AND TURF MANAGEMENT THE CUP RESTS IN GOOD HANDS Wide World Photo Ben Hogan had a firm grip on the Open Championship Cup, after winning it for the fourth time, as he exposed it to Sam Snead, the runner-up. IS6A JOURNAL ANO TURF MANAGEMENT PUBLISHED BY THE UNITED STATES GOLF ASSOCIATION PERMISSION TO REPRINT ARTICLES HEREIN IS FREELY GRANTED (UNLESS SPECIFICALLY NOTED OTHERWISE) PROVIDED CREDIT IS GIVEN TO THE USGA JOURNAL VOL VI, No. 3 JULY, 1953 Through the Green 1 The United States Walker Cup Side ____________________________________ __________ 5 Allan Robertson’s Putter in “Golf House”______________Edward S. Knapp, Jr. 10 How to Win the Open Four Times----------------------------------------- Joseph C. Dey, Jr. 11 Foursomes: Chapman-Style 14 Why the Low Scoring at Meadow Brook ___________________Robert Trent Jones 15 How the Public Links Event Developed _______________________ John P. English 16 The Referee: Decisions by the Rules of Golf Committees ______ _____ ___ ______ 22 Turf Management: USGA Green Section New Southwestern Office of USGA Green Section ............................................................... 25 Bermuda Fairways at Army Navy Country Club Jim Thomas and Rear Admiral John S. Phillips 27 Rates of Seeding Turf Grasses ...............................................................................A. M. Radko 29 2, 4-D at Usual Rates Harmless to Soil ..................................................................................... 32 It’s Your Honor: Letters 33 ■published seven times a year in February, April, June, July, August, September and November by the UNITED STATES GOLF ASSOCIATION 40 East 38th St., New York 16, N. Y. Subscriptions: $2 a year. Single copies: 30c. Subscriptions, articles, photographs, and correspondence, except pertaining to Green Section matters, should be sent to the above address. Correspondence pertaining to Green Section matters should be addressed to USGA Green Section, Room 331, Administration Building, Plant Industry Station, Beltsville, Md., or to USGA Green Section West Coast Office, Box 241, Davis, Cal. Entered as see. nd-class matter March 3, 1950, at the Post Office at New York, N. Y„ under the Act ot March 3, 1879. Edited by Joseph C. Dey, Jr., and John P. English. Advisory Committee—John D. Ames. Chairman: Isaac B. Grainger, Curtis W. McGraw and Bernard H. Ridder, Jr. All articles voluntarily contributed. Printed in U. S. A. USGA COMPETITIONS FOR 1953 Walker Cup Match—September 4 and 5 at the Kittansett Club, Marion, Mass. Men’s amateur teams, Great Britain vs. United States. (Dates entries close mean last dates for applications to reach USGA office, except in the case of the Amateur Public Links Championship. For possible exceptions in dates of Sectional Qualifying Rounds, see entry forms.) Championship Entries Close Sectional Qualifying H'ii nds . Championship Dates Venue Amateur Public Closed Completed Links Junior Amateur July 6 July 20 Girls' Junior August 7 Women's Amateur August 10 none none Team: July 11 Indiv.: July 13-18 July 29-Aug. 1 August 17-21 August 24-29 Amateur August 17 Sept. 1 Sept. 14-19 W. Seattle G. C., Seattle, Wash. Southern Hills C. C. Tulsa, Okla. The Country Club, Brookline, Mass. Rhode Island C. C., W. Barrington, R. I. Oklahoma City G.&C.C. Oklahoma City. Okla. USGA Journal and Tlrf Management: July, 1953 1 THROUGH THE GREEN Crane Wins at 83 Some twenty years ago, Joshua Crane, a well-known golfer and court-tennis play­ er, presented to the Dedhain (Mass.) Country and Polo Club a golf trophy known as the Crane Bowl. The conditions of the Crane Bowl competition, which is held at foursomes, match play, are unus­ ual. Each member-guest team is given a rating and starts so many holes or half holes up or down. A half hole can be used only at the eighteenth; thus, in case of a halved match, the side receiving the half-hole handicap wins. Last spring Crane, now 83, decided to take a shot at his own tournament, which he never had won. He came on from his present home in California and took as his partner Bill Harding, a low-handi­ capped golfer and one of the longest hit­ ters in amateur ranks around Boston. Crane and Harding had little difficulty in the 18-hole qualifying. The first day of match play was extremely hot and humid, but Crane was in fine fettle and he and Harding won both morning and afternoon matches. On the second day of match play, they polished off their semi­ final opponents. During lunch, the word spread that Joshua Crane, at 83, was not only play­ ing two rounds a day but actually had an excellent chance to win his own tourna­ ment. A gallery gathered and reached quite respectable proportions. Crane and Harding started their opponents 2 up and soon overcame this handicap. The golf was spotty, but the match was close—ip fact, it was all even after sixteen holes. On the seventeenth, a difficult one- shotter over water, neither side had a good tee shot. Crane had to play his side’s second stroke from heavy rough back of a large bunker to the right of the green. The green is on a plateau some ten feet above the bunker: on the other side of the green, only a few yards beyond the hole, is another large hunker. Without the slightest sign of tension, Crane made a beautiful, firm shot, and the ball stopped only a few feet from the cup. Harding holed for a 3, and they were 1 up. The eighteenth is long, slightly elbowed and uphill most of the way. The oppon­ ents hit two fine woods to the edge of the green. Crane’s second off Harding’s fine drive was thirty yards short and below the green. Harding attempted to play a wedge shot to the edge of the green and let the hall trickle down to the cup, but his stroke was just a trifle short and left the ball some four feet off the green. Extra holes seemed certain, but the gal­ lery had not counted on Crane. Taking his No. 7 iron, he hit a crisp, little chip that rolled straight toward the hole and dropped gently in. Joshua Crane, at 83, had finally won his own tournament by playing five rounds on three hot days and clinching the match with two magnificent shots. 2 USGA Journal and Turf Management : jult, George Herbert Walker Weirdest Round The game of golf lost one of its most devoted patrons when George Herbert Walker passed away, just two months be­ fore the fourteenth in the series of matches which he initiated for the Walker Cup. Mr. Walker was President of the USGA in 1920 and a member of the group which conferred abroad with officers of the Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St. An­ drews, Scotland, in the spring of that year regarding revisions in the Rules of Golf. Upon the group’s return to the United States, the possibility of an in­ ternational team match was discussed, and the idea so appealed to Mr. Walker that, at a meeting of the Executive Com­ mittee at the Links Club, in Manhattan, on the afternoon of December 21, 1920, he presented a plan for such a match and offered to donate an International Chal­ lenge Trophy. When the newspapers printed the news, they called it, to Mr. Walker’s chagrin, the “Walker Cup”, and the name stuck. Golf the Curtis Way The Misses Margaret and Harriot Cur­ tis, for your information, have been playing about as much golf these days at the Essex Country Club, in Manchester, Mass., as they ever did in their youth, and they have devised a most remark­ able form of play which enables them to cram 18 holes worth of evenly matched golf into a little more than an hour. Miss Margaret, who won three Wom­ en’s Amateur Championships in 1907, 1911 and 1912, has a slight edge on Miss Harriot, who won the same Champion­ ship in 1906. They resolve this difference by each playing two balls simultaneously. Miss Margaret totals the scores she makes with both her balls on each hole. Miss Harriot doubles the score she makes with the better of her two balls. Play on this basis is about even, they can complete nine holes in little more than an hour and, in terms of the number of strokes used, they have had 18 holes worth of golf. Certainly a candidate for the distinc­ tion of being the weirdest round is the nine-hole score turned in by Archie Clark, the assistant professional at the Con­ gressional Country Club, Washington, D. C., in 1931. Clark played the nine holes in 36, which was par, without playing a single hole in par and with a 9 on a par- 3 hole. His card read: Par Clark 63534434 4—36 42426393 3—36 The 1954 Americas Cup Match The Royal Canadian Golf Association will conduct the second match for The Americas Cup next year in Canada, and it has completed arrangements to have the play take place at the London Hunt and Country Club, London, Ontario, August 12 and 13. The Canadian Ama­ teur Championship will follow on the same course, starting August 16. London, Ontario, is only 125 miles from the Country Club of Detroit, which will be the site of the 1954 Amateur Championship, August 23 through 28, so the fields in both Championships prob­ ably will have a strong international flavor. A Trust for Golf Instructions Golfers at the R. J. Reynolds High School, in Winston-Salem, N. C., are the beneficiaries of an arrangement which is, to our knowledge, unique. Bahnson Gray, of that city, established for them early this year an irrevocable trust under the terms of which the trus­ tee pays the golf professionals at the Old Town Club and the Forsyth Coun­ try Club for instruction given to mem­ bers of the school golf team. The purpose is to supplement the funds available for sports education in order to develop deeper interest, greater ability and good sportsmanship among those interested in golf- We shall look forward to having Rey­ nolds High School players in our Ju­ nior Amateur Championships henceforth. USGA Journal and Turf Management: July, 1953 3 Standardized Flagsticks British Lion Rampant Jack Burke, Jr., speaking—and making a very sensible suggestion: “I have played on approximately forty courses this year, and each course seemed to have flagsticks and flags of different sizes and colors. The sizes and colors used on some courses make it almost im­ possible to see either the flag or the flag­ stick. We played on one course where the flagstick was only four feet high, which made the distance to the hole seem about twice as far as it actually was. “I would like to see the USGA adopt a rule or a recommendation to standard­ ize the height of the flagstick, the color it is painted and the color of the flag. My suggestion—and the suggestion of a lot of tournament players—is that the flagstick should be eight feet high, it should be painted yellow and the flag should be red.” There are no rules governing this point at the moment, but the Golf Champion­ ship Manual, issued to Clubs which en­ tertain USGA Championships, has this to say: “Clubs often obtain new flags for a competition. If you do, it is suggested that you select yellow flags or some in which yellow predominates. This is no reflection on other colors, but the flut­ tering of a yellow flag against a green background makes a good mark. It is suggested that the flags be numbered. . . “If convenient, all flagsticks may be painted a solid color, preferably white or cream. Stripes on poles make it hard to see just where they enter the ground. We recommend a thin type of flagstick with a knob which lets the ball enter the hole while the flagstick is in the hole.” Raking Traps Samuel F. B. Morse, of Pebble Beach. Cal., is, of course, always looking for ideas to simplify the maintenance of his golf course, and found a good one last winter in Hawaii. A club there purchased a quantity of small-sized rattan leaf rakes, which sell for about 50 cents apiece, and left one by each trap. Caddies are in­ structed to rake the sand after their players. Joseph B. Carr It is appropriate that, in a Walker Cup year, the British Amateur Championship has been won once again by a Britisher, and one already selected as a member of the 1953 Team. Joe Carr, who lives in Dublin, Ireland, is not only the first Briton to win in the last four years but also the first Briton to reach the final in that time. There had been three straight all-American finals. During the years of the United States monopoly, Carr was the most consistent of the British players. He lost in the semi­ finals in 1952 and 1951 and was a quarter­ finalist in 1950. Americans remember him as a member of the 1949 British Walker Cup Team which played at the Winged Foot Golf Club, in Mamaroneck, N. Y., and as an entrant in the 1949 Amateur Championship at the Oak Hill Country Club, in Rochester, N. Y., where he went to the third round. 