanson. He played it out of ihe tree and got a half on the hole in his third-round match against Arnold Blum, of Macon, Ga., which he won, 1 up. saying his club had not touched the sand at address and, that being so, there was no proper occasion for a warning. The referee pointed out that a player should play in such manner as to leave no doubt as to whether he has infringed a Rule or not. Boundary Fence not Obstruction The 16th hole at the Waverley Country Club in Portland, Ore., is 212 yards, long, downhill, and a few yards behind the putting green is a boundary fence of wire mesh. The fence had not a little to do with deciding some matches in this year’s Women’s Amateur Championship. On several occasions balls overran the green and fetched up a few inches in front of the fence. Consequently, questions arose as to whether the fence was an obstruction and whether the players were entitled to lift and drop without penalty as provided in Rule 31-2. The answer was no, they couldn’t lift. A boundary fence is excluded from clas­ sification as an obstruction under Defi­ nition 20. 14 USGA Journal and Turf Management: November, 1952 Using the Driver By JULIUS BOROS USGA Open Champion, 1952 The driver is one of the easiest clubs in the bag to use, for it is designed with a wide, flat sole which will help you right the club if it should be swung a little too deeply into the turf. The main secret to hitting good drives lies in the ability of the player to relax. There is something about the driver which calls out to most people, “swing me as hard as you can.” This idea is entirely wrong for good shots off the tee. Don’t forget that each wood is designed for distance, and it is not necessary to try and slug the ball with all your power. A consistently good drive can be de­ veloped only through practice, and the elements to strive for are timing, rhythm and balance. Always be relaxed and swing the club smoothly. By taking your time, you will develop a permanent feel and your swing will be grooved to an even tempo. I generally play the ball off the left heel with a slightly closed stance and point my toes slightly outward to main­ tain balance. Remember that the hands are to work in unison. Start your swing back with both hands, keeping in mind that you are swinging the club. At address, the hands should be slightly ahead of the ball. As you start the club back, keep the clubhead low to the ground for two or three feet. This will start your swing on the right arc. You will notice that your body naturally turns with your arms and your left knee bends slightly. About halfway back your wrists start to cock, the shoulders and hips have turned and the left knee is bent toward the right leg. Swing the club completely back. Only practice can tell you when you have reached the top of your swing. The right elbow should be pointed down toward the right hip, and the right hand should be under the shaft. You should have perfect Julius Boros balance and control at the top of the swing. Take your time on the backswing, and pause slightly when you reach the top. The downswing should be started with a smooth, unhurried motion. Speed and timing produce distance, and most of the speed of the clubhead is gen­ erated when it is only three or four feet from the ball. This is the point where the power of your wrists comes into play. As your wrists uncoil in the hitting area, your arms come straight through and your body follows the natural turn to the left. The follow-through should not die half­ way out. The club should be swung to a complete finish. This is the picture the golfer should produce at the completion of the swing: He should be turned and facing the hole with his head up. His hands should be high and as the speed of the club comes to a halt, his arms will bend down close to his body. USGA Journal and Turf Management: November, 1952 15 USGA Nominees For 1953 Totton P. Heffelfinger, of Minneapolis, has been nominated for re-election as President of the USGA, and thirteen of the fourteen other members of the pres­ ent administration also have been nominated for re-election. James W. Walker, of New York, has asked to be relieved as Treas­ urer, after having served the Association since 1948. Charles L. Peirson, of Boston, a member of the Execu­ tive Committe since 1948, has been nominated to succeed him as Treasurer. E. E. Lowery The nominee for the resulting vacancy on the Executive Committee is Edward E. Lowery, of San Francisco, a former Director of the Northern California and Western Golf Associations and presently a director of the Trans-Mississippi Golf Association, and the Massachusetts Ama­ teur Champion in 1927. The Member Clubs will elect their officers for 1953 during the annual meet­ ing at the Princeton Club, in New York, at 12 noon on Saturday, January 31. John G. Jackson, of New York, is chair­ man of the Nominating Committee. The re-nomination of the present officers for a second year is in accordance with cus­ tom. The other members of the Com­ mittee are Hunter Hicks, of Glencoe, Ill., Crawford Rainwater, of Pensacola, Fla., Lee S. Read, of Louisville, Ky., and Jack Westland, of Everett, Wash. The nominees are: President Totton P. Heffelfinger Minikahda Club, Minneapolis, Minn. Vice-Presidents Isaac B. Grainger .................................................... Montclair Golf Club, Montclair, N. J. Richard S. Tufts ........... Pinehurst Country Club, Pinehurst, N. C. Secretary John D. Ames ...................................................................... Old Elm Club, Fort Sheridan, III. Charles L. Peirson ........... ............................................. The Country Club, Brookline, Mass. Treasurer Fraser M. Horn National Golf Links of America, Southampton, N. Y. General Counsel John D. Ames ................... J. Frederic Byers, Jr........... William P. Castleman, Jr. John G. Clock ................... Frederick L. Dold .............. John W. Fischer ................. T. R. Garlington ................ Charles B. Grace ............. Isaac B. Grainger ............ Totton P. Heffelfinger .... Lewis A. Lcpham ............ Edward E. Lowery ............ Charles L. Peirson ............... Richard S. Tufts ................ Corydon Wagner ............... EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE ............................................. Old...Elm Club, Fort Sheridan, III. Allegheny Country Club, Sewickley, Pa. ................................... Brook Hollow Golf Club, Dallas, Texas ............................... Virginia Country Club, Long Beach, Cal. .................................... Wichita...Country Club, Wichita, Kans. .................. ...... Western Hills Country Club, Cincinnati, Ohio Atlanta Athletic Club, Atlanta, Ga. Gulph Mills Golf Club, Bridgeport, Pa. Montclair Golf Club, Montclair, N. J. Minikahda Club, Minneapolis, Minn. .................................. Blind Brook Club, Port Chester, N. Y. ....................... San.. Francisco Golf Club, San Francisco, Cal. ............................................. The..Country Club, Brookline, Mass. .............................. Pinehurst Country Club, Pinehurst, N. C. ................. Tacoma.. Country and Golf Club, Tacoma, Wash. 16 USGA Journal and Turf Management: November, 1952 “Winter Rules” By CHARLES R. L. CRENSHAW WANTED: One genuine set of “winter rules.” Must be printed, punctuated, certified and guaranteed. Who wants ’em? Two frustrated “win­ ter rules” golfers who are in foggy dis­ agreement as to just how far a “winter rule” will stretch. Some “winter rulers” claim you can move the ball just a few inches; others claim a club-length. Some claim the ball must be moved with the clubhead only; others claim it may be done by hand, a very odd distinction, indeed. The latter say the maneuver is less conspicuous. In effect, they claim that it is all right to violate the most sacred rule in golf, pro­ vided you use the proper technique. Do not be too brazen about it; do it furtively, use a method that somehow is supposed to mitigate the crime. Some addicts of “winter rules” even go so far as to count the putt as holed if it rims the cup, on the theory that due to wintry conditions the green is unfair and the ball should have dropped. The last time this occurred, one opponent in the match balked. He was not averse to easy methods but contended that, if the putt were to be conceded, it should be done by application of a cextain pro­ vision in his newer code, titled “Feather- Bed Rules”. At this juncture one mem­ ber in the group meekly piped: “In settling matters of this kind, I always hanker to heed the royal and ancient pre­ cepts of the game worked out over a long span of years and commonly referred to in these times as the ‘Rules of Golf.’ ” For entertaining such antiquated no­ tions he was told off sharply and sum­ marily ousted from the picture. The official Rules of Golf are fully set forth in that handy booklet published by the USGA. These Rules apply to all golf courses throughout the land, except as amended by local rules. When for any reason it is found ex­ pedient to amend the regular rules by adopting a local rule, it is done in a very specific manner; it is done formally and officially in precise language so that it exactly dovetails and correlates with the parent rules as set forth in the official Rules of Golf. The amendment is then printed and posted and, in accordance with standard practice, it is called a local rule. It requires no other title or designation. One of the most basic of all rules in golf is to “play the ball as it lies,” and it becomes especially important to be ex­ plicit in amending any rule that has a bearing on this extremely vital point. The average duffer is none too familiar with the official Rules; he is likely to look upon them as harsh, restrictive and full of penalties, so that when he has a chance to play under a more lenient arrangement, he is happy. To him, the title “winter rules” sounds most alluring. He will be sorely tempted to interpret and apply this word-of-mouth code to his own best advantage. He will manage somehow to get relief from all sorts of trouble, which, of course, won’t hurt his score, even though it sabotages the written Rules and undermines the game in general. It is conceded by experienced golfers that this “winter rules” fantasy is a growing menace and should be eliminated. The remedy is simple: Get back to the use of correct terminology. The two labels, the “Rules of Golf” and “local rules” are sufficient. Please read page 60, and following in the 1952 Rules of Golf booklet and thereby ascertain the views of the USGA regarding “winter rules”. It says: “The USGA does not recognize ‘win­ ter rules’ ” and “there is no established code of ‘winter rules’.” Which definitely and fully summarizes the case. USGA Journal and Turf Management: November, 1952 17 Design in Golf Architecture By MAX H. BEHR Many years ago I realized that active pastimes were pursued in ways which divided them into three distinct kinds: games, sports and competition. As regards the first, I perceived that if a ball were the implement, either pro­ pelled, thrown or carried, then a ball game could be defined as a conflict be­ tween sides striving to establish command over it within a limited, demarked area. If a ball game is here correctly ex­ plained, then in some particular skill of its maneuvering there should be an appre­ hension as to what is required in the designing of a golf hole. We must hold in mind, however, that maneuvering the ball in a game is re­ stricted to the limited area in which it is played, its size having been prede­ termined to permit the agility of the players, unless out-flanked, to cover it in meeting attack. This is immediately apparent if we con­ sider what singles at lawn tennis would be if played on a doubles court. With its area so widened, there would be little play at all. And as the tennis ball today is livelier than it was when the size of the court was laid out, it would seem advisable to narrow slightly its area so that the skill of maneuvering the ball might re-achieve its former status. Why Boundary Lines This brings up the question: What, be­ fore everything, do the boundary lines of game areas stand for? The answer is simple. Game areas have length and width and therefore are two- dimensional planes. But as geometry taught us that neither a line nor a plane has thickness, it follows that, physically, the plane is minus the third dimension, height, or depth. This means that, al­ though it is visual, it lacks actuality, un­ less the third dimension is present. Ac­ tually, the third dimension is present, for the boundary lines are bases from which arise invisible perpendicular planes. Al­ though seemingly absent, they are ac­ counted for by the restrictions they im­ pose upon play should the ball either over-run or land beyond them. That is, as space cannot be without time (in this case, time is the pace and direction of the ball) and the three-dimensional space­ time volume of game areas is fixed, time is held a prisoner within it, which, when it escapes the bounds of its confinement, inflicts either a limitation upon play or an absolute loss to the side responsible for its dereliction. This method of balanc­ ing time with space is necessary so that there will be no stoppage to play. This, in memory, was ruled upon in baseball. In the not-remote past a batter could foul to his heart’s content; today his first two fouls are counted as strikes. Having determined the essential rea­ son for the lines that bound game areas, let us proceed with lawn tennis as our model of a game. Few players of it will deny that the most profitable return of a service is when the ball strikes a sideline. If the pace of the return is fast, then an onerous task of running is thrust upon the server to meet it. Should he do so successfully, he is likely to be too much off balance to overtake the receiver’s return. Thus, in a game, presumably balanced activity to start with is in constant process of an­ nihilation. This should be remembered, for in golf we are to find the very op­ posite to be true. Yet it is in this skilful return of the service that we perceive where the hazards of a golf hole should be located. Striving to gain the greatest advantage, the re­ turn was undertaken at the risk of the ball landing beyond a sideline; that is, of being caught by the invisible third dimension with the loss of a point. Since in golf it is the third dimension 18 USGA Journal and Turf Management: November, 1952 that creates hazards, it follows that their locations should guard the most favorable positions from which the next stroke can be played. This refutes the idea that the flanking boundaries of games have any bearing upon the correct situation of hazards in golf. The reason for this lies in the fact that golf is not a conflict for the control of a common ball. Its principle is that of an individual contest against the complexi­ ties of nature, no different from wild fowl­ ing, hunting, sailing and fly fishing, ex­ cept that the quarry, the hole, is lifeless and stationary. Thus, its activity is that of a competitive sport, and not a game. The contrast between them is disclosed when we know that, to a gamester, it is width of play within limits that pays, whereas the sportsman, to the contrary, endeavors to get within killing distance of his quarry in as short a time as possi­ ble. In terms of space this means the covering of a minimum of distance to it. And this remains his instinctive urge even though it be that he is thrown off it by the nature of the ground he must cover or in having first to get down wind of a live quarry before he can approach it. The cunning skill of his conduct depends upon how intelligently he transforms his all-but-irresistible attraction to come quickly to grips with it, altering his in­ tention only as necessity demands. Thus, in a sport we perceive balance, epitomized by a straight line, in constant process of formation. As regards the sport of golf this state­ ment is axiomatic. For, as the position of the quarry, the hole, which the golfer seeks to kill with a putt, is at rest, his start to its conquest, whether it be the first or the thousandth time that he ad­ dresses his ball upon any particular tee, psychologically includes an unconscious looking up to see where the pin is and then, unawares, an instinctive wish to play toward it in a straight line. But as the ball rises and falls in a curve, it is more exact to consider “straight line” to mean a curved line within a perpen­ dicular plane that passes through the hole. As the choice of this line is the reflex action of instinct, it follows that, if it is not endangered or blocked, the golfer tends to become a glutton in the vulgar desire to satiate his greed for distance. And his greed is unpremeditated, an im­ pulse that makes of time a runaway at the expense of space; whereas, in truth, it is space that should sit in the saddle, gripping the reins to give direction and restraint upon the steed of time through the bit of the traditional ball. It is this lack of balance between the two today, however, that nullifies the necessity of stroking the ball with an in­ telligent objective in mind. Thus, skill, which infers the physical ability under the most arduous conditions to render judgment effective, disappears to become mere craftsmanship. And what is crafts­ manship but a perfunctory capacity, with no innovative personal touch, to do things in the same way over and over again? Thus, given the width of a fairway to drive into, how otherwise can a tee shot prompted solely by instinct be dubbed. Yet, long grass, the rough, still con­ fines our fairways even to the extent of being considered a virtue. But as there is no human opponent to return the tee- shot and, therefore, no reason to