IS GI ■IIIIHUI, AND TURF MANAGEMENT THE WALKER CUP PRESENTATION Wide World Photo Viscount Bruce of Melbourne, Captain of the Royal and Ancient Coif Club of St. Andrews, Scotland, presents the Walker Cup to William C. Campbell, Captain of the United States Team, at St. Andrews after the United States victory. JUNE 1955 UStiA JOURNAL ANO TURF MANAGEMENT Published by the United States Golf Association Permission to reprint articles herein is freely granted (unless specifically noted otherwise) provided credit is given to the USGA Journal VOL. VIII No. 2 June, 1955 Through the Green ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Captain’s Choice in the Walker Cup_________________________ Joseph C. Dey, Jr. Fruitful Meeting on the Rules ______________________________________________ Scene Of Open Championship ____________ __ ______________________________ Do You Know Your Golf? ------ i___________________________________________ Sarazen Most Durable Performer _________________________________ Bill Inglish What Is Second Chance Worth? _______________________________ Guy B. Farrar Old Club, New Course For Women’s Open Championship_______________ ___ _____ My Most Memorable Golf Experience __________________________ Jack Westland “Score’’ or “Card”—We Still Want It _______________________________________ The Referee: Decisions by the Rules of Golf Committees _________ __ __________ Turf Management: USGA Green Section Behavior of Zoysia Japonica Meyer in Cool Season Turf S. W. Hart and J. A. DeFrance Keeping Tees in Good Condition ________________________________________ It’s Your Honor: Letters __________________________________________________ 1 5 8 9 12 13 15 17 19 20 21 25 32 33 Published seven times a year in February, April, June, July, August, September and November by the UNITED STATES GOLF ASSOCIATION 40 EAST 38th ST., NEW YORK 16, N. Y. Subscription: $2 a year. Single copies: 30c. Subscriptions, articles, photographs, and correspondence, except pertaining to Green Section matters, should be sent to the above address. Correspondence pertaining to Green Section matters should be addressed to USGA Green Section, Mid­ Atlantic Office, Room 206, South Building, Plant Industry Station, Beltsville, Md.; to USGA Green Section Western Office, Box 241, Davis, Calif.; to USGA Green Section Southwestern Office, Texas A. and M. Col­ lege, College Station, Texas; to USGA Green Section Northeastern Office, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, N. J., or to USGA Green Section Southeastern Office, Georgia Coastal Plain Experiment Station, Tifton, Ga. Entered as Second-class Matter March 3, 1950, at the Post Office at New York, N. Y., under the Act of March 8, 1879. Edited by Joseph C. Dey, Jr., and Frank C. True. All articles voluntarily contributed. USGA COMPETITIONS FOR 1955 (Dates entries close mean last dates for applications to reach USGA office, except in the case of the Amateur Public Links Championship. For possible exceptions in dates of Sectional Qualifying Rounds, see entry forms.) Championship Open Women's Open Amateur Public Links Junior Amateur Girls' Junior Women's Amateur Amateur Senior Amateur Entries Close Closed Sectional Qualifying Rounds June 6 June 17 None ♦June 3 tJune 19-25 July 5 July 19 Championship Dates June 16-17-18 June 30, July 1-2 Team: July 9 Indiv.: July 11-16 August 3-6 August 3 August 8 None None August 15-19 August 22-27 August 12 August 30 Sept. 12-17 Venue Olympic Country Club, San Francisco, Cal. Wichita Country Club, Wichita, Kansas Coffin Municipal G. C., Indianapolis, Ind. Purdue University, Lafayette, Ind. Florence C.C., Florence, S.C. Myers Park C. C., Charlotte, N. C. Country Club of Virginia, Richmond, Va. August 26 Sept. 8 Sept. 26-Oct. 1 Belle Meade Country Club, Nashville, Tenn. * Entries close with Sectional Qualifying Chairmen. t Exact date in each Section to be fixed by Sectional Chairman. A Sign of the Times A letter from Texas the other day, in which checks for entry in the USGA Open Championship, a subscription to the USGA Journal and Turf Management and the Record Book of USGA Championships and International Matches, were enclosed, contained the following postscript: "Dusty down here. How is it up there?” Increase In New Courses More than twice as many golf courses were opened for play in the U.S. in 1954 than in the previous year, according to the annual report of the National Golf Foundation, which stated that 126 new courses were opened in 1954, compared with 52 in 1953. Other highlights of the report are: Golf courses under construction, as of Dec. 31, 1954, totaled 259; an increase of 137 per cent over the 109 courses under construction at the end of 1953. Courses in the planning stage increased 68 per cent, from 225 to 378 in the same period. Early reports on the distribution of the recently completed "how-to” color sound slidefilm, "Community Planning Gets A Golf Course,” indicate lively interest on the part of community groups and private individuals in the construction of new golf courses and — even more encourag­ ing — the active desire to do something about it. Don Neer, former national sports chair­ man for the United States Junior Chamber of Commerce, has been appointed field representative of the National Golf Foun­ dation in conjunction with the Founda­ tion’s expanded golf course development program for 195 5. He Also Is a Good Golfer Most persons usually think of a general chairman for a club which is host to a major tournament as a hard-working in­ dividual who seldom breaks 90 as a golfer. This is true in some instances, but it doesn’t apply to Robert A. Roos, Jr., General Chairman for the Olympic Coun­ try Club, San Francisco, Cal., site of the 5 5 th USGA Open Championship. When Roos drew E. Harvie Ward, Jr., winner of numerous major tournaments and a member of the Walker Cup Team, as an opponent in the final of the San Francisco City Championship recently, the gallery of some 5,000 took it for granted a woefully one-sided match was about to ensue. To the surprise of everybody, Roos, who never has won a major tournament, not only shot a one-under-par 71 in the morn­ ing round, but brought Ward in 2 down. Six birdies were included in Roos’ 71. In the afternoon, however, Roos missed three putts and sent a drive out of bounds, which turned the tide, Ward winning, 4 and 3. USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: JUNE. 1955 1 “Golf House" Fund The "Golf House” Fund has increased to $103,650 and the number of Founders now stands at 5,619. We still need $6,350. The Fund is for the purchase, equipment and maintenance of "Golf House.” Those who have enrolled as Founders recently are: Mrs. Dolores Baronian George Bijur Frank H. Hedrick Jim Searle Reinstated Amateurs Some pertinent points on the subject of reinstated amateurs were brought out in an exchange of letters between Judge Lloyd G. Beatty, of Glen Ridge, N. J., and Isaac B. Grainger, President of the USGA. Judge Beatty’s letter, in part, fol­ lows: Hurrah! Hurrah! I heartily con­ gratulate you, the USGA and the Com­ mittee on the selection of the Walker Cup Team. Not a reinstated amateur (ex-pro) on it. ... As you know, I have been preach­ ing no reinstatements. Golf is the only sport which permits it. . . . Most sports bar professionals, even though they are not in the same sport. ... If the USGA is concerned about the Amateur Cham- USGA Film On Etiquette Thus far there have been more than 300 bookings of the new USGA motion picture entitled “The Rules of Golf — Etiquette.” The film, which recently was awarded a Recognition of Merit by the Film Council of America, is a 16 mm. Kodachrome with a running time of 17% minutes. The importance of etiquette is empha­ sized visually through various violations of the code in the course of a family four, ball match. Ben Hogan appears in several scenes. Robert T. Jones, Jr., makes