4 USGA Journal and Turf Management: July, 1953 Harvie Ward’s attempt to defend at Hoylake the title he had won the year be­ fore at Prestwick was magnificent. He was the only member of the apparently strong United States delegation to reach the quarter-finals, and he kept right on going—all the way to the thirty-sixth green of the final. In the semi-final round, he defeated young Arthur Per- own e, of England, who also was a mem­ ber of the 1949 British Walker Cup Team and the last British survivor in the 1949 USGA Amateur Championship. Carr, in the penultimate round, de­ feated a fellow-Irishman, Cecil Beamish. Six United States players lost in the round of sixteen: William C. Campbell, Jr., of Huntington, W. Ya.; Dale Buet­ tner, of Toledo, Ohio; Ernest Arend, of Deal, N. J.; Harold Ridgley, of Phila­ delphia; Robert Sweeny, of Palm Beach, Fla., and Maj. J. F. Seals, of Wiesbaden, Germany. We suggest that no one count any chickens before the hatching which will take place when the Walker Cup Teams meet at the Kittansett Club, in Marion, Mass., next September. Census Report—1952 The Census Report for the 1952 Year, prepared by Ernst & Ernst for the Ath­ letic Goods Manufacturers Association, again places golf equipment at the head of the list of sporting goods on the basis of sales at factory selling price, including excise tax. Sales of golf equipment totaled $39,- 511,870, or a little more than 39 per cent of sporting goods sold. The second largest item was baseball and softball equipment, of which $20,494,320 was sold. The Lewis Family All golfers share with Texans the sense of loss occasioned by the deaths this year of Frank T. Lewis and his daughter, Mrs. Dan Chandler. Mr. Lewis was one of the founders of the Texas Golf Association, which was started in 1906, and was co-medalist and runner-up in its first Championship. He was President of that Association for thirteen years, ending in 1947, and died last February. Mrs. Chandler won the Texas Closed Championship in 1932 and served the USGA Women’s Committee from 1939 through 1947. Her death occurred sud­ denly last month. Tommy Armour's Book Tommy Armour’s new book “How to Play Your Best Golf All the Time” (Simon and Schuster) should come to aspiring golfers like a cool breeze after a sultry day. Armour gives only a very few basic principles and a lot of broad advice on the proper approach to the problem and on strategy. The book opens up a whole new world to those who have become lost in a maze of detail. For example: “It is not solely the capacity to make great shots that makes champions, but the essential quality of making very few bad shots . . . Play the shot that you’ve got the greatest chance of playing well, and play the shot that makes the next shot easy.” “The basic factor in all good golf is the grip ... A good tip is to keep the little finger of the left hand from being loosened.” “Always have your mind made up that you are going to whip your right hand into the shot.” “The cardinal principle of all golf shot­ making is that if you move your head, you ruin body action.” “To become a good putter, the main requisites are to keep the head dead stiil and make the putter blade go accurately toward the hole . . . Bear in mind that you usually miss the hole farther by being short or past it that you ever miss it to one side or the other. So try, in any way that you can figure out, to get your putts as nearly as humanly possible the right Think what to DO. That’s concentra­ tion in golf.” USGA J0LRNAL AND TuRF MANAGEMENT: JULY, 1953 5 The United States Walker Cup Side The amateur team which will represent the United States against Great Britain in the fourteenth Match for the Walker Cup will comprise Charles R. Yates, of Atlanta, Ga., non-playing Captain, and the following players: William C. Campbell, Huntington, W. Va. Richard D. Chapman, Pinehurst, N. C. Donald R. Cherry, New York. N. Y. Charles R. Coe, Oklahoma City, Okla. James G. Jackson, St. Louis, Mo. Gene A. Littler, San Diego, Cal. Sam Urzetta, East Rochester, N. Y. Kenneth P. Venturi, San Francisco, Cal. E. Harvie Ward, Jr., Atlanta, Ga. Jack Westland, Everett, Wash. These choices represent a consider­ able infusion of new personalities into the competition, for five of the ten play­ ers have not previously appeared in Walker Cup play. The only veterans are Captain Yates, who played on two Teams in the Thirties, and Messrs. Campbell, Chapman, Coe, Urzetta and Westland. The Match will be held at the Kittan- sett Club, Marion, Mass., on Sept. 4 and 5, the Friday and Saturday of Labor Day weekend. In case any of the players selected can­ not play, an invitation will be issued to one of the following alternates in the order named: Arnold S. Blum, Macon, Ga.; William J. Patton, Morgan­ ton, N. C., and James B. McHale, Jr., Philadelphia, Pa. In the selection of this Walker Cup Team three principles governed: 1. Merit as a competitive golfer, based upon records in tournaments of importance in recent years. 2. Sportsmanship and general abil­ ity to represent the United States in international relations. 3. Unquestioned status as an ama­ teur golfer. Selection of Team members is not influenced by age, geography or any factors other than those named above. All three factors are, of course, matters of opinion; but the final opinion is that of the USGA Executive Committee, reached after its individual members have evaluated each candidate on the basis of all three criteria. Playing ability is a particularly diffi­ cult element to judge in a country as vast as ours where leading players of all sections rarely compete against one an­ other. The USGA Amateur Champion­ ship is the principal national get-to­ gether. Therefore, performances in this event are given particular weight. Over the years the USGA has de­ veloped the following method of rating players, and it seems to be as feasible and effective as any others which are suggested from time to time. Each of the 15 members of the Execu­ tive Committee is asked to nominate as many candidates as he cares to for con­ sideration for places on the Team. Since the members of the Executive Commit­ tee are scattered widely throughout the country, this is a means of insuring that no promising candidate is overlooked. The names of all candidates nominated (this year there were forty-seven) are then ranged in alphabetical order and their competitive records are compiled and forwarded to a Selection Committee, comprising five members of the Executive Committee. Each member of this Selection Com­ mittee rates the leading candidates in lhe order of his preference and the bal­ lots are then tabulated. It is immediately apparent that certain players are unani­ mously recommended for the Team on the first ballot. It is equally apparent that certain other players have not ob­ tained sufficient support to warrant fur­ ther consideration. These names are then eliminated, and the members of the Se­ lection Committee again rate the players 6 USGA Journal and Turf Management: July, 1953 Kenneth P. Venturi E. Harvie Ward, Jr. Donald R. Cherry Charles R. Coe Janies G. Jackson who remain under consideration for the final places on the Team and for alter­ nates. The result of the Selection Committee’s balloting is then presented to the full Executive Committee in the form of a recommendation. Again all members of the Executive Committee have opportu- USGA Journal and Turf Management: July, 1953 7 Jack Westland Sam Urzetta Gene A. Littler Richard D. Chapman nity to approve or disapprove the indi­ vidual candidates. Biographies of the players follow: William C. Campbell 8 USGA Journal and Turf Management: July. 1953 William C. Campbell Donald R. Cherry Mr. Campbell is a veteran of the 1951 Walker Cup and the 1952 Americas Cup Teams. A graduate of Princeton, he is 30 and an insurance agent and broker in Huntington, W. Va. Since receiving his release from service as an Army Captain, he has made his pres­ ence heavily felt in amateur golf. He de­ voted the first part of last year to an un­ successful campaign for a Congressional nomination, but in the latter part of the season he went to the fifth round of the Amateur Championship, to the final of the Canadian Amateur and to the third round of the Western Amateur. In 1949 he de­ feated Julius Boros in the quarter-finals of the Amateur Championship but lost in the semi-finals. In 1950 he reached the sixth round of the British Amateur, losing to Joseph B. Carr, and won the North and South Amateur. This year he repeated his victory in the North and South Amateur and lost in the round of sixteen of the Brit­ ish Amateur to Cecil Beamish. In the last Walker Cup Match, Mr. Campbell and Frank R. Stranahan halved with Ronald J. White and Mr. Carr in four­ somes; he defeated R. Cecil Ewing, 5 and 4, in singles. He is a bachelor. Richard D. Chapman Mr. Chapman is the only golfer who has won the Amateur Championships of the United States, Great Britain, Canada and France, and he was a member of the 1947 and 1951 Walker Cup Teams. He is 42 and an estate executor, living in Osterville, Mass., and Pinehurst, N. C. His college was Williams. Son of a notable golfing family, Mr. Chapman won the French Amateur in 1939, the USGA Amateur in 1940 and, after his release from service as an Army Major, the Canadian Amateur in 1949 and the British Amateur in 1951. Last year he won the French Amateur for the second time, and this spring he won the Carolinas Ama­ teur. In the 1951 Match, he and Robert W. Knowles defeated Alex T. Kyle and Ian Caldwell in foursomes, 1 up, and he beat John L. Morgan in singles, 7 and 6. In 1947 he and Mr. Stranahan lost to Mr. White’ and Charles Stowe in foursomes, 4 and 3, and he defeated Percy B. Lucas in sineles’ 4 and 3. * ’ He is married and has two sons. Mr. Cherry is a new-comer to the Walker Cup Team, and he' earned his place by reaching the semi-final round of the Ama­ teur Championship last summer, going to the quarter-final round of the Mexican Amateur and taking the medal in the West­ ern Amateur. He is 29 and a native of Wichita Falls, Texas, although he now makes his home in New York City. As a professional singer of popular songs, Mr. Cherry has cut many records and ap­ peared on radio and television networks and in theaters and night clubs throughout the country. In sectional play last year, he won the West Texas Amateur for the second time and was runner-up in the Metropolitan (N. Y.) Amateur. He was a semi-finalist in the 1953 Southern Amateur. He is a bachelor. Charles R. Coe This will be Mr. Coe’s third appearance in Walker Cup play. He is 29, a graduate of the University of Oklahoma and rep­ resents the Oklahoma City Golf and Coun­ try Club, where the Amateur Championship will be held in September. His business is oil investments. Mr. Coe won the Amateur Championship in 1949 and was runner-up in the British Amateur in 1951. He was Western Amateur Champion in 1950 and last year took the Trans-Mississippi Amateur for the third time. He also was playing Captain of the 1952 Americas Cup Team. In the 1949 Walker Cup Match, Mr. Coe participated only in singles, defeated Mr. Ewing, 1 up. In 1951, he and James B. Mc­ Hale, Jr., halved with Mr. Ewing and John D. A. Langley, and he bowed to Mr. White in singles, 2 and 1. He is married and has two sons. Janies G. Jackson A newcomer to the Team, Mr. Jackson was leading amateur in the Open Cham­ pionship and went to the fifth round of the Amateur Championship last year. He is a graduate of Washington University, 30 and a salesman. His home is in Richmond Heights, near St. Louis, Mo. Mr. Jackson won the Missouri Amateur Championship in 1951 and has made a notable record in stroke-play competitions, winning the Westborough Invitational Round-Robin, the St. Louis Open and sev­ eral qualifying medals. USGA Journal and Turf Management: July, 1953 9 He saw service with the Army during the war, is married and has one son. Gene A. Littler Mr. Littler will be making his debut in Walker Cup play at the age of 23. His home is in San Diego, Cal., and he is an Airman in the Navy, having served a little more than half of a four-year enlistment. He attended San Diego State College. In the Amateur Championship last year, he went to the quarter-final round, and he went to the third round in 1950. His Navy duties prevented him from entering the Amateur in 1951 and from playing in many other events. He first attracted attention by winning the Junior Chamber of Commerce junior tournament in 1948, and he has been dominating amateur golf in the San Diego area, where he is stationed. This spring, for example, he won the California Open. He is married. Sam Urzeiia Mr. Urzetta won the Amateur Champion­ ship in 1950 and was a member of the 1951 Walker Cup Team, after which he went to the quarter-final round of the British Ama­ teur. He was a member of The Americas Cup Team and a semi-finalist in the Cana­ dian Amateur last year, and was tied for fifth amateur in the 1953 Open. Following Army service during the war, he completed his studies at St. Bonaven­ ture University and became an outstanding basketball player. He is now 27 and a but­ ton salesman, living in East Rochester, N. Y. In the last Walker Cup Match, he was assigned the No. 1 singles position and de­ feated S. Max McCready, 4 and 3. He and William P. Turnesa defeated James Bruen, Jr., and John L. Morgan in foursomes, 5 and 4. He was married last winter. Kenneth P. Venturi Mr. Venturi is a senior at San Jose State College and has won the California Amateur Championship and played with The Americas Cup Team. He is, at 22, the youngest member of the Team. His home is in San Francisco, Cal. In 1948, Mr. Venturi was runner-up in the first USGA Junior Amateur Champion­ ship, and he has since earned a consider­ able reputation in Northern California. He has had few opportunities to compete out­ side of his home area, but he has won the San Francisco, Richmond and Northern California Championships. He is a bachelor. E. Harvie Ward, Jr. Mr. Ward is another new-comer to the Walker Cup Team, but he qualified by win­ ning the 1952 British Amateur Champion­ ship and was a member of the Americas Cup Team last summer. Although he is now a stock broker in Atlanta, Ga., he is a na­ tive of Tarboro, N. C., and a graduate of the University of North Carolina. He is 27. In addition to winning the British Ama­ teur last year, he went to the fourth round of the Amateur Championship and to the final of the Western Amateur. He won the North and South Amateur in 1948, the Na­ tional Collegiate Athletic Association Cham­ pionship in 1949 and this year was runner- up to Mr. Carr in the British Amateur, tied for the amateur prize in the Masters Tour­ nament and won the Georgia Amateur. He is married. Jack Westland Mr. Westland gave all veterans new hope by winning the Amateur Championship last summer at the age of 47 to climax a golf­ ing career of thirty years. He is now 48 and represents the Second Washington Dis­ trict in the House of Representatives of the United States Congress. His home is in Everett, Wash. His appearance with the Walker Cup Team this year will be his third over a span of twenty-one years. In 1932 he halved with John Burke in singles. In 1934 he and Gus T. Moreland defeated Harry G. Bentley and Eric W. Fiddian in foursomes, 6 and 5, and he again halved a singles match, this time with Eric A. McRuvie. Before Mr. Westland had graduated from the University of Washington, he won his state championship, in 1924. He was runner- up in the Intercollegiate Championship in 1925, French Amateur Champion v in 1929, runner-up in the Amateur Champion­ ship in 1931 and Western Amateur Cham­ pion in 1933. Since that time, he has con­ fined his competitive play largely to his home area and interrupted it to serve five years with the Navy, being released as a lieutenant commander. Yet he won the Pa­ cific Northwest Amateur four times and the Washington Amateur three times. He is married and has one son. 10 USGA Journal and Turf Management: July, 1953 Allan Robertson’s Putter in “Golf House” By EDWARD S. KNAPP USGA Executive Assistant If you were to ask ten men to select