place the ball close to it to gain an advantage, what does the golfer benefit if he risks its clutches? Punishment Thus, this mistaken imposition of a limitation that belongs singly to games confronts the golfer with the silly idea that his play is in some way bound up with morality. But as the lifeless quarry, the hole, makes no direct call upon the golfer’s sympathy, his play is amoral, that is, it lias outside the sphere in which moral distinctions or judgments apply. Morality is indeed involved, but it lies properly in the inborn disposition of a sportsman never to take an unfair ad­ vantage of a live quarry. A golf hole is USGA Journal and Turf Management: November, 1952 19 alive to the extent that a breeze or wind constantly changes either its length or the type of stroke to be played. Therefore, in meeting this naive inclination, is it just and right that authority should standard­ ize a ball that over-balances the change­ fulness of the atmosphere, or that a golf architect should condone punishment to strokes undertaken with the best of mo­ tives? In law this is denominated a reductio ad absurdum. Doubtless the golfer will be shocked. He will grant, thankfully, that without the rough there would be fewer lost balls. But, without rough, he will want to know what happens to a tee shot that has been badly pulled or sliced. Again the answer is simple: they are cared for by that rational law of economics which compre­ hends that taxation to be generally ap­ plicable and reasonable must be levied at the source, and in golf the source is the hole. The usefulness of this law is clear if, for a slice or pull at a straight hole, either the rough, standing in place of multitudinous revenue collectors, is done away with altogether, or the fairway is cut as wide as conditions permit. Then, if the line that would have demarked the flanking rough of our narrow fairways is adopted as the side of a parallelogram, its base 25 yards in width and 175 yards from the tee and its extent 275 yards, and straight lines are then drawn from its near left-hand corner and from its far right-hand corner to the championship positions of the hole, it follows that if a bunker is dug where these two lines bisect the edge of the green, every ball lying within this parallelogramic area will be faced with an heroic stroke, would the player lay the ball dead to the hole. (Should the hole bend to the right, the lines are drawn from its far left-hand corner and its near right-hand corner, and oppositely when the hole bends to the left.) If the bunker is to command respect, it should be deep enough to frighten, not be just another effeminate white waste of sand from which too often the ball may be played out with a putter. Thus the economy of one bunker as a tax collector, caring for the expensive and futile placement of many bunkers and the rough to catch wayward strokes! From the tee, the golfer, seeing this bunker at the edge of the green or know­ ing of it, if blind, his eye will turn away from it to encounter hazards that force him to choose a definite line that either requires a great carry, the use of the ground as it may happen to pitch or a most circumspect direction to the ad­ vantage of his next stroke. Thus, the bunkers of such a hole interact upon one another to form a Whole, which is what the word “composition” connotes. It fol­ lows that any bunker that is loose from the composition is an example of bad art and should be stricken out. Such is the rough with its bunkers, for when a player’s ball, pulled or sliced, is subjected to its mistaken discipline and the op­ ponent’s ball just stays out, manifestly it has become the play-thing of hard luck. But a ball caught by a bunker which a player assumed that he might carry or just slip by does not belong to the trick­ iness of luck. It must be denominated a misfortune. Defending ihe Quarry Thus, the golf-course architect who knows the business of designing a hole will not stand on the projected tee and from there decide where bunkers should be placed. He will stand where the most propitious locations will be for the hole, so that he may become intelligent in com­ posing the hazards to defend it. For with the knowledge that the golfer’s instinct is to play directly towards it, he so re­ lates his bunkers to one another as to compel him to transform instinctive di­ rection. And, according to the nature of the ground and this knowledge of what a golf course should demand in playing it, it can be said that the ways of ac­ complishing it are endless. This is but a brief outline as to what strategy compre­ hends. It is for this reason that the first prin­ ciple of all hazards is to attack the mind of the golfer, never to waylay the ball. 20 USGA Journal and Turf Management: November, 1952 If, however, they are considered areas of punishment, the provoking of thought is stilled. Initiative is robbed by their or­ ders to obey. This is not golf architecture, but the mere providing of a playground upon which the ball may be swiped and its despoliation of golf counted in strokes. Thus he who is responsible for hazards being so located is one without knowledge of the art of which he professes to be master. It is the duty of the golf-course archi­ tect to consider the pleasure of the poor player, as well as of the gifted. As was pointed out, the intention of both is to do their best, but it is the expert who escapes this trifling effort of the penologist to chastise and the poor player who becomes its victim. This is especially stupid in that a more interesting, yet difficult, 18 holes can be designed without a single penal adjunct. Such was the condition of the Lakeside course, in Hollywood, Cal., when Bob Jones played it in 1929. He remarked that it reminded him of the Old Course at St. Andrews, Scotland, whereas, one played many championship courses of America the same way every day. Furthermore, correct design includes the element of mystery. It follows that all beacon areas of sand in the faces of mounds near greens whose sole object is to make the estimating of distance possible (and what the distance of a stroke happens to be is part of a hole’s defense) are an affront to the spirit of adventure which is golf’s chief attraction. For surely, no engagement is worth-while when all can be known about it before­ hand. Indeed, illusion, if it can be created, gives a hole distinction. Thus, at times, the justified use of blind bunkers. And it goes without saying that trees lined to hem in fairways are not only an insult to golf architecture, but the death warrant to the high art of natural landscape gar­ dening, aside from the fact that, of all hazards, they are the most unfair. Free Enterprise It was for these various reasons that I was the first to draw a sharp distinction between strategic architecture and that which I denominated penal and damned. Because the player is a sportsman, the first stands for individual free enterprise, impossible to be pursued unfairly, and the second is just another example of that authoritarian interference with nature comprehended in the word socialism, with its many offsprings and the particular controls of each. With the adherents of the latter, there is undoubtedly a feeling of inferiority; for any idea that can be affirmed only by constant policing or otherwise tampering with man’s freedom is an admission that it is unnatural. There­ fore, common sense should forewarn that eventually the spirit of man will rise to overflow the best-laid levies of logic, and this includes penal architecture. Because people are unconscious of this fact but nevertheless sensing that something is wrong would seem to explain why they are changing the meaning of good words to cover their inadequacy; for what does the word “democracy” mean today when the Soviets have adopted it as descriptive' of their civilization? So it is that the phrase “strategic golf architecture” is be­ ing used to cover a multitude of sins. The first knows itself to be a hypocrite; the second seems not to know the way of accomplishing what it claims itself to be. Perhaps, it is not right to so castigate the penologist, for to be restricted in de­ signing holes to fairways of limited width is a great handicap for strategy to sur­ mount. This is especially true in that freedom, demanded by a sport, loses all sense when subject to obvious restraint. Consequently, golf architecture, in an ef­ fort to police the thieving of space by the present ball, has turned inward upon it­ self in an effort to tell the golfer what is right and wrong, whereas it is imperative in any sport that the pursuer of it is the sole judge. Because the ball as an im­ plement is dishonorable to a sportsman in making him take an advantage of a hole’s sole live defense, the sport has verily lost its soul. And such is the unfortunate condition of golf as it is played today. USGA Journal and Turf Management: November, 1952 21 THE REFEREE