^ T I N U USSA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT HANDICAPPED? NO. His crutches cast to one side, Bill Daeschner, of Birmingham, Mich., blasts his way out of a bunker at the Red Run Golf Club, Royal Oak, Mich., during the amputee golf championship last summer. The so-called handicaps of these players serve them merely as sporting challenges. Detroit tree Press USGA JOURNAL TURF MANAGEMENT Published by the United States Golt Association Permission to reprint articles herein is freely granted (unless specifically noted otherwise) provided credit is given to the USGA Journal VOL VII No. 7 February, 1955 Through the Green .............................. 1 Handicaps For USGA Championships ................................................................................... 6 After 60 Years—State Of The USGA ........................................................Frank C. True 7 “For Distinguished Sportsmanship” ...................................................Joseph C. Dey, Jr. 10 It’s Not What You Have Lost................................................................. Dale S. Bourisseau 12 The New Senior Championship ......... 15 Changes In Walker Cup Cast ......................................... 16 Why Play By The Rules? .......... ........................................ Totton P. Heffelfinger 17 The Referee: Decisions By The Rules Of Golf Committee ....................................... 20 Turf Management: USGA Green Section Emerald Zoysia—Ian Forbes, B. P. Robinson and J. M. Latham ................... 23 Goosegrass ..... ............................................................................................... 26 Mowing Height and Frequency ................................. 27 Nematodes in Greens in Rhode Island ....................................................................... 28 Questions and Answers ................. 29 Annual Index To USGA Journal, Volume VII ............................ 31 It’s Your Honor: Letters ............... 33 Published seven times a year in February, April, June, July, August, September and November by the UNITED STATES GOLF ASSOCIATION 40 EAST 38th ST., NEW YORK 16, N. Y. Subscription) $2 a year. Single copies: 30c. Subscriptions, articles, photographs, and correspondence, except pertaining to Green Section matters, should be sent to the above address. Correspondence pertaining to Green Section matters should be addressed to USGA Green Section, Room 206, South Building, Plant Industry Station, Beltsville, Md.; to USGA Green Section Western Office, Box 241, Davis, Calif.; to USGA Green Section Southwestern Office, Texas A. and M. College, College Station, Texas; to USGA Green Section Northeastern Office, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, N. J., or to USGA Green Section Southeastern Office, Georgia Coastal Plain Experiment Station, Tifton, Ga. Entered as Second-class Matter March 3, 1950, at the Post Office at New York, N. Y., under the Act of March 8, 1879. Edited by Joseph C. Dey, Jr., and Frank G True. All articles voluntarily contributed. USGA COMPETITIONS FOR 1955 Walker Cup Match—May 20 and 21 at St. Andrews, Scotland. Men’s Amateur Teams— Great Britain vs. United States. (Dates entries close mean last dates for applications to reach USGA office, except in the case of the Amateur Public links Championship. For possible exceptions in dates of Sectional Qualifying Rounds, see entry forms.] Championship Open Entries Close Sectional Qualifying Rounds Championship Dates May 20 June 6 June 16-17-18 Women's Open June 17 None Amateur Public "June 3 t.June 19-25 Links Junior Amateur .My J July 19 Girls* Junior Women's Amateur August 3 August 8 None None June 30, July 1-2 Team: July 9 Indiv.: July 11-16 August 3-6 August 15-19 August 22-27 Amateur August 12 August 30 Sept. 12-17 Senior Amateur August 26 * Entries close with Sectional Qualifying t Exact date in each Section to be fixed Sept. 8 Chairmen, by Sectional Chairman. Sept. 26-Oct. 1 Venue Olympic Country Club, San Francisco, Cal. Wichita Country Club, Wichita, Kansas Coffin Municipal G. C., Indianapolis, Ind. Purdue University, Lafayette, Ind. FIorenccGC., Florence, S.C. Myers Park C. C., Charlotte, N. C. Country Club of Virginia. Richmond, Va. Belle Meade Country Club Nashville, Tenn. Encouraging Juniors There are many ways to stimulate the interest of juniors in a golf club. One is the HalfWay House which has been insti­ tuted at the Wichita Falls Country Club, in Texas, under the direction of Mrs. Hen­ ryetta B. Schwend. Half Way House there is so called be­ cause its members are "half-grown” and thus halfway toward full membership. Ac­ tually, HalfWay House is an annex on the rear of the clubhouse, approximately 80 by 3 5 feet, with an outside entrance and divided into two rooms by a louvered wall. This space has been turned over to the sons and daughters of members between the ages of 12 and 20 who have been given membership cards. The boys and girls elect their own officers and directors once each year, boys and girls alternating in the pres­ idency; set up the hours and make the rules. In the spring there is a golf tournament, contested with handicaps over a full month. In other seasons there are compe­ titions in other sports, including bridge, canasta, pool and table tennis. A dance is held every two months in the main ball­ room of the club. This plan gives the children of mem­ bers both an incentive to use the club and an understanding of the responsibili­ ties of membership, both of which should eventually accrue to the advantage of the club. "Oscar" Furgol Ed Furgol, USGA Open Champion, is the holder of the "Handicapped Oscar,” awarded to him in New York by the In­ stitute For the Crippled and Disabled for his "outstanding contribution to the ad­ vancement of public acceptance and un­ derstanding of the disabled and their prob­ lems.” A handicapped 4-year-old boy, Billy Bruckner, of New York, presented the award, a gold statue. Furgol, whose left arm is withered, was the first prominent sports figure to receive the trophy. In starting its 19H fund-raising cam­ paign for $500,000, the Institute named Furgol as Honorary Chairman of the drive. USG4 Staff Changes The USGA staff in New York has lost two members in John P. English and Ed­ ward S. Knapp, Jr., and has gained Frank C. True and Paul MacDonald. Mr. English, who had been Assistant Executive Director for six years, has joined the staff of General Dynamics Corp, and is Executive Secretary of the "International Golf Association.” Mr. Knapp was called to the newly created position of Executive Secretary of the Metropolitan Golf Asso­ ciation. Mr. True is a former newspaper sports USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: FEBRUARY, 1955 1 Final Putt In USGA Film On Etiquette Ben Hogan is shown tapping a putt on the home hole at the Somerset Hills Country Club, Bernardsville, N.J., for the completion of the first "Golf House" Film Library presentation, "The Rules of Golf—Etiquette," in which much interest is being evinced for private and public showings. The film is 16 mm. Kodachrome, with a running time of lV/2 minutes. It is an official visuali ration of the primary points of etiquette on the golf course, as set forth in Section 1 of the Rules of Golf. Robert T. Jones, Jr. makes the introductory statement. Among others who appear are Mr. and Mrs. Joseph Frelinghuysen, Jr., and their teen-age son and daughter, Joseph, III, and Mardi, who demonstrate various violations of the code of etiquette. The rental fee is $15. Inquiries and requests for bookings should be sent to National Educa­ tional Films, Inc., 165 West 46th Street, New York 36, N. Y., which produced the film. writer, having served with the old New York Sun for 20 years. Mr. MacDonald is a former college instructor in English and journalism and has had several years ex­ perience as an assistant golf professional. "Golf House" Gifts Several gifts have been received for a display in "Golf House” that will trace the evolution of turf management and green­ keeping from golf’s early days down to the present. The display, which was mentioned in the June, 1954, issue, has not yet been set up and further donations will be most welcome. For example, how many golfers remem­ ber the horse-drawn mower? If you do, can you remember how old Dobbin was shod in order not to tear up the fairway with his hoofs? One of the unusual gifts is a set of four steel protectors to be attached to the 2 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: FEBRUARY, 1955 horse’s hoofs. The donor, Alexander W. Strachan, golf course superintendent of the Old York Road Country Club, Jenkintown, Pa., says in part: "To prevent damage to the turf, these steel plates were attached to the horses’ feet by screws provided on the plates. The driver had to carry a wrench at all times to tighten the screws and pre­ vent the plates from failing off and causing damage to the mowers. This did occur quite often and with disastrous results. "Eventually,” adds Mr. Strachan, "leath­ er boots came into use in place of the steel plates and were said to be a big improve­ ment. However, some were still used right up to the time of the present-day tractors.” There have been 18 individual contri­ butions to "Golf House” Fund since the last report. The total of the Fund now is about $103,500. The amount still needed is $6,500. Additions to the Fund continue to be realized from the sale of lithographed color prints of the Association’s portrait of Robert T. Jones, Jr. The Association still can supply prints at $20 each from the limited issue, numbered serially, which was produced in 1954. Those who have enrolled as Founders of "Golf House” since the November, 1954, issue are: Thomas Wilson Beck F. B. Dickinson J. A. Ducournau Mrs. C. L. Egenroad Mrs. Helen Anderson Mr. & Mrs. James L, Hall. Jr. Fred T. Hogan A. Patton Janssen Benno Janssen, Jr. Mrs. Edith Patton Firth Mrs. Vivienne Gemmell Janssen Mr. & Mrs. Clarke L. Hall Dr. & Mrs. Cameron B. Hall Mr. & Mrs. James L. Hall Mary Patton Janssen Mrs. Winifred Campbell Kregloe Lionel MacDnff Mrs. Llewellyn Miller New Professionals Professional golf has gained two fine players and grand characters in the trans­ fer from amateurism of Miss Mary Lena Faulk, of Thomasville, Ga., and Sam Ur- zetta, of East Rochester, N. Y. Miss Faulk was Women’s Amateur Champion in 195 3 and a member of the Curtis Cup Team last year. Urzetta was 1950 Amateur Champion SPORTSMAN S CORNER CHARLES WEIL. JR. It happened at the Brentwood Country Club, Los Angeles, in the sectional qualifying round of the USGA Junior Amateur Championship last summer. Charles Weil, Jr., of Los Angeles, who was 17 and was working hard to qualify, came to the fourteenth hole, teed his ball and drove it down the fairway. Then he noticed, to his horror, that he had teed ever so slightly in front of the markers. Neither of his playing companions had noticed the mistake. Chuck wrestled momentarily with bis con­ science and then, following the precepts of Rule 13-2, teed another ball and played his second shot. When he finished the round and totaled his score it came to 77—just one stroke too many to qualify. The story has a rewarding sequel, however. As first alternate, Chuck later was invited to play in the Championship at the Los Angeles Counry Club when another qualifier failed to appear, and he won his first match. and was a member of the 1951 Walker Cup and 1952 Americas Cup Teams. He is associated with the Country Club of Roch­ ester as a teaching pro. Four of the last five Amateur Cham­ USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT FEBRUARY, 1955 3 pions are now professionals. Besides Urzet- ta, they are Billy Maxwell, Gene Littler and Arnold Palmer. Four Times For Seven There is one golfing feat in the life of Gilbert C. Tompkins which he never will forget. It occurred on the course of the Lido Country Club in Long Beach, N.Y., which no longer exists. One Saturday morning Tompkins made a 1 on the 14th hole. That afternoon he made a 2 on the same hole by sinking a chip shot. On the next morning his tee shot quivered on the lip of the same hole, but he finished with a 2. That afternoon his ball stopped a quarter of an inch be­ yond the cup on No. 14 for another easy 2. Thus, in four successive rounds he scored 1, 2, 2, and 2 for a total of 7 on Lido’s 14th hole. Mr. Tompkins is a member of the USGA Museum Committee. Old Scorebook The USGA Museum is the recipient of an unusual scorebook, dated November 15, 1899, contributed by Mrs. Raynor M. Gardiner of Needham, Mass. It consists of many pages of medium-weight paper, and space is provided on each page for strokes taken on the “fair green” as well as on the putting green. The column for strokes on the putting green leaves no mar­ gin for error, inasmuch as it is colored green. On the back of each page is the picture of a lady executing a swing. By flipping the pages rapidly with the thumb, the effect is that of a motion picture showing the swing. And this in the Nineties! Flowers for the Living When Christian A. Brinke passed away in Detroit recently, his widow asked that there be no floral tributes but that anyone so minded might instead make a contribu­ tion to the Standish Chapter of Evans Scholars Foundation. The response was most gratifying. This is just how Chris Brinke would have had it. He was devoted to the real interests of golf, first as an amateur con­ testant and later as an official of the Detroit District Golf Association. Among his honors were the Kentucky and the Pennsylvania Amateur Championships. Fit to Eat One of our junior golfers made two birdies on one hole in Buffalo, N. Y.