the greatest golfer who had ever lived, the names of Bob Jones, Harry Vardon and Ben Hogan undoubtedly would be nominated. It is unlikely, however, that anyone would mention Allan Robertson. Yet, according to tradition, Robertson never was beaten in a stake match on level terms, and he and Tom Morris, Sr., who learned his golfing lore in Robert­ son’s shop, never lost a foursome in which they were partners. Robertson’s name is now a dim memory because he was born at St. Andrews, Scotland, in 1815. During most of his career he played the feather ball, and he died in 1858, two years before the first British Open was held. Robertson’s swing has been com­ pared to that of Vardon in grace and elegance, and if he had a weakness, it was that he lacked the power of his rivals. Willie Dunn, Willie Park and Tom Morris, Sr., all younger, had an advan­ tage over him in length, but never when the final score was written down. J. C. Earle, of Los Angeles, Cal., a member of the USGA Museum Commit­ tee, has given to the USGA Museum in “Golf House” a wooden putter, which, in view of evidence, is believed to have been Allan Robertson’s, made by the famous club-maker, Hugh Philp. In 1950, Mr. Earle, while searching Scotland for valuable old clubs and books, bought from the Tom Morris shop, in St. Andrews, a lot of twenty-one clubs. One of these bore a Scottish Exhibition sticker No. 192. Patient research developed the fact that in the Scottish Exhibition of National His­ tory, Art and Industry, instituted in 1911 in Glasgow, there had appeared in the south gallery of the Palace of History, which housed the exhibition, the follow­ ing item: “192—Allan Robertson’s Putter, Lent by T. Morris.” A copy of the catalog is in our library, thanks to Mr. Earle. The putter has the pear-shaped head usually associated with Hugh Philp and bears the name of its reputed maker on that part of the head where Philp habit­ ually stamped his clubs. On the other side of the ledger, con­ tributions to the “Golf House” Fund have surpassed the §100,000 mark and reached a total of §100,125. The number of idi- viduals, clubs, associations and other or­ ganizations who have enrolled as Found­ ers is now 5,473. The goal remains $110,000. Those who have contributed since the last issue of the USGA Journal are: Percy Clifford C. G. De Coudres Wally Grey Sam Hamin Richard D. Hanen Stanley G. Heidenrich A. Frank Hooker, Jr. James A. Hutchinson, Jr. Milton H. Lake Individuals Pat Malloy Joseph Marra J. B. Marshall, Jr. Joseph Morrill, Jr. Chester F. O'Brien George R. Ramsbottom Ralph A. "Whitie" Reed Maliy Reynolds Max D. Schuster James D. Shea Joel M. Shepherd J. D. "Joe" Shriver C. D. Smith Norman E. Stoats D. W. Mills Irl T. Oliver, Jr. Frank Thacker John F. Vaughan Clubs Edgewood Country Club, W. Va. Old Town Club, N. C. Utah Copper Golf Club, Utah Association The Women's Golf Association of Western New York USGA Journal and Turf Management: July, 1953 11 How to Win the Open Four Times By JOSEPH C. DEY, JR. USGA Executive Director In accepting the Open Championship Cup for the fourth time, Ben Hogan re­ vealed a few of the ingredients which he considers important in his winning formula. “Adequate preparation and knowledge of the course are essential,” he told the gathering assembled for the prize pre­ sentations on the huge practice putting green at Oakmont Country Club, Pitts­ burgh. “It really isn’t fair to play in a Cham­ pionship without proper practice. I have to learn the course thoroughly. But if you prepare properly, the actual Cham­ pionship play becomes almost incidental. It’s the preparation that counts.” But there is other equipment which a four-time Champion needs—equipment of a different sort than physical practice. Ben Hogan revealed this, too, in his sincere and inspiring remarks. “For the last several days,” he said, “I’ve been wondering how Bob Jones and Willie Anderson must have felt and what they must have said when they won the Open for the fourth time. This sort of thinking is silly, because it was so pre­ mature; I tried to put the idea out of my mnid, but with little success. “Well, now I believe I know how they felt, and what they must have said. I can express it only by saying that I’m very, very happy. “But there’s something else I’m thank­ ful for—you just can’t do this sort of thing without God’s help. “And I want to say how very much 1 owe to my wife, Valerie. She has been my partner all through, and she has helped me more than she knows.” This humbly grateful attitude — this quality of thinking of others—has been reflected frequently in little things dur­ ing Hogan’s Open Championship appear­ ances in recent years. At Merion in 1950, the year after he nearly lost his life in a motor accident, he twice interrupted his concentration during the thick of the Championship playoff to inquire, first, about the health of Bob Jones and, sec­ ond, about whether his friend Jimmy Demaret had qualified in the first 20 scorers in the Championship proper. The next year, at Oakland Hills, dur­ ing his brilliant closing round of 67, Ben philosophized sympathetically about the galloping galleries all around him, and how hard put they were to see the play. This year at Oakmont, when Hogan was walking to the presentation site, another professional stopped him to congratulate him. Ben immediately turned the conver­ sation around to inquire how the other player had done. These are little things. But one wond­ ers whether they are not big things in the golfing success of Ben Hogan. In an ac­ tivity as intensely competitive as profes­ sional tournament golf, perhaps a spir­ itual balance is needed more than ever. Although par is never a precise gauge, the fact is that in his four winning Opens Hogan has played 17 rounds— 306 holes—in exactly even par. The de­ tails follow: Year Course 1948 Riviera 1950 Merion 1951 1953 Oakland Hills Oakmont Yards 7,020 6,694 playoff 71 70 70 6,927 6,916 70 72 Total par Par 18 His. 72 His. Ben Hogan's Rounds 284 280 70 280 288 1,202 67 72 76 67 72 69 73 72 68 72 71 73 69 74 69 — — — 276* 287 69 67 71 — — Total strokes 287 283 1,202 * All-time record for the Open Championship 12 USGA Journal and Turf Management: July, 1953 The Champion Plays from Sand Wide World Photo Ben Hogan cuts his ball deftly from the modified furrows in a bunker by the ninth green in the first qualifying round at the Oakmont Country Club. There is a lesson in his relaxed balance and his follow-through. This year Hogan was the first player to lead the Open after each of the four rounds since James M. Barnes did it in 1921 at the Columbia Country Club near Washington. Barnes won by nine strokes. Hogan at Oakmont won by six strokes. Sam Snead was second with 289 and Lloyd Mangrum third with 292. Low amateur was Frank S. Souchak, of Oak­ mont. It was Snead’s fourth time in second place; it seems a pity that this magnifi­ cent player has never won. Hogan made a glorious finish of 3-3-3 for the last three holes, with birdies on the last two. At the end he was striking the ball as truly and as accurately as at the beginning. In fact, he said that toward the finish of a Championship round he unconsciously tends to build up such in­ tensity as to produce his longest possible drives, with the result that he must use extreme caution in selecting clubs for second shots. Total prize money was increased by approximately $5,000 to $20,400, of which the winner received $5,000. The Championship was held in a re­ vised form. After the usual Sectional Qualifying Rounds, there were new 36- hole Championship Qualifying Rounds, divided between Oakmont and the Pitts­ burgh Field Club. The low 150 and ties— actually 157—became eligible for the usual 72-hole Championship Rounds. No decision has yet been made by the USGA Executive Committee as to whether the Championship Qualifying Rounds will be continued. This year’s system was on a trial basis. Oakmont, as usual, provided a wonder­ USGA Journal and Turf Management: July, 1953 13 ful test of championship skill. This is one of the great courses. It was Oakmont’s sixth USGA championship—three Opens and three Amateurs. Before the tournament there was some public misunderstanding on certain feat ures of conditioning the course, especially about furrows in the sand of Oakmont s bunkers. The Club and the USGA came to complete agreement. In order to insure some reasonable degree of uniformity in championship playing conditions from year to year, course conditioning for a USGA compe­ tition is subject to USGA approval. If this were not so, there sometimes would be extremes in both directions—of exces­ sive and unfair toughness and, on other occasions, of undue softness. The USGA’s policy is to have a course provide a real test without being tricky or unfair. Of course, the USGA has long recog­ nized the natural interest of an entertain­ ing club in the preparation of its course, including the bunkers. Consequently, the USGA Golf Championship Manual, for the guidance of entertaining clubs, makes provision for small furrows in sand. Thus, Oakmont continued its practice of providing such furrows, in somewhat modified form, in bunkers proximate to putting greens. Furrows in bunkers adja­ cent to fairways were of more moderate size than those guarding greens and did not prevent full recovery with well-played strokes. All in all, Oakmont provided a mag­ nificent test. Slow Play Play during the first day of the Cham­ pionship proper was so slow that the USGA particularly requested the coopera­ tion of all players thereafter. A few com­ petitors apparently resented the request. There are several causes for slow play during a Championship. One is the un­ usually large galleries. Another factor is holes of unusual char­ acter, such as Oakmont’s fourth—a com­ paratively short par 5—and the eighth— a particularly long and hard par 3. There were pile-ups of players on both tees during the first two days. But the players can control one fac­ tor—that is, the dawdling with which some are afflicted. It required 12 hours —from 8 A.M. to 8:02 P.M.—for only 157 players to play Oakmont during the first Championship Round. Had there been storms requiring play to be post­ poned or canceled for the day, it would have been most unfortunate. Here are some facts on the time re­ quired by certain groups of three players: 3:00 approx. 3:56 4:48 1st Rd. 2nd Rd. 3:04 First group Middle group 4:24 Last group 4:24 Questions arose among some players as to how pairings are made for the last two rounds. Under the Rules of Golf, “The Committee shall arrange the order and times of starting, which, when pos­ sible, shall be decided by lot” (Rule 36-2a). Pursuant to that, the USGA makes pairings and assigns starting times to the leading players in such a way as to avoid excessive gallery congestion. The remainder of the qualifiers for the last day’s play are then drawn. There has never been any intention to favor or disfavor any particular indi­ vidual. The starting times each year are arranged independently, without consult­ ing previous year’s lists. Here are the relative positions in which four particular players have started the last two rounds of the last four Opens; the figures in parentheses are their 36- hole scores: Year 1950 1951 1952 1953 Groups of Players 26 27 26 30 Hogan Group 16 (141) 7 (149) 17 (138) 11 (139) Snead Group 13 (148) 14 (149) 4 (145) 20 (141) Mangrum Group 6 (142) 3 (149) 10 (149) 15 (143) Middlecoflf Group 16 (142) 21 (149) 20’(149) 27’(149) 14 USGA Journal and Turf Management: July, 1953 Foursomes: Chapman-Style The popularity of the Chapman system of playing foursomes, which Eloise and Dick Chapman have popularized at Pine­ hurst, N. C., and Oyster Harbors, on Cape Cod, seems to be spreading, and we have received several inquiries on the subject. conducted annually, at stroke play under the Chapman system, by the Silver Foils and the Tin Whistles, the women’s and men’s clubs, respectively. The Chapmans hold an “open house” for all contestants at their home after each tournament. As most players know, the basic system of playing a foursome is to use alterna­ tive drives as well as alternate strokes on each hole. Oftentimes, however, in in­ formal play and especially in mixed play, partners have found it more enjoyable if both drive from each tee and then select the drive to be continued in play by al­ ternate strokes. The Chapman system is simply an ex­ tension of the selected-drive method. Both partners drive and then each partner plays a second stroke with the other’s ball. After the second strokes have been played, one ball is selected to be con­ tinued in play. The ball selected must be hit alternately by the partners from the tee into the cup. Eloise and Dick developed this system of selected seconds after playing two rounds with Mr. and Mrs. Robert Pearse at Pinehurst in March, 1947. At that time Mrs. Pearse was playing well over 100 and Mr. Pearse in the low 90s. Mrs. Chapman was playing in the low 80s. In an attempt to equalize the sides, Mr. Chapman paired with Mrs. Pearse and the innovation of selected seconds was added experimentally. Each side scored 77! They tried it again the next day and each side returned the same score once more. The idea of balancing out unequal players in such a manner appealed to Chapman so much that he offered a tro­ phy, honoring his late mother, for a fall tournament and another trophy, honoring his late father, for a spring tournament at Pinehurst. The two competitions are Team handicaps were one half of the total of partners’ handicaps, except that if the difference in partners’ individual handicaps exceeded five strokes, that difference less five was arbitrarily con­ verted to a percentage and that percentage was deducted from one half of the total of the partners’ handicaps. As an example, if A has an individual handicap of 24 and B of 12, the total of their handicaps is 36, and one half of that is 18. However, the difference be­ tween their handicaps is more than 5, so the percentage reduction is applied. The difference, in fact, is 12, and 12 less 5 equals 7. Therefore 7 per cent, or 1.26, is deducted from 18. Fractions under .5 are ignored, and the resulting handicap for the team is 17 strokes. This unique system of handicapping was devised by the late C. L. Becker, J>f Philadelphia, N. Y., a former Captain of the Tin Whistles. Neither the