the introductory statement. The shipping of prints is handled by National Educational Films, Inc., 165 West 46th Street, New York 16, N. Y., which produced the film in cooperation with the USGA. The rental fee is $15, which in­ dudes the cost of shipping the print to the renter. pionship being used as a stepping stone to turning professional, then why not take a corrective stand and stop the return trip? ... I do not hold that a player should be barred as a professional be­ cause he or she is a professional in some other sport. . . . Golf is America’s greatest game. Most of the other sports have their taint. Mr. Grainger’s response, in part, follows: . . . You overlook the fact that Dale Morey was reinstated to Amateur Status after a short professional period and Joe Conrad was among the North Texas State students who were guilty of an unfortunate technical violation and thereafter reinstated. ... I think as a judge you would admit that the criminal law would be very bad if no reinstatement to com­ plete citizenship were possible for minor infractions. The probationary period under criminal law is certainly much less than in many cases for the golfer who has strayed. As long as we have reinstatement rules there certainly can be no difference between amateurs. One who has been restored to amateur status either must enjoy the full benefits thereof or he should remain in his for­ mer classification. I think you will agree with me that, of all sports, golf has the best record in keeping professionalism from invad­ ing the amateur atmosphere. The USGA will certainly not relax its policies in this connection. The number of rein­ statements per year is so infinitesimal in relation to the amateur ranks that it is certainly not a problem at the present moment. Indoor Practice Area An innovation in the Metropolitan Area is the installation of an all-year practice area at the new Pine Hollow Country Club, Norwich, N. Y., which was for­ mally opened the other day. The area con­ sists of a 22 x 15 foot room in which driving nets have been installed. The nets are for free use bv members. USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: JUNE, 1955 WGA Apponts McGuigan The appointment of Roland F. Mc­ Guigan, for the last nine years Dean of Men at Northwestern University, as Vice- President and Educational Director of the Western Golf Association has been an­ nounced by James L. O’Keefe, WGA Presi­ dent, and Carleton Blunt, Chairman of the Trustees of Evans Scholars Founda­ tion. Mr. McGuigan will leave Northwestern University in July to take over full-time duties as supervisor of the more than 2SO ex-caddies who will be in the Evans Schol­ ars program next fall. The over-all pro­ grams of WGA and the Evans Scholars Foundation will continue under the super­ vision of Executive Vice-President Milton Woodard. Evans Scholars Foundation is celebrat­ ing its 2Sth anniversary this year and has furnished college educations for 3 8 S young men since its inception in 1930. The Golf Business Once again golf equipment led all other categories of athletic and sporting goods in sales during 19S4, according to an an­ nual survey conducted by Ernst & Ernst for the Athletic Goods Manufacturers Association. Measurement is in dollar vol­ ume, based on factory selling price, in­ cluding excise tax. Sales of golf equipment during the year were $31,263,963. Sales of baseball and softball equipment, the second-place item, were $26,072,331. Golf equipment comprised more than 3 8 per cent of all athletic and sporting goods sold, which reflects an increase in its relative position in the field. Golf equip­ ment sales last year increased 4 per cent over the previous year. Manufacturers who participated in the survey sold 4,372,162 golf clubs, 2,949,- 484 dozens of golf balls and 370,140 golf bags last year. Necrology We record with much regret the pass­ ing of Lady Katherine Cairns, of London, non-playing Captain of the British Curtis SPORTSMAN'S CORNER The scene was the par-3 twelfth hole at Pebble Beach during the 1952 California Amateur Championship. It was the afternoon round of the semi-final match between Bruce McCormick and Bud Holscher. McCormick was 1 up. McCormick hit his iron shot into a bunker short of the green, while Holscher hit a fine shot some twenty feet from the hole. McCor­ mick’s explosion left him about a twenty-five foot putt which he rolled up for a seemingly sure 4. Holscher now could take two putts from twenty feet and win the hole. BRUCE McCORMICK He never got the chance. While he was lin­ ing up the putt, Holscher’s caddie, who had taken the flag, walked over and repaired his ball mark. The referee had no choice but to award the hole to McCormick, since the cad­ die’s action was a violation of Rule 35-lb. McCormick would have none of this. On the next hole he teed his ball, swung his club above it three or four times and conceded the hole. While many might question the necessity for such a tactic, none would ever question the sportsmanlike spirit behind it. It is pleasant to report that McCormick won at the thirty­ eighth hole. Cup Team at Muirfield in 1932, the only British Team ever to defeat the United States. Lady Katherine, who died at her London home on March 18, was Chair­ man of the Ladies’ Golf Union and a member of English international teams for years. The game and international golfers have lost a devoted friend. USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: JUNE. 1955 3 Electric Golf Car Survey Some enlightening facts concerning the use of the power-driven golf car, one of the most controversial subjects in golf, are contained in a booklet, "New Caddie Committee Guide and Electric Golf Car Survey,” issued by the Western Golf Asso­ ciation. As a service to its member clubs, the WGA made a survey after the 1954 golf season among its member clubs which had experienced the use and control of the golf car. The only point on which opponents and proponents of the electric car seem to agree, according to the survey, is that it has value in permitting older and physi­ cally handicapped players to participate in a recreation which otherwise might not be available to them. Approximately 29 per cent of the clubs which allow power-driven cars restrict their use to those submitting a doctor’s certificate or those over an established age. In practically all clubs responding to the WGA questionnaire, a degree of control of the golf car has been established. In some instances it involves merely the deci­ sion of the professional or course super­ intendent in banning the use of the cars during or following a rain. The majority of clubs vest control of the vehicles in a committee or the board of directors. Uniform Ties for Walker Cup For the first time in the history of the Walker Cup Match, members of both the United States and British Teams wore identical neckties at St. Andrews, Scot­ land, last month. The ties, of navy blue, with small red figures of the American Eagle and the British Lion, were the gift of the Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St. Andrews, Scotland. One of the ties, incidentally, was presented to the USGA Museum in "Golf House.” NEW MEMBERS OF THE USCA REGULAR Alexander City Country Club, Ala. Bay City Country Club, Mich. Benton County Country Club, Inc. Cambridge Country Club, Md. Colwood Golfers Association, Ore. Cortland Country Club, N. Y. Crown Point Country Club, Vt. Cumberland Country Club, Md. Dickinson Country Club, Texas Fort Dix Golf Club, N. J. Freeport Golf Club, Texas Gatesville Country Club, Texas Hillsdale Golf and Country Club, Mich. Lexington Golf Club, Va. Old Warson Country Club, Mo. Pine Needles Country Club, N. C. Silver Lake Country Club, Mich. Sunset Grove Country Club, Texas Union Country Club, S. C. Vernondale Golf Gub, Cal. Woodland Golf Gub, Ind. Whitefish Lake Country Club, Mont. Yakota Golf Club, Japan ASSOCIATE Fairview Golf Course, Ohio Utica Municipal Golf Course, N. Y. Virginia Polytechnic Institute Golf Course Va. thousands of men and women who matched strokes against Ed Furgol, USGA Open Champion, and Mrs. George Zaharias, USGA Women’s Open Champion, will be tabulated. This is the first year women had an opportunity to compete against a feminine champion. Furgol and Mrs. Za­ harias played at the Olympic Country Club in San Francisco, where the Open Championship is to be played. In the last three years, prior to this year, more than $317,000 has been con­ tributed to the National Golf Fund, Inc., through National Golf Day, sponsored by Life Magazine and the Professional Golf­ ers’ Association with the cooperation of the USGA. Of that total, $23,700 has been allotted to turfgrass research and education and disbursed at the direction of the USGA Green Secton. Scores By the Thousands The next several days will be ultra busy ones at the headquarters of National Golf Day, where the 18-hole scores of English Returns John P. English has returned to the Association as Assistant Executive Direc­ tor after an absence of three months. 