—and one was good enough to eat. Art Pasnick, a sophomore at Canisius College, was playing in a team match at the Lancaster Country Club against the University of Buffalo. On the thirteenth hole, 160 yards, Pasnick hit a shot which struck and killed a cock pheasant stand­ ing on the green near the hole. Pasnick subsequently holed his putt for a 2. It was the first day of the pheasant sea­ son there. Presidential Praise President Eisenhower, an avid golfer, de­ parted from the customary phraseology in sending a message of congratulation when Billy Joe Patton was awarded a gold tee by the Metropolitan Golf Writers’ Asso­ ciation as the "outstanding golf person­ ality of 1954” at the Association’s annual dinner in New York. Presentation of the tee was made by Robert T. Jones, Jr., of whom Billy Joe had been a hero worshipper since childhood. The President’s message: "By its presentation of the gold tee award to Billy Joe Patton, the Metropoli­ tan Golf Writers’ Association recognizes a man who, in enviable fashion, combined mastery of golf and a never-failing sense of humor. To those of us who count a topped shot, a slice or a hook as a catas­ trophic blow to good intentions and su­ perior skill, he is an exemplary figure— one who can smile in the clutch of golfing mishaps. "That Bob Jones will personally present the gold tee to him is, I feel, the final accolade. I join all Billy Joe’s friends and admirers in congratulations and best wishes.” 4 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT. FEBRUARY, 1955 Honored by Metropolitan Golf Writers Above: Ben Hogan (center) congratulates Ed Furgol, USGA Open Champion, and Mrs. George Zaharias after they had been honored by the Metropolitan Golf Writers' Association in New York last month. Furgol was awarded the Ben Hogan Trophy, emblematic of the player who overcame the greatest physical difficulties to continue playing. Donor of the trophy was Robert Hudson of Portland, Ore. Mrs. Zaharias, winner of the trophy in 1953, was presented a gold tee by Lincoln A. Werden, President of the writers' group, for her 1954 comeback in winning the USGA Women's Open Cham­ pionship. Below: Robert T. Jones, Jr., presents the Gold Tee Award of the Metropolitan Writers' Association to William J. Patton (right) as the "outstanding golfing personality of 1954." In the center is Werden. Wide World Photo Wide Wor'd Photo USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: FEBRUARY, 1955 5 HANDICAPS FOR USGA CHAMPIONSHIPS Closing of entries for any of the NO "WINTER RULES" SCORES ACCEPTABLE FOR HANDICAPS USGA’s more popular Championships is always an occasion of some sadness in "Golf House” because invariably some of the applicants must be turned down, for various reasons. A possible new reason exists this year in the requirement that amateurs’ handi­ caps must be computed under the USGA Golf Handicap System for Men in connec­ tion with entries for the Open, the Ama­ teur and the Senior Amateur Champion­ ships. This is the first time that USGA- type handicaps will be essential, and we foresee some heartaches unless players, clubs and associations prepare now to produce such handicaps. They cannot be computed at a moment’s notice. The USGA therefore advises that the fol­ lowing steps be taken: By Players: 1. Have as complete records as possible of all scores during 1914 and 19S5, regard­ less of whether good or bad. 2. See that the courses on which the scores were made have official USGA Course Ratings, assigned by the Course Rating Committee of the district or sectional as­ sociation. By Clubs and Associations: 1. Have Course Ratings assigned, as above. 2. Maintain complete scoring records for all players. 3. Maintain complete mechanics for computing USGA handicaps. Full details on Scoring Records, Course Rating and Handicap Computations are contained in the booklet USGA Golf Han­ dicap System for Men (revised April, 1953). Copies have been sent to all USGA Member Clubs and associations in recent years. Additional copies are available from the USGA at 2 5 cents each. Both Basic and Current Handicaps computed under the USGA system will be acceptable. The cooperation of all clubs and associa­ tions is necessary to insure players’ eligi- The USGA does not recognize "win­ ter rules” or "preferred lies.” This is a particularly important fact in connection with amateurs’ entries for the Open, the Amateur and the Senior Amateur Championships. En­ trants’for those events must have han­ dicaps computed under the USGA Sys­ tem, and the System provides as fol­ lows: "Scores to be recorded shall be only those made when the player has com­ plied, with the Rules of Golf. Scores made under 'winter rules,* general 'tee­ ing up’ or 'preferred lies’ must never be used for handicapping purposes.” bijity, and will be appreciated, especially by John D. Ames, Chairman of the USGA Championship Committee, and ’William O. Blaney, Chairman of the Handicap Com­ mittee. Handicap limits are: Open Championship—3 Amateur Championship—4 Senior Amateur Championship—10 Golden Retriever We knew all along that Cocoa, a Dal­ matian belonging to Mrs. Herman Pres­ cott, of West Chester, Pa., was not the only golf-ball retriever to come out of a kennel, even as we were describing his exploits back in July, 1952. A small, 4-year-old golden retriever named Bib has established a golf-ball re­ trieving mark which even Cocoa might envy, however. After receiving special training in the art of retrieving golf balls which were not in play. Bib returned to his master, Philip Little, Jr., of the Woodhill Country Club, Wayzata, Minn., 180 balls in 1951, 285 balls in 1952 and 730 balls in 1953. Mr. Little figures the dog should have been a scotty. 6 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT! FEBRUARY, 1955 AFTER 60 YEARS— STATE OF THE USGA by FRANK C. TRUE USGA Executive Assistant Neither time nor change have weak­ ened the ideals of fair play and ama­ teurism in golf, Isaac B. Grainger, Presi­ dent of the USGA, told delegates to the Association’s sixty-first annual meeting in New York last month. Despite strong com­ mercial influences, which are comparatively new, the amateur spirit prevails to the extent that amateur golf, which means the game at large, is as truly amateur as any other popular sport, Mr. Grainger said. "We choose to believe that the inner standards of the game are the main rea­ sons for the appeal which has caused golf to thrive outwardly,” he said. "Your Asso­ ciation is charged with upholding those standards, and this it regards as its most important work.” Mr. Grainger, who was re-elected with all other officers for another term, expressed concern about amateur golfers who use the USGA Amateur Championship as a step­ ping stone to professionalism. "We do not believe it fair that any young man who seeks a professional career should travel the amateur path,” he said. In endeavoring to emphasize the ideals of the game, the Association last year took the following steps: Established the Bob Jones Award for distinguished sportsmanship in golf. Helped produce a motion picture on the "Rules of Golf—Etiquette,” the first of a series of educational pictures made in collaboration with National Educa­ tional Films, Inc. Continued to inveigh against the use of golf for organized gambling, and noted further progress in clubs and other organizations giving up tournament pools. Adopted a course rating system for women. Prepared for conferences next May with the British, looking to a uniform code of amateur status and to an im­ provement of the present uniform code of playing rules. Much Different Today Reflecting upon the USGA’s sixtieth birthday last December 22, Mr. Grainger pointed out that the game today bears no resemblance outwardly to its state when the USGA was born. "Then, for example, the Association had five member clubs; today, 1,842,” he said. "Golf course maintenance at that time was not much more than lawn-cutting and simple gardening. Today our Association has a staff of five agronomists located at strategic points over the country to serve the course superintendents of our member clubs in the scientific care of turfgrass. "Some conception of how the game has grown may be seen in the fact that the first USGA Championships attracted 32 entries for the Amateur and only 11 for the Open. Last year there were 1,278 and 1,928, respectively. "As the visible scope of the game has grown, what of its essential nature and ideals? This is an area in which your Asso­ ciation is especially concerned, being re­ sponsible as it is for administering basic codes such as rules for play and amateur status. "In essence, golf today is the same game it was when the USGA was founded. The fundamental rules are practically the same. So are the ideals of the game.” The USGA’s annual meeting is a time for stock-taking, and the reports of the Committees reflect the scope of the Asso­ ciation’s work. USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT! FEBRUARY, 1955 7 In his report for the Rules of Golf Com­ mittee, Richard S. Tufts, Chairman, noted that only 36 formal decisions on the Rules were rendered last year, as against 65 in 1953 and 102 in 1952, indicating that the code adopted in 1952 and revised in 1954 has been giving good results. There is apt to be a long agenda, how­ ever, for the joint committee representing the Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St. Andrews, Scotland, and the USGA, which will meet in Great Britain in May on pro­ posals for changes in the Rules. "We have in our files a substantial list of suggestions for consideration,” said Mr. Tufts. "A majority are minor in character and, if accepted, probably wouldn’t be no­ ticed by most golfers. They are considered desirable only to clarify procedure, to eliminate possible ambiguity or conflict, or to improve the arrangement of the Rules. "The remaining proposals, though, do concern definite changes in procedure. They are of two types. The first would simplify the operation of the Rules. The second would make the game less artificial, either by reducing the impact of penalties or by bringing the Rules into closer conformity with present playing practice. In the latter category fall such possibilities as a reduc­ tion in the penalty for a ball out of bounds. It must be recognized, however, that this particular modification, even if desirable, is surrounded by complications and dan­ gers. "The same may be said of many other proposals. No situation under the Rules can be isolated from its relationship with other parts of the code. Each Rule must be capable of application with parity to a multitude of conditions on golf courses all over the world. Thus it is obvious that the utmost caution must be exercised. "Although the conference in 1951 re­ sulted in a uniform code, now generally recognized as greatly improved, we hope the meetings in May will produce further improvements, particularly in those direc­ tions in which golfers have indicated an interest. We welcome suggestions and are anxious to represent the golfers of the United States in providing a practical, well- balanced code of Rules.” New Gallery Control The new system of gallery control used in the 1954 Open and Amateur Champion­ ships is to be continued, according to John D. Ames, Chairman of the Championship Committee. In last year’s Open at the Baltusrol Golf Club, Springfield, N.J., nearly ten miles of rope and 2,100 iron stakes were set out to rim every hole from tee to green. Spectators were marshaled entirely off play­ ing areas into the rough on the sides of the course, except for a few temporary walkways across fairways to facilitate trav­ el between certain holes. "The experiment was so obviously suc­ cessful that it was repeated in the USGA Amateur Championship and we plan to use' the system wherever feasible in our major Championships of the future,” said Mr., Ames. "Effective in 195 5, we will require that handicaps submitted by amateurs as a basis for eligibility for the Amateur and the Open Championships be computed under the USGA Golf Handicap System for Men ( 1953 edition). Either basic or current handicaps will be acceptable. While the USGA has long maintained a handicap qualification as a basis for eligibility for amateurs in these Championships, it has not previously specified the method by which it wanted these handicaps com­ puted.” Amateur Status Code Concerning the USGA Rules of Amateur Status, a number of interesting questions have arisen, John W. Fischer, Chairman of the Amateur Status and Conduct Com­ mittee, reported. Some players with good competitive or administrative backgrounds in amateur golf have expressed a desire to work for golf equipment companies and retain their ama­ teur status. In each case a careful inves­ tigation has been made to determine wheth- 8 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT! FEBRUARY, 1955 er the proposed employment was in any way dependent upon golf ability or repu­ tation. No violations were ascertained. "Rather than adopt an uncompromising attitude against such employment, it was felt that a more elastic policy, consistent with the Rules and precedent, was advisable to enable those genuinely interested in the sales and administrative phases of the busi­ ness to pursue it without foregoing their amateur status,” said Mr. Fischer. "Other questions still under considera­ tion concern reinstatement when the pe­ riod of violation exceeds five years, the total value of testimonials presented to amateurs, sales employees in golf shops, ap­ pearances of amateurs on radio, television or at other functions, and industrial golf.” As a result of a request from an indus­ trial golf organization for an exception to the USGA Rule regarding expenses, a com­ prehensive survey was made, revealing a surprising growth in industrial golf. The ninth annual Mid-West industrial golf championship in Chicago last year, for ex­ ample, attracted 98 teams comprising 392 players, representing 75 corporations in a ten-state area. "To varying degrees, the USGA Rule concerning expenses has been violated by these organizations, primarily because of misinterpretation of the ‘dependency clause’ and because our Rules are generally more stringent than those of other sports in which these