Pinehurst clubs nor the Chapmans have had experience in the playing of alternate seconds in match play under tournament conditions and therefore make no recommendations for handicapping this form of play. The USGA recommends handicap al­ lowances for foursomes, stroke play, of 50 per cent of the combined handicaps when alternate drives are used and 40 per cent when selected drives are used. It has had no experience with selected seconds and therefore has no official recommendations for handicapping this form of play, in either stroke or match play- USGA Journal and Turf Management: July, 1953 15 Why the Low Scoring at Meadow Brook By ROBERT TRENT JONES Past President, American Society of Golf Course Architects The Meadow Brook Club, on Long Is­ land, has one of the nation’s best-designed golf courses. It is on terrain that is ideally suited to golf. It is naturally roll­ ing in character and bisected by a nicely flowing stream. The routing of its holes and the application of the strategy used is top-grade. The well-contoured green designs, some of the billowy, undulating type and some of the side-tilt type, de­ mand position play as well as mechanical skill. Why then should this example of golf- course architecture be literally torn hole from hole in the Palm Beach Round- Robin tournament last spring? On no less than sixty-one rounds out of eighty played, the professionals were able to equal or break par, and the low round was 64 by Cary Middlecoff, the winner. Golfers in the New York area who were familiar with the course were astounded that even the very best professionals could score so well on it. Several factors were responsible for the inability of this course to defend it­ self. One: the wind was less than the normal wind that one encountered on this Long Island course. Two: the condition of the course was superb. Three: the greens were covered with poa annua which was in flower, making them slow but extremely accurate, and the players were able to hit boldly for the cup. Under normal circumstances, the Meadow Brook greens are fast and treacherous. In fact, they are among the best examples of green contouring to be found anywhere. With speed, these greens demand touch and finesse. One cannot normally go boldly for the cup, as these players did. If they do, they are likely to find themselves well past the cup and missing the return putts. The prime factor, however, in Meadow Brook’s inability to defend itself was the fact that it was last remodeled in 1923, and the strategy used then was based on the equipment and balls of that era. For that era it was a beautiful, in fact an outstanding, job of golf-course architec­ ture. If every hole were perfect in. its playing strategy and its design in 1923, demanding of all golfers the ultimate in their skill, they could not possibly be perfect now. The equipment and the ball have out­ moded the design. For instance, some of the shots that were being played into the greens during the Round Robin were played with No. 5 and No. 6 irons. These strokes were originally intended to be played with spoons or No. 2 irons,— if the wind was against, with brassies. Wooden-shafted clubs, when compared to modern equipment, appear to be like war clubs. Meadow Brook has always won high praise from the golfers who have enjoyed it. Its appearance and playing value re­ semble English and Scottish seaside links. Its landscaping is admirably done, tying into the golf features to bring out the utmost in beauty and strategy. Some of its short holes are classics—the third, the ninth and the fifteenth. They have as much variety, challenge and beauty as any set of par 3s to be found on any golf course. In order to make Meadow Brook again a great test of golf, the Club would have only to meet fire with fire—setting a few bunkers in the fairways at the target areas, based on present hitting power and tightening up the greens so that the play­ ers must hit skillful second shots to the pin or be penalized. 16 USGA Journal and Turf Management: July, 1953 How the Public Links Event Developed By JOHN P. ENGLISH USGA Assistant Executive Director On February 1, 1922, James D. Standish, Jr., of Detroit, persuaded the USGA Ex­ ecutive Committee to establish an Amateur Public Links Championship and offered to donate a perpetual trophy. The event was awarded to the Ottawa Park Course, in Toledo, Ohio, August 28-31, 1922, at the request of Sylvanus P. Jermain, president of the Toledo District Golf Association; and a USGA sub-committee on Public and Municipal Golf Courses, with Mr. Standish as chairman, was organized to conduct it. The committee had no way of anticipating what to expect and it was a matter of great satisfaction when 140 entries were received and 136 players started in the 36-hole quali­ fying round for 32 places in match play. The medalist by nine strokes was George Aulbach, a 19-year-old Boston University student, who scored 70-69—139. His score set a mark which held for eighteen years. Scores up to 160 qualified. In the first round, R. A. Wimmer, of Toledo, defeated A. B. Hadden, also of Toledo, at the 24th hole, a distance which has never been sur­ passed. The winner eventually proved to be Edmund R. Held, 19, of St. Louis, who defeated Richard J. Walsh, 18, of New York, 6 and 5, in the 36-hole final, after eliminating Aulbach on the 20th green in a semi-final. A most unusual incident oc­ curred during match play. Two players had made their approaches on a hole near the finish when a pistol shot sounded in the rear of the gallery; a thoroughly disinter­ ested spectator had chosen that moment to commit suicide. 1923 Prior to the second championship, at East Potomac Park, Washington, D. C., in June, 1923, the late Hon. Warren g’ Harding, then President of the United States and an honorary member of the USGA Executive Committee, donated a trophy for a team competition. This sec­ ond Championship was conducted on the same format as the first, except that each city area was limited to four representa­ tives and the city team competition at the second 18 holes of qualifying. Chicago stroke play was held in conjunction with was the best of 18 teams, with a total of Edmund R. Held 311, E. B. Lloyd and Bob White scoring 76s, John W. Dawson 78 and Matt Jans 81. Ray McAuliffe, of Buffalo, led 134 starters, with 76-77—153, to win the individual quali­ fying medal. Richard A. Walsh, 19, of New York, the runner-up in the first Cham­ pionship, took the title by defeating J. Stewart Whitham, also of New York, 6 and 5, in the final. Both finalists repre­ sented the Scottish-American Club of New York. Secretary of State Charles Evans Hughes presented the trophies. Held did not enter a defense, having joined a pri­ vate club. 1924—Joseph Coble, a 27-year-old Phila­ delphia waiter and semi-finalist the previous year, won the third Championship at the Community Country Club, Dayton, Ohio, in June, 1924. After being down at some point in every match, he defeated Henry Decker, of Kansas City, Mo., 2 and 1, in the final. The medalist was Earl McAleer, of Wash­ ington, who scored 150. The team compe­ tition was extended to 36 holes and Wash­ ington scored its first victory with a four- man total of 636. Walsh did not defend. 1925—Coble turned professional after his victory, and Ray McAuliffe, 30, of Buffalo, N. Y., succeeded him by defeating William F. Serrick, of New York, 6 and 5, in the final at the Salisbury Country Club, Salis­ USGA Journal and Turf Management: July, 1953 17 bury Plains, N. Y., in August, 1925. Melson Davis, of Cleveland, won the medal with 73-74—147, and the qualifying deadline fell to 159. New York won the team com­ petition with a new low of 616. There were several Canadians among the 98 starters and Toronto placed ninth among the teams. Even with the Canadian representation, however, the entry was down to 103 and only 98 started. Both figures are the all- time lows. 1926—1.ester Bolstad. an 18-year-old stu­ dent at the University of Minnesota, de­ feated Carl F. Kauffmann, of Pittsburgh, 3 and 2. in the final at Grover Cleveland Park. Buffalo, in August, 1926. He re­ mains the youngest winner. Richard J. ^alsh. the 1923 Champion, won the medal with 73-73—146, and the qualifying dead­ line dropped to 155. Chicago won its sec­ ond team championship with another new low of 608. McAuliffe, like Coble, had turned professional and did not defend. 1927—Carl F. Kauffmann, the quiet Pitts­ burgh stenographer, made the big step from runner-up to Champion to inaugurate a three-year reign. He defeated William F. Serrick, of New York, on the 37th green in the first extra-hole final, at the Ridgewood Golf Links, Cleveland, in August, 1927. Ser­ rick, who fluffed his approach on the extra hole, had qualified in every Championship and had been runner-up in 1925. Kauffmann also led Pittsburgh to a team victory with a score of 639 in a record field of 20 teams, but individual medal honors went to 17- year-old Clarke Morse, of St. Louis, with 73-«6—149. Bolstad, the defender, scored 164 in the qualifying and missed match play by two strokes. 1928—Kauffmann was the first Champion to enter match play in defense of his title, and, once in, he went on to beat Phil Og­ den. of Cleveland, 8 and 7, in the final at Cobbs Creek Municipal Golf Course, Phila­ delphia, in July-August, 1928. It was the most decisive victory scored in any final and highlighted a Pittsburgh sweep of all honors. The qualifying medal went to Sam Graham, also of Pittsburgh, on his 78-74— 152. as scores up to 165, the highest ever, qualified for match play. Pittsburgh also repeated in the team competition, with a four-man, 36-hole total of 646, the highest ever to win, as the team entry rose again to 23. Ganson Depew, of Buffalo, replaced Mr. Standish as chairman of the USGA Public Links Committee. 1929—Kauffmann, now 30 years old, won for the third time in succession at the Forest Park Municipal Golf Course, St. Louis, in August, 1929. He started by tying for the medal with Milton Soncrant, of To­ ledo, and Patsy Tiso, of New York, at 151, and went on to beat Soncrant, 4 and 3 in the final. On the day after the final, he bested Soncrant and Tiso in a play-off for the medal, thus becoming the first Cham­ pion to win the medal, or vice versa. There was another tie, the first, for the team cham­ pionship at 630, and New York defeated Louisville in this play-off to win for the second time. Carl F. Kauffmann 1930—At the Jacksonville (Fla.) Munic­ ipal Links, in August, 1930, Kauffmann in­ advertently disqualified himself by return­ ing an erroneous score in the first qualify­ ing round. This opened up the competition, and Al Quigley, of Chicago, took the medal with 145. The Championship, however, went to Robert E. Wingate, of Jacksonville, who defeated Joseph E. Greene, of Philadelphia, 1 up. in the final. He was the first home­ town player to win. Brooklyn took the team championship to the New York area for the third time, with a score of 617. 1931—Charles Ferrera, a riveter from San Francisco who was accustomed to working in high places, ascended to the Champion­ ship at the Keller Golf Course, St. Paul, in August, 1931. He defeated Joe Nichols, a 15-year-old schoolboy from Long Beach, 18 USGA Journal and Turf Management: July, 1953 CaL, 5 and 4, in the final. Nichols is the youngest player ever to reach the final. San Francisco also won the team competition, with a score of 620, as a new high of 28 teams took part. David A. Mitchell, of Indianapolis, prevented a San Francisco sweep by taking the medal, with 148, while both Kauffmann, the three-time winner, and Wingate, the defender, were failing to pass the stroke-play test. The entry, which had held comparatively steady through the first nine years, showed its first notable increase this year; 182 entered and 176 started. Both figures were new highs. 1932—Two Millers played in the final at the Shawnee Golf Course, Louisville, Ky., in July, 1932, but they were not related, R. L. Miller, who was 21 and insisted his in­ itials didn’t stand for anything, returned the Championship to Jacksonville, Fla., by defeating Pete Miller, of Chicago, 4 and 2. The winner had recently been reinstated after working for a year in a professional’s shop. Joe Nichols, who had been runner- up the previous year and was now 16, won the medal with 145, and five players tied for the last two places in match play at 153, a new low. One of the five was Fer­ rera, the defender, and he got in on the sixth hole of the play-off. Kauffmann failed to qualify for the third successive year. Louisville set a new record of 606 in win­ ning its first team competition. There were 213 individual entries and 32 team entries, both new highs. 1933—Charles Ferrera, the San Franciscan who had won in 1931, became the second Champion to repeat. He dethroned the de­ fender, R. L. Miller, 3 and 2, in the final at the Eastmoreland Golf Course, Port­ land, Ore., in August, 1933. The Champion­ ship was the first held on the West Coast, and most of the entrants were from the West. Tab Boyer, of Portland, Ore., won the medal in a play-off with Leslie Leal, of Billingham, Wash., after they had tied at 144. Boyer scored 75-70—145 to Leal’s 76- 81—157 in the play-off. Los Angeles took its first team championship with 609. 1934—David A. Mitchell, of Indianapolis, the medalist in 1931, came back to defeat Arthur Armstrong, of Honolulu, 5 and 3, in the final at the South Park Allegheny County Links, Pittsburgh, in July-August, 1934. Armstrong was the first Hawaiian to reach the final of any USGA Championship. The medalist was Albert (Scotty) Camp­ bell, of Seattle, who scored 144; and Los Angeles retained the team championship, making a new low of 603 to win over 33 other teams, a new entry record. The for­ mat of the individual Championship was changed for the first time; sixty-four in­ stead of thirty-two qualified for match play, the first four rounds were played in two days and the semi-final round was ex­ tended to 36 holes, like the final. Scores up to 160 earned places in match play under the new system. Ferrera, the defender, was eliminated in the third round. 