Decisions by the USGA and the R. and A. Rules of Golf Committees Example of symbols: “USGA” indicates decision by the United States Gol:' Association. “R & A” indicates decision by the Royal and Ancient Gol ' Club o St. Andrews, Scotland. “52-1” means the first decision issued in 1952. “R. 37-7” re.ers to Section 7 o. Rule 37 in the 1952 Rules of Golf. When Provisional Ball Becomes Ball in Play USGA 52-50 R. 21-3, 30-2. Q: A and B were playing in the club’s annual championship. A’s tee shot on the fourth hole appeared to be out of bounds and a provisional ball was played from the teeing ground by A. When the two players arrived at the vicinity in which A’s ball was thought to have been out of bounds or lost, it was not found by any one in the match. Not consuming five minutes in which to look for the ball, A played the provisional ball to the green. After A had played his second shot with the provisional ball from where the original was supposed to have been lost, A’s original ball was found by a group following. A went back to the spot where his original ball lay and, as his second shot, played his first ball without penalty. Question by: J. L. Welling, Sr. Country Club of Newberry Newberry, S. C. A: A incurred a penalty of loss of hole in match play. Rule 30-2 permits a player to play a provisional ball only as far as the place where the original ball is likely to be, and requires that he then elect to play either the original ball, without penalty, or the provisional ball, under the penalty pro­ vided in the Rule governing the particular case. Rule 30-2 further provides: “When the player makes his choice, the other ball shall then be retired from play.” When A abandoned his original ball, it thereupon became out of play, and the pro­ visional ball became the ball in play. The fact that A did not look for the original ball for five minutes is not relevant; one may abandon a ball as being lost at any time. If the competition had been at stroke play and the player, having elected to play the provisional ball, did not hole out with that ball, he would have disqualified him­ self if he did not proceed as provided in Rule 21-3. Artificial Boundaries USGA 52-51 D. 21, R. 3a-5 QI: Our course is entirely en .lossd by an 8-foot fence, against which are planted vari­ ous shrubs, flowers, etc. It has been pro­ posed that, to save time and to save the flowers, we establish out-of-bounds stakes completely around the course slightly inside our boundary fence. In other words, we would have probably 2 feet of ground be­ tween our stakes and fence which would be out of bounds. Would this seem satisfactory, or just what does the USGA recommend? At present we play anything over the fence as out of bounds, and up against the fence as unplayable, but in many cases an unplayable lie calls for going back to the tee. which holds play up considerably. Al: The Committee would be within its rights in establishing a boundary Lne placing the shrubs and flower beds out of bounds. Under Rule 36-6, it is a duty of the committee to define boundaries. As an alternative, the committee could retain the fence as the boundary, and could protect the flowers by adopting a local rule making it mandatory that a ball in a flower bed be lifted, without penalty, and dropped as near as possible to the spot where it lay. but not nearer the hole, on ground outside the flower beds. See recommendations for local rules. Such a local rule would be proper only for the purpose of prohibiting play from an area which it is desired to protect, and not for the purpose of giving relief from the boundary fence. Q2: We also have one hole inside the course on which we have an out-of-bounds, purely as a safety measure, to prevent play­ ers from driving into another fairway. Is there anv objection to this? A2: “Interior” boundaries are generally inadvisable except for prohibiting play in such areas as parking spaces, clubhouse and dwelling territories, tennis courts, swimming pools and the like. However, as noted above, it is a duty of the committee 22 USGA Journal and Turf Management: November, 1952 to define boundaries. Knowing the local si­ tuation, the committee can best determine the matter. Questions by: Ellsworth Vines Wilshire Country Club Los Angeles, Cal. Ball Dropped in Casual Water USGA 52-52 R. 32-lb, 32-4. Q: Player in casual water about one inch deep in sand trap drops ball away from hole over shoulder. Ball half buried in water-soaked sand. Player contends ball is still in casual water and drops ball again in wet sand, which causes ball to bury par­ tially. Opponent objects but player main­ tains ball is still in casual water and drops ball a third time. At no time did ball roll as referred to in Rule 32-4. What is pen­ alty, if any? Question by: Robert E. Moran Uorest Park Golf Club Baltimore, Md. A: Your statement indicates player first dropped ball on ground which afforded maximum relief from casual water as pro­ vided in Rule 32-lb. If ball when dropped did not roll into casual water, player was not entitled to further relief under Rule 32-4. In redropping player incurred pen­ alty of loss of hole. Plug in Putting Green Interferes with Play USGA 52-53 R. 35-lb Q: The plug in the old hole on the putting green sinks down about an inch and is be­ tween the player and the hole, in line with his putt. What relief does he have? What relief if the plug, due to rain, pushes up about one-half inch and is in line with the player’s putt? Could the player call for the greenkeeper to repair this situa­ tion before making his putt? Question by: Steve Creekmore, Jr. Fort Smith, Ark. A: In each case the player would be jus­ tified in discontinuing play and in request­ ing the Committee to have the putting green repaired. However, the player himself may not touch the line of putt—see Rule 35-lb. Determining whether Ball Moved USGA 52-60 R. 10-1, 11-1,3, 27-ld. Q: Match Play. Player claims his op­ ponent moved ball in rough while address­ ing ball. Opponent claims he did not move ball and opponent says he is sole judge of whether or not he moved ball and feels that under circumstances he should not be penal­ ized; also, Rules Committee claims op­ ponent should not be penalized. Question by: George Corcoran Greensboro Country Club Greensboro, N. C. A: Whether ball moved is question of fact which local committee must determine, taking into account all available testimony and credibility of witnesses. Nature of golf and its code of sportsmanship make player primarily responsible for calling penalties against himself (see Rule 10-1.) However, opponent has right to enter claim under Rule 11-1. Local Committee’s decision is final (see Rule 11-3). If it be determined that player accidentally moved ball in play through the green while addressing it, Rule 27-ld applies. Asking or Giving Advice USGA 52-61. D. 2; R.9-1, 40-3g. Q: I would appreciate very much an opin­ ion as to what occurs when a competitor asks for information from a fellow-competi­ tor with reference to the use of a club and an answer is given. The occasion arose in a friendly four-ball, where the high and low balls of two competitors were played against the high and low balls of the other two competitors, and a lawyer friend of mine asked me what club to use. I, of course, gave him an answer and then told him he had violated the rule of golf by requesting information. Question by: L. E. Meyer Lebanon, Pa. A: Rule 9-1 provides “A player or a com­ petitor shall not give or ask for advice or take any action which may result in his re­ ceiving advice except from his caddie, his partner, or his partner’s caddie.” Informa­ tion regarding a club used is “advice” un­ der this Rule (see Definition 2). In stroke play, if a competitor asks for such advice from a fellow-competitor, he in­ curs a penalty of two strokes. If the fellow­ competitor gives the advice, he also incurs a penalty of two strokes. In match play, if a player asks for such advice, he incurs a penalty of loss of hole and anything that happens thereafter is irrel­ evant. In other words, the opponent already has won the hole, whether he answers the question or not. USGA Journal and Turf Management: November, 1952 23 In the case cited, presumed to be four- ball match play, the player, who asked ad­ vice was disqualified for the hole (see Rule 40-3g), but the disqualification did not ap­ ply to his partner. Balls Exchanged in Match Play USGA 52-62 R. 11-4, 21-2 QI: In match play, A plays the ball of his opponent, B. B thereupon plays A’s ball. Neither mistake occurs in a hazard. They play out the hole with the balls ex­ changed. It is known that A was the first to play a wrong ball. What is the ruling? Al: A lost the hole under Rule 21-2, which provides in part: “If a player play a stroke with any wrong ball except in a hazard, he shall lose the hole.” Thus, the hole had in fact already been decided when B played A’s ball; what happened after A’s