companies also compete,” con­ tinued Mr. Fischer. A golf glove which provided undue arti­ ficial aid in gripping the club and other de­ vices designed to supplement a player’s nat­ ural grip or swing were disapproved by the Implements and Ball Committee, Charles B. Grace, Chairman, reported. Also disapproved was an attachment designed to be placed on the face of a putter, which the Committee held was in violation of the traditional form of a club, whose face should be substantially plain. Although clubs susceptible to easy adjustment of weight by a player in the course of a round continue to come to the Committee for opinions, they are not approved. Record Membership Another high in USGA membership has been reached, according to John G. Clock, Chairman of the Membership Committee. Last year saw a net gain of 99 clubs, bringing the total membership to 1,842. This was the ninth consecutive year in which membership increased. In this connection, T. R. Garlington, Chairman of the Green Section Committee, reported the USGA now is providing Re­ gional Turf Service in 25 states through four offices. The Green Section in 1954 established two new offices—the Northeastern Office at Rutgers University, New Brunswick, N.J., with Alexander M. Radko as North­ eastern Director, and the Southeastern Of­ fice at the Georgia Coastal Plain Experi­ ment Station, Tifton, Ga.,, with B. P. Rob­ inson as Southeastern Director. Approximately 100 gifts from nearly as many donors were received by the USGA Golf Museum and Library at "Golf House” during 1954, according to Edward E. Low­ ery, Chairman of the Museum Committee. Even though no direct solicitation for contributions was made, the "Golf House” Fund was increased by $1,592 last year, Daniel A. Freeman, Jr., Chairman of the "Golf House” Fund Committee, reported. Of the total amount, $1,000 was received from 64 contributors; the balance of $592 was realized from the sale of lithographed color prints of the Association’s portrait of Robert T. Jones, Jr. The Association still can supply prints at $20 each from its limited issue, num­ bered serially. All proceeds go to the "Golf House” Fund for the purchase, equipment and maintenance of "Golf House.” A feature of the annual meeting in re­ cent years has been personal reports by USGA representatives in women’s golf. Mrs. Harrison Flippin, Chairman of the Women’s Committee, and Mrs. John Pen­ nington, Chairman of the Girls’ Junior Committee, told of their work, which now covers four competitive events among other things—the Women’s Amateur, Women’s Open and Girls’ Junior Cham­ pionships and the Curtis Cup Match. USGA JOURNAL ANO TURF MANAGEMENT: FEBRUARY, 1955 9 “FOR DISTINGUISHED by SPORTSMANSHIP” JOSEPH C. DEY, JR. USGA Executive Director IT usually doesn’t require 42 years for a good golf story to come to light, but there has been an important exception in the career of Francis D. Ouimet. It has to do with the USGA Open Cham­ pionship of 1913 at The Country Club, Brookline, Mass. Ouimet, then a compara­ tively unknown amateur of 20, tied with Harry Vardon and Ted Ray, great British professionals, and defeated them in a play­ off which is credited with having “put golf on page 1” in the United States. In Ouimet’s opinion, a comparatively trivial factor was in part responsible for his victory. He revealed it last month in his acceptance remarks as first recipient of the USGA’s new Bob Jones Award for “dis­ tinguished sportsmanship”; he said: “The tournament that year originally was scheduled for June. Vardon and Ray were invited to compete, but they had other commitments which made it impos­ sible for them to come to this country in June. So the date of the tournament was changed by the USGA to September to accommodate the two Britons. “Had the Championship been played in June, I would not be standing here to­ day.” Ouimet’s inference was that the status of his game in June of that year would not have been sufficient to cope with the sea­ soned veterans of England. When he was announced as winner of the Bob Jones Award, a rousing ovation greeted the former USGA Open and Ama­ teur Champion at the sixty-first annual meeting of the USGA in New York. He obviously was deeply moved by being the first golfer selected. There for the occa­ sion was Robert T. Jones, Jr. Isaac B. Grainger, USGA President, made the pres­ entation. "I accept this award with humility and embarrassment,” said Ouimet, a former Vice-President of the USGA and the only American ever to be honored with the Captaincy of the Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St. Andrews. "I feel humble be­ cause I do not deserve such an honor and embarrassed because so many nice things have happened to me.” Jones said the value of the award had been enhanced by the selection of Ouimet. The selection was made by a committee composed of Totton P. Heffelfinger, for­ mer President of the USGA, Chairman; Lincoln Werden, Horton Smith, Jerome P. Bowes, Jr., T. R. Garlington, Richard S. Tufts and Mrs. Harrison F. Flippin. The USGA Executive Committee estab­ lished the award in the conviction that sportsmanship is of paramount importance to the well-being of golf, even above skill. The award will serve as a vehicle for sing­ ling out and honoring individuals of vari­ ous degrees of golfing skill for genuine sportsmanship. It commemorates the ex­ emplary sportsmanship, apart from the skill, of Robert Tyre Jones, Jr. Anyone Eligible Each year the President of the USGA will apoint a committee to seek out sports­ manlike acts wherever they may have oc­ curred—in informal play or national cham­ pionships. Justification for winning the award might be based upon a single inci­ dent or a full career notable for sportsman­ ship, as in the case of Francis Ouimet, The Bob Jones Award comprises an 18 x 2 2-inch bronze plaque, mounted on a 30 x 40-inch wooden background, with name plates for annual winners. It depicts Jones in a characteristic finish of his swing io USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: FEBRUARY, 1955 First Winner Francis Ouimet, of Boston, (right) is the first holder of the USGA's newly established Bob Jones Award for distinguished sportsmanship. A replica of the original award, which now reposes in "Golf House," was presented by Isaac B. Grainger, President of the USGA, (center) at the annual meeting of the Association in New York last month. Looking on is Robert T. Jones, Jr., for whom the award is named. Wide World Photo with a wooden club, and bears this in­ scription: In Recognition of Distinguished Sportsmanship in Golf Presented by The United States Golf Association to Commemorate the Vast Contributions to the Cause of Fair Play Made by Robert Tyre Jones, Jr. The trophy’s home is "Golf House.’’ A smaller replica is awarded to each annual winner. USGA JOURNAL ANO TURF MANAGEMENT.- FEBRUARY. 1955 Japanese Interest in Rules The USGA Library has received from Colonel R. Otto Probst, of South Bend, Ind., a book in Japanese which purports to be: "Gorufu Kisoku No Chushaku To Hanrei.” The Colonel informs us that this means "Golf Rules Explained.” We take his word for it. The book was published by the Golfdom Society, Tokyo, back in 193 5, and the translator was Komei Otani. Colonel Probst believes it to be based upon Richard S. Francis’ out-of-print book, "Golf, its Rules and Decisions.” We regret that a detailed review will not be possible, much as we appreciate having this evidence of early Japanese interest in the Rules of Golf. 11 It’s Not What You Have Lost but What You Have Left by DALE S. BOURISSEAU Chairman, National Amputee Golf Program The complete rehabilitation of many amputees has been made a reality through the amputee golf program. Hav­ ing its humble beginning as a Cleveland, Ohio, project of Possibilities Unlimited, Inc., with but a handful of the more ven­ turesome, the program has grown to en­ compass the nation. Amputees are proving that "It’s not what you have lost but what you have left that counts.” This slogan can well be applied to all persons—amputees or not. The emphasis has been placed on what one does with what he has left. Useful citizens and better employees are created when an amputee competes on equal terms with others. Respect by his fellow golfer replaces pity when an am­ putee plays a respectable game without special favors or preferred lies. The era of pencil pushers and apple knockers will be a thing of the past, in­ sofar as these amputees are concerned. Golf has a way of making one self-reliant and humble. No other competitive sport can do as much for an amputee in as pleasant surroundings. The fundamental objects of the program work in practice, and this fact is demon­ strable in the manner in which the ampu­ tees accept their misfortunes. Taking It Lightly One of the players, Harold Carlson, of Buffalo, N.Y., was discussing his poor showing in the first round of our cham­ pionship last summer and explained that he had discovered he had been holding "his hands” too low to complete a good arc. Carlson has no hands and plays with grip­ ping devices he himself designed. Incidentally, Carlson, who has played in the last two tournaments and has stolen the show, was awarded at the last cham­ pionship the R. E. Britt Trophy and a set of woods donated by Henry Picard, pro­ fessional at the Canterbury Golf Club, in Cleveland, as the most iipproved golfer. Another player, Jack Jdarrison, of Royal Oak, Mich., a leg amputee who has won the championship each of the last two years, belted out a particularly good drive last summer and remarked: "I hit that ball so hard I could feel the screws jump in my leg.” During a tournament dance an arm am­ putee was overheard chiding a leg amputee: "You have the edge on us on the golf course, but we can put it all over you on the dance floor.” The program which brought this about didn’t just happen. George Chalmers, pro­ fessional at the Chagrin Valley Country Club, Chagrin Falls, Ohio, encouraged and helped me. R. E. Britt, of Solon, Ohio, gave a financial assist and that put the pro­ gram on its feet. Henry Picard helps many amputees each year on the practice, tee. Paul Hahn has given his exhibition twice, and Jimmy Nichols has been on hand to assist twice. New Classifications The first major advance in our tourna­ ment program was made in 1953 when Jack A. Ahern, of Buffalo, N.Y., president of the New York State Golf Association, projected his thinking and himself into the hearts of all the amputees. Under his guid­ ance and that of Alex Perley, professional at the Wanakah Country Club, Hamburg, N.Y., the field was divided into two classes wherein twelve played thirty-six holes of stroke play for the championship and the remaining twenty-two competed for net prizes. Many of the latter group played 12 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT' FEBRUARY, 1955 competitive golf for the first time, and the results were most gratifying. In order to broaden the scope and to in­ terest more amputees, the senior flight and junior flight also came into being last year. They, added to the championship and the handicap flights, have added immeasurably to the potential. It is conceivable that sev­ eral flight classifications will be developed and provide even greater interest. James Milewski, 14, of Royal Oak, played his first competitive golf on crutch­ es, as his artificial limb was damaged a few days prior to the tournament. Jim is the first junior champion and deserves consid­ erable credit for displaying the type of determination that will keep him from ever being handicapped. One of the main objectives now is to interest enough amputees to make regional tournaments necessary. This would encour­ age many who are now reticent about tra­ veling long distances to get out and play. Report of Progress My chairmanship of the golf program dates from 1948, and I set about then to organize it as a national affair, as it was and still is my belief that golf can do more toward making an amputee self-reliant than any other sport. The first national tournament was held at Chagrin Valley Country Club in 1949. It was an 18-hole stroke-play affair, with about a dozen entrants. John Cipriani, of Lackawanna, N.Y., an arm amputee, won. It was again an 18-hole stroke-play tour­ nament in 1950 and was won by George Campbell, of Belmont, Mass., at the Ridge­ wood Country Club, Cleveland. Nineteen persons competed. The third year, 1951, it was again held at Chagrin Valley Country Club, with twenty-three competitors. George Camp­ bell again won the 18-hole stroke-play event. Aurora Country Club, in Aurora, Ohio, was the scene in 1952. Twenty-eight play­ ers came out, and John Cipriani won again. Jack Harrison, who lost his leg and in­ curred a broken back in an automobile accident, won the first 36-hole stroke-play championship, with an 80-76—156, at the Putting one-handed and left-handed, Burgess Windsor, of Stockton, Cal., went around in 82 and 89 to tie for second in the amputee cham­ pionship last summer. Wanakah Country Club in 1953. Harrison is a radio announcer and plays left-handed. Thirty-four players took part. The membership of Red Run Golf Club, in Royal Oak, put on a great event last year. Sixty-three took part. Harrison won the championship a second time and the Jack A. Ahern Trophy with an 82-75— 157. Tied for second were Burgess Wind­ sor, an arm amputee from Stockton, Cal., and Paul Hentz, of Phoenix, Ariz., a leg amputee. Windsor had 82-89—171 and Hentz 90-81—171. James Lloyd, of Wrightsville, Pa., won the net trophy with a 204-68—136; R. Paul Miller, of Winged Foot Golf Club, Mamaroneck, N.Y., won the senior championship, and Milewski, of course, won the Henry Picard Junior Trophy in the two new divisions. Actually, the process of determining a champion is incidental to the conduct of the tournament. We are primarily con­ cerned in getting amputees to prove to themselves and to the public that they are not handicapped. The champion, Jack