1935—The new system of play was con­ tinued at the Charles E. Coffin Course, Indianapolis, in July-August, 1935, and Frank Strafaci, of Brooklyn, N. Y., won in the second extra-hole final. He defeated Joe Coria, of St. Paul, after 37 holes. Stra­ faci, like Held in 1922 and Walsh in 1923, was 19. Lloyd Nordstrom, of Davenport, Iowa, won the medal with 145, and the qualifying limit fell to 159. San Antonio won its first team championship by beating Louisville in a play-off. They tied at- 612, and San Antonio scored 305 in the replay. Team entries reached another new high of 45. Mitchell, the defender, lost in the third round. The entry of 198 was the second largest to that time, and 196 started. R. Arthur Wood, of Chicago, became chairman of the Public Links Committee, replacing Ganson Depew. 1936—The Championship was returned to Long Island and held on the one-year-old Blue Course at Bethpage State Park, Farm­ ingdale, N. Y., in July, 1936. B. Patrick Abbott, of Pasadena, Cal., defeated Claude B. Rippy, of Washington, D. C., 4 and 3. in the final. Rippy had set a nine-hole rec­ ord for the Championship in tying for the qualifying medal; he scored 75 in the first round and then 30-40—70 in the second, for 145. His total was matched by James B. Molinari, of San Francisco, and there was no play-off. The deadline fell to 154, another new low. Strafaci was beaten in the second round. Seattle established a new low of 599 in winning its first team championship over 48 other teams, still another entry record. There were 223 en­ trants and 222 starters, both records, and they represented 58 cities. It Was possible to handle the qualifying field only by using both the Blue and Red Courses at USGA Journal and Turf Management: July, 1953 19 Bethpage State Park. The rule that a player could not compete in both the Amateur Public Links and Amateur Championships in the same year, except by special invita­ tion, became effective. 1937—Bruce McCormick, 28, of Los An­ geles, became Champion by defeating Don Erickson, of Alhambra, 1 up, in the first all-California final at the Harding Park Course, San Francisco, in August, 1937. McCormick had been dormie-3 and saved the match only on the last green. Erickson had equalled the qualifying record estab­ lished by George Aulbach in the first Cham­ pionship in 1922 by scoring 67-72—139. His 67 was a new 18-hole record. The quali­ fying deadline of 152 represented another new low; although there were sixty-four qualifiers, it was one stroke below the old low for thirty-two qualifiers. Sacramento com­ pleted a California sweep by winning its tirst team championship with another new low of 587. There were 190 entrants and 186 starters. Exactly half the qualifiers were Californians, and three from that state reached the semi-final round. Abbott was eliminated in the quarter-finals. 1938—Al Leach, a 26-year-old WPA work­ er from Cleveland, won one of the most exciting finals at the Highland Park Mu­ nicipal Golf Course, in his home town, Cleveland, in August, 1938. His opponent, Louis C. Cyr, of Portland, Ore., was 6 down after 23 holes but squared the match on the thirty-fourth hole. Leach pulled himself together and took the last hole. Cyr had qualified in an equally exciting play-off m which eighteen players tied at 151 for the last place, still another new low; Cyr’s birdie 3 on the first extra hole put him in. The medalist was Walter Burkemo, 20, of Detroit, who scored 72-69—141. Two rec­ ords were made in the Team Champion­ ship; Los Angeles won for the third time with an all-time four-man, thirty-six hole record of 584, and 55 teams, an all-time high, participated. The winning team com­ prised Don Erickson, 143, and George S. Lance, Bruce McCormick and. Neil Whit­ ney, all 147. McCormick lost on the 19th hole in the first round. The entry in this second Championship at Cleveland, reached another new high of 248, and again two courses, both at Highland Park, had to be used to handle the 247 starters in the qualifying round. Seventy-three communi­ ties had exercised their option to send rep­ resentatives, and this system was making the Championship unmanageable. 1939—Sectional qualifying rounds at thirty-three sites selected by the USGA were substituted for the unlimited number of city-area rounds prior to the Championship at the Mount Pleasant Park Golf Course, Baltimore, in July, 1939. These sectional rounds attracted 2,401 entrants, the largest number received to that time for any USGA Championship. Of these 190 qualified and 178 started. The Championship proper was conducted by the same format as in pre­ vious years, and the winner was Andrew Szwedko, a 32-year-old steel worker who took the title to Pittsburgh for the fourth time and to Pennsylvania for the fifth time. He defeated Philip Gordon, of Oak­ land, Cal., 1 up, in the final. The qualifying round at the Championship proper de­ veloped a four-way tie at 144 among Ar­ thur Armstrong, Honolulu, 72-72; Luke Barnes, Atlanta, 71-73; Gerry Bert, Jr., Seattle, 70-74, and Jack Taulman, Colum­ bus, Ind., 74-70. It was the first four-way tie in any USGA Championship, and it was never played off. The team representation was reduced from four men to three, and Los Angeles again retained the team title, winning for the fourth time with a three- man, 36-hole score of 442. Charles V. Rain­ water became Chairman of the Public Links Committee, replacing Mr. Wood. 1940—The sectional qualifying system had proved its worth and was continued. Thirty­ eight sections were established, and the en­ try rose to 2,601, with 193 qualifiers and 190 starters in the Championship proper at the Rackham Golf Course, Detroit, in July, 1940. Robert C. Clark, 31, of St. Paul, won by defeating Michael Dietz, of Detroit, 8 and 6, in the final. Clark faced a sterner challenge in the semi-final when he had to play 38 holes to eliminate Ed Furgol, of Utica, N. Y. Furgol and Worth Stimits, Jr., of Colorado Springs, Colo., had tied for the medal at 138, breaking by one stroke the record which had endured for eighteen years. There was no play-off. The qualify­ ing deadline fell to 149, the all-time low. San Francisco won the team championship with 435, a new low under the three-man, thirty-six hole system. Swedko lost his title in the first round of match play. 1941—James C. Clark, Jr., of Long Beach, 20 USGA Journal and Turf Management: July, 1953 Cal., set a qualifying record of 64-71—135 to start the Championship proper at the Indian Canyon Golf Course, Spokane, Wash., in July, 1941. His score, three strokes under the old record and seven under par, represented the lowest eighteen- hole and thirty-six-hole scores made in any USGA stroke competition to that time. Clark was beaten by Jack Kerns, of Den­ ver, in a semi-final and Kerns, in turn, bowed to William M. Welch, Jr., of Hous­ ton, Tex., 6 and 5, in the final. Robert Clark, the defender, went down in the sec­ ond round. The team championship was won for the first time by Detroit with an­ other 435. The entry rose to another new high of 2,816, of whom the Denver section alone contributed 516. The course measured only 6,277 yards and was one of the short­ est on which the event has been played in modern times. 1946—The intervention of World War 11 did not cool Jimmy Clark’s blades. When the Championship was resumed at the 6,590-yard Wellshire Golf Course, Denver, in July, 1946, he bettered by a stroke his own qualifying record with 64-70—134, eight under par and again a thirty-six-hole record for a USGA stroke competition. His play also contributed materially to Long Beach’s victory in the team championship with a record total of 431 for three men playing 18 holes; to Clark’s 134 were added Marshall Holt’s 143 and Oscar W. Holberg’s 154. Holt eliminated Clark in the first round, Welch went down in the second round and the eventual winner was Smiley L. Quick, 37, of Los Angeles, who defeated Louis Stafford, of Portland, Ore., 3 and 2, in the final. It marked the first time since 1928 that all honors had been won by play­ ers from the same metropolitan area. Quick, who had tied for twenty-sixth place in the Open, was invited to play in the Amateur Championship of the same year and went all the way to the 37th green of the final before bowing to Ted Bishop; it was the closest approach to a double in the Ama­ teur Public Links and Amateur Champion­ ships and the best three-championship per­ formance on record. The entry for this Championship was 3,586, the largest ever received for any USGA competition. Of these, 1,280 were from the Denver section, and preliminary rounds were required there. A driving contest was held prior to the Championship proper; Leo Roy Gann, of Tulsa, hit one ball 316 yards, and Einar H. Hanson, of San Francisco, averaged 286 yards with three balls. James D. Standish, Jr., resumed the Chairmanship of the Pub­ lic Links Committee. 1947—Wilfred Crossley, a 34-year-old Bos­ tonian temporarily living in Atlanta, be­ came the first since Kauffmann to win both the qualifying medal and the individual Championship, and he also led Atlanta to its first Team Championship at the Meadow­ brook Golf Course, Minneapolis, in July, 1947. Crossley, a Harvard alumnus, scored 70-69—139 in the stroke rounds and never was down in match play. He beat Avery Beck, of Raleigh, N. C., 6 and 5, in the final. Beck had won a 38-hole semi-final against Benjamin J. Hughes, of Portland, Ore. With Crossley scoring 139, Walter R. Browne 143 and Charles W. Barnes 149, Atlanta tied the three-man, 36-hole rec­ ord of 431 in the team competition to score the third sweep of all available honors. There were 2,633 entrants, but Quick’s name was not among them. He was tardy in fil­ ing his entry, and it had been rejected. The number of qualifiers in sectional rounds was reduced to 180, of whom 179 started. In another driving contest prior to the Championship proper, Joseph Carlone, of Cleveland, hit a ball 297 yards, 10 inches. 1948—An all-match play Championship was instituted at the North Fulton Park Golf Course, Atlanta, Ga., in July, 1948, the form being precisely the same as that which had been reinstituted in the Amateur Championship a year earlier. The winner, after eight rounds of match play? was Michael R. Ferentz, a 33-year-old Long Beach, Cal., bartender who was competing for the first time. He benefited by stymies to get a half and a win on the 34th and 35th holes and defeated Benjamin G. Hughes, of Portland, Ore., 2 and 1, in the final. Crossley gave up his title in the fifth round. Forty-four sectional qualifying rounds, a new high, were employed, and 210 players were qualified and started, out of an original entry of 2,728. The basis of the team championship was changed again. Play was conducted separately, at only 18 holes, stroke play, on the Saturday prior to the start of the individual Championship, and the teams of three men represented qualifying sections, rather than cities. The Raleigh, N. C., section won for the first USGA Journal and Turf Management: July, 1953 21 time, with a score of 223. Totton P. Hef- felfinger, of Minneapolis, succeeded Mr. Standish as Chairman of the Public Links Committee. 1949—The all-match-play form was con­ tinued, and the next winner was Kenneth J. Towns, who was 20. In an all-San Fran­ cisco final, the second all-California final, he defeated William E. Betger, a left­ hander, 5 and 4, at the Rancho Golf Course, Los Angeles, in July, 1949. It was the third individual victory for a San Franciscan, and San Francisco also won its third team championship, with a new low for three men playing 18 holes of 221. By sweeping all honors, San Francisco duplicated the achievements of Pittsburgh in 1928, the Los Angeles area in 1946 and Atlanta in 1947. In the first round Ferentz was stopped, and Horace Henry of Houston. Texas, de­ feated Gordon B. Hammond, Jr., of Rock­ ford, Ill., at 24 holes, equalling the extra­ hole record made in the 1922 Championship. The course measured 6.850 yards, the long­ est on which the Championship has been held. 1950—The Silver Anniversary Champion­ ship was played at the Seneca Golf Course on its return to Louisville, Ky., in July, 1950, and Stanley Bielat, a 37-year-old truck driver from Yonkers, took the title to the metropolitan New York area for the third time. Bielat had to win four extra­ hole matches to reach the final, but once there he made five birdies on the last eight holes and beat John Dobro, of Chi­ cago, 7 and 5. Towns was eliminated in the fourth round. The Los Angeles section took the team championship to that area for the sixth time by scoring 217, the record for three-man, 18-hole competition. The team consisted of Stephen Z. Shaw, who scored 67. Robert Roux, who did a 74, and James R. Griffin, who made a 76. Thirty-eight teams participated, a record since the es­ tablishment of the event as a separate com­ petition. 1951—Dave Stanley, a 20-year-old student at the University of California at Los An­ geles, won the longest final, and the third to go extra holes, at the Brown Deer Park Golf Course, Milwaukee, in July, 1951. His par 4 on the 38th hole defeated Ralph Vranesic, of Denver. Vranesic was 5 down after 27 holes but one-putted five greens to square the match. Stanley had been playing golf only five years, after having been crippled throughout his youth by osteo­ myelitis and rheumatic fever. Both finalists had had to play 37 holes to win their semi-final matches. In the Silver Anniver­ sary of the team championship, the Dav- ton, Ohio, section made a score of 234 to win for the first time. Bielat lost his title in the third round. Frederick L. Dold, of Wichita. Kansas, succeeded Mr. Heffel- finger as Chairman of the Public Links Committee. Omer L. Bogan 1952—The Championship went to a private club, the Miami Country Club, for the first time on its return to Florida, in July, 1952, but a Californian, Omer L. (Pete) Bogan, 35, of South Gate, was the winner. He de­ feated Robert J. Scherer, of Decatur, 111., 4 and 3 in the final. Like his precedessor, who was beaten by Scherer in the second round, Bogan represented the Montebello Golf Course. It marked the sixth time a Los Angelean had won and the ninth time a Californian had won. Five of the California victories had come in the last seven years. No other metropolitan area or state has pro­ vided so many individual Champions. The team championship was won by Chicago for the third time, on that section’s score of 227. The number of qualifiers was reduced from 210 to 200. The Championship was the first held by the USGA under the new Rules which eliminated the stymie. 