error in first playing B’s ball is irrelevant. The preamble to Rule 21 provides: “The responsibility for playing his own ball rests with the player. Each player should put an identification mark on his ball.” Q2: In match play, A and B play each other’s balls, but they do not know who first played a stroke with the wrong ball. What is the ruling? A2: Since it cannot be established who first played a wrong ball, in equity the hole stands as played, with no penalty. See Rule 11-4. How io Concede a Putt USGA 52-63 R. 26-2b, 27-2a, 35-2d Q: A and B are playing a match. A con­ cedes B a short putt to halve the hole. A then proceeds to putt for his half. B claims the hole from A after A has made the half, declaring A has no right to concede the putt to B until A is down for the half. Was this rule abandoned after the stymie was abolished, or is B legal in claiming the hole? Question by: Mrs. Alfred Berkman Los Angeles, Cal. A: In match play, since the elimination of the so-called stymie rule, there is nothing in the Rules of Golf which would prevent a player from verbally conceding an op­ ponent’s stroke at any time. Rule 35-2d well establishes the principle that a player by knocking his opponent’s ball away after it has come to rest thereby concedes that the opponent has holed out with the next stroke. It should not therefore be con­ sidered a violation of the Rules for a player to concede an opponent’s stroke by the act of knocking his ball away. However, a player knocking away an op­ ponent’s ball would be subject to a penalty of loss of the hole under Rule 26-2b if it were not certain that the opponent’s ball had come to rest. In any case the player could not subsequently require the opponent to replace his ball without being subject to a one-stroke penalty under Rule 27-2a. Second Ball in Stroke Play USGA 52-64 R. 11-5. 32-1 Q: Player’s ball in qualifying round was driven into ground under repair and he played his ball from the repair area, the ball landing nicely on the green. He then dropped a ball away from the repair area and played a shot, the ball going out of bounds. Now, according to the Rules, he must disregard his first ball and continue with his second ball. There would have been no penalty if the player decided not to drop ball off repair area but played from repair area as it lay. Is this decision correct? Question by: Guinea Kop Ala Wai Golf Course Honolulu, Hawaii A: Yes. Rule 32-1 does not require that a ball be lifted from ground under repair. It provides only that the player may lift his ball from ground under repair without penalty if he so desires. Therefore the player cited would have been within his rights in either playing his original ball as it lay or in lifting and dropping his ball without penalty as provided in Rule 32-1. However, in playing both balls, he ap­ parently played his second ball under Rule 11-5, which permits such a procedure in stroke play only but further provides: “If it be found that the Rules allow the pro­ cedure adopted with the second ball, the score with the second ball shall be his score for the hole. To play a second ball in these circumstances constitutes an election to score with that ball if the Rules permit.” Flagsiick in Improper Place USGA 52-65 D. 12;R. 11-1, 4 Q: Our fifteenth green is in the corner of the club property and somewhat isolated. Some prankster took the flag out of the cup and stuck it in the green, some distance from the cup. Players in the semi-final 24 USGA Journal and Turf Management: November, 1952 match of our women’s state championship played their second shots to what they thought was the hole and then found them­ selves quite some distance away from the actual cup. Good sports that they were, they went ahead and played out the hole without any complaint, but I am wondering, if this had happened in medal play, would these players have had any alternative other than to just go ahead and play out the hole under this handicap? Question by: Don Murphy Texarkana Country Club Texarkana, Ark-Texas A: It is the duty of the local committee to designate the stipulated round, and it is natural to assume that the flagstick desig­ nates the hole to be played. Definition 12 provides in part that “The flagstick is a movable indicator . . . placed in the hole to show its position.” In the case you cite, the committee would have been justified under the rule of equity (Rule 11-4) in permitting either player to replay her stroke to the green if she so desired, provided claim was made in accord­ ance with Rule 11-1 and the matter settled before play began on the next hole. The same ruling would apply in stroke play. Replaying Stroke Out of Turn R & A 52-87 R. 12 Q: During a recent four-ball competi­ tion one of the competitors put his first ball off the tee out of bounds and immediately played another ball off the tee without waiting for the other three competitors to tee off. One of the markers pointed out to him that he had committed a breach of the Rules and was therefore penalized two strokes (Rules 12-3 and 5). On receipt of this information the player, his partner and a large majority of the members of the club disagreed with this penalty ruling, and the issue is still in dispute. Question by: Heaton Golf Club Manchester, Lancashire A: The competitor committed a breach of Rule 12-3 by playing out of turn. There is. however, no penalty for playing out of turn on the teeing ground in stroke play (see Rule 12-2b). Advice after the Fact R & A 52-88 (ii) R. 9 Q: A, a competitor in a stroke competi­ tion, plays a shot badly from a shallow sand bunker. B, a competitor in the same competition says to him, “You should have played that off your right foot.” Is B penalized? If so, and assuming this was a bogey competition, how would the penalty be imposed? Question by: P. J. Mullery Sutton Golf Club Sutton, Co. Dublin A: B’s action is not considered to be advice as envisaged in Rule 9, and there­ fore he should suffer no penalty. When Ball Is "Lost" R & A 52-91 R. 29 Q: If a player abandons his search for a “lost ball” within the five-minute limit and on his way back to play another ball the original ball is found within the time limit, can he play the original ball with­ out disqualification? Question by: G. N. Coop Worsley Golf Club Worsley, Lancashire A: Under Definition 6, a ball is lost if it be not found within five minutes. Provided the ball is found within that period and the player has not played another ball from the spot from which he played his previous shot, he can continue play with his original ball. Ball Unrecoverable Due io Outside Agency R & A 52-92 R. 27-la Q: We have recently in this club had several instances of players’ balls being picked up by crows and removed to their nests or elsewhere, and this occurrence is, we feel sure, intended to be covered by Rule 27-la. This Rule, however, in the official copy of the Rules of Golf in our possession, reads: “If the lie of a ball at rest be altered by any outside agency except wind, the plaver shall, through the green or in a hazard, drop the ball ... as near as possi­ ble to the spot from which the ball was moved, without penalty.” In cases where the ball cannot be re­ covered. it is clearly not possible to drop the ball as near as possible to the spot from which it was removed. Question by: Selangor Golf Club Malayan Union A: Under Rule 27-la, in the case of the ball being moved and not recoverable, a ball may be dropped. USGA Journal and Turf Management: November, 1952 25 V, ’A' 7 < $ < Iturf management ’ V ■ from the USGA Green Section ■ : Correspondence pertaining to Green Section matters should be addressed to: USGA Green Section, Room 331, Administration Building, Plant Industry Station, Beltsville, Md. West Coast Office: Box 241, Davis, Cal. MERION BLUEGRASS SURVEY fiy FRED V. GRAU AND ALEXANDER M. RADKO Director and Agronomist, respectively, USGA Green Section Last spring, the United States Golf Association Green Section distributed a memorandum on “Uniform Recommen­ dations of Establishment and Management of Merion Bluegrass” to all cooperators in the National Coordinated Turf Pro­ gram, to members of the American Society of Agronomy Turf Committee, to seedsmen who are Green Section Serv­ ice Subscribers, and to the members of the Green Section Committee. This was included in the memoran­ dum: “The scarcity and high price of Merion bluegrass seed make it imperative that we exert every effort to place before the consuming public sound, unified recommendations for the most efficient use of this improved turf grass. We realize that research data will not be available to substantiate every point. Your best judgment based upon observa­ tions and experience must serve.” Question 1. Recommended rate of seed­ ing when used alone. The suggestions varied from 1 pound to 6 pounds to 1,000 square feet. Eight people suggested 2 pounds to 1,000 square feet for the amateur user. Several