Harrison, has ab­ sorbed this idea enthusiastically. He said USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: FEBRUARY, 1955 13 Loss of Hands Doesn't Stop Him Harold Carlson of Buffalo, N.Y., compares grips with Alex Perley, professional at the Wanakah Country Club, Hamburg, N.Y. Despite the lack of hands, Carlson does very well. graciously after winning at Red Run Golf Club last summer: ‘'Winning is strictly secondary. The main thing is to get out and play instead of moping around. Spirit more than makes up for whatever flesh may be gone”. Needless to say, the manner in which this tournament has grown is due to the assistance given by the National Golf Fund, Inc., R. E. Britt, Jack Ahern and Watson Brown, and the advice and direction given by Henry Picard, Alex Perley, Stan Kuz- nik, Frank Metzger and George Chalmers. Then, too, many friends have been most generous in giving prizes in the form of clubs, bags and so forth. NOTE: The author lost a leg in World War II and, before developing this golf program for other amputees, learned himself through golf that "no one need be handicapped." NEW MEMBERS OF THE USGA Regular AEDC Volunteer Golf Club, Tenn. Clear Lake Golf Club, Iowa. Francis E. Warren Air Force Base Golf Association, Wyo. Freeport Country Club, III. Green Meadow Country Club, Ky. Greenwood Golf Club, S. C. Italian American Golf Association of Ohio, Ohio Norbeck Country Club, D.C. Pasadena Golf Course, Inc., Fla. Seattle Business Women's Golf Club, Wash. Spring Hill Country Club, N. J. Southmoor Country Club, ill. Associate Highland View Golf Club, Mont. Naples Golf and Beach Club, Fla. 14 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: FEBRUARY, 1955 THE NEW SENIOR CHAMPIONSHIP The competitive urge among golfers is not limited by age, and for that reason the USGA’s annual tournament pro­ gram expands another notch this year. The reason is the establishment of a new USGA Senior Amateur Championship. It is to be the last event of the 195 5 USGA season, beginning September 26 and ending October 1. It probably will have an early-Autumn schedule permanently. Host for the inaugural Championship this year will be the Belle Meade Country Club in Nashville, Tenn. Addition of the Senior Championship gives the USGA exactly twice as many annual Championships as were held before World War II. The Amateur, the Open and the Women’s Amateur were started in 1895, and the Amateur Public Links in 1922. Since World War II there have been added the Junior Amateur, the Girls’ Jun­ ior, the Women’s Open and now the Senior Amateur Championship. Further, the schedule of international team matches, which for years comprised the Walker Cup and the Curtis Cup, was increased in 1952 by the Americas Cup event among Can­ ada, Mexico and the United States. The Senior Amateur Championship will be open to players who have reached their 5 5th birthday by September 8, who are members of USGA Regular Member Clubs, and whose handicaps do not exceed 10 strokes under the USGA Handicap Sys­ tem. All entrants will compete in 18-hole Sectional Qualifying Rounds on September 8 at approximately 25 locations through­ out the country. From these tryouts will emerge 120 qualifiers for the Champion­ ship proper. At Belle Meade they will engage in an 18-hole qualifying round to determine 32 qualifiers, who then will enter match play. There will be five rounds of 18-hole matches in five days. Because the Seniors particularly relish golfing fun, the non-qualifiers at Belle This gentleman is obviously a senior. He lives at Palm Springs, Cal. He is not believed to be a threat for golfing honors, however—his only known connection with golf has been to pose for pictures such as this in helping the Trans-Mississippi Golf Association to inaugurate its Seniors' Champion­ ship last year. Meade will have a 36-hole stroke play tournament on the second and the third days of the event. The losers in the first round of Championship match play will form a separate "beaten 16” for further match play. The entry fee will be $10. Frederick L. Dold, of Wichita, Kansas, who has just retired from the USGA Exec­ utive Committee after five years of serv­ ice, has generously offered to present a permanent trophy for the Championship, and the Association has accepted. Chairman of the USGA Senior Cham­ pionship Committee is Richard S. Tufts, of Pinehurst, N. C. USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: FEBRUARY, 1955 15 CHANGES IN THE WALKER CUP CAST The changing nature of the ama­ 2. Sportsmanship and general ability to represent the United States in international relations. the personnel of the 195 5 USGA Walker teur golf scene is reflected clearly in 3. Unquestioned status as an amateur golfer. Selection of Team members is not in­ fluenced by age, geography or any factors other than those named above. Cup Team. This is a year when the bi­ ennial match is to be played abroad, and of the Team’s nine members only one was on the 1951 Team when the Match was last played abroad. He is the Captain this year, William C. Campbell, of Huntington, W. Va. His teammates are: Donald R. Cherry, Wichita Falls, Texas Lieut. Joseph W. Conrad, San Antonio, Texas Bruce H. Cudd, Portland, Ore. James G. Jackson, Glendale, Mo. Dale Morey, Indianapolis, Ind. William J. Patton, Morganton, N. C. E. Harvie Ward, Jr., San Francisco, Cal. Richard L. Yost, Portland, Ore. WILLIAM C. CAMPBELL Besides Campbell, only Ward has had any real experience with British courses. The Match this year is to be played May 20 and 21 at St. Andrews, Scotland. Four of the players were on the Walker Cup Team for the 195 3 Match at the Kittansett Club, Marion, Mass. They are Campbell, Ward, Cherry and Jackson. In­ ternational team match experience has been had also by Conrad, Morey and Patton in the 1954 Americas Cup Match with Can­ ada and Mexico at London, Ont. Thus, only Cudd and Yost are new­ comers to international play. The Team will sail from New York on May 5 in the SS America. As is customary, the Team was selected by the USGA Executive Committee in ac­ cordance with the following established principles of the Association: 1. Merit as a competitive golfer, based upon records in tournaments of importance in recent years. In the event that any of the nine Team Members is unable to accept the invitation to play, an invitation will be issued to one of the following alternates, in the order listed: First Alternate—Rex Baxter, Jr., Ama­ rillo, Texas. Second Alternate—Hillman Robbins, Jr., Memphis, Tenn. Third Alternate—Edward Meister, Jr., Cleveland, Ohio. To Our Golfing Pals Just count your years by the joys you've had, By the things you have done to make other folks glad— By the friends you have made as you've played on life's way, And your Golfing day will be A Wonderful Day! Frank R. Philbrook 16 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: FEBRUARY, 1955 WHY PLAY BY THE RULES? by TOTTON P. HEFFELF1NGER Former President, United States Golf Association For many years I have played in a local golf league, probably too many years, the way I often hit the balL For some time, and. particularly of late, I have noticed an increasing tendency to violate some of the Rules of Golf. There has been an expressed thought that the matches are played for fun and sociability and therefore it is not necessary to adhere to the Rules too carefully. Yet I am posi­ tive that, being good Americans, every in­ dividual plays to win. In this article I don’t intend to be criti­ cal of any individual, as I hope they are all my friends, but a general tendency to­ ward relaxing the Rules has crept in and it is distressing. Having spent a good many years in assisting in writing the Rules of Golf, I know that there is no Rule that is less im­ portant than another. They are all written so that one Rule ties in with another. None can be relaxed. I was startled in one match when my opponents felt that I should be able to fix a divot made by my ball which was directly in line with my putt. Other con­ testants in chatting about it later also felt that I should have been able to repair it and that many would have done so. Rule 35, relating to the putting green, reads in part: "nothing may be pressed down, and if a club is used it shall not be pressed with more than its own weight on the ground.” It is just as important for a player to repair divots on the green after a hole is played as it is to replace divots on the fairway. There is general violation of the Rule on asking or receiving advice. Definition 2 on advice reads, " ‘Advice’ is any counsel or suggestion which could influence a play­ er in determining his play, the choice of a club, or the method of making a stroke. Information on the Rules or Local Rules is ‘not advice.’” The first paragraph of Rule 9 reads: "A player or a competitor shall not give or ask for advice or take any action which may result in his receiving advice except from his caddie, his partner, or his partner’s caddie.” The penalty for violating this rule is loss of hole in match play and two strokes in stroke play. In league play a player violating Rule 9 on any hole should mark an X against that hole on his card, and he should lose the hole to all other contestants playing against him. There is also violation in the Rule set­ ting the maximum number of clubs at fourteen. The penalty for violation of this Rule, Rule 3, is disqualification. There are a number of Rules where slight variations do not seem too important, such as being a foot ahead of the markers, touching the sand in the bunker on a back- swing, having your caddie hold a branch just a little bit so you can swing at the ball and so forth. A Foot — or Fifty Yards These violations are all matters of degree, and who is to say if A wishes to shorten the hole by a foot that B can’t decide to shorten the hole by a yard and C, therefore, might decide to take the ball out past the rough from the tee. Anyone violating any Rule is taking an unfair and unsportsmanlike advantage of another who is playing by the Rules. Many contestants will play in state championships, some will qualify for the USGA Amateur or Open Championships, and many will play in district champion­ ships, all of which are played under USGA Rules of Golf. USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: FEBRUARY. 1955 17 Some of the penalities that have been invoked throughout the country in these qualifying rounds or championships have resulted not so much from the lack of knowledge of the Rules but from bad golf habits formed by not playing by the Rules in friendly matches. The golfers who play in league and dis­ trict events are a substantial part of the foundation of golf. The juniors look to them. The public is interested in their suc­ cess. Therefore, I would make as strong a plea as possible to the players and to all golfers that they play the Rules as written all the time and that the Rules be enforced, if necessary, because I am sure it would help golf. All of us should be guardians of the Rules, rather than the violators. There is an old saying that comes from Carnoustie, Scotland, which should hang in every golf club. I quote: "The game ceases to be golf when the Rules are broken at leisure.” I’ll bet there is not a player who will disagree with what I have said. Perpetual Trophy George Bertz, veteran golf writer of the Oregon Journal, stands with sterling silver cup which was presented to the Oregon Golf Association in his honor as a perpetual trophy for the Oregon Ama­ teur Match Play Championship. USGA PUBLICATIONS OF GENERAL INTEREST THE RULES OF GOLF, as approved by the United States Golf Association and the Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St. Andrews, Scotland. Booklet, 25 cents (spe­ cial rates for quantity orders). Poster, 25 cents. ARE YOUR LOCAL RULES NECESSARY? a reprint of a USGA Journal article con­ taining recommendations regarding local rules. No charge. THE RULE ABOUT OBSTRUCTIONS, a re­ print of a USGA Journal article. No charge. USGA GOLF HANDICAP SYSTEM FOR MEN, containing recommendations for computing Basic and Current Handicaps and for rating courses. Booklet, 25 cents. Poster, 10 cents. THE CONDUCT OF WOMEN'S GOLF, con­ taining suggestions for guidance in the conduct of women's golf in clubs and associations, including tournament pro­ cedures, handicapping and course rating. 25 cents. HANDICAPPING THE UNHANDICAPPED, a reprint of a USGA Journal article explain­ ing the Callaway System of automatic handicapping for occasional players in a single tournament. No charge. TOURNAMENTS FOR YOUR CLUB, a reprint of a USGA Journal article detailing vari­ ous types of competitions. No charge. PROTECTION OF PERSONS AGAINST LIGHTNING ON GOLF COURSES, a poster. No charge. MOTION PICTURES ON GOLF (list). No charge. MOTION PICTURES RELATING TO GOLF COURSE MAINTENANCE (list). No charge. HOLE-IN-ONE AWARDS. No charge. AMATEURISM IS IN THE HEART, a reprint of a USGA Journal article by E. G. Grace. No charge. BETTER LAWNS TO COME, a reprint of a USGA Journal article. No charge. TURF MANAGEMENT, by H. B. Musser (Mc­ Graw-Hill Book Co., Inc.), the authorita­ tive book on greenkeeping. $7. USGA CHAMPIONSHIP RECORD BOOK. Detailed results of all USGA competitions since their start in 1895. $2. USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGE­ MENT, a 33-page magazine published seven times a year. $2. a year. These publications are available on request to ths United States Golf Association, 40 East 38th Street, New York 16, N. Y. Please send payment with your order. 