22 USGA Journal and Turf Management: July, 1953 THE REFEREE Decisions by the Rules of Golf Committees Example of symbola: ‘USGA’’ indicates decision by the United States Golf Association. B ... lndlciJtes declsl0n by the Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St. Andrews, Scotland. 53-1 means the first decision issued in 1953. “R. 37-7” refers to Section 7 of Rule 37 in the 1953 Rules of Golf. Croquet Stroke Approved USGA 52-94 R. 2-2; 19-1 Q: Is it permissible, according to the Rules of Golf: 1. To use a putter so constructed that the shaft is mounted in a fixed position in the center of the head and at a 90 degree angle in any direction to the upper surface of the head? 2. To address the ball on the putting green in such a manner that the player faces the hole with ball resting between his feet and in the process of making the stroke swings putter head between legs? Question by: Rev. Howard G. Welch Brimfield, Illinois A 1: Yes. Rule 2-2b permits the shaft of a putter to be fixed at any point in the head and does not restrict the angle at which it is fixed. The putter, of course, must be of traditional form and make and must con­ form to all requirements of Rule 2-2, such as those governing the shape of the head. 2. Yes, provided the ball is fairly struck at with the head of the club in accordance with Rule 19-1 and not pushed, scraped or spooned. The Rules do not restrict a player's stance. Ball Dropped Nearer Hole USGA 52-95 Def. 29; R. 1. 7-2, 33-3b Q 1: In stroke play, a ball comes to rest slightly nearer the hole after being dropped outside a lateral water hazard in accordance with Rule 33-3b. The player plays the ball where it comes to rest. Is the player penalized two strokes for violating Rule 33 or is he disqualified for failing to play the stipulated round? A 1: Two strokes for violating Rule 33. Q 2: In stroke play, after a ball has been lost in a lateral water hazard, the player purposely drops another ball 50 yards nearer the hole than Rule 33-3b per­ mits, and plays it there. Is he penalized two strokes for violating Rule 33 or is he disqualified to play the stipulated round? A 2: The player has not played the ball from the teeing ground into the hole by successive strokes, as required by Rule 1. He therefore has not played the stipulated round—see Definition 29 and Rule 7-2—■ and so he has no score which can be ac­ cepted. Ball Putted From Wrong Location USGA 52-97 D. 22; R. 22-2, 23-1 27-3 Q: In a medal tournament player A marked the ball of player B with a coin on the green. Player B subsequently played his ball from the wrong location on the green where it had been placed by A. After B had holed out in two strokes, ar. other player pointed out that B had put­ ted from the wrong location. B then re­ placed his ball at the proper location and played the hole out. USGA Journal and Turf Management: July, 1953 23 Did B incur any penalty for putting from the wrong place? If he does incur a pen­ alty, how many strokes should he be pen­ alized? Question by: Dean E. Schmidt Virginia Beach, Va. A: If B knew that A had moved his ball, the score made when the ball was played from the wrong location would stand; and B was penalized two strokes for failing to comply with Rule 27-3, which required him to replace the ball when moved by a fellow­ competitor. (See also Rule 22-2.) If B did not know that A had moved his ball until after the ball had been played, B could not be penalized for playing the ball from the wrong location. If he were correctly informed before striking off from the next tee, he would be obliged to re­ place the ball in the correct location, with­ out penalty; however, if he-learned of the mistake after playing from the next tee the score with the ball played from the wrong location must stand, and there would be no penalty. Rule 23-1 requires that a ball must be lifted by the player, his partner or either of their caddies. A was an outside agency— see Definition 22—so he cannot be penalized under Rule 23-1 for lifting B’s ball. See Rule 27-3. Ball Found Within Five Mnutes After Another Ball Had Been Played USGA 52-100 D. 6; R. 21-2, 3, 29-1 Q: A’s tee shot was hit toward a ditch crossing the fairway. A and B and both cad­ dies thought the ball went into the ditch. After an unfruitful search in the ditch, A dropped a ball back of the ditch (Rule 33-2a) and played it. After crossing the water hazard, the first ball was spied in the rough. Please tell us how the above situa­ tion should be treated in match play and stroke competition with a short search for ball in ditch and with a five minute search for ball in ditch. Question by: Mrs. Frank D. Bisbee Jacksonville, Fla. A: A played a wrong ball when he drop­ ped and played a ball under the water hazard Rule (33-2a); it was not properly substituted for the player’s original ball under the Rules. The penalty in match play is loss of hole. See Rule 21-2. In stroke play: (a) If the player’s side searched for the original ball for- less than five minutes, the penalty was two strokes, and the player was obliged to resume play with his original ball—see Rule 21-3. (b) If the player’s side searched for the original ball for five minutes or more, '7 became a lost ball see Definition 6.) For playing the wrong ball (the ball improperly dropped), the player sustained a two-stroke penalty, and was obliged to proceeed under Rule 29-1 with the additional penalty pre­ scribed therein. A "Hit" and A "Push" USGA 52-101 R. 19-1 Q: Rule 19-1 provides for the method of using the club, without regard to the form of the club, as I understand it. Am I correct in assuming that if the ball is “pushed” the face of the club must be in contact with the ball before the ball is moved by the club, and so there is no back- swing or hit? Thus, if there is space be­ tween the face of the club and the ball through which the club must move to strike the ball, it is not a push but a hit. In an extreme case, if.a ball lies close to an im­ movable obstacle, but there is room behind the ball to insert an iron club or a putter, perhaps, leaving a space of half an inch between the ball and the face of the club, the ball could be hit and not pushed and the rule not violated. Question by: Dean 0. M. Leland A: Your understanding is right. Minneapolis 14, Minn. Where Ball May Be Dropped When Deemed Unplayable USGA 52-102 D. 34; R. 29-2b Q: A ball is played from the tee and hooks into an out-jutting rough about 10 feet from the fairway. The ball is lodged under the root of a tree and is declared un­ playable by the player. Assuming the player does not elect to return to the tee, where is the proper place to drop the ball for the next shot: (a) On the fairway (about 10 feet away to the side) ? (b) In the rough (as close as possible to the spot from which the ball was lifted) ? (c) Back 20 yards, which would again put the ball into the fairway? 24 USGA Journal and Turf Management: July, 1953 Are there any conditions under which a ball, having been declared unplayable while in the rough or in a hazard, may be dropped in the fairway at any point between the point from which it was originally played and a point from which it was lifted after having been declared unplayable? Question by: B. J, Wagner Miami, Fla. A: Rule 29-2 governs when a ball is deemed unplayable, and option b of that Rule permits a player to “Drop and play a ball under penalty of two strokes, keep­ ing the point from which the ball was lifted between himself and the hole; if this be im­ possible, he shall drop and play a ball under penalty of two strokes as near as possible to the spot from which the ball was lifted but not nearer the hole.” Thus the player must, whenever possible, drop and play his ball behind the point from which it was lifted, keeping that point between himself and the hole. There is no limitation on how far back he may drop and play his ball; he may go back along this line 20 yards or as far as he desires. The Rules make no distinction be­ tween “fairway” and “rough”; both are 'through the green” (Definition 34). There­ fore. whether the player drops and plays his ball in fairway or rough is irrelevant, as long as he proceeds in accordance with the provisions of Rule 29-2b. If, from the standpoint of golfing reason and fair play, it is impossible to drop and play a ball so that the point from which the ball was lifted remains between the player and the hole, the .player must drop and play his ball as near as possible to the spot from which it was lifted, not nearer the hole. “As near as possible” is an ex­ plicit term. This normally would preclude him from dropping and playing his ball as much as 10 feet away from the spot where it was deemed unplayable, although the question of fairway or rough again would be irrelevant. Ball Strikes Flagsiick R & A 53-11 R. 26-3a; 34-2d Q: A member playing in a medal com­ petition sent his caddie to the pin when taking a long putt. The ball was on the line but when the caddie removed the pin, the top half came away in his hand, leav­ ing the spike portion still in the hole. The ball struck this, and the player incurred a penalty of two strokes. It has, however, been suggested that there should be no penalty, as both player and caddie had done all that could be expected of them, and the mishap was really due to a greenkeeper’s fault. Question by: Ligiitcliffe Golf Club Lightcliffe, Yorkshire A: The player was rightly penalized two strokes. The fact that the spike portion re­ mained in the hole when the caddie re­ moved the flagstick does not affect Rules 26-3a and 34-2d. Player May Enter Clubhouse R & A 53-13 R. 3; 37-7 Q: Our course has four greens adjacent to the clubhouse. Is a player permitted, on arrival at any one of these greens, to enter the clubhouse (a) for the purpose of col­ lecting a club, (b) to collect extra clothing. Question by: Whitchurch (Cardiff) Golf Club Whitchurch, Glamorganshire A: A player may collect a club or cloth­ ing from the clubhouse, provided he does not delay play; see Rules 3 and 37-7. Testing Sand in Bunker R & A 53-14 R. 33-1 Q: During a medal round, A played his ball into a bunker. A entered the bunker to play his next stroke, and from a position nowhere near his ball displaced the sand with the toe of his shoe. He was not tak­ ing a stance. B pointed out to A that he did not think displacing the sand with his shoe was al­ lowed and A admitted that he had tested the sand for playing conditions. On completion of the round, B reported the incident to the Secretary. A decision is requested as to whether A incurred a penalty, and if so what is the penalty and Rule. Question by: Langley Park Golf Club Beckenham, Kent A: As player A admitted that he in fact tested the sand for playing cnoditions, he should be penalized two strokes for a breach of Rule 33-1. USGA Journal and Turf Management: July, 1953 25 Better Turf for Better Golf TURF MANAGEMENT from the USGA Green Section Correspondence pertaining to turf management matters should be addressed to: USGA Green Section, Room 331, Administration Building, Plant Industry Station, Beltsville, Md. Western Office: Box 241, Davis, Cal. NEW SOUTHWESTERN OFFICE OF USGA GREEN SECTION The Regional Turf Service of the United States Golf Association Green Sec­ tion has been expanded with the opening of a Southwestern Office on July 1 at Col­ lege Station, Texas. The Southwestern Director is Dr. Mat- vin H. Ferguson, who will serve also as national Research Coordinator of the Green Section. The Green Section now has three of­ fices, the others being the main office at Beltsville, Md., with Alexander M. Radko as Acting Eastern Director, and the West­ ern Office at Davis, Cal., with Charles G. Wilson as Western Director. Locations for other new regional of­ fices of the Green Section are being con­ sidered, in order to extend the Regional Turf Service to all USGA member clubs and courses. The heart of the Regional Turf Service is periodic visits by the USGA Regional Directors to individual courses and group meetings with golf course superintendents, to assist them in keeping informed on the latest and best in turf management. The visits are supplemented by written re­ ports to the individual clubs and by Re­ gional Turfletters applicable to the prob­ lems of the courses in the particular re­ gion. The Service is available at annual fees which cover all work and expenses and which are fixed on a cost basis. A per­ centage of the fees (currently 20#) will be appropriated to research, primarily within the region of the subscribing club. The total annual fee for an 18-hole course is $100; for nine holes, $75. Opening of the Southwestern Office now makes the Service available to LSGA member clubs and courses in Arkansas, Kansas, Louisiana, Missouri, New Mexico, Oklahoma and Texas. Dr. Ferguson returns to the Green Sec­ tion staff after an absence of somewhat more than two years. He will not only provide direct service to the subscribing clubs in his seven-State Region but will serve as national Research Coordinator of the Green Section’s various interests in scientific turf investigations. Under the Regional Turf Service program, it is ex­ pected that the Green Section will spon­ sor a growing volume of research projects at State institutions and experiment sta­ tions. Dr. Ferguson has spent his entire pro­ 26 USGA Journal and Turf Management: July. 1953 fessional career in turf management. He was born in Buda, Texas, 35 years ago, receive a B. S. degree from Texas A. and M. College and a Ph. D. degree in plant physiology from the University of Mary­ land. He has held the following positions: 1940-42—Agronomist, USGA Green Section. 1942-47—Assistant Agronomist, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Division of Forage Crops and Diseases. (Military furlough 1944-46; served in Navy as pharmacist’s mate.) 1947-51—Agronomist, and Agrono­ mist in Charge of Research, USGA Green Section. 