indicated that in the hands of a profes­ sional turf superintendent 1 pound to 1,000 square feet should be ample. The returns indicate clearly that a great deal of work must be done in order to unify recommendations on maximum rate of seeding when Merion bluegrass is used alone. Accepting the vote of the majority, the Green Section will recommend 2 pounds to 1,000 square feet for the amateur user under something less than favorable con­ ditions, and not more than 1 pound to 1,000 square feet under more nearly ideal conditions, especially in the hands of the professional turf superintendent. Twenty-eight persons replied to the questionnaire. Some answered fully, some in part. Not all questions were answered on each return. Here follows a summation of the answers received: Question 2. Minimum content of Merion bluegrass in a seed mixture. The suggested percentages varied from 5% to 100%. More people suggested 30% than any other single figure. Six 26 USG \ Journal amj Turf Management: November, 1952 persons did not answer this question. On the basis of these returns, the Green Section will venture the recom­ mendation, when Merion bluegrass seed is available in sufficient quantity to be put into seed mixtures, that 30% be the minimum content in mixtures placed on the market. Less than this may be sufficient in certain types of seed mixtures under ideal conditions where the management favors Merion bluegrass. We wish to stress this point: ‘‘The management accorded a piece of turf is more significant in determining the final population than the original seed mixture used in establishing the turf.” Again, the returns indicate the need for a great deal of research work at every turf ex­ periment station in order to determine the best content of Merion bluegrass in various seed mixtures under varying con­ ditions. Question 3. Your best suggestions for a mixture containing Merion bluegrass. Twelve persons suggested a mix­ ture containing Merion bluegrass, creeping red fescue and colonial bent. Reduced to average percentages, the best suggestion would be 40% Merion blue­ grass, 50% creeping red fescue, and 10% colonial bent. Some felt that 10% bent is too much and suggested 5% as a maximum. Seven persons suggested a simple mix­ ture of Merion bluegrass and creeping red fescue, approximately equal parts by weight. A number of other mixtures contain­ ing small percentages of other grasses were suggested but are not reproduced here because most fall into the general classification of the first two mentioned. The Green Section favors the Merion, creeping red fescue, and colonial mixture, and the one containing Merion blue­ grass and creeping red fescue. For athletic field use several people have suggested that the second mixture be used with tall fescue. Question 4. Outline the best procedure for renovating satisfactory turf in order to establish Merion bluegrass. The largest number of persons, about half, suggested this procedure in outline: 1. Apply appropriate chemicals to dis­ courage the existing weeds and grasses. 2. Mow as closely as possible, (we would like to add that combs or rakes should be used to assist in close mowing). 3. Aerify thoroughly and drag. 4. Fertilize and seed. 5. Apply irrigation water until germin- at’on is completed, and thereafter water only as needed. Four persons recommended plowing, preparing a seedbed, fertilizing and seeding. Two persons suggested raking vigorously, fertilizing, seeding and top­ dressing. Here follow some suggestions which do not appear in the recommended pro­ cedures: “Use topsoil fill to bury the old grass.” “Sow Merion as a winter dormant seeding.” “Use heavy rates of phos­ phorus.” “Use pre-germinated Merion seed.” “Seeding into any kind of turf was disappointing except seeding into warm-season grasses.” Qusstion 5. Best suggested fertilization. Here we received many widely varying suggestions, which indicates clearly a great need for research on the best methods of fertilizing Merion bluegrass. The total nitrogen recommended per 1,000 square feet per year varied from IVa pounds to 7% pounds. In general, the replies indicated that a complete balanced fertilizer, supplying about equal quantities in N, P, and K, used spring, summer, and fall, would give good results. Generous phosphorus and potash at seed­ ing time was indicated; others indicated that generous nitrogen at seeding time greatly helped establishment. Best suggestion is to consult your own state experiment station for detailed recommendations on fertilization. Question 6. Best height-of-cut for fair­ ways, lawns and athletic fields. For fairways a %-inch height-of-cut re­ ceived the greatest number of votes. One- half inch and 1 inch received several USGA Journal and Turf Management: November, 1952 27 votes strangely enough, l/'2 inches re­ ceived two votes, 1% inches one vote, and 2 inches one vote. How a fairway could be maintained at 2 inches and have anybody enjoy playing on it is beyond us. The Green Section votes for a height- of-cut somewhere between V2 inch and 3A inch to provide the best playing con­ ditions. On lawns, the greatest number of votes fell at the P/j-inch height-of-cut. Quite a few voted for 3/4 inch, 1 inch, some for 1% inches, and even some for 2V2 inches. The Green Section, in its experience, would maintain a height-of-cut at approx­ imately 1 inch on home lawns. On athletic fields the height-of-cut was scattered all the way from % inch to 2% inches, with inches receiving greatest number of votes. Several persons stated that at the higher mowing height Merion tends to lose some of its advantage over commercial Kentucky bluegrass. Question 7. Watering techniques. Seventy-one percent of the replies recommended keeping water away from Merion until it showed signs of wilting, and then provide thorough, deep water­ ing. Most persons suggested light appli­ cations of water until germination is complete. Here are some of the comments: “Heavy watering or none at all.” “Soak as needed by hand, not with sprinklers.” “Merion shows much drought-resistance in California.” It would seem that the best recom­ mendation for watering Merion is to use it heavily at long, infrequent intervals, and then only when wilting begins to show the evidence of the need for water. Question 8. Aerifying. Almost unanimously the replies indi­ cated “Aerify as needed.” Most of them said spring and fall, especially just prior to the application of fertilizer. It is clear that aerifying is accepted as stand­ ard maintenance procedure. COMING EVENTS November 17-21: American Society of Agron­ omy Meetings, Netherland Plaza Hotel, Cin­ cinnati, Ohio. L. G. Monthey. December 1-3: Texas Turf Conference, Texas A. & M. College, College Station, Texas. Marvin H. Ferguson. December 4-6: Oklahoma Turf Conference, Okla­ homa A. & M. College, Stillwater, Okla. Jack Harlan. 1953 January 6-7: Turf Conference, Mid-Atlantic Asso­ ciation of Golf Course Superintendents and University of Maryland, Lord Baltimore Hotel, Baltimore, Md. E. N. Cory, Chairman. February 8-13: 24th National Turf Conference and Show of the Golf Course Superintendents Association of America, Ambassador Hotel, Atlantic City, N.J. A. M. Brown, Box 106, St. Charles, 111. February 16-19: Turf Conference, Pennsylvania State College and Pennsylvania Turf Advisory Committee, State College, Pa. H. B. Musser. Question 9. Herbicide suggestions. The replies mostly indicated the need for 2, 4-D where the broad-leaf weeds appeared. Sodium arsenite, phenyl mercury, and potassium cyanate for crab­ grass control were mentioned. Seven persons, nearly 30%, said unequivocally, “Do not use phenyl mercury formula­ tions on Merion bluegrass turf.” Question 10. Other pertinent points. Here the people questioned were given a chance to express themselves regard­ ing points of advantage and disadvantage of Merion bluegrass. Some of those replies favoring Merion bluegrass said: “A very deeprooted grass, much deeper than bentgrass and common Kentucky bluegrass if adequately fertilized and properly watered.” “When properly fertilized will keep weeds out, once established.” “Vigorous rhizome production, low- growing, slightly broader-leafed than common Kentucky bluegrass, highly but not completely apomictic and very re­ sistant to Helminthosporium vagans.” “Merion is superior in all seasons — some leafspot noted but no large areas killed.” 