18 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: FEBRUARY, 1955 Oppose Motorized Golf JAMES GILMORE HARRISON The men who design golf courses are officially opposed to use of automotive transportation for playing. The following statement issued from the recent annual meeting of the Board of Governors of the American Society of Golf Course Archi­ tects: "It is the belief of the Society that the use of motorized vehicles to transport players is contrary to the spirit of the game of golf. The benefits de­ rived by exercise and companionship are dimin­ ished by the use of such vehicles. "Inasmuch as the motorized vehicle damages the course materially, especially around the greens and during inclement weather, it introduces a problem in design and maintenance which makes the use of such vehicles undesirable. Therefore, we recommend that their use be limited to those with medical certificates." James Gilmore Harrison, of Turtle Creek, Pa., is the new President of the Society. Robert F. Lawrence, of Miami Beach, is Vice-President and William F. Bell, of Pasadena, Cal., is Secretary- Treasurer. STATEMENT REQUIRED BY THE ACT OF AUGUST 24, 1912, AS AMENDED BY THE ACTS OF MARCH 3, 1933, AND JULY 2, 1946 (Title 39, United States Code, Section 233) SHOWING THE OWNERSHIP, MANAGEMENT, AND CIR­ CULATION OF USGA Journal and Turf Man­ agement, published seven times a year at New York, N. Y., for October I, 1954. I. The names and addresses of the publisher, editor, managing editor, and business managers are: Publisher, United States Golf Association, 40 East 38th Street, New York 16, N. Y. Editor, Joseph C. Dey, Jr., 40 East 38th Street, New York 16, N. Y. Managing editor, none. Business manager, none. 2. The owner is: (If owned by a corporation, its name and address must be stated and also immediately thereunder the names and addresses of stockholders owning or holding I percent or more of total amount of stock. If not owned by a corporation, the names and addresses of the in­ dividual owners must be given. If owned by a partnership or other unincorporated firm, its name and address, as well as that of each indi­ vidual member, must be given.) President, Isaac B. Grainger, 40 East 38th St., New York 16, N. Y. Vice-President: Richard S. Tufts, 40 East 38th St., New York 16, N. Y. Vice-President: John D. Ames, 40 East 38th St., New York 16, N. Y. Secretary: Charles B. Grace, 40 East 38th St., New York 16, N. Y. Treasurer: Charles L Peirson, 40 East 38th St., New York 16, N. Y. 3. The known bondholders, mortgagees, and other security holders owning or holding I percent or more of total amount of bonds, mortgages, or other securities are: None. 4. Paragraphs 2 and 3 include, in cases where the stockholder or security holder appears upon the books of the company as trustee or in any other fiduciary relation, the name of the person or corporation for whom such trustee is acting; also the statements in the two paragraphs show the affiant's full knowledge and belief as to the circumstances and conditions under which stock­ holders and security holders who do not appear upon the books of the company as trustees, hold stock and securities in a capacity other than that of a bona fide owner. 5. The average number of copies of each issue of this publication sold or distributed, through the mails or otherwise, to paid subscribers during the 12 months preceding the date shown above was: (This information is reguired from daily, weekly, semiweekly, and triweekly newspapers only.) Joseph C. Dey, Jr., Editor Sworn to and subscribed before me this 1st day of October, 1954. Treat your caddie as you would (signed) Mary A. Freeley, Notary Public, your son. State of New York. (My commission expires March 30, 1956). USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: FEBRUARY, 1955 19 THE REFEREE Decisions by the Rules of Golf Committees Example of symbols: "USGA" indicates decision by the United States Golf Association. "R & A" indicates decision by the Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St. Andrews, Scotland. "55—1" means the first decision issued in 1955. “R.37-7” refers to Section 7 of Rule 37 in the 1955 Rules of Golf. Smoothing Hole on Green USGA 54-2 8 R. 11-3,4; 35-lb, 36-7 Q: In a four-ball match A and B are partners and C and D are partners. A, be­ fore he putts, pats with his hand the inside edge of the hole, particularly the back edge in the line of his putt, and B putts after A on almost the same line. A has a 5 and B a 4, C a 5 and D a 4. Without penalty against B the hole is, of course, halved. There is a local rule as follows: ''Holes on putting surface may be repaired.” One question is whether smoothing out the inside of the hole is a violation of the rules. Another question is whether A and B lose the hole because of a Rule violation, or whether just A, who has already lost the hole anyway by having a 5. If A before he putts pats with his hand the grass in back and around the cup but does not put his hand inside the hole, would there by any difference in the ruling? Question by: Robert F. Shepard Providence, R. I. A: The local rule you cite is in conflict with Rule 3 5-lb and cannot be authorized under Rule 36-7. This Association will not interpret such local rules—see Rule 11-3. Under the Rules of Golf, A violated Rule 3 5-lb when he touched the inside of the hole before his partner and he putted. Smoothing the ground inside the hole can affect the line of the putt just as much as smoothing the surface of the putting green around the hole, and both actions are viola­ tions. The phrase "the line of the putt” is considered to mean not only the line the ball might reasonably be expected to travel toward the hole but also the ground around the hole and for such a distance beyond the hole as a missed putt might reasonably be expected to travel. The penalty in such a case is applied to the owner of any ball affected on the side which violated the Rule, in equity under Rule 11-4, and is disqualification for the hole. Thus, if a claim was properly made under Rule 11-1, B was disqualified for the hole. Since A also putted on the same line, he technically incurred the same penalty although it had no effect in view of his score. C and D won the hole on D’s 4. In certain extenuating circumstances a player might be justified in discontinuing play and requesting the committee to have a damaged hole or putting green repaired. However, he himself may not make repairs on the line of a putt. Supplement to Decision 54-28 R. 5, 11-4, 17-3, 35-lb, 37-2, 40-3g Q: At the hearing of both teams by the Committee, two additional facts or state­ ments were offered which might affect your ruling. 20 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: FEBRUARY, 1955 First: A stated that he "patted down some rough grass in the green, near the hole and did not touch the inside of the cup.” This contradiction does not matter, as either is a violation and disqualified his ball under 35-lb. However, he had not "already lost the hole anyway by having a 5,” as his first putt was for a 4, and his ball was still in contention at the time of violation. Second: All four balls were on the same side of the hole in approximately the same line. A and C were well out with A farth­ est, both lying 3. B and D were closer, both lying 2. After A violated the rule by "pat­ ting the grass” he putted for 4, missed, and holed his 5. C did likewise, putting over approximately the same line. B and D then putted over approximately the same line also, both scoring 4s. Thus, any benefit that might have accrued to A’s partner, B, by the violation also accrued to both their opponents, C and D, with no inequity. Therefore, the Committee could see no case "in accordance with equity” (Rule 11-4) to disqualify B’s ball. The decision was made under Rule 40-3g for Four-Ball Match Play, "In all other cases (except those specified) where, by the Rules of Golf, a player would incur a penalty, the penalty shall not apply to his partner,” and B’s ball was allowed a half in 4. In view of this additional information I ask your further consideration of the question. Question by: Edwin H. Vare, Jr. Merion, Pa. A: As noted in Decision 54-28, the "line of the putt” means not only the line which either partner’s ball might reason­ ably be expected to travel toward the hole but also the ground around the hole and for such a distance beyond the hole as a missed putt might reasonably be expected to travel. It is a question of fact whether the spot on the green which A touched was so re­ mote from the probable path of B’s ball that A’s action could not possibly affect B’s play. The Committee in charge must determine this question. If B’s line of putt was touched by A, B as well as A was disqualified for the hole. Rule 40-3g cannot relieve B of the penalty provided for in Rule 35-lb; it is superseded by the equity of the situation, and Rule 11-4 prevails. Moreover, A, as B’s partner, is always acting in B’s behalf. The player himself (B, in this case) does not have to take action in order to incur a penalty. The acts of his partner or either of their cad­ dies, as a part of his side, automatically become the acts of a player with respect to any possible effect on the player’s sub­ sequent play of the hole; the same is true of the acts of anyone else whom the player may influence to serve as his agent, such as a golf course worker or other outside agency. (See Rule 37-2 as to caddies.) Rule 35-lb states that the line of the putt must not be touched, and it does not limit such touching to the player. The same idea is expressed in Rule 17-3, which provides that a player shall not ". . . allow to be improved” his line of play, etc.; this would cover improvement by the player’s part­ ner, who would be acting in behalf of the player. In determining the matter, the Commit­ tee must disregard any effect which A’s action may have had upon the lines of putt of C and D. The Rules do not pro­ hibit touching the opponent’s line, but it is contrary to good manners to do so. The sportsmanship of golfers makes it unneces­ sary to protect one player against his op­ ponent damaging the line of the player’s putt. If an opponent deliberately affect a player’s line of putt, we would uphold a claim that the opponent lost the hole, un­ der Rule 11-4 and Rule 5. Caddie Conceals Information, Player Responsible USGA 54-33 R. 4, 21-1, 21-3, 23-4, 26-2 or 3, 29-1, 30-2, 37-2, 40-3f, 41-6, 41-7 Q.l: A drove off No. 7 tee and his ball landed on a road, which skirts the right­ hand side of the fairway. The road in question is not out of bounds, but the ground across the road is. The four play­ USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT. FEBRUARY, 1955 21 ers saw the ball bounce off the road and presumably go out of bounds. A played a provisional ball. On arrival at the spot the caddied informed them that the ball was lying in the road, but he did not know how it got there. After some discussion the players allowed A to play the ball from the road and this was done successfully, the ball arriving in front of the green. However, after this ball had been played a lady who lives in a house across the road informed the players that the ball had been out of bounds in her garden and she had thrown the ball onto the road to avoid the caddie entering her property, at the same time telling the caddie what she had done. Should the ball be declared out of bounds and should the hole have been played out with the provisional ball? A neglected to play the provisional ball. My decision was that his ball was dis­ qualified for that hole and, had they been playing in a stroke play tournament, A would have been disqualified. The point A raises is that he was not playing in competition and as his opponents agreed to let him play the ball from the road he was within his rights. To this I pointed out that players cannot agree to waive a Rule of Golf. A.l: The statement of facts indicates that A’s original ball came to rest out of bounds, was thrown back in bounds and his caddie knew these facts and concealed them from the players. Rule 37-2 requires that A assume re­ sponsibility for his caddie’s action in mis­ representing the facts. A thus played a wrong ball from the road, and incurred a penalty of disqualifi­ cation for the hole in four-ball match play under Rule 40-3f or two strokes in four- ball stroke play under Rule 41-6. Neither penalty extended to his partner. Further, in stroke play A would be re­ quired to play out the hole with the pro­ visional ball, which became the ball in play when the original ball came to rest out of bounds, in accordance with Rule 21-1 and Rule 30-2, in the event that he desired a score for the hole. If this ball had been picked up, A would have to put it back into play, as set forth in Rule 21-3, with an additional penalty of two strokes under Rule 23-4, in order to obtain a score for the hole. See also Rule 41-7. The Rules of Golf apply uniformly in competition or informal play. Rule 4 pro­ hibits players from agreeing to exclude the operation of any Rule or Local Rule, under penalty of disqualification of all concerned. If players modify the Rules in informal play, the game becomes something other than golf. This interpretation of the Rules is based on the understanding set forth in the first paragraph. Under normal circumstances the rule of equity would preclude the imposi­ tion of a wrong-ball penalty when neither the player, his partner or their caddies had any way of knowing that his ball had been moved by an agency outside the match and was not properly in play. Moving or Bending R & A 54-48 R. 17-2, 3 Q 1: When stance is interfered with by a small shrub or bush, say one foot high, is one allowed to bend bush and stand on it, so long as one does not break it? Al: Interference with a growing ob­ ject (bending or breaking) is permitted only if this is the natural consequence of taking up a normal stance and not if the bush is bent so as to improve the line of play, the lie of the ball or the stroke. Q 2: When stance is under a tree with overhanging branches, is caddie allowed to hold branch back without breaking branch? A 2: No. The player must make the stroke unaided. Rule 17-3 applies. Q 3: When ball is lying in long grass, is one permitted to part the grass behind the ball without disturbing the lie, so as to obtain view of the ball? A 3: Only so far as is necessary to identify the ball. As laid down in Rule 17-2, "the player is not of necessity en­ titled to see the ball when playing a stroke.” 