4 USCA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: JUNE. 1955 CAPTAIN’S CHOICE by IN THE WALKER CUP JOSEPH C. DEY, JR. USGA Executive Director Suppose you had the opportunity to play for the United States in a Walker Cup Match against Britain. You were plane — to give them opportunity in sev­ eral days of isolation at sea to get to know one another really well. right on the scene — St. Andrews, Scot­ land, — you had been runner-up in the British Amateur Championship the year before, you were playing well in practice, and you were the only member of your Team who had ever competed over the Old Course at St. Andrews. That would seem a tailor-made situation for you to win a sprig of golfing laurel. Big Bill Campbell was in that situation last month. He did distinguish himself. But his distinction lies in the fact that he did not play in the Match. As Captain of the United States side, he declined to put himself in the line-up for either of the two days of the Match. He used all the other eight members of the Team, even though he was one of the strongest and certainly the most experi­ enced American player. His self-denial resulted not from false modesty. It was an incident in the natural course of Bill Campbell’s duties as Captain as he envisioned those duties. Have you ever considered the duties of a captain in golf? It has many facets, but the main job is to lead a group of individ­ uals — all of them skilled at a highly individualistic game — to view the enter­ prise as a team effort. In a brief period of time they must learn to approach the Match not as separate personalities, but as an integrated group, every member stand­ ing ready to subordinate and to make any necessary sacrifice for the common welfare. Chance to Know Each Other It is quite a trick to bring that about. That is one reason why USGA teams going overseas travel by ship rather than by USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: JUNE, When the Team disembarked from the SS America at Southampton last month, it was a Team in fact. The team spirit was enhanced as the practice days passed at St. Andrews. Bill Campbell’s briefing con­ cerning the many subtleties of the Old Course had been so thorough that, as Bruce Cudd said, "All we had to do was go out and play.” But they had to learn to play in alternate rain and hail — in winds which, during one lunch period, swung round 180 degrees from due east to due west, at about 25 miles per hour. They had to learn to play wtih pajamas under their clothes to keep them warm, with rain pants and rain jackets on top, wearing newly bought fur- lined gloves between shots. They had to learn to play run-up shots with the small ball, from beautiful turf that gives the cleanest lie imaginable to tremendously large and fast greens, directly contrasting with our American pitch shots from lush, snuggly turf to soft greens. After nearly a week of practice, one member of the Team was playing not too well, and Bill was on the point of scrapping all his plans for the foursome lineup for the first day of the Match. He had not planned to play himself in the foursomes, but now it almost seemed the thing to do. But the player who was off form was an experienced golfer — one of the older members of the side— and Bill finally de­ cided to nominate him. "I have faith in him,” Bill said simply. Victory by Largest Margin That player and his partner won their foursomes by the largest margin of all 5 1955 THE VICTORIOUS WALKER CUP TEAM Top row, left to right: Bruce H. Cudd, Dale Morey, Isaac B. Grainger (President of the USGA), William C. Campbell (Captain), James G. Jackson and Richard L Yost. Below, left to right: William J. Patton, Donald R. Cherry, Lieut. Joseph W. Conrad and E. Harvie Ward, Jr. four of the first-day matches, which Amer­ ica swept. Captain Campbell scurried around all day, watching this match and then an­ other, making sure that he had all available information on which to base his lineup for the eight singles matches on the second day. After checking with a couple of scouts, he made his decision. *'I just can’t take one of those boys out. They’ll all play tomorrow,” he said. "They played their hearts out today, and every last one of them earned the right to play in the singles.” That is why Bill Campbell did not play in the Walker Cup. It should be noted that the player who had been off form in practice shot the greatest golf in the morning round of the singles — he was out in 32 and home in 36, for a 68 over the Old Course. He won his match by 6 and 4. And so the wheel turned a full cycle for Jimmy Jackson, of St. Louis. In the last match at Kittansett in 1953 he had discovered sixteen clubs in his bag on the second hole of his foursomes, and he and Gene Littler had been penalized the loss of two holes — they nearly were disquali­ fied. Now, at St. Andrews, he and Bruce Cudd won their foursome by 5 and 4 and he was brilliant in defeating Cecil Ewing in singles after that 68 in the morning. It could not have happened if his Cap­ tain had not had faith in him. American teams have been blessed with great leaders: Bill Fownes, Bob Gardner, Bob Jones, Francis Ouimet, Willie Turnesa and Charley Yates. Standing in worthy succession in that great tradition is Big Bill Campbell. This was the fifteenth Walker Cup Match, and the fourteenth United States victory. It was unexpected in some quar­ ters, and certainly the 10-2 margin was a surprise. The British had a rather veteran Team, steeped in knowledge of St. An­ drews, and the United States side was young and almost completely untried at Scottish linksland golf. As a matter of 6 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: JUNE, 1955 fact, only one American had gone as far as the final of the USGA Amateur — Dale Morey, who was runner-up in 1953. Britain’s only victory had come at St. Andrews. All its best showings had been made over the Old Course. Twice the score there was 6 to 5, with one match halved. But it must be borne in mind that we in the United States, with 5,100 golf courses, have about three times as many courses and thrice the population of the British Isles. Moreover, we play more com­ petitions, and our players are tournament- hardened. In contrast, Ronnie White, who played No. 1 for Britain, is a Liverpool lawyer who cannot find the time to play in the British Amateur. He has never won the British Amateur, yet for many years he has been perhaps as fine an amateur golfer as there is in the world. Until this year he had never lost a Walker Cup singles, having defeated Dick Chapman, Charlie Coe, Willie Turnesa and Fred Kammer. This time Harvie Ward, now at the peak of the amateur ranks, played brilliantly to defeat White by 6 and 5. In view of United States predominance, what of the future for the Walker Cup series? It seems a pity that the series has been one-sided in total result. At St. An­ drews some one suggested unofficially that the British team should include representa­ tives from the Dominions. After all, an Australian, Doug Bachli, won the British Amateur last year. Valuable Friendship Tie Aside from past results and ideas ad­ vanced for the future, one central fact shines out from the history of the Walker Cup Match. It is a most valuable tie of friendship between Britain and the United States. From a strictly selfish view, Americans who go overseas for golf competition are usually greatly enriched. We are a nation whose golfers are of first and second gen­ erations, occasionally third. The game abroad is much older. In “Golf House” we have a copy of Rules used about 1744 by the Honorable Company of Edinburgh Golfers. There is much we can still learn about golf from our British friends, even though our international teams are present­ ly stronger than theirs. That is what the Walker Cup really means. 