28 USGA Journal and Turf Management: November, 1952 “Merion continues to grow during heat and drought — common Kentucky blue­ grass and creeping red fescue did not grow.” “Crabgrass a minor problem in Merion bluegrass turf.” “A wonderful sod to move because of new rhizome growth if sod is cut to depth of one inch or less.” Here are some of the points stressing disadvantages of Merion bluegrass: “Slow to start — takes patience and 55 care. “Merion highly susceptible to powdery mildew.” “Seed contains off-types — plants highly susceptible to leafspot and rust.” “Seedings after September were un­ successful in most cases.” “Sensitive to injury from PMA formu­ lations.” “As susceptible as common Kentucky bluegrass to Rhizoctonia solani and Septoria spp.” We recognize that many of the answers in this survey are not backed by re­ search. This is something to develop and is a responsibility of the experiment stations. Additional surveys such as this are planned, not only with Merion blue­ grass but with all improved turf grasses. HOW GOOD IS DELTA BLUEGRASS? A short seed crop and increasingly heavy demands render the Merion blue­ grass market a “bullish” one. Delta bluegrass is being promoted in some quarters as a “substitute” for Merion bluegrass and consumers are being led to believe that it is “as good as” Merion bluegrass. Delta bluegrass was developed as a higher yielding pastuie bluegrass. It is a good seed producer in Oregon, NEW SUBSCRIBERS TO GREEN SECTION SERVICE Berwind Country Club, San Juan, Puerto Rico Cock Bros., Windsor, Ont., Canada Davis, George T., Phenix City, Ala. Fairfield Gardens, Inc., Travis Air Force Base, Cal. Hoerr, D. A., & Sons, Peoria, III. Loewith, Julius, Inc., New York, N. Y. Mid-Ocean Club, Tuckers Town, Bermuda Monsanto Chemical Co., St. Louis, Mo. Nordan's Grass Farm, Abbeville, Ala. Ruppert, James J., Washington, D. C. Sawan, Inc., Atlanta, Ga. NOTE TO GREEN SECTION SERVICE SUBSCRIBERS A few Green Section Service Subscribers have printed on their letterheads either "Member United States Golf Association Green Section" or "Subscriber United States Golf Association Green Section." The latter term is correct, and we are glad to have it so used. The former term is in­ correct. where the seed is being grown. It is very susceptible to the leafspot diseases which periodically ruin common Kentucky blue­ grass. Whenever weakened by recurring attacks of disease, it is very severely in­ jured by close mowing. Under such con­ ditions the turf becomes thin and per­ mits infestation of crabgrass and other weeds. It has little or no advantage over common Kentucky bluegrass and will not produce a turf comparable to that pro­ duced by the Merion strain in areas where the leafspot diseases are trouble­ some. Data obtained in Rhode Island indi­ cate that two-year-old plots of blue grasses mowed at 1 inch and treated sim­ ilarly for two years show the following percentages of crabgrass, the figures rep­ resenting the percent of the area covered by crabgrass on September 12, 1952: Kentucky bluegrass (commercial seed) Delta bluegrass Merion bluegrass 65% 47% 6% According to the existing data and ob­ servations, we are justified in conclud­ ing that those who plant Delta bluegrass can expect performance comparable to that from common commercial Kentucky bluegrass seed. USGA Journal and Turf Management: November, 1952 29 HOW DENVER COUNTRY CLUB RAKES ITS LEAVES Leaf-raking equipment which J. L. Haines, golf-course superintendent at the Denver Country Club, uses is designed for speed and efficiency. Hand tools get the leaves away from obstructions so power rake can windrow them. Wooden fingers of this hand rake lift leaves out of the grass, and wire-screen backstop holds them until windrow is reached. Power machine removes windrows and piles of leaves with suction so powerful that mass of leaves comes out almost as a bale. "REVIEW" FOR STUDENTS The USGA Green Section announces to professors at colleges where turf courses are being offered to students that 1951 copies of “Turf Research Review” are available free of charge for students. The “Review” will give the student a good background in turf management, especially with regard to the scope of re­ search teaching and extension over the United States. 30 USGA Journal and Turf Management: November, 1952 AN ANALYSIS IN IOWA The following was revealed by a Noer Profile Sampler on four greens at the Sunny Side Golf and Country Club: 1. The bentgrass was of good color, but “thin” spots were observed. 2. The grass roots were confined to the upper two inches of the soil. Below this area the soil was compacted. The bentgrass roots 12 inches from the green on the apron were found to extend to a depth of 5 inches, and the soil was much less compacted. 3. The soil was well filled with fine sand. The sand used in the topdressing contained too much fine sand. 4. The watering practice, in the opinion of the critics, has led to overwatering. The travelers are set to go at 7 P.M. and are taken off the green at 7 A.M. No water stands on the green, but in draining down through the soil, soluble plant foods are leached out of reach of the grass roots. 5. The fungicide program appeared adequate, because disease had not de­ veloped on any greens examined. The soil profiler is a very revealing tool. It shows with respect to what is under the bentgrass (1) root develop­ ment, (2) physical nature of the soil, (3) compaction or puddling, (4) effects of overwatering where overwatering has occurred, (5) amount of mat at the surface, etc., (6) dry areas. A discussion as to possible remedies for the soil and root situation brought out the following suggestions: 1. Use coarse, sharp sand in the top­ dressing. 2. Aerify as soon as possible; apply pea gravel and wash it into the aerifier holes. Aerify again in the spring and use pea gravel. The opinion of the group was that the soil would be im­ proved by the use of a coarse material and tend to correct the compaction and result in the deeper penetration of roots. 3. Overwatering. It was suggested by many that less water would tend to allevi- TURF MANAGEMENT Worth-while discussions of the problems con­ fronting Green Committee Chairmen are con­ tained in TURF MANAGEMENT, a book sponsored by the United States Golf Association. This volume was edited by H. Burton Musser and published by the McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc. It is available through the USGA, 40 East 38th Street, New York 16, N. Y.; the USGA Green Sec­ tion, Room 331, Administration Building, Plant In­ dustry Station, Beltsville, Md., and bookstores generally. The price is $6. ate the compaction, and encourage deeper rooting. Too much water tends to bring fine soil particles together and thus greatly reduce porosity. Too much water re­ places soil air, and where there is no oxygen, the root system isn’t likely to develop. The most practical method of cor­ recting soil compaction on old greens is by the use of the aerifier. If the plugs are sticky and of poor material, they should be removed from the green. If the soil needs coarse material, add very coarse sand or pea gravel. Or if the aerifier holes are left open, the grass roots will fill the hole, and provide a new source of organic material. After examining greens in various sec­ tions of Iowa we have found that the soil in many greens is compacted, con­ tains too little coarse material and that the bentgrass roots are contained in the upper two inches. In spite of this many greens are very acceptable and go through the summer successfully. For better results on compacted greens, aerify two or more times per year, be moderate in watering, apply nitrogen at light rates frequently, and use a fungi­ cide program to protect the greens from disease. Excerpts from the Newsletter, Iowa Superintendents and Turf Association, of July 25, 1952, published by the Iowa State Horticultural Society in cooperation with the Iowa Association of Golf Course Superintendents and the Iowa State Col­ lege. USGA Journal and Turf Management: November, 1952 : L SETTING CUPS IN FROZEN TURF J. L. Haines, golf-course superintendent at the Denver Country Club, prepares for the winter season by setting cups in more than one cup position on each green before the ground freezes. Then he seis a wooden disc on each cup, except one, and covers it with an inch of turf, flush with the putting surface. No matter how hard the ground freezes, it is always possible to change cups. FACTS AND FANCY IN SOIL CONDITIONER CLAIMS “Uneasiness is being felt by public- relations-conscious persons in the ferti­ lizer trade regarding the effect of certain soil conditioner ads. They are afraid that disappointment in some of the more questionable brands of conditioners may cause the public to associate such with the fertilizer industry, since some of the conditioner ads say that the products con­ tain plant nutrients. In reality, of course, this is a complete exaggeration. “The best-known producers of soil con­ ditioners, such as American Cyanamid Co. and Monsanto Chemical Co., firms whose products have been well tested and truthfully advertised, are naturally unhappy over the situation. They are in the position of having started a small fire, only to see it grow into a conflagra­ tion, practically out of control. “It appears that some of the unethical makers of soil conditioners are likely to be unhappy, too, since a crackdown by the Federal Trade Commission on firms producing ‘misleading’ advertising ap­ pears to be imminent. “A recent survey by the New York Journal of Commerce with universities and other research agencies engaged in testing soil conditioners indicates that al­ though some of the products now being marketed meet claims fully, others are relatively ineffective and ‘certainly do not appear to justify the advertising claims made about them.’ 32 USGA Journal and Turf Management: November, 1952 “The sensational-type advertising cam­ paigns, resembling closely the medicine­ show copy of yesteryear, make claims based on only superficial testing and the copy usually makes no mention of the fact that the product’s effectiveness varies greatly in different types of soil, method of use, etc. “Research by independent groups in­ dicates that not only do soil conditioners fail to contain ‘plant nutrients’ as claimed in some more flagrant cases, but that many are scarcely one-twentieth as ef­ fective as the best brands. One research group reports that some of the new brands of soil conditioners form ‘soil ag­ gregates’ all right, but the sponge-like aggregates dissipate with the first rain­ fall, leaving the soil just where it was at the beginning . . . and the user a poorer, wiser, and probably very wrath­ ful man. “Our hope is that the soil conditioner situation may be straightened out as speedily as possible so that the sheep may be clearly distinguished from the goats. People in the industry who know how the public reacts have reason to be uneasy. They know that an entire in­ dustry can get a black eye over the mis­ representations of just a few, and legiti­ mate manufacturers naturally don’t want this to happen.” From Agricultural Chemicals, Vol. 7, No. 8, August, 1952, ‘‘The Editor Comments.” USGA MEDALS TO GCSA WINNERS Golf Course Superintendents hail a new champion, John Zoller, of Berwick Golf Club, Columbus, Ohio. He scored 72-71-143 to take the title at the GCSA annual tournament at the Columbus Country Club, in September. The run­ ner-up was Paul Schurtz, Ironton Coun­ try Club, Ironton, Ohio, with 71-73-144. Both will receive USGA medals. Medals were won in the Senior Division by John McGunigal, winner, superintend­ ent at the Henry Stambaugh Country Club, Akron, Ohio, and Rocky Schorr, runner-up. Bluefield Country Club, Blue­ field, W. Va. The USGA medals are presented by the USGA Green Section to encourage superintendents to play golf and to see their courses as the members see them. WILD WHITE CLOVER Advertisements proclaim that wild white clover will control crabgrass and will produce a fine lawn. The USGA Green Section has no data, nor do we know of any, that will support such claims. INFORMATION, IF YOU PLEASE The USGA Green Section is compiling a list of suppliers of improved turf grasses for which no seed is available. This refers primarily to: Creeping bent such as C-l, C-7, C-19, and others Meyer (Z-52) zoysia Zoysia matrella U-3 bermudagrass Tifton 57 Tifton 127. Journal readers who know of local sources of supply of one or more of these grasses are cordially invited to send this information to: United States Golf Association Green Section Plant Industry Station Beltsville, Md. This information will be compiled to answer many inquiries that reach this office. CORRECTION In the September Journal we named Bitter blue St. Augustine as a “better turf grass” because of its resistance to chinch bug. 0. S. Baker, a Green Sec­ tion Service Subscriber, writes to inform us that Bitter blue seems to have lost its reported resistance and that thousands of lawns of that grass were ruined by the bug in 1952. He says that the Zoysia­ grasses continue to resist the chinch bug. Do other Journal readers have similar < bservations? USGA Journal and Turf Management: November, 1952 33 IT’S YOUR HONOR The Americas Cup To the USGA: The officers and members of the Executive Committee of the United States Golf Association are to be con­ gratulated on having presented The Americas Cup Match in their usual efficient and gracious manner. I am sure that the enthusiasm which has been engendered through the creation of these matches will continue to strengthen the good relations that now exist among our three countries. Jerome P. Bowes, Jr. Chicago, III. To the USGA: It is not possible for me to tell you how much we Canadians enjoyed meet­ ing and associating with the members of your Executive Committee and the members of your Americas Cup Team. Would it not be a wonderful thing if all international relationships were carried on on such a basis ? I want to take this opportunity to congratulate you and your Team once again on their fine win, and at the same time congratulate the Team for their sportsmanlike and gentlemanly conduct, both on and off the course. We Canadians anticipate with the greatest pleasure the future matches for The Americas Cup, and we hope that in 1954 we shall be able to re­ ciprocate your kindness and hospitality. Colin Rankin, President Royal Canadian Golf Association Montreal. Canada J. H. Taylor Writes To the USGA: As an old golfer who has missed more putts of a length which hopeful optimism expects to be holed than possibly any one now living, I endorse with tested emphasis the wise advice offered by Jack Burke, Jr., in your August issue, “Don’t spend too much time in lining up putts.” It is a just rebuke to those who, in modern fashion, spend so much time preparing for the operation. George Duncan, the galloping golfer, rightly and sagely observed that only two things can happen: “The ball is holed or it is not.” To this may be added the self-evident comment that in either case there is no earth-shaking calamity. Many years of agonized experience justifies my declaration that the true line of a putt is found at the first glance, and further examination con­ tributes to its being missed. J. H. Taylor North Devon, England "Golf House" Fund To the USGA: It gives me great pleasure to make a contribution to “Golf House.” As a brother of a former Amateur Champion, Sam Urzetta, I would like to pay tribute to a wonderful organization, the USGA. This fine group of men made it possible for Sam to get where he is today, successful in business and a very true amateur. There is not one sport in the world that is as clean as golf. The USGA has made this possible. Frank “Babe” Urzetta Irondequoit C. C. Pittsford, N. Y. Correction from Mrs. Fraser To the USGA: There is one point I should like to bring out concerning your statement that in 1913 I entered the Women’s Amateur Championships and failed to qualify. I was not in the Championship at all that year. It was not until 1914 that I made my first attempt, qualified with a 92 and was defeated in the first round by Miss Georgiana M. Bishop. Mrs. Alexa Stirling Fraser Ottawa, Canada Editor's Note: The USGA Journal invites comments on matters relating to the welfare of the game and will publish them as space permits. USGA OFFICERS, EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE AND COMMITTEE CHAIRMEN PRESIDENT Totton P. Heffelfinger, Minneapolis, Minn. VICE-PRESIDENTS Isaac B. Grainger, New York, N. Y. Richard S. Tufts, Pinehurst, N. C. SECRETARY John D. Ames, Chicago, III. TREASURER James W. Walker, New York, N. Y. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE The above officers and: J. Frederic Byers, Jr., Pittsburgh, Pa. William P. Castleman, Jr., Dallas, Texas John G. Clock, Long Beach, Cal. Frederick L. Dold, Wichita, Kansas John W. Fischer, Cincinnati, Ohio T. R. Garlington, Atlanta, Ga. Charles B. Grace, Philadelphia, Pa. Lewis A. Lapham, New York, N. Y. Charles L. Peirson, Boston, Mass. Corydon Wagner, Tacoma, Wash. GENERAL COUNSEL Fraser M. Horn, New York, N. Y. COMMITTEE CHAIRMEN RULES OF GOLF: Isaac B. Grainger, New York, N. Y. CHAMPIONSHIP: John D. Ames, Chicago, III. AMATEUR STATUS AND CONDUCT: James W. Walker, New York, N. Y. IMPLEMENTS AND BALL: Charles B. Grace, Philadelphia, Pa. MEMBERSHIP: Lewis A. Lapham, New York, N. Y. GREEN SECTION: Richard S. Tufts, Pinehurst, N. C. WOMEN'S: Mrs. Frank Goldthwaite, Fort Worth, Texas SECTIONAL AFFAIRS: Charles L. Peirson, Boston, Mass. PUBLIC LINKS: Frederick L. Dold, Wichita, Kansas HANDICAP: William O. Blaney, Boston, Mass. JUNIOR CHAMPIONSHIP: Richard S. Tufts, Pinehurst, N. C. GIRLS' JUNIOR: Mrs. William R. Millar, Los Angeles, Cal. MUSEUM: James W. Walker, New York, N. Y. INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS: Charles W. Littlefield, New York, N. Y. PUBLIC RELATIONS: John D. Ames, Chicago, III. "GOLF HOUSE" FUND: Daniel A. Freeman, Jr., New York, N. Y. USGA HEADQUARTERS "Golf House" 40 East 38th Street New York 16, N. Y. Joseph C. Dey, Jr., Executive Director John P. English, Assistant Executive Director USGA GREEN SECTION USGA GREEN SECTION Room 331 Administration Building Plant Industry Station Beltsville, Md. Dr. Fred V. Grau, Director USGA GREEN SECTION WEST COAST OFFICE Box 241 Davis, Cal. Charles G. Wilson, Regional Director