22 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: FEBRUARY, 1955 Emerald Zoysia—An Improved Hybrid Lawn Grass for the South 1 By IAN FORBES, B. P. ROBINSON and JAMES M. LATHAM- Emerald Zoysia is a hybrid between Japanese lawn grass (Zoysia matrella var. japonica) and Mascarene grass (Zoysia matrella var. tenuifolia) which was pro­ duced by Ian Forbes at the Plant Industry Station, Beltsville, Maryland, in 1949. A vellow-stoloned japonica selection was the female parent and a purple-stoloned tenui­ folia selection was the male parent. Emerald Zoysia has purple stolons and its selfed pro­ geny segregates 3 to 1, purple to yellow seedlings. Since many are unfamiliar with the no­ menclature and characteristics of the Zoysia grasses, the following resume is presented. Recent fundamental studies by Forbes (un­ published) have shown that the three main types of Zoysia grown in the United States for turf should be considered varieties of one species, Zoysia matrella (L) Merr., rather than as separate species as was pre­ viously done. He assigned them the three 1. Cooperative investigations at Beltsville, Maryland, and Tifton, Georgia, of the Field Crops Research Branch, A.R.S., U. S. Department of Agriculture, the Georgia Coastal Plain Experiment Station, Tifton, Georgia, and the U. S. Golf Association Green Section. 2. Research Agronomist, Field Crops Research Branch, A.R.S., U. S. Department of Agriculture; Southeastern Regional Director, U. S. Golf Association Green Section, Assistant Turf Specialist, respectively, Georgia Coastal Plain Experiment Station, Tifton, Georgia. varietal names japonica, matrella, and ten­ uifolia. Japonica has the broadest leaves, grows tallest, is the most winterhardy, is the best seed producer, does not produce a fluffy turf, and produces the least dense turf. Matrella has finer leaves, is shorter, is less winterhardy, is a poor seed producer, tends to produce a fluffy turf and a denser turf. Tenuifolia has the finest leaves, is shortest, is the least winterhardy, is the poorest seed producer, produces a very fluffy turf and the densest turf. Although they are less winterhardy than japonica, matrella and tenuifolia are more frost tolerant. All of these grasses are more tolerant to frost and shading than Bermudagrass with the ex­ ception that japonica and Bermudagrass are about equal for frost tolerance. They are much slower in stolon and rhizome growth than Bermudagrass, which is a dis­ advantage in their establishment, but an advantage in their control. Clonal divisions of Emerald Zoysia were tested for turf characteristics at Beltsville from 1950 to 1952 and at the Georgia Coastal Plain Experiment Station, Tifton, Georgia, from 1952 to 1954. At both loca­ tions, they were compared with japonica, USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: FEBRUARY, 1955 23 matrella, tenuifolia and Meyer Zoysia. Meyer Zoysia is an improved fine-leafed agronomic variety of japonica. The results obtained in the Beltsville test are presented in Table 1 and those from the Tifton tests in Tables 2 to 4. Best Rating Score Emerald Zoysia had the best total turf rating score at both locations in all years. It is apparent that this hybrid combines to varying degrees the greater winterhardi­ ness, non-fluffy growth habit and faster rate of spread of its japonica parent with the finer leaves, denser turf, and darker green color of its tenuifolia parent. It ex­ hibits hybrid vigor in rate of spread at both Tifton and Beltsville, and in the browning and density ratings at Tifton. All of these characteristics are desirable in a turf grass, but the desirability of the non-fluffy character may not be clear to some. The non-fluffy turf is produced as a result of short culm internodes which re­ sult in the newer leaves being produced at almost the same level above the soil surface as the older leaves were. This pre­ vents the eventual scalping of all of the green leaves from a particular culm during the mowing operation. Fluffy turf, pro­ duced by Zoysia grasses having long culm internodes, is susceptible to scalping which results in exposing dead grass leaves and naked culms, giving the turf an unsightly appearance. Emerald Zoysia received its name be­ cause of its beautiful dark green color. Since it is a hybrid which resulted from a wide cross, it must be propogated vege­ tatively to preserve its superior charac­ teristics. The fact that the selfed progeny of Emerald Zoysia segregates for numerous vegetative characteristics and pigmentation of coleoptiles, stolons and other plant parts may be used for identification purposes. Stock to be Released Foundation planting stock of Emerald Zoysia will be released (subject to final approval of the Board of Directors of the Georgia Crop Improvement Association at COMING EVENTS 1955 February 7-8: Mid-Atlantic Association of Golf Course Super­ intendents Turf Conference—Lord Baltimore Hotel, Baltimore, Md. E. N. Cory. February 7-11: One Week Turf Course, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, N. J. Ralph E. Engel. February 14-17: Penn State Turf Conference, Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pa. H. B. Musser. February 21-24: Cornell Turf Conference, Ithaca, N. Y. John F. Cornman. March 7-9: Midwest Regional Turf Conference, Purdue Memorial Union, Lafayette, Ind. Dr. W. H. Daniel. March 9-11: Minnesota Turf Conference, Curtis Hotel, Min­ neapolis, Minn. Roy W. Nelson, Secretary, Min­ nesota Golf Course Superintendents Associa­ tion, 2621 Jersey Ave., Minneapolis, Minn. April 5-6: Annual Southeastern Turf Conference, Tifton, Georgia, B. P. Robinson. their annual meeting in February) next month by the Georgia Coastal Plain Ex­ periment Station, Tifton, Georgia, to nur­ serymen who qualify as growers of certi­ fied stock. Those interested in so qualify­ ing should contact Mr. Hugh A. Inglis, Georgia Crop Improvement Association, Inc., Athens, Georgia. Nurseries should have some sprigs for sale to the public in the spring of 1956. The zone of adaptation of Emerald Zoy­ sia is not fully known. At present, it is not recommended to be planted further north than a line from Washington, D. C. west to St. Louis, Missouri. As the grass is being tested at several state experiment stations, more definite information will be avail­ able on this point in the future. You can't help a little child up the hill without getting nearer the top yourself. 24 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT FEBRUARY, 1955 Table 1. Comparative ratings of five Zoysia grasses for winterhardiness, rate of spread, turf quality and compatibility with Kentucky bluegrass at Beltsville, Mary­ land, in 1950 to 1952. Name of grass Emerald Zoysia Meyer Zoysia Common japonica Commercial matrella Common tenuifolia LSD at 5% level LSD at 1% level Ratings* made on dates indicated for: Winter hardiness 6-5-51 1 1 1 5 10 — Density 7-8-51 1.4 3.0 52 2.0 —- 1.1 1.5 Bluegrass compatibility 1-11-52 8.0 7.3 3.0 10.0 "■ '■ 1.8 2.4 Rate of spread 1-11-52 1.4 1.0 5.0 6.4 — 1.5 2d Leaf width 6-6-50 3 6 10 3 1 — — Totals 14.8 183 242 26.4 — — — *Averages of nine replications for winterhardiness and three for all other ratings. Legend of rating methods: Winterhardiness: 1 = 0% winterkill; 10 = 100% winterkill. Density: 1 = densest turf; 10 = thinnest turf. Bluegrass compatibility: 1 = most bluegrass in association; 10 = least bluegrass in association. Rate of spread: 1 — most rapid; 10 — slowest. Leaf width: 1 = finest; 10 = coarsest. Table 2. Comparative turf ratings of five Zoysia grasses at Tifton, Georgia, in 1952. Name of grass Emerald Zoysia Meyer Zoysia Common japonica Commercial matrella Common tenuifolia Rate of spread 2 3 3.5 2 5 Ratings* made on Oct. 10, 1952 for: Growth Texture Density 3 5 7 2 1 1 3 5 2 2 habit Browning Color 1 2 2 4 5 2 1 1 4 5 1 2 3 2 2 Total 10 16 213 16 20 *Ratings based on single 8 x' 8 foot plots. Legend of rating methods: Rate of spread: 1 — most rapid; 5 = slowest. ’ Texture: 1 = finest leaves; 7 = coarsest leaves. Density: 1 = densest turf; 5 = thinnest turf. Growth habit: 1 = least fluffy (shortest culm internodes); 5 = fluffiest (longest culm internodes). Browning: 1 = fewest dead leaves showing; 5 = most dead leaves showing. Color: 1 = darkest green; 5 = lightest green. Table 3. Comparative turf ratings of five Zoysia grasses at Tifton, Georgia, in 1953. Name of grass Emerald Zoysia Meyer Zoysia Common japonica Commercial matrella Common tenuifolia Ratings* made on August 25, 1953, for: Texture 3 ... 5 7 2 1 Density 1 3 5 2 2 Growth habit 2 1 1 4 5 Browning 1 3 3 4 5 Color 1 2 3 2 2 *Ratings based on single 8x8 foot plots, rating methods same as in Table 2. USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: FEBRUARY, 1955 Total 8 14 19 14 15 25 Table 4. Comparative turf quality of five Zoysia grasses at Tifton, Georgia, in 1954. Name of grass Ratings* made on Nov. 2, 1954, for: Texture Emerald Zoysia 3.0 Meyer Zoysia 5.0 Common japonica 6.5 Commercial matrella 2.0 Common Tenuifolia 1.0 LSD at 5% level 0.6 LSD at 1% Ipevel 0.8 Density 1.0 3.0 5.0 2.0 2.0 0.8 1.2 Growth habit 2.0 1.0 1.0 4.0 5.0 0.3 0.4 Rate of spread 2.0 3.0 3.5 2.0 5.0 1.6 2.2 Browning 1.5 2.0 3.0 3.0 5.0 1.5 2.1 Color 1.0 2.0 2.5 1.5 2.0 1.0 1.4 Total 10.5 16.0 21.5 14.5 20.0 — — ’Average of two replications, rating methods same as in Table 2. to describe the plant. The grass resembles crabgrass somewhat except that it is very smooth and it is a much tougher grass. When subjected to traffic, it sticks much closer to the ground. It does not root at the nodes on the branches as does crabgrass. The very tough seed heads have a silvery appearance, hence the name silver crabgrass. The control of this pest is one of the challenges facing research workers all over the United States. At the present time there is no known control for it. Some success has attended the use of phenyl mer­ cury materials mixed with 2,4-D. Neither of these materials by itself has been success­ ful. Rates of application have not been standardized and those wishing to experi­ ment with these compounds in a mixture should proceed with extreme caution. Vari­ ous rates should be applied on small areas of turf until the correct proportion and rates are determined. Treatment should be made in the spring when the young seed­ lings appear. GOOSEGRASS Goosegrass grows throughout almost the entire United States. It is almost a univer­ sal pest in turf areas. It is found in greens, on fairways, on tees, and lawns and it thrives in both shade and sun. Goosegrass is not the only name for this pest. It is called silver crabgrass, crowfoot, irongrass and perhaps other names. Quite often the names are not complimentary. This is an extremely tough grass that germinates in the spring shortly after the crabgrass ger­ mination season, and it persists until frost. The low-spreading habit makes it very dif­ ficult to cut, and it tends to kill out the grasses around it by enlargement of the rosette-like crown. Goosegrass is found rather frequently on heavy, compacted soils that are subjected to a great deal of wear. Because of its toughness, goosegrass is able to withstand this very heavy wear and it might be a good wear-resistant turfgrass except for the fact that it grows in small clumps or rosettes and does not make a smooth, uniform turf. The following de­ scription of this grass is quoted from Hitchcock’s Manual of the Grasses of the United States: "Branching at base, ascending to pros­ trate, very smooth; culms compressed, usually less than 50 cm. long, but sometimes as much as 1 m.; blades flat or folded, 3 to 8 mm. wide; spikes mostly 2 to 6, rarely more, or but 1 in depauperate plants, flat, 4 to 15 cm. long.” This technical description may not mean a great deal to the layman but it does serve This is goosegrass. Note the hard compact soil of the pathway in which it is growing. It tolerates heavy wear and compact soils. 26 USGA JOURNAL ANO TURF MANAGEMENT: FEBRUARY, 1955 MOWING HEIGHT AND FREQUENCY Anyone who has read much concern­ ing the maintenance of turfgrasses has been subjected to discussions of the im­ portance of mowing heights. We have been told that bluegrass, fescue and other types of turfgrasses which do not form runners or stolons will not withstand , heights much less than 1% inches. We know on the other hand that grasses such as bermudagrass, the bentgrasses and Zoy- sias, which do form stolons, are able to with­ stand much closer mowing and can be cut almost as low as the mower can be set. One important fact about mowing that has not been brought out adequately is the importance of frequency of mowing. Ac­ tually, mowing frequency is closely re­ lated to mowing height. The leaf of the grass plant is that por­ tion of the plant which manufactures food. The food is then translocated to the storage organs of the plant, which are the rhi­ zomes, stolons and the crown. To a con­ siderable extent the leaf itself serves in a storage capacity. Therefore, when a large part of the leaf is cut off, the plant is shocked rather severely. We are told that we should allow grasses to grow longer so that there will be more leaf surface for manufacturing food. We are told that close clipping removes this food factory and that the grass plant is then unable to maintain its vigor. These 1 admonitions are backed by sound reason­ ing and seem plausible enough. On the other hand, grass has the ability to form new shoots or to stool out from the crown of the plant. The creeping grasses have the ability to put up new shoots from each one of the nodes from the stolons and rhizomes. It is, therefore, 1 possible for the grass to send out more leaves below the height at which it is clipped and to form its food factory be­ low this point. If the mowing height is kept constant, we will find that the grass develops a suffi­ cient number of leaves below the regular mowing height so that it will be able to manufacture sufficient food to maintain < itself. This is most readily apparent in ber- mudagrasses or the bents. Observers of turf grasses will have noticed that bermuda­ grass, for instance, will stay green only near the turf surface. A heavy turf cut at a two-inch height will have only about one inch of green grass on the tips of the leaves and that portion of the stem below this top inch will be brown and will not have chlorophyll present in very large amounts. Therefore, that portion of the stem is unable to manufacture food; it is only the green part of the leaf that carries on the process of photosynthesis. On the other hand, if a bermudagrass turf is kept clipped to one inch, it will be found that the grass remains green almost to the sur­ face of the soil. Therefore, it will be seen that the closely clipped bermudagrass will have nearly as much food manufacturing areas as that grass which is clipped at two inches. Longer Turf, Fewer Mowings If the two-inch turf is clipped back to a height of one inch, almost all the leaf surface capable of manufacturing food will have ben removed. If the grass cut at two inches is clipped frequently so that no more than Yi inch of leaf surface is re­ moved at a time, it will still maintain a substantial part of the leaf area capable of manufacturing food. Now, let’s consider the turf clipped at one inch. If it is to be maintained at one inch, it must be mowed frequently enough so that not more than half of the food manufacturing portion of the plant is re­ moved at a time. This means that the grass should not be clipped much closer than one half inch. If we assume that the two- inch turf and the one-inch turf are mak­ ing new growth at the same rate, the one- inch turf must be mowed twice as often as the two-inch turf in order to maintain the same relative amount of active leaf surface. To summarize this discussion, grass should be mowed frequently enough that only a small portion of the total leaf sur- USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: FEBRUARY. 1955 i 27 face is removed at each time. Grasses that are allowed to grow taller, that is two inches or more, may be allowed to go for a considerable length of time between mowings. No more than one inch of leaf surface may be removed from a two-inch turf without severe damage. On the other hand, a one-inch turf will make about as much growth as a two-inch turf but in the case of a one-inch turf not more than about /i inch of leaf surface may be re­ moved without shock to the plant. There­ fore, on closely clipped turf it is necessary to mow more frequently than on turf that is allowed to grow taller. This principle is illustrated in golf course maintenance by the frequency of mowing greens and fairways. The golf course may have either bentgrass or ber- muda greens, and the fairways may be exactly the same grass but maintained by different standards. Everyone knows that the putting green must be mowed at least three times a week, and preferably every day. On the other hand, fairways are sel­ dom mowed oftener than three times a week, and on many golf courses they are mowed only once a week. For Frequent Mowing It is believed that frequent mowing adds to the quality of the turf. It causes the grass to stool more readily and, therefore, there is a denser population of grass leaves making up the turf. In turn, there is a greater amount of leaf surface available for the manufacture of food. If a turf is mowed less frequently, the grass has a tendency to grow taller before branching to form more leaves, and when it is cut, a relatively large portion of these leaves is removed. Only stems with relatively few leaves remain, the turf is thinned out, and is not so dense nor compact. Height of mowing is important, but if one speaks of height without taking into considera­ tion the frequency of mowing, then his reasoning is apt to be in error because the two factors go together in the formation of a good, healthy turf. Nematodes in Greens in Rhode Island J. Troll and Dr. A. C. Tarjan reported on the presence of root parasitic nematodes in golf-course greens in Rhode Island in the May 15, 1954, issue of Plant Disease Reporter. They have found that a number of samples of turf submitted to the Rhode Island Experiment Station for disease di­ agnosis during the last two years contained large populations of nematodes considered to be plant parasites. Following these findings, they made a survey of forty-one putting greens from seventeen golf courses in Rhode Island. Both root and soil samples were selected from sections of greens where definite symptoms of chlorosis and/or dieback of grass blades occurred. Some of the patches contained bare areas where plants had died, while others were not dead but were some­ what chlorotic. Close examination showed that there were dead blades of grass inter­ spersed with living, healthy blades. This condition could not be attributed to any of the known fungi which attack grasses in the New England area. Tylenchorhinchus Thirty-one genera of nematodes were found in the samples from these forty-one greens; ten of these genera are known plant parasites, while eight more of the genera are suspected plant parasites. The most widely distributed plant parasitic nema­ todes which were found in this survey were the stunt nematodes of the genus Tylenchorhinchus. This survey is significant in that it dem­ onstrates that many plant parasitic nema­ todes do exist in golf greens, and the con­ clusion may be drawn that they are re­ sponsible for many of the unhealthy symp­ toms frequently observed on golf greens and which cannot be attributed to diseases. It has been assumed that nematodes were of no great importance on grasses. The results of this survey indicate that this assumption may be false. 28 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT. FEBRUARY, 195S TREE ROOT PRUNER Any club that has a tractor plow, either of the pull-around or of the three-point suspension type, can make its own root pruner with very little expense. All that is required is a blade to be bolted on in place of one of the plow shares. The blade must be long enough to be bolted to the plow beam and extend 16 inches below the lower tip of the beam. By using this plan, only the blade itself is in the ground. The slot made is very narrow, and the damage to be repaired is very slight. The blade can be made from a piece of chilled steel, but very satisfactory ones have been made out of old gang mower bed­ knives. The Blue Hill Golf Club, in Orangeburg, N. Y., uses them in sets of four, welded together as shown in the photograph, and grinds or burns the heel off before bolting them in place. The drilling of the bolt holes is a job for a well- equipped machine shop. A few small items are of importance, M. Mont­ gomery Maze, President of the Blue Hills Club, points out. Installation at the angle shown is necessary to make the unit pull down into the ground. Soft iron bolts should be used to fasten the blade to the plow beam. These bolts will break or pull out in case unusual difficulties are encountered. The blade should be pulled in straight lines, although it will cut successfully in curved lines whenever necessary. Very low speed and a reasonably heavy farm tractor help materially. Blue Hill has successfully cut roots of more than three inches in diameter and dragged up others still heavier for hand cutting at the surface of the ground. A tractor operator with one helper and this tool can, in one day, in soil reasonably free of large stones, easily prune around all the tees and greens on an 18-hole course. QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS Question: It seems to me that most soils men from our State Colleges leave the im­ pression that soil testing is a waste of time. What is the Green Section’s stand on this? Answer: Perhaps you have misunder­ stood the meaning of men from the State Colleges who have commented on soil test­ ing. Certainly, soil testing is not a waste of time, though it is subject to many faults in the way of interpretation of tests. The Green Section recommends periodic soil testing because it is believed that this is USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: FEBRUARY, 1955 29 desirable in keeping up with the needs of your turf. Question: How accurate are soil tests? Are the rapid tests sufficiently accurate, and what are the difficulties as far as ac­ curacy is concerned? Answer: Laboratory soil tests are quite accurate and even rapid soil tests are ac­ curate enough to give good indications of soil nutrient status. However, all of the tests depend upon the use of an extraction agent for determining the amounts of the various nutrient elements available for plant growth. These extraction solutions are supposed to extract the same amount of nutrients that are available to the grow­ ing plants. Naturally, these extracting agents never have exactly the same "ex­ tracting ability” as the plants. Therefore, the soil tests must be coupled with long experience and correct interpretation be­ fore we can place complete reliability in them. Question: I’ve been told that the test for nitrogen is of no real value. Is this true and, if so, why? Answer: The tests for nitrogen are of questionable value. This does not come from the difficulty in measuring the amount of available nitrogen present, but from the fact that the soil will change from day to day. Much of the nitrogen in the soil is contained in an organic form, or in a form not available to plants. Nitrification pro­ ceeds in the soil as a result of bacterial activity and therefore more nitrogen is becoming available all the time. Ordinarily plants will use this nitrogen as it becomes available or it will leach out of the soil. If you sample the soil on any given day you might find a relatively small amount of available nitrogen present. However, if you took a sample of that soil and stored it for two days you may find considerably more nitrogen present. If the soil were stored in a can for a week in a warm place where nitrification could proceed, you would find much more nitrogen in the soil. Therefore, the figures for available nitro- 30 Sherwood A. Moore, superintendent of the Holly­ wood Golf Club, Deal, N. J., makes good use of discarded herbicide drum in forming catch basins for fairway drainage lines. gen do not give a real indication of the nitrogen present and it is quite easy to see when turf is in need of nitrogen. It will be pale green in color and will grow rather slowly when nitrogen is low. On the other hand, when sufficient nitrogen is present, it will grow rapidly enough to require frequent clipping and the color will be good. Question: If nitrogen cannot be tested for accuracy, how can phosphorus and potassium be so tested? They’re all ele­ ments. Answer: Phosphorus and potassium are generally present in the soil in a different state than is nitrogen. A large part of the nitrogen in a soil is present in an organic form, whereas in most soils phosphorus and potassium are present in mineral form. Phosphorus and potassium do not depend completely on a process of bacterial ac­ tivity to become available; therefore, the phosphorus and potassium status of a soil does not change nearly so rapidly as does nitrogen. USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: FEBRUARY, 1955 ANNUAL INDEX TO USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT VOLUME VII—APRIL, 1954, THROUGH FEBRUARY, 1955 Issue Page Issue Page AMATEUR STATUS Permissible Prize____________________ Apr. 4 BOOKS “The Bobby Jones Story”------------------- Aug. “The Complete Golfer”________________ Nov. “Uniform System of Accounts for Clubs”___________________________ Sept. 2 1 3 CADDIES Treat Him As You Would Your Son.___ June 7 CHAMPIONSHIPS All Match Play or Qualifying at the Amateur Championship 7______ Aug. The Championship Picture-------------------June Even the Heat Couldn’t Stop Southern California----------------------- Aug. A Happy Amateur Nov. Myers Park--------------------------------------- June Playing Values at Baltusrol July P.G.A. Representative at Open________ Apr. Public Llnksman to Open Champion__ —.July Service to the Game June Spectators Off Fairways at the Open____ Apr. The New Senior Championship_________ Feb. What the Public Links Means_——July 4 16 16 8 4 14 9 6 1 8 15 2 COURSES Appraisal of Pine Valley 4 New Meadow Brook Course June 18 “GOLF HOUSE” and GOLF COLLECTING Clubs of Champions__________________ Nov. Contributed z Most............................... Apr. “Golf House” Fund__________________ Nov. “Golf House” Gifts___________________ Feb. More Clubs of Champions in “Golf 2 4 4 2 House”June 19 Old Scorebook Feb. 4 HANDICAPPING An Aid to All Handicappers Apr. The Fallacy In Some Handicap Controls June Handicapping Chapman Foursomes____June Handicaps for Championships_________ July Handicaps for USGA Championships__ Feb. Men’s Handicaps for Championships __ Nov. Placement of Tee Markers Sept. HISTORICAL The Earliest Balls and Clubs__________ Apr. The Gutty Replaces the Feathery______ June The Introduction of the Rubber Ball__July Walter Travis* Putter Apr. Implements and the Ball June The Uniform Ball June 10 5 20 1 6 11 19 18 13 18 1 2 1 INTERNATIONAL 9 The Americas Cup Team---------------------- July An Australian Victory---------_-------------- July 3 British View of Calcuttas------------------- Sept. 2 British Cup Team------------------------------- Nov. 1 8 British Championships_ __ Nov. How the R. and A. Attained Its Position Apr. 5 Hands Across the Tee Sept 11 In the British Amateur —__________ Apr. 3 International Flavor__________________ Sept. 2 Jack White’s Record-Breaking Cleek__ July 11 Mexican Champions Nov. 18 1955 British Champions June 4 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: FEBRUARY, 1955 Psychiatric Rules-------------------------------Sept. Sportsman’s Service-------------------------- Sept. Second International Matches for the Americas Cup________________Sept. Miss Stephens* 30_____________________ Nov. Changes in Walker Cup Cast Feb. Walker Cup Site Apr. JUNIOR A Club Invitation for Juniors__________ Nov. Champions of the Future--------------------- Sept. Developing a Junior Program_________ June Encouragement Sept. Encouraging Juniors__________________ Feb. How Juniors Make It Apr. The Junior Amateur Championship to Date Aug. 18 Minneapolis Juniors Start to Shine___ Apr. 2 1 18 2 16 2 13 8 17 3 1 2 16 MISCELLANEOUS After 60 Years—State of the USGA___ Feb. 7 Country Club Operations in 1953 Nov. 6 Could You Qualify 7 Aug. 3 Do You Know Your Golf 7___________ June 12 Do You Know Your Golf?Sept. 18 Don’t Be Misled_____________ _______ Aug. 9 10 The Evils of Organized Gambling____ Sept. Four Times for Seven Feb. 4 Golden Retriever______________________ Feb. 6 The Golf Business____________________June 4 Good Medicine Aug. 3 1 In Any Sport-------------------------------------- Aug. Jones Award Committee______________June 2 New Construction Aug. 2 New Courses Sept. 2 3 New Professionals Feb. The President’s Green J une 2 Splendor With a Purpose_____ ._____ June 1 Thumbs Down on Pools---------------------- July 2 Thirty Years In Right Job___________ July 2 USGA Nominees for 1955 Nov. 14 USGA Staff Changes Feb. 1 Variety of Service July 1 Village of Golf, Ill Sept. 1 Wanted: Candidates __________________ July 2 NECROLOGY Christian A. Brinke Feb. 4 4 Richard S. Francis____________________ Nov. 4 Robert Harlow_______________________ Nov. Dr. Robert A. Keilty____ ,___________ Sept. 3 Prof. Henry Keller, Jr.Nov. 4 4 Fielding Wallace____ _________________Nov. H. J. Wigham------------------------------------- Apr. 3 PLAY OF THE GAME The Boundary That Wasn’t There______June A Champion of Club Champions______ Sept. Failed to Qualify_____________________ June For a Blind Tee Shot________________ June “For Distinguished Sportsmanship”___ Feb. The Duke’s Divots -___________________ Aug. A Game for AU______________________ July The GaUico Rules ____________________ Sept. Hogan’s Lowest_______________________ Apr. How to Behave Though a Golfer.________ Aug. It Isn’t What You Have Lost__________ Feb. "Oscar" Furgol______________________ Feb. Oppose Motorized Golf__________ Feb. Remarks of a New Professional _____ Sept. The Real Snead Story_________________ Apr. Speeding Up Play________________ —Aug. 9 1 4 2 10 1 14 14 1 10 12 1 19 7 18 2 31 Istue Page Issue Page Simpler Golf and More Fun_______ _____Nov. 11 Take-It-Over Event__________________ -Aug. 2 We’re Sorry, Too______________________ July 1 What’s Behind Slow Play? ____________Apr. 12 When to Concede a Putt______________ Apr. 4 With Malice Aforethought___________ July 4 RULES OF GOLF (not The Referee) Japanese Interest in Rules_____________ Feb. New Film on Etiquette, Sponsored by the USGA_____________________ Nov. Pros and Cons of Secession___________ Nov. Why Play By Rules?_________________ Feb. RULES OF GOLF DECISIONS Ball Deemed to Move Nov. Ball Holed Is Not Lost----------------------Nov. Ball Strikes Flagstick Attended by Partner’s Caddie----------------------Aug. Ball on Lip of Cup in Stroke Play------- Aug. Ball Not Identified Is Lost----------------- Aug. Ball Lost or Removed by Outside Agency------------- Sept. Ball Strikes Caddie Cart______________Sept. Ball Strikes Flagstick------------------------- July Ball Played From Wrong Tee---------------July Ball Missed, Then Accidentally Knocked Off Tee---------------------------Apr. Ball Played Outside Teeing Ground Comes to Rest Out of Bounds------ .-Apr. Ball Enmeshed in Wire Screen-------------- Apr. Ball Unfit for Play---------------------------- June Borrowing Club in Four-Ball---------------June Caddie Conceals Information, Player Responsible------------------------Feb. Caddie Lifting Ball Without Instruction_____________ ■_________ Nov. Caddie Picks Up Ball---------------------------July Conditions for Applying Obstruction Rule_________________ Nov. Claim Need Not Halt Play------------------- June Claim on Bye Holes__________ —July Committee May Reverse Decision------------ July Fourteen-Club Rule___________________Apr. Handicaps in Extended Competition___ Apr. Identifying Ball in Rough------------------ .Sept. Insect May Be Frightened Away From Ball_______________________ Apr. Lateral Water Hazard Explained_____ Aug. Lifting Another’s Ball__________ ;------- June Mopping Green With Towels__________Nov. Movable Obstruction Defined---------------- Apr. Movable Obstruction Defined___________June Moving or Bending___________________ Feb. Normal Course of Play Defined----------- June Obstruction Claimed to be Mental Hazard Sept. Practice on the Course_______________ Sept. Provisional Ball Strikes Original Ball—June Provisional Ball on Every Hole----------- June Provisional Ball Covers AU Contingencies______________________ June Provisional BaU Retired From Play Permanently _ ______________ June Provisional Balls Unlimited___________ Aug. Provisional BaU for BaU in Water Hazard___________________ Aug. Practice Between Rounds —_____ Nov^ Round Cancelled_____________________ Nov. Rule 40-lb. Has Precedence Over Rule 40-ld —_ _—........ June Seeking a Rules Decision in Stroke Play. Nov. Smoothing Hole on Green_____________ Feb. SmaU British Ball Used on One Hole___ Apr. Stroke Could Be Replayed When FeUow Competitor Interferes_______ Apr. Spectator Plays Test Stroke July Water-Hazard Rule Requires Three-Stroke Penalty______________ Apr. When Ball Is Lost________________ Apr. Whereabouts of a Ball Is Not Advice__Nov. 11 5 20 17 23 21 24 23 22 22 23 24 22 23 21 22 24 22 21 23 23 21 21 22 24 22 24 24 21 23 21 22 24 21 22 24 23 24 22 23 23 24 22 24 24 24 23 22 20 22 22 23 21 24 23 SPORTSMAN’S CORNER 4 Tommy Aaron Sept. Tommy Beck Nov. 3 John Coughlin June 3 Ben Hogan--------------------------- .----------- Apr. 3 Bob Jordan___________ Aug. 3 3 Lloyd Mangrum_______________________July Charles Weil, Jr.Feb. 3 WOMEN Course Rating System for Women___ ...... June The Curtis Cup Teams _______________ Aug. Eighth International Match for the Curtis Cup Nov. From Girl to Grandmother_____________ Aug. Girls’ Junior Golf in Philadelphia_____ Sept. Moil----------------------------------------------------Nov. Origin of the Curtis Cup Sept. The Comeback of Mrs. Zaharias________Aug. They May Be Young, But They’re Ladies Nov. Two More for Team July A Women’s Championship- International Style Nov. 15 TURF MANAGEMENT Course Maintenance: $2,000 a Hole_____Sept. Conserving Seed July Be Careful With Organic Fertilizers Containing Urea _________________ July Cultivation of Turf July The Danger Period for Putting Greens__ July Emerald Zoysia Feb. Fairway Turf grass in the Northeast------ Nov. Fifth Green Section Office Opened in Southeast Apr. Goosegrass____________________________ Feb. Greenkeeping Exhibit_________________ June Geography Influences Turfgrass Adaptation in West_______________ Nov. Insect Control June Important Diseases of Ryegrass Greens Sept. Keep Your Collars Neat_______________ Aug. Keep a Turf Nursery_________________ Sept. Meet Bob Scott, Sr.___________________ Sept. The Man in Charge of Turfgrass Conditions at the Los Angeles Country Club________________ June 81 27 Mowing Height and Frequency________ Feb. National Golf Fund Supports Turf Research____________________ Apr. 31 Nematodes in Greens in Rhode Island .Feb. 28 Now Is the Time_____________________Sept. 27 New Grasses from Pennsylvania______ Aug. 81 New Research and Education Fund___ Apr. 27 One Week Turf Courses at Rutgers University________________ Nov, Raking Bunkers the Easy Way -----------June Subscribers to Research and Education Fund _______________ June Subscribers to Research and Education Fund July Subscribers to Research and Education Fund Aug. Subscribers to Research and Education Fund_________ —--------- Nov. 32 The Superintendent, the Chairman and the Locker Room ________________ Aug. Summer Management of Putting Greens _________________ June Superintendents' Salaries_____________ June Soluble, High Analysis Fertilizers_______ July Turf for the West____________________Apr. The Turfgrass Research Program n..vaLT5xas.A- and M.--------------------- Aug. 26th National Turfgrass Conference and Show------------------------------------ Nov. Water Quantity and Rate of Flow______ April Wesern Research Activities---------- ------ July Winter Enemies of Putting Green Turf—Nov. 10 11 17 1 16 1 5 8 18 2 32 32 25 28 27 23 29 25 26 4 25 26 25 30 31 30 28 30 29 32 32 25 25 3 80 27 27 30 32 26 31 32 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: FEBRUARY, 1955 ITS YOUR HONOR Xfd to Course To the USGA: The greatest help to the average golf course, such as ours, was instituted by your Association by enlarging your Green Section to include a Regional Turf Service. It was of great benefit to the Lake Shore Country Club last season, and I especially wish to call to your at­ tention the fine work of your North­ eastern Director, Alexander M. Radko. The first year, naturally, is the tough one and every Green Superintendent is a little dubious about any new man coming onto his golf course. Mr. Rad­ ko not only knows his business but, more especially, has a nice touch as far as his relationship with the Green Superintendents are concerned. Thomas E. Lunt Rochester, N. Y. Sympathy From St. Andrews To the USGA: I am writing on behalf of the Cap­ tain and members of the Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St. Andrews to express their sympathy at the very severe loss that many of your golf clubs have suffered in the hurricanes. Brig. Eric Brickman, Secretary, Royal and Ancient Golf Club St. Andrews, Scotland Practice Swings To the USGA: Years ago the golf Rules prohibited practice swings in the direction of the green being played. Later, the Rule was that a practice swing in the direction of the green could not be taken within a club’s length of the ball. Now it appears that there is no rule governing either the direction, the location or the number of practice swings. Therefore, the habit has in­ creased to where it has become an ir­ ritant and an exasperation, in addition to which it is definitely slowing up the game. I think the best Rule was the earlier one which prohibited practice swings in the direction of the green being played. This has a tendency to dis­ courage any excess and is not irritat­ ing to the other players in the match. Assuming a player requires 65 tee and fairway shots for a round of golf and averages only two practice swings per shot and you have three of this kind in your foursome, you have to watch and wait for 390 practice swings taken within one inch of the ball while you get madder by the minute and the group following wonder if they should drive into you or go back to the club. There ought to be a Rule. L. C. Richardson Red Bank, N. J. From the Superintendents To the USGA: At our Executive Meeting January 21, 1955, the Board of Directors of the Golf Course Superintendents Asso­ ciation of America reaffirmed their stand to co-operate with the United States Golf Association one hundred per cent. The Education Committee has been designated to carry on co-operative re­ lations with the United States Golf Association. Mr. Donald G. Strand is Chairman of this Committee. Sincerely yours, William Beresford President Golf Course Superintendents Association of America Editor’s Note: The USGA Journal invite* comment* on matter* relating to the welfare of the game and will publiih them if tpace permit*. USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: FEBRUARY. 1955 33 USGA OFFICERS, EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE AND COMMITTEE CHAIRMEN PRESIDENT Isaac B. Grainger, New York, N. Y. VICE-PRESIDENTS John D. Ames, Chicago, III. Richard S. Tufts, Pinehurst, N. C. SECRETARY Charles B. Grace, Philadelphia, Pa. TREASURER Charles L Peirson, Boston, Mass. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE The above officers andi J. Frederic Byers, Jr., Pittsburgh, Pa. Emerson Carey, Jr., Denver, Colo. Thomas H. Choate, New York, N. Y. John G. Clock, Long Beach, Cal. John W. Fischer, Cincinnati, Ohio T. R. Garlington, Atlanta, Ga. Gordon E. Kummer, Milwaukee, Wis. Edward E. Lowery, San Francisco, Cal. F. Warren Munro, Portland, Ore. John M. Winters, Jr., Tulsa, Okla. GENERAL COUNSEL Fraser M. Horn, New York, N. Y. COMMITTEE CHAIRMEN RULES OF GOLF: Richard S. Tufts, Pinehurst, N. C. CHAMPIONSHIP: John D. Ames, Chicago, III. AMATEUR STATUS AND CONDUCT: John W. Fischer, Cincinnati, Ohio IMPLEMENTS AND BALL: Charles B. Grace, Philadelphia, Pa. MEMBERSHIP: John G. Clock, Long Beach, Cal. GREEN SECTION: T. R. Garlington, Atlanta, Ga. WOMEN'S: Mrs. Harrison F. Flippin, Ardmore, Pa. SECTIONAL AFFAIRS: Charles L. Peirson, Boston, Mass. PUBLIC LINKS: Edward E. Lowery, San Francisco, Cal. HANDICAP: William O. Blaney, Boston, Mass. JUNIOR CHAMPIONSHIP: J. Frederic Byers, Jr., Pittsburgh, Pa. SENIOR CHAMPIONSHIP: Richard S. Tufts, Pinehurst, N. C. GIRLS’ JUNIOR: Mrs. John Pennington, Buffalo, N. Y. MUSEUM: Gordon E. Kummer, Milwaukee, Wis. BOB JONES AWARD: Totton P. Heffelfinger, Minneapolis, Minn. "GOLF HOUSE" FUND: Daniel A. Freeman, Jr., New York, N. Y. USGA HEADQUARTERS "Golf House", 40 East 38th Street, New York 16, N. Y. Joseph C. Dey, Jr., Executive Director USGA GREEN SECTION South Building, Plant Industry Station, Beltsville, Md. USGA GREEN SECTION NORTHEASTERN OFFICE Rutgers University, New Brunswick, N. J. Alexander M. Radko, Northeastern Director USGA GREEN SECTION WESTERN OFFICE Box 241, Davis, Cal. Charles G. Wilson, Western Director USGA GREEN SECTION SOUTHWESTERN OFFICE Texas A. and M. College, College Station, Texas Dr. Marvin H. Ferguson, Southwestern Director and National Research Coordinator USGA GREEN SECTION SOUTHEASTERN OFFICE Georgia Coastal Plain Experiment Station, Tifton, Ga. B. P. Robinson, Southeastern Director