1955 INTERNATIONAL MATCH FOR THE WALKER CUP Held at St. Andrews, Scotland May 20 and 21 FOURSOMES Points Points GREAT BRITAIN Joseph B. Carr and Ronald J. White....................... 0 Gerald H. Micklem and John L. Morgan................. 0 Ian Caldwell and Ernest B. Millward....................... 0 David A. Blair and j. Robert Cater.......................... 0 UNITED STATES E. Harvie Ward, Jr., and Donald R. Cherry (1 up).. 1 William ). Patton and Richard L. Yost (2 and 1).... 1 Joseph W. Conrad and Dale Morey (3 and 2)........ 1 Bruce H. Cudd and James G. Jackson (5 and 4).... 1 Total Foursomes 0 SINGLES Total Foursomes 4 Ronald J. White ........................................................... 0 Philip F. Scrutton ......................................................... 0 Ian Caldwell (1 up).................................................... X Joseph B. Carr ............................................................. 0 David A. Blair (1 up)................................................ 1 Ernest B. Millward ....................................................... 0 R. Cecil Ewing ............................................................. 0 John L. Morgan ........................................................... 0 E. Harvie Ward, Jr. (6 and 5)................................... 1 (2 and 1)...................................... 1 William J. Patton Dale Morey .................................................................... 0 Donald R. Cherry (5 and 4)...................................... 1 Joseph W. Conrad ....................................................... 0 Bruce H. Cudd (2 up)................................................ 1 James G. Jackson (6 and 4)....................................... J Richard L. Yost (8 and 7)......................................... 1 Total Singles Grand Total, Great Britain Non-playing Captain: G. Alec Hill 2 2 Total Singles Grand Total, United States Captain: William C. Campbell USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: JUNE, 1955 6 10 1 FRUITFUL MEETINGS ON THE RULES A number of improvements in the Rules of Golf have been drafted by representatives of the Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St. Andrews and the United States Golf Association, and will be sub­ mitted for approval to their governing bodies during the summer. There will be no immediate change in the playing code. The proposals of the joint negotiating committee, which met in London and St. Andrews last month, are almost all minor in character. They are intended to cover pretation of existing Rules which have occurrences in play and difficulties of inter­ arisen since the present world-wide code was drafted during R & A — USGA meet­ ings four year ago. The major object of the negotiators was to clarify the Rules still further. Matters of fundamental importance which were considered include: 1. Lifting of the ball on the putting greenz It is hoped, by proposals for changes in Rules, to reduce the amount of ball-lifting. 2. The flagstick’. It is hoped to sim­ plify the handling of the flag­ stick. 3. The ball’. Studies will be continued on both sides of the Atlantic in the hope of producing agreement on a standard ball. At preesnt the only difference between the Rules of Golf under the R. & A. and under the USGA is the diameter of the ball. In Great Britain the ball must not be smaller than 1.62 inches; in America, 1.68 inches. In both countries the maximum weight is 1.62 ounces. The joint committee was desirous of reach­ ing agreement on a standard, and one which can be checked by sim­ ple means. The problem is not easy. For the preesnt, it has been agreed to pursue investigations which have been conducted for some years, and to propose no change in A Very Apt Poem Many years ago the Rev. Samuel M. Lindsay, of Palm Beach, Fla., came across a poem. He didn’t know who wrote it, but he corrected the metre so it would read better. It fitted so well into the service for golfers at the Royal Poinciana Chapel in Palm Beach that he had it printed on the calendar. One golfer who read it told Dr. Lindsay he was going to have it put on his tombstone. The poem: Golfer’s Prayer When facing outward on life's tee Whate'r may be my fate Grant, I pray, this boon to me That I may drive them straight And if my best be not enough Then give me courage high To go out there into the rough And play them as they lie. And when on life's broad putting green The others make the cup If I do not, may I come clean And always be well up. And when my game of life is played And my clubs are laid aside No matter what mistakes I've made May I have qualified. the Rules until after thorough examination. No further details will be issued until the respective governing authorities have had an opportunity to consider the report of the negotiators. The negotiations were carried forward in the same spirit of harmony and friend­ ship which distinguished the meetings in 19 H, when the present world code was drafted. It is hoped to have similar periodic reviews of the Rules in future. The representatives were: R. & A. — Lt. Col. Charles O. Hezlet, Chairman; Dr. James Lawson, David Mc- Currach, Lord Brabazon of Tara, James Mitchell and Thomas Whitaker. USGA—Richard S. Tufts, Chairman; Charles B. Grace, John W. Fischer and Joseph C. Dey, Jr. 8 USCA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: JUNE, 1955 SCENE OF THE OPEN CHAMPIONSHIP The 6,700-yard length of the Olympic Country Club’s Lake Course in San Francisco, site of the 5 5 th USGA Open Championship this month, requires an ex­ planation. There are two par 3 holes of 139 and 187 yards, respectively, which reduce the yardage on the card and create the impression the tournament will be played over a comparatively short course. Any player anticipating a "soft touch,” however, is due for disappointment. Although the San Francisco Bay Area may be a newcomer to the list of USGA Championship sites, the Olympic Country Club’s Lake Course is known to many of today’s professional golfers. In 1946, when the San Francisco Open Champion­ ship was played on this course, a winning score of 283 for 72 holes was posted by Byron Nelson. The tournament, which at­ tracted more than 150 of the leading pro­ fessionals and amateurs, saw only two play­ ers able to break 70. One of these was the low score of the tournament, a 68 by Nelson. Although the event was played in January, when the course was heavy from rains, there was no rough such as will be in evidence for the Open this month. Rolls Held To Minimum The course, hard by the Pacific Ocean, is continually moistened at night by San Francisco’s fog, which holds the roll to a minimum and makes the course play much longer than the yardage indicates. A stretch of five holes, beginning with No. 2 and running through