1951 — September, 1952 — Senior Agronomist, Military Air Transport Ser­ vice. September, 1952 to June, 1953—As­ sistant Professor of Agronomy, Texas A. and M. College, from which position he retired to become associated again with the USGA Green Section. Dr. Ferguson’s various positions have given him a working knowledge of all types of turf and turf use. His work with the Green Section and the U. S. Depart­ ment of Agriculture were of national scope. As Senior Agronomist of the Mili­ tary Air Transport Service, he handled turf problems in many parts of the world under difficult conditions. Dr. Ferguson is Chairman of the Turf Division of the American Society of Agronomy, is a member and Research Director of the Texas Turf Foundation, and holds membership in Alpha Zeta (national honorary agricultural frater­ nity), Society of the Sigma Xi (scientific society), and Phi Kappa Phi (national honorary society, and the Mid-Atlantic Association of Golf Course Superintend­ ents. He has contributed to approximately 20 publications, and in 1950 compiled and edited the Green Section’s Turf Research Review. Regional Turf Service Well Received The Regional Turf Service is being en­ thusiastically received in the Western Region, the first in which it was intro­ duced the past spring. The essence of the Service is to help Photo by W. J. Mead Marvin H. Ferguson, of College Station, Texas, has rejoined the USGA Green Section staff as Regional Director of the Southwestern Office and national Research Coordinator. USGA member clubs and their golt course superintendents to keep informed, up to date, on the best scientific and prac­ tical developments in turf management. It is not possible for the individual superintendent to read all the literature and visit all the research projects de­ veloped for his course’s benefit. This is a natural function of the trained agrono­ mists on the Green Section staff, who, being highly specialized in their work, can serve as effective agents of all clubs and superintendents in obtaining and dis­ tributing information. They thus can en­ rich and undergird the work of the green committee chairman and the superinten­ dent. Some superintendents have mistakenly feared that the Regional Turf Service would reduce their own usefulness; how­ ever, such fears are without foundation, for one object of the Service is to do ex­ actly the opposite, and to help the super­ intendent become increasingly useful to his club. This is what the Green Section has always done since it was established in 1920, and it is a continuing purpose of the Green Section. The following extracts from letters from turf enthusiasts in the West attest to the value of the Regional Turf Service as provided by Charles G. Wilson, the Western Director; USGA Journal and Turf Management: July, 1953 27 From Robert 0. Shearer, President, Rocky Mountain Golf Course Superin­ tendents’ Association, Denver, Colo.: “Regarding reaction of Rocky Mountain Area Golf Course Superintendents to the Regional Service by the Green Section of the USGA, we are getting more benefit now than ever before and we all are really happy about the whole thing. “I was very much impressed and we feel greatly rewarded by being advised by Charlie Wilson, Representative of the West­ ern Division of the USGA Green Section, during his visit to our Course regarding lit­ tle tricks and practices that have been de­ veloped by member clubs throughout the West. We appreciate the valuable infor­ mation contained in our Western Turflet­ ter written by Charlie Wilson and printed in Davis, Cal., the location of the Western Division of the USGA Green Section. “We are all very mindful in subscribing to this valuable service that the USGA operates solely for service to golf and not for profit, otherwise the cost of this ser­ vice would be absolutely prohibitive to the majority of our golf courses. “We sincerely hope that all eligible golf clubs will take advantage of this wonderful bargain. We appreciate the value of per­ sonalized recommendations made regarding TURF MANAGEMENT The book "Turf Management" sponsored by the United States Golf Association and edited by Prof. H. B. Musser, is a com­ plete and authoraiive guide in the prac­ tical development of golf-course turfs. This 354-page volume is available through USGA, 40 East 38th Street, New York 16, N. Y., the USGA Green Section, Plant Industry Station, Beltsville, Md.; the USGA Green Section Western Office, Box 241, Davis, Cal., or the McGraw-Hill Book Co., 330 West 42nd Street, New York 36, N. Y. The cost is $7. each course visited. We are also sure that this service will become more effective as time marches on.” From J. L. Haines, Grounds Superinten­ dent, Denver Country Club, Denver, Colo.: “The boys in the area are getting more good use of the USGA Green Section through these on-the-field inspection tours and recommendations than they have ever gotten from the Green Section before. Charlie Wilson is doing a wonderful job in this area.” BERMUDA FAIRWAYS AT ARMY NAVY COUNTRY CLUB By JIM THOMAS and REAR ADMIRAL JOHN S. PHILLIPS Golf-Course Superintendent and Chairman, Green Committee The summer of 1952 was a disastrous one for turf on many golf-course tees, fairways and greens in the Mid-Atlantic area. .The preceding winter and spring had been ideal for the growth of Poa annua. However, the picture changed ab­ ruptly during June. The weather reversed itself suddenly, with poa doing its usual seasonal disappearing act. Many golf courses were left with open surfaces de­ void of any grass cover, and summer weeds soon occupied these areas. During this period, the Army Navy Country Club, in Arlington, Va., found it had an “ace in the hole” on its fair­ ways: namely, that many parts of the grounds abounded in bermudagrass. The original establishment of this grass took place before our time. To all appearances, the growth has been there a long time, even to the point of being native to the soil. Legend has it that a former green committee chairman used to carry ber­ mudagrass seeds in his pockets while playing and scattered them at every op­ portunity. As a team-mate and companion to our “ace,” the property is infested heavily with Poa annua. That is an ideal combi­ nation which, in seasons of normal weather, provides us with a green cover­ ing the entire year. The first is a warm season perennial which thrives in very hot weather. The other is a cool-season an­ nual which grows profusely in the cool, moist season of fall, winter and spring. Many consider Poa annua a pest and seek to eradicate it as they would an ob­ 28 USGA Journal and Turf Management: July, 1953 noxious weed. Yet in our locale many of us make every effort to live with it. When it is right and in season, it develops a most beautiful sod. It perpetuates vol­ unteer growth by reseeding at any height of cut, yet it is very treacherous and fickle in our usually warm weather (tem­ peratures about 100°F.) and disappears until cool weather arrives. During this interim, bermudagrass can be encouraged to enter and play a prominent role until the arrival of frost. Then our Poa annua friend once more steps in to bridge the gaP- When either one of these turfs ap­ proaches the end of its active growing season, there is a short transition period, which means that for a while things may not be at their best from the esthetic standpoint. These grasses are heavy feeders. They will tolerate heavy ap­ plications of nitrogen. They respond quickly to fertilization. This change of vegetation is usually more noticeable in the Washington, D. C., area in the early summer, but the time lag is of short dur­ ation. As a cover for our sunny tees, ber­ mudagrass has no equal. Bermuda sod is easy to establish and heals quickly. Divot scars are soon covered over, and maintenance problems are minimized. Of necessity, tee surfaces must be large, as no grass can establish a cover without sufficient room to recover or expand. On a heavily played course, it is not only desirable but feasible to have many lo­ cations and changes available for tee markers. If free movement of markers is not possible, the surface soon becomes bare, compacted and devoid of grass from heavy traffic and wear. The introduction of bermudagrass on fairways provides the golfer with a play­ ing turf of superior quality. A dense, tight sod is furnished—one which af­ fords a good lie for almost any type of shot. A player does not find his ball nestled in high grass, as bermudagrass, when fed adequately, will thrive under very close mowing. There is one point of concern regard­ ing the establishment of bermudagrass in our region. Around bentgrass putting greens, if not watched closely and con­ trolled, bermudagrass will invade the green and become a pest equal to or worse than an infestation of clover or crabgrass. When this happens, bermuda­ grass must be eradicated as any other weed. Under such conditions, it carries the definition of a plant out of place. There are two ways of establishing bermudagrass turf: by seed and by vege­ tative propagation. The first is the slower method and is not always successful, as many seedling plants will be winter- killed. At our latitude, we cannot be cer­ tain that seedings will be successful. Usually they are not. The second, or vegetative method of planting, is more satisfactory, as we know the selection is winter hardy to begin with. Therefore, although the method is slower by com­ parison, we are more certain of the es­ tablishment of bermudagrass. Late May or early June is an ideal time for us to start this operation. Portions of tees and fairways at the Army Navy Country Club which have been troublesome because of thin cover, weed infestations or other reasons have been successfully established to bermuda­ grass through the simple medium of gathering freshly mowed clippings and scattering them evenly over the bare spots. To accomplish the transition from poor turf to that of a solid stand of ber­ mudagrass, we aerate thoroughly, scatter the clippings, topdress lightly, fertilize heavily and water as needed until a stand has been assured. Under our conditions, this transition is realized within a few weeks. The advantages of bermudagrass for tees and fairways are many-fold, especi­ ally in this the so-called “transition zone” where the cool and warm belts meet. In this zone, at certain seasons of the year, climatic conditions favor all of the different kinds of herbage common to the temperate zone. If bermudagrass is fed adequately, it forms a tight, dense sod which is comparatively free of weeds. Its ability to withstand close mowing provides a player with exceptional lies USGA Journal and Turf Management: July, 1953 29 under conditions of high nitrogen feed­ ing. It takes traffic well, and divot scars are quick to heal, desirable qualities for any hard-wear areas. Even during its dormant season, bermudagrass remains dense, and its off-color is masked by volunteer Poa annua. Bermudagrass is at its peak during the hot summer months, when the cool-season grasses are dormant or dying. The bal­ ance of poa and bermuda is a natural one, and who are we to fight nature? We live with it and love it! We think our poa- bermudagrass turf is great! RATES OF SEEDING TURF GRASSES By A. M. RADKO Acting Eastern Director, USGA Green Section There are many factors which contri­ bute to the degree of success attained in establishing a good turf cover from seed. Some of these factors are seedbed pre­ paration, nutrient level of soil, freedom of weeds and weed seeds in seedbed, time of seeding, depth of seeding, water man­ agement, fertilizer management, main­ tenance practices, rate of seeding and grasses or grass mixtures selected. If all requirements over which we have control are carried out to the letter, we can be reasonably sure of success—if the elements are kind. Too much or too little rain immediately after seeding can alter the outcome greatly. However, seeding at the proper time keeps the odds in our favor. We cannot control the elements, so let us consider those factors over which we have control. Seedbed Preparation Proper seedbed preparation is the very important first step. The seed bed should be prepared with proper ingredients add­ ed to place the soil in good physical con­ dition. The degree to which the physical conditioning will be carried out will de­ pend upon the eventual use of the area. Preparation for a putting green would differ greatly from the preparation for a home-lawn seeding. However, the proper proportion of sand, soil and organic mat­ ter, thoroughly mixed so as to provide good granulation and aggregation with­ out layering, will do much to provide good air, water, nutrient and root pene­ tration. Lime, nitrogen, phosphorous and pot­ ash also are essential to good seedbed pre­ paration. When preparing a new seedbed, these nutrients should be mixed thorough­ ly into the soil so that they will be avail­ able to the seedling plants as the plants can use them. Good fertility is necessary to the production of good turf. Although nitrogen is the element which needs to be applied in the largest quantities for good turf, relatively high levels of phosphorous and adequate potash are important also, especially to seedling plants. After the seedling plants have matured, nitrogen is the key element. Proper fertilization is es­ sential to the production of good turf. Seedbed-soil sterility is desirable also to begin with, in order to eliminate weed competition. Soil sterilization may be ac­ complished by the use of cyanamid or Dow-fume MC-2 where practical. Another method of reducing the weed population is to prepare the seedbed and allow it to remain idle for a week or two until the weed seeds germinate. At that time a good weed spray will kill all weeds, and gen­ erally all that is required to place the bed in order is a light raking. Good planning is essential to either method, so that the timing will be right. The next logical step is the proper sel­ ection of grasses, and use of the proper quantities of each to provide the type of turf desired. There is a wide difference in the number of seeds to a pound. This fac­ tor is important in determining the per­ centage of seed of each species which will be needed in the mixture in order that the turf will contain the desired species in proper proportions. Table I, taken from the USGA’s book “Turf Manage­ ment” by H. B. Musser, shows these dif­ ferences in numbers of seeds to pound in the more important turf grasses. 30 USGA Journal and Turf Management: July, 1953 Quality Characteristics of Good Turf Grass Seeds TABLE I Approximate Viable seeds per sq. Min. % Min. % No. seeds ft. when sown at rate Purity Germination per lb. of 1 Z6./1000 sq. ft. Kentucky bluegrass Merion bluegrass Colonial bentgrass Chewings and red fescue • Kentucky 31 fescue Zoysia (Z-73) japonica Ryegrass Redtop 95 98 95 95 95 95 98 95 85 80 90 85 90 95 95 90 2,250,000 2,500,000 7,000,000 600,000 500,000 1,000,000 275,000 5,750,000 1,800 1,950 5,950 480 425 900 256 4,887 The following table shows . how the numbers of seeds per pound vary when different percentages of the same grasses are combined. These figures are represen­ tative of the way these proportions work on paper; under practical conditions we know that some of the seeds of each grass will fail to produce plants. Therefore, the figures shown may be decreased by as much as one-third under practical condi­ tions. The approximate ratios shown tell an interesting story when compared with the percentages of each grass in mixtures. Number of Viable Seeds per Square Foot of Grasses Indicated in Mixture Sown at ihe Rate of One Pound per 1,000 Square Feet TABLE II Mixtures per Pound 30% Kentucky Blue 60% Creep. Fescue 10% Colonial Bent Approx. Ratio 60% Kentucky Blue 30% Creep. Fescue 10% Colonial Bent Approx. Ratio 10% Kentucky Blue 30% Creep. Fescue 60% Colonial Bent Approx. Ratio NUMBER OF VIABLE SEEDS PER SQ. FT. Kentucky Bluegrass Creeping Red Fescue Colonial Bent grass Totals Total Seeds per Sq. Inch 545 2 1089 8 181 1 291 1 145 1 145 1 599 2 599 4 3591 23 1435 9.9 1833 12.7 3917 27.2 These figures are based on the following number of seeds per pound: Kentucky Bluegrass 2,250,000 (purity 95%—germination 85%) Creeping Red Fescue 600,000 (purity 95%—germination 85%) Colonial Bentgrass 7,000,000 (purity 95%—germination 90%) USGA Journal and Turf Management: July, 1953 31 The following table is taken from cor­ respondence from C. R. Runyan, Super­ intendent of The Spring Grove Cemetery, Cincinnati, Ohio. Mr. Runyan’s chart shows the theoretical number of seeds per square foot, using seed which numbers 2,250,000 seeds per pound when sown at the rate of one pound per acre. TABLE III Viable seeds per square foot using seed which numbers 2.250,000 seeds per pound, sown at ihe rate of one pound io the acre. % Live Seed Purity X Germination per square foot Approximate Seeds 85.......................44 83.................................. 43 81.................................. 42 79.................................. 41 77.................................. 40 75.................................. 39 70.................................. 36 Example-. Wanted — 500 live seeds per square foot Live seed 77% 500 -|~ 40 — 12.5 pounds per acre. With regard to rates of seeding, the generally recommended rate on normal areas is 2 pounds to each 1,000 square feet. If we go back to the second table, we see that 2 pounds of seed contain 2,- 870,000 seeds of the first mixture, 3,666,- 000 seeds of the second mixture, and 7,- 182,000 seeds of the third mixture. These figures represent a difference of about 41/G million seeds between mixtures one and three, which is quite a difference in two separate lots of seed of the same weight. As mixture two is more nearly representative of the mixtures recom­ mended for normal areas, we must there­ fore conclude that between three to four million seeds to each thousand square feet are required to produce a satisfactory cover in a relatively short time. For large-scale plantings on the acre basis this seeding rate should be halved. This is also true on areas where fast turf cover is not required. Fertility level is closely tied in with the establishment of new turf. In general, a heavy rate of fertilizer with low rate of seeding is more effective in producing good turf than a heavy seeding rate with or without a heavy rate of fertilizer. A. E. Rabbitt’s work at the Arlington Turf Gardens in 1939 was a striking demonstration of the role of fertilizer with various seeding rates. Those trials indicated that best results were obtained where seeding rates of one, two and three* pounds of seed to 1,000 square feet and fertilizer at the rate of 4 pounds of nitro­ gen to 1,000 square feet were applied. The plots seeded more heavily were very badly diseased during the following sum­ mer and a serious infestation of weeds re­ sulted. Time of Seeding Time of seeding is another important consideration. It is generally agreed that early fall seeding of the cool-season grasses give best results. Seedings made early enough to allow the seedling plants to germinate and become established be­ fore cold weather arrives are best. At that time, competition from weeds is slight. On golf courses and athletic fields fall seedings are not always possible. Often­ times spring seedings must be made as necessity or playing schedules dictate. Spring seedings in northern locations us­ ually become heavily infested with weeds; the seedling plants hardly become estab­ lished when they become dormant and weeds take over. Spring seedings are es­ pecially difficult throughout the so-called crabgrass zone. All the factors discussed contribute to the degree of success which may be at­ tained in attempting to establish turf from seed. The careful accomplishment of each step is necessary. Neglect of any one of the processes of seedling establishment may cause failure. The experienced and painstaking operator will find, however, that if he properly takes care of all con­ trollable factors, he will not fail often. If weather or some other non-controllable factor intervenes, no amount of seed will change the results appreciably. 32 USGA Journal and Turf Management: July. 1953 2,4-D AT USUAL RATES HARMLESS TO SOIL 2,4-D applied at usual rates to kill weeds is non-injurious to soil bacteria and breaks down into harmless com­ pounds in a few weeks. The foregoing has proved true in laboratory trials here and elsewhere. For these trials, the herbicide was applied to the soil media in concen­ trations far greater than any ever em­ ployed for killing weeds. Farmers, agricultural scientists and others are sure to feel somewhat relieved at this assurance. The use of growth­ control substances (2,4-D is one of the most common) is fast becoming a regular farm practice. The chemical vanished in soil media, in tests, in one to six weeks, depending on whether the organic-matter content of the soil was high, whether the soil had been used previously in the trials and was adapted to 2,4-D and whether the herbicide was applied as the amine or the salt. Organic-matter content of soil is a good measure of its fertility. Humus in soil is decomposed gradually, nitrate-nitrogen being made available for plant use by certain races of bacteria during the pro­ cess. 2,4-D was added to soils in tests here at two concentrations, 500 and 250 parts per million. The usual 2-pound-per- acre application made on farms is at the rate of 4 parts per million. The nitrifying capacity of the soils was only slightly de­ pressed at the higher concentration of the herbicide and was not depressed by the lower concentration. Herbicide vanishes suddenly. Two very interesting developments became apparent as the 2,4-D disappeared: 1. Although nitrification tended to con­ tinue at usual rates and the 2,4-D con­ tent of the soil was unchanged for a period, the herbicide all but vanished in a few days when the bacteria became adapted to it. 2. Soil once adapted to 2,4-D did not have to go through the full prelim­ inary period again to dispose of 2,4-D. Apparently, the bacteria were COMING EVENTS August 3: Field Day, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Ind. W. H. Daniel August 10: Field Day, Texas Turf Asso- citation. City Auditorium, Witchita Falls, Texas. A. B. La Gasse, Director of Parks and Recreation, Witchita Falls, Texas, in charge. August 11: Field Day, Rutgers, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, N. J. Ralph E. Engel. August 19-20: Twenty - Second Annual Greenkeepers Turf Field Days, Uni­ versity of Rhode Island, Kingston, R. I. J. A. De France. September 8-9: Turf Field Day, Pennsyl­ vania State College, State College, Pa. H. B. Musser. (Starts at noon Septem­ ber 8 and ends at noon September 9.) October 21-22: Fourth Annual Central Plains Turf Foundation Turf Confer­ ence, Manhattan, Kans. William F. Pickett. November 16-20: American Society of Agronomy Meetings, Dallas, Texas. L. G. Monthey. able to renew quickly their power to disintegrate 2,4-D and disposed of it much sooner than in unadapted soils. The first soil tested contained 22 per cent organic matter, a higher content than many farm soils. 2,4-D was found to disappear rather rapidly from this sam­ ple. To approach usual conditions, soil was obtained from plot 16 of the Jordan Fertility Plots. This plot receives manure at the rate of 6 tons per acre every other year and is limed as needed. In compara­ tive trials, the 500-parts-per-million dos­ age of 2,4-D actually disappeared from the high-organic-matter soil in one test sooner than the 250-parts-per-million dose. After the soils became adapted to dosages of 2,4-D, the chemical dis­ appeared in about one fourth of the time required for the first application. Editor’s Note: This report by J. J. Reid, Pro­ fessor of Bacteriology, appeared in the March issue of Science For The Farmer. These tests were run at the Pennsylvania Agricultural Ex­ periment Station, State College, Pa. Applica­ tions of 2,4-D have become part of the regular management practices of golf-course super­ intendents. USGA Journal and Turf Management: July, 1953 33 IT’S YOUR HONOR Regional Turf Service Long and Short of It To The USGA: I would like to take this opportunity to express our gratitude to the USGA Green Section. It is indeed a pleasure to be a member of this Association and to participate in the use of and the services rendered by the Western Of­ fice of the Green Section. We received our first visit on April 28 under very adverse weather conditions. However, this did not restrict your Charles Wilson from inspecting our course and giving us an exceptionally fine and detailed explanation of our needs in regard to better turf. In my opinion, Mr. Wilson is doing an ex­ ceptionally fine job. The services that are being sponsored by the USGA and its Green Section Regional Office are indeed an invalu­ able asset to the many small clubs throughout the United States which are unable to secure professional services that are required to develop better turf. The cost of this program is min­ ute in comparison with the dividends that will be received. Wishing you and the USGA all of the success possible in promoting this program throughout the United States, I remain J. W. Richardson, President Utah Copper Golf Club Magna, Utah To the USGA: We believe that we would be inter­ ested in the direct Regional Turf Ser­ vice which was outlined in your maga­ zine, and we assume that we will be given additional details and notice when a regional office is opened up that would serve our area. To the USGA: In our area, northern Westchester and Fairfield Counties, practically all women play golf in shorts. Last year in the team match between Silver Spring Country Club, of Ridgefield, Conn.. and Bedford Golf and Tennis Club of Bedford, N. Y., there was not a single member of either team who did not wear shorts. I doubt if anywhere in the country there are more ladylike or dig­ nified members playing golf than at the clubs in this general area. Accordingly, your action seems most inappropriate. I realize that certain commercial as­ pects of the game must be limited and that the good of the entire golfing world is based on conservatism. Nevertheless, not to recognize the facts as they exist and to attempt to put the game back a decade or so seems most unfortunate. Robert C. Hardy Wilton, Conn. Fine Little Course To the USGA: Enclosed you will find 25 cents in stamps, the nearest thing to coin of the realm we of the occupation can handle. I would be most grateful if you could accept this in exchange for one copy of the most recent edition of the Rules of Golf. You might be interested to know that in Heidelberg there is a fine little nine- hole course. Actually, it is not so fine, and it is really in Mannheim, 13 kilo­ meters away. It is only fine so far as “little” golf courses go. So, if you by any chance have a spare nine-hole course anyplace about, I would cer,- tainly appreciate your sending it along. Capt. John G. Whittemore United States Army Heidelberg, Germany C. B. Duke Ridgefields Country Club Kingsport, Tenn. Editor's Note: The USGA Journal invites comments on matters relating to the welfare of the game and will publish them as space permits. USGA OFFICERS, EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE AND COMMITTEE-CHAIRMEN PRESIDENT Totton P. Heffelfinger, Minneapolis, Minn. VICE-PRESIDENTS Isaac B. Grainger, New York, N. Y. Richard S. Tufts, Pinehurst, N. C. SECRETARY John D. Ames, Chicago, 111. TREASURER Charles L. Peirson, Boston, Mass. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE The above officers and: J. Frederic Byers, Jr., Pittsburgh, Pa. William P. Castleman, Jr., Dallas, Texas John G. Clock, Long Beach, Cal. Frederick L Dold, Wichita, Kansas John W. Fischer, Cincinnati, Ohio T. R. Garlington, Atlanta, Ga. 'Charles B. Grace, Philadelphia, Pa. Lewis A. Lapham, New York, N. Y. Edward E. Lowery, San Francisco, Cal. Corydon Wagner, Tacoma, Wash. GENERAL COUNSEL’ .Fraser M. Horn, New York, N. Y. COMMITTEE CHAIRMEN RULES OF GOLF: Isaac B. Grainger, New York, N. Y. CHAMPIONSHIP: John D. Ames, Chicago, III. AMATEUR STATUS AND CONDUCT: Charles B. Grace, Philadelphia, Pa. IMPLEMENTS AND BALL: Charles B.' Grace, Philadelphia, Pa. MEMBERSHIP: Lewis A. Lapham, New York, N. Y. ■ GREEN SECTION: Richard ,S. Tufts, Pinehurst, N. C. WOMEN'S: Mrs. Harrison F. Flippin, Ardmore, Pa. SECTIONAL AFFAIRS: Charles L. Peirson, Boston, Mass. PUBLIC LINKS: Frederick L. Dold, Wichita, Kansas HANDICAP: William O. Blaney,' Boston, Mass. JUNIOR CHAMPIONSHIP: J. Frederic Byers, Jr., Pittsburgh, Pa. GIRLS' JUNIOR: Mrs. William R. Millar, Los Angeles, Cal. MUSEUM: J. Frederic Byers, Jr., Pittsburgh, Pa. PUBLIC RELATIONS: John D. Ames, Chicago, III. "GOLF HOUSE" FUND: Daniel A. Freeman, Jr., New York, N. Y. USGA HEADQUARTERS "Golf House" 40 East 38th Street New York 16, N. Y. Joseph C. Dey, Jr., Executive Director John P. English, Assistant Executive Director USGA GREEN SECTION USGA GREEN SECTION Plant Industry Station Beltsville, Md. Alexander M. Radko. Acting Eastern Charles G. Wilson, Western Director Director USGA GREEN SECTION WESTERN OFFICE Box 241 Davis, Cal.