No. 6, prob­ ably is as difficult a run of continuous holes as competitors ever will be called upon to face in the Open Championship. It is there the winner may well be de­ cided in the late rounds. Following a com­ paratively routine par 5 first hole of 500 yards, a contestant will face the follow­ ing: No. 2, a hole of 423 yards, up-hill, which calls for a drive placed to the left of the fairway center, with severe trouble for the player who wanders off the fair­ way to the left. A well-hit tee shot will leave anything from a No. 3 iron to a No. 6 iron to the green. No. 3, par 3, 220 yards down to a tightly trapped green with a narrow open­ ing at the front. This shot from the championship tee may be anything from a No. 2 wood to a No. 2 iron. No. 4, a dog-leg to the left, is approxi­ mately 433 yards, with a down-hill tee shot and an up-hill second with about a No. 5 iron. The green is large, but only part of the flagstick is visible, due to the contour of the ground. No. 5, the first hole on which a handi­ cap stroke is allowed, is 457 yards, par 4, and bends to the right. The tee shot is down-hill and calls for an extremely well- placed drive in order to reach the green with a long iron or No. 4 wood. No. 6, 437 yards, also is a par 4. While the drive is not difficult, the second shot requires a well-controlled, medium length iron to a green sloping from right to left to assure the player his par 4. Real Test Of Ability While these by no means are the only difficult holes on the course, the fact that they come in succession will test the mettle of the finest players in the game. One hole deserving of mention, since it comes near the end of the round, is No. 16. This is a double dog-leg to the left, 603 yards. The second shot here is all important. The fairway narrows between trees at the point where this shot must be placed. Two well-hit shots may leave only a No. 8 or No. 9 iron to the green, but the least mis­ take could result in taking a 7. The home hole has been extended to 337 yards. It should give galleries numer­ ous thrills in watching players putt on a green which sits toward the tee at ap­ proximately a 35-degree angle. Ben Ho­ gan took four putts on this green in 1946. The Lake Course, although near the ocean, runs entirely through trees, which form a natural windbreak. On days when winds of gale proportions can be found on the companion Ocean Course, just USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: JUNE, 1955 9 Home Hole in the USGA Open Championship The eighteenth green of the Olympic Country Club's Lake Course in San Francisco, where the Open Championship will be played this month, promises to give galleries numerous thrills. The green sits toward the tee at about a 35-degree angle. It was here Ben Hogan took four putts in the 1946 San Francisco Open. The hole has been extended to 337 yards for the Open. Maulin Photo across the road, nothing more than a gentle breeze will prevail on the Lake Course. With few exceptions, greens on the Lake Course will not present the problems to contestants which the large undulating greens at the Oakmont Country Club and the Baltusrol Golf Club did in the 1953 and 1954 Open Championship, respectively. Preparations for the Open Championship has impinged upon the private and public lives of several hundred San Franciscans, extending over a period of almost two years. First the Championship involved Robert A. Roos, J., General Chairman for the Club, and his immediate associates in the establishment of policy. Next, sub­ chairman were brought in to handle such matters as the sale of tickets and adver­ tising in the program to finance expenses, the editorial preparation of the program, the maintenance of the course and grounds, the handling of parking and galleries dur­ ing the Championship, the establishment of a system for reporting and posting scores, the recruiting and training of caddies and many other details. The Picture Expands As new men were brought into the pic­ ture to handle these specialized problems, they in turn fanned out among their friends in the Club for assistance. USGA officials also contribute their services, not as much to the preparation of the facilities at the Club as in the han­ dling of entries and the conduct of the Championship play itself. Those who at­ tend will see these USGA officials on the 10 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: JUNE, 1955 course during play. They are identified easily by their navy blue jackets, navy blue, silver and scarlet ties and hat bands. There are fifteen of them, from all parts of the country. It isn’t generally known that all these men contribute their time and services without any reimbursement. Their contri­ bution in travel alone is sizable. Many of them this year will arrive almost directly from St. Andrews, Scotland, where they went for the recent Walker Cup Match. Intricate Web Of Details Some idea of the intricate preparations necessary in conducting the Open Cham­ pionship may be gained from the maze of details involved in communications ar­ rangements. Take the Open at the Baltus- rol Golf Club last year, for example. The New Jersey Bell Telephone Company pro­ vided more than 45 circuits to carry press, radio, television and telephone traffic. An 1,800-pair cable was run in to relieve the Springfield, N. J. area around Baltusrol. From this cable some 76 pairs were carried into the clubhouse to supplement an exist­ ing 51-pair cable. On Baltusrol’s Lower Course the con­ struction and installation forces had to improvise. Cable was run from the club­ house out onto the course itself. A tele­ phone pole was placed on the bowling green to serve the press tent, as well as two restaurant tents which straddled the first fairway of the Upper Course. From this point, wire was strung along trees out to the sixteenth tee to provide a pri­ vate line for the relaying of scores to the press tent. Similar private line arrange­ ments were provided at the ninth tee for the combined press and the Newark Eve­ ning News. Approximately two miles of wire were required to get these three cir­ cuits back to the scoreboard and press tent. The National Broadcasting Company provided its own telecasting equipment, which was set up to beam a signal from a tower and mobile truck near the seven­ teenth fairway and a vantage point near the eighteenth green to a small dish anten­ na on the roof of the clubhouse. From MEN’S HANDICAPS FOR CHAMPIONSHIPS Effective this year, handicaps submitted by amateurs as a basis for eligibility for the Amateur, Senior Amateur and Open Cham­ pionships must have been computed in accordance with the USGA Golf Handicap System for Men (1953 edition). Either basic or current handicaps will be accept­ able. While the USGA has long maintained a handicap qualification as a basis for eligi­ bility of amateurs in these championships, it has not previously specified the method by which these handicaps should be com­ puted. Scores to be recorded shall be only those made when the player has complied with the Rules of Golf. Scores made under “winter rules”, general “teeing up” or “preferred lies” must never be used for handicapping purposes. there the New Jersey Bell Telephone Com­ pany and the American Telephone and Telegraph Company took over and beamed the signal by micro-wave to the master antenna atop the Empire State Building, in New York City. Exemption Rules Changed Sam Snead, Al Mengert and Rudy Hor­ vath were added to the list of those ex­ empt from sectional qualifying for the Open this year as a result of a new inter­ pretation of rules. The exemptions were extended to include the ten lowest scorers of the 1954 Open, exclusive of the last five winners of the Championship. However, Ed Furgol, the present Open Champion, Ben Hogan and Cary Middle- coff, former Champions, also were among the first ten last year. Thus three more exemptions became available. Snead fin­ ished eleventh last year, while Mengert and Horvath tied for twelfth. In addition to Middlecoff, Hogan and Furgol, the last five individuals who have won the Open include Lew Worsham and Julius Boros. Among the others exempt as among the ten lowest scores last year are Gene Littler, Dick Mayer, Lloyd Man­ grum, A. D. (Bobby) Locke, Tommy Bolt, Shelley Mayfield, Freddie Haas, and Will­ iam J. Patton, an amateur. USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: JUNE, 1955 II DO YOU KNOW YOUR GOLF? Answers io questions below will be found on page 19. Scoring: All questions right: par 36. For each answer wrong: add 4 to 36. Score 1. The highest 72-hole score ever made by a winner of the USGA Open Championship was made by: (a) Fred Herd (b) Alex Smith (c) Willie Smith --------------- (d) Willie Anderson 2. The first player who broke 80 for four consecutive rounds in the USGA Open Championship was: (a) Harry Vardon --------------- (b) Willie Smith --------------- (c) Lawrence Auchterlonie-------------- - 3. The smallest man to ever win the USGA Open Champion­ ship was: --------------- (a) James Foulis --------------- (b) Fred McLeod --------------- (cj Willie Smith --------------- 4. The first amateur to win both the USGA Open and Ama­ teur Championship in the same year was: ---- (a) Francis Ouimet ---- (b) Charles Evans, Jr. ---- (c) Robert T. Jones, Jr. ______ ____ 5. The highest score on one hole in the USGA Open Cham­ pionship was made by: --------------- (a) Walter Hagen --------------- (b) Ray Ainsley --------------- (c) Willie Chisholm ______ ___ 6. The first time a play-off in the USGA Open Championship ever resulted in a tie was in: __________ (a) 1916 __________ (b) 1922 __________ (c) 1925 7. The largest number of holes necessary in a play-off to determine the winner of the USGA Open Championship occurred in: __________ (a) 1927 __________ (b) 1929 __________ (c) 1931 8. The first time the entry in the USGA Open Champion­ ship ever exceeded 1,000 was in: __________ (a) 1921 __________ (b) 1928 __________ (c) 1932 9. The last amateur to win the USGA Open Championship was: --------------- (a) Robert T. Jones, Jr. ----------------(b) Johnny Goodman ----------------(c) Francis Ouimet 12 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: JUNE, 1955 SARAZEN MOST DURABLE PERFORMER IN OPEN by BILL INCLISH The Daily Oklahoman- Oklahoma City Times (^.ene Sarazen is the most durable per­ former in the history of the USGA Open Championship, having appeared in 31 consecutive Championships while play­ ing through 26. Sarazen started his amazing string as an 18-year-old at Inverness in 1920 and has teed off in every Open since, until this year, when he is assisting in the telecasting at San Francisco. Only two other contestants have played through 20 or more. Walter Hagen was around at the finish in 22, while Alex Campbell, who started back in 1899, stood at 20 when he retired. Slight inconsistencies will be noted in the 18 and 72-hole averages of some of the early-day stars because the first three Opens were contested at 36 instead of 72. In their case, all their rounds are figured in the 18-hole average but their 72-hole average is restricted to 72-hole perform­ ances. CLASS I (25 or More Complete Opens) CENE SARAZEN Player CENE SARAZEN ................ 26 Complete Opens High 313 Low Period 286 1920-1952 72-Hole 18-Hole Average Average 299.31 74.83 CLASS II (20 or More Complete Opens, But Fewer Than 25) WALTER HAGEN ................ 22 ALEX CAMPBELL ................ 20 318 340 290 302 1913-1936 1899-1924 300.59 320.2 75.15 80.05 CLASS III (15 or More Complete Opens, But Fewer Than 20) RALPH CULDAHL ...... ...... 15 PAUL RUNYAN ........... ...... 16 HORTON SMITH ......... ...... 17 DENNY SHUTE ............. ...... 16 LEO DIECEL ................. ...... 15 318 327 322 325 315 281 289 288 284 294 1930-1949 1928-1952 1927-1952 1926-1950 1920-1934 297.47 298.75 300.76 300.81 301.8 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: JUNE, 1955 74.37 74.69 75.19 75.20 75.45 13 Player Complete Opens MACDONALD SMITH ...__ 18 TOMMY ARMOUR ........ __ 16 BOBBY CRUICKSHANK .___ 17 JOHNNY FARRELL........ __ 17 JIM BARNES ................ ..... 15 AL WATROUS ...............___ 17 JOHN GOLDEN ............ ----- 15 JOCK HUTCHISON........ ___ 16 MIKE BRADY ................ .___ 19 FRED MCLEOD .............. ...... 19 ALEX SMITH ................ ...... 17 GIL NICHOLLS .............. ...... 15 High 318 317 218 322 315 317 332 338 343 334 340 366 Low 288 292 285 292 289 297 294 288 294 297 295 293 CLASS IV Period 1910-1937 1920-1940 1921-1950 1920-1940 1912-1930 1921-1951 1920-1935 1908-1932 1906-1932 1903-1928 1898-1921 1898-1920 72-Hole Average 302.33 302.81 303.35 304.24 305 306.41 308.27 308.56 308.7 313.53 316.29 320.33 18-Hole Average 75.58 75.7 75.84 76.06 76.25 76.6 77.07 77.14 77.19 78.38 79.07 80.08 (10 or More Complete Opens, But Fewer Than 15) BEN HOGAN ....................... 11 SAM SNEAD......................... 14 LLOYD MANGRUM ............ 12 JIMMY DEMARET .............. 10 DICK METZ ......................... 11 JOHNNY BULLA ................ 12 11 DUTCH HARRISON ............ 11 ROBERT T. JONES, JR......... 12 VIC GHEZZI ...................... 11 HENRY PICARD .................. HERMAN BARRON ............ 12 HARRY COOPER ................ 12 11 JOHNNY REVOLTA ............ 10 OLIN DUTRA...................... 13 BILLY BURKE .................... 14 CRAIG WOOD .................... ED DUDLEY ......................... 12 11 CHICK EVANS .................... 11 AL ESPIONOSA .................. TONY MANERO.................. 10 12 FRANK WALSH .................. BILL MEHLHORN .............. 14 11 JIMMY THOMSON .............. JOE TURNESA ..................... 10 11 WILLIE HUNTER ................ 11 JOE KIRKWOOD, SR............. WILLIE MACFARLANE ...... 12 CLARENCE HACKNEY ........ 10 WILLIE KLEIN .................. 12 GEORGE SARGENT.............. 13 11 TOM KERRIGAN ................ JOHN RODGERS ................ 10 11 EMMETT FRENCH ............ BOB MACDONALD ............ 12 HARRY HAMPTON ............ 12 TOM MCNAMARA ............ 13 WILLIE ANDERSON ............ 14 PETER ROBERSTON ............ 10 ALEX ROSS ......................... 14 LAWRENCE AUCHTERLONIE 11 14 GEORGE LOW .................... JACK CAMPBELL ................ 10 ISAAC MACKIE .................. 12 11 JAMES FOULIS .................... HARRY TURPIE .................. 10 HORACE RAWLINS ............ 14 308 309 304 300 307 309 307 309 311 313 309 320 316 308 315 317 315 313 314 318 317 322 321 314 322 318 320 316 323 324 326 329 325 324 328 343 339 333 347 346 341 349 350 347 357 361 276 282 284 278 287 287 288 287 284 289 285 284 293 292 292 284 287 286 294 282 292 290 293 294 298 293 291 302 298 290 292 293 303 296 304 294 299 308 302 305 303 309 299 317 319 322 1939-1954 1937-1954 1939-1954 1937-1954 1935-1954 1936-1953 1936-1953 1920-1930 1932-1949 1934-1951 1931-1949 1927-1939 1933-1954 I93U-1939 1928-1947 1925-1951 1928-1941 1914-1936 1925-1940 1928-1940 1926-1940 1920-1937 1925-1949 1923-1933 1922-1938 1921-1948 1912-1938 1916-1936 1923-1941 1909-1927 1914-1936 1920-1940 1915-1929 1911-1933 1915-1933 1903-1919 1897-1910 1904-1913 1903-1926 1899-1909 1899-1919 1900-1912 1901-1921 1895-1911 1898-1906 1895-1909 288.09 291 291.83 293.2 293.64 295.58 295.82 295.91 296.5 296.82 297.58 298.08 299.27 299.6 300.38 300.57 300.75 301.7 302.73 304.5 304.17 304.36 304.73 305.5 305.82 306.64 307.25 308 309.33 309.77 309.82 310 310.27 311.67 312.17 312.77 317.7 316.8 317.5 322.18 322.21 328.7 328.75 334 335.89 339.3 72.02 72.75 72.96 73.3 73.41 73.89 73.95 73.98 74.12 74.2 74.39 74.52 74.82 74.9 75.09 75.14 75.19 75.43 75.68 76.01 76.04 76.09 76.18 76.37 76.45 76.66 76.81 77 77.33 77.44 77.45 77.5 77.57 77.92 78.04 78.19 79 79.2 79.37 80.55 80.55 82.17 82.18 83.37 84.15 84.7 M USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: JUNE, 1955 WHAT IS A SECOND by CHANCE WORTH? GUY B. FARRAR A second chance! How many of us have wished for such an opportunity! For a chance to redeem past failures, to recall the years the locusts have eaten. Should we profit by it or should we still take the same course involving the same mistakes in spite of our second chance if such a thing could ever be offered to us? Sir James Barrie, in his delightful play, "Dear Brutus,” did not encourage us to hope for much improvement from the opportunity offered by a second chance, but golfers, the most optimistic of human be­ ings, might not agree with him. If only I had a chance of playing all my bad shots over again! If only I had taken more care with that curly putt! If only I had decided on a different line from the tee! How often have we heard these "ifs” in the clubhouse at the end of a medal round, the might-have-beens of every competition day! What Would the Saving Be? Suppose the Rules of Golf allowed us to recall any stroke that failed to satisfy us during a round and we were actually gvien a second chance to replay any shot. What would the saving be in strokes? If we had to abide by the result of our second chance, should we dare recall a moderately good shot, knowing full well that we might be worse off after our sec­ ond attempt? Many intriguing situations would arise calling for careful considera­ tions before claiming a second chance. I have in my possession the details of a game played some time ago to determine how much a second chance really was worth to a moderately low handicap golfer when playing a medal round. The match was between A, a six handi- Reprinted from Golf Ilustrated, London cap golfer, who challenged B, a scratch player, to play an eighteen-hole medal round on level terms, A being allowed to recall any stroke during the round which he desired to play again, but, for better or worse, having to accept the result of his second attempt. This novel form of handicapping cre­ ated considerable interest and speculation amongst members of the club on whose course the match was played, some declar­ ing that a second chance at any shot was worth more than half a stroke a hole, whilst the more cautious doubted if it would save more than three or four shots in all. What interested me was not so much the actual result of the match, which de­ pended mostly on the form of the indi­ vidual players on the day, but the number of strokes recalled by A, the result of his second attempts, and the actual clubs with which these recalled shots were played^ After the game an analysis of A‘s card showed that he had recalled twenty-four shots in all, seven from the tee, five through the green, one in a bunker, and eleven putts. Only one, or at most two, shots were actually saved on the putting green out of the eleven second chances, a miserable putt being holed at the second time of asking and a long approach putt being laid dead after an indifferent first attempt. Against these gains must be set a disaster when a second chance from four yards re­ sulted in three more putts being taken— a shattering blow. The five shots recalled through the green definitely saved two strokes, an approach shot played with a No. 5 iron ending a few yards from the pin, the initial attempt being trapped in a bunker, and a second USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: JUNE, 1955 15 chip shot that went stone dead. The other three second attempts neither gained nor lost any definite advantage on the original strokes. Drives Are Improved The advantage of a second chance from the teeing ground was very evident, four of the recalled drives being a great im­ provement and resulting in a probable sav­ ing of four strokes. The other three second attempts did not make the playing of the holes any easier. It is interesting to note that all seven of the second drives were equal or superior to the initial ventures. A summary of the recalled shots is as follows: Tee shots = seven recalled; probably four strokes gained. Through the green — five recalled; two shots gained. On the green =z eleven recalled; two shots gained; one lost; net gain ■=. one shot. Bunker — one recalled; one shot gained. It is difficult to assess the probable re­ sult of the subsequent shots of those re­ called, but the player in this particular case undoubtedly benefited by a net gain of seven or eight shots from the 24 sec­ ond chances he elected to take. Looking Back After the round, A said he felt he ought to have saved more strokes on the putting green, but most of his second chances were at putts of several yards in length, the only short putt missed being when three putts were taken after recalling an unsuc­ cessful first effort. This method of handicapping is obvi­ ously not one for golfers on a crowded course at weekends, but when time and opportunity permit it is an interesting and amusing experiment. The predicament of the long handicap golfer who had made an indifferent ap­ proach over a bunker, but is too fright­ ened to recall his shot, or the nervous player who appears to have putted dead and then misses his holing-out putt twice in suc­ cession, would cause much innocent amuse­ ment to spectators, if not to the players concerned. USGA PUBLICATIONS OF GENERAL INTEREST THE RULES OF GOLF, as approved by the United States Golf Association and the Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St. Andrews, Scotland. Booklet, 25 cents (spe­ cial rates for quantity orders). Poster, 25 cents. ARE YOUR LOCAL RULES NECESSARY? a re­ print of a USGA Journal article containing recommendations regarding local rules. No charge. THE RULE ABOUT OBSTRUCTIONS, a reprint of a USGA Journal article. No charge. USGA GOLF HANDICAP SYSTEM FOR MEN, containing recommendations for comput­ ing Basic and Current Handicaps and for rating courses. Booklet, 25 cents. Poster, 10 cents. THE CONDUCT OF WOMEN'S GOLF, con­ taining suggestions for guidance in the conduct of women's golf. in clubs and associations, including tournament pro­ cedures, handicapping and course rating. 25 cents. HANDICAPPING THE UNHANDICAPPED, a reprint of a USGA Journal article explain­ ing the Callaway System of automatic handicapping for occasional players in a single tournament. No charge. TOURNAMENTS FOR YOUR CLUB, a reprint of a USGA Journal article detailing vari­ ous types of competitions. No charge. PROTECTION OF PERSONS AGAINST LIGHTNING ON GOLF COURSES, a poster. No charge. MOTION PICTURES ON GOLF (list). No charge. MOTION PICTURES RELATING TO GOLF COURSE MAINTENANCE (list). No charge. HOLE-IN-ONE AWARDS. No charge. AMATEURISM IS IN THE HEART, a reprint of a USGA Journal article by E. G. Grace. No charge. BETTER LAWNS TO COME, a reprint of a USGA Journal article. No charge. TURF MANAGEMENT, by H. B. Musser (Mc­ Graw-Hill Book Co., Inc), the authorita­ tive book on greenkeeping. $7. USGA CHAMPIONSHIP RECORD BOOK. De­ tailed results of all USGA competitions since their start in 1895. $2. USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT, a 33-page magazine published seven times a year. $2. a year. a Tty*. Publications are available on request to tel Golf Association, 40 East 38th $%**' New York 16’ N. Y. Please send payment with your order. 10 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: JUNE, 1955 OLD CLUB, NEW COURSE FOR WOMEN’S OPEN CHAMPIONSHIP 'T'he Wichita Country Club, in Wi­ chita, Kan., site of the USGA Wom­ en’s Open Championship, starting at the end of this month, has one of the newer golf courses. Construction started in 1949, and the facilities were opened in Decem­ ber, 1950. But the Club’s history stretches back farther than that, for this in actu­ ality was the fifth change of clubhouse and course since its incorporation. The Wichita Country Club is one of the oldest golf clubs west of the Mississip­ pi River. The founder of golf in Wichita was Bennett B. Cushman, who at the end of the nineteenth century had been an active golfer at the Chevy Chase Club, near Washington, D.C., and who in 1900 moved to Wichita, bringing along with him his very real golf enthusiasm. After several months of conversation and education of Wichitans by Cushman, the Wichita Country Club was formally incorporated on September 8, 1900. The cups at that time were tin cans and the greens were as nature, unaided, had de­ veloped them. There were no flags, no artificial hazards and, of course, no cad­ dies. There were no dressing rooms or showers, no place even to wash one’s hands. Membership was fixed at 100. First Tournament In 1900 The Country Club held Wichita’s first golf tournament on October 19, 1900, and in spite of jibes by bystanders and wise­ cracks of the town’s funny men the event was a great success and the game took hold from the beginning—so much so that mature businessmen feared that some of the younger set were devoting entirely too much time to golf and too little to busi­ ness. Unusual Hazards in Golf The following dispatch arrived from Boston the other day: “Golfers among the Massachusetts State Prison inmates today had their ‘secret’ golf course and their golf clubs taken away from them. “In addition, Deputy Warden Albert Thompson and a guard, Victor Anchu- kiatis, were suspended for lowering four golf clubs from the wall to the prisoners. “Acting Warden Perley S. Vance said he had no knowledge of any golf course within the prison walls. “An employee of the Correction De­ partment said, however, that some of the prisoners who work in the foundry built a miniature course in the yard outside the shop.” clubhouse commonly known as the Bird Cottage. The Club has played host to several major tournaments in the past, both on the old and the present courses. In 1936 John Dawson won the Trans-Mississippi Ama­ teur and in 1948 Charles Coe was the winner of the same tournament. Skee Rie­ gel was the winner of one of his first major tournaments, the Western Amateur Cham­ pionship, in 1947. The Mid-Continent Open was held at Wichita Country Club for several years during the 1920s. Winners included Wal­ ter Hagen and Jock Hutchison. Purses of $1,500 to $2,000 at that time attracted all the outstanding professionals. Last year Beverly Hanson was the win­ ner in the Women’s Open Invitational, which carried a $5,000 purse. She scored 78-73-71-73 — 295 and won by seven strokes. The lowest eighteen-hole score was 71. The estimated value of goods, chattels and lands were set at $8,000 in 1901, at which time the Club had moved into its The Club has developed two intercol- legate champions in a period of four years. Marilyn Smith, now playing professional USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: JUNE. 1955 17 USGA COMPETITIONS FOR 1956 Championship Venue Dates OPEN WOMEN’S OPEN AMATEUR PUBLIC LINKS JUNIOR AMATEUR GIRLS’ JUNIOR WOMEN’S AMATEUR AMATEUR Oak Hill Country Club Rochester, N. Y. Northland Country Club Duluth, Minn. Harding Park Golf Course San Francisco, Cal. Taconic Golf Club Williams College Williamstown, Mass. (not determined) June 144546 — — •--------- — Meridian Hills Country Club Indianapolis, Ind. Sept. 17-22 Knollwood Club Lake Forest, Ill. Sept. 10-15 SENIOR AMATEUR (not determined) — golf, won the Women’s Collegiate Cham­ pionship at Columbus, Ohio, in 1949, and Jim Vickers won the National Collegiate Athletic Association Championship at Purdue University in 1952. USGA Member Since 1910 The Club has been a member of the USGA since 1910, and Frederick L. Dold, one of its members, was a member of the USGA Executive Committee for five years. Prior to that he had been president of the Trans-Mississippi Golf Association. John Butts, another member, was president of the Trans-Mississippi Golf Association in 1954. Messrs. Dold and Butts are Co- Chairmen for the Club for this Women’s Open Championship. The course, running 6,330 yards over slightly rolling country with a women’s par of 72, presents a good test of accuracy. It has had few changes since its construc­ tion by William Diddel, of Carmel, Ind., who did the planning and worked closely with Wes Updegraff, former green super­ intendent, and Mike Murra, the Club’s professional for twenty-nine years. The present green superintendent is Ev­ erett Queen. Fairways are mixtures of blue grass and bent and the greens are C 1 and C 19 bent. Natural hazards are em­ ployed, and there are only about fifty sand traps. An interesting feature of the course is the large rolling greens, several of them measuring more than 8,500 square feet. This places great emphasis on the approach and on putting. The nine Women’s Open Championship played thus far, beginning in 1946, have been won by five contestants — Miss Patty Berg, Miss Betty Jameson, Mrs. George Zaharias, Miss Louise Suggs and Miss Betsy Rawls. Mrs. Zaharias, the Champion, has three triumphs to her credit, having also won in 1948 and 1950. The USGA, at the request of the Ladies’ Professional Golfers’ Association, assumed sponsorship of the Championship in 1953. 18 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: JUNE, 1955 MY MOST MEMORABLE GOLF EXPERIENCE by JACK WESTLAND USGA Amateur Champion, 1952 HTIhe most embarrassing moment in my golf career might give some sadistic pleasure to other golfers who have been in similar circumstances. In 1932 I, as a member of the United States Walker Club Team, was playing against Sean Burke, the then Irish Cham­ pion. I finally managed to get 3 up and 3 to go when someone notified me that it didn’t make any difference how my match came out, as we already had won the cup. Well, I proceeded to lose the next two holes and then we squared away on the final hole. We both hit good drives, with Burke a yard or so in front of me. I hit a No. 4 iron dead to the flag, but it hit the ledge of the trap guarding the green and fell back in. Burke then hit an iron which went awry, landed on a paved road and bounced some 75 yards away. From there he hit the ball into another trap. Now it was my turn to play. There probably were 5,000 people watching and, because my ball was lying cleanly, I thought: ”1*11 show ’em how good I am and chip this one out real close.” I chipped all right, but the ball not only failed to clear the lip of the bunker—IT BURIED IN IT. Burke then played a fine explosion shot close to the hole, while I, after two futile attempts, finally dislodged the ball and asked my caddie if there was any point in putting, only to get the reply: "Hell no, pick it up and let’s get out of here.” P. S. I’ve blasted ever since. DO YOU KNOW YOUR GOLF? (Answers to questions on page 12) 1. (d) Willie Anderson, who tied at 331 with (b) Alex Smith in 1901 at the Myopia Hunt Club, Hamil­ ton, Mass. Anderson won in the play-off. 2. (c) Lawrence Auchterlonie (78- 78-74-77—307) in 1902 at the Garden City Golf Club, Garden City, N. Y. 3. (b) Fred McLeod, of the Midlo­ thian Country Club, Chicago, who weighed 108 pounds. He won in 1908 at the Myopia Hunt Club, Hamilton, Mass. 4. (b) Charles Evans, Jr., of the Edgewater Golf Club, Chicago, in 1916. 5. Ray Ainsley, who took a 19 on the par 4 sixteenth hole in the second round in 1938 at the Cherry Hits Club, Denver, Col. 6. (c) 1925. Willie Macfarlane and Robert T. Jones, Jr., each shot 75 in the first 18 holes of the play-off at the Worcester (Mass.) C.C. In the second 18 holes, Macfarlane won, 72 to 73. 7. (c) 1931. Billy Burke vs George Von Elm, 72 holes, at the Inverness Club, Toledo, Ohio. Burke won by one stroke, 297 to 298. 8. (b) 1928. The entry was 1,064 at the Olympia Fields C.C., Matteson, Ill. 9. (b) Johnny Goodman in 1933 at the North Shore Golf Club, Glen View, Ill. USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: JUNE. 1955 19 “SCORE” OR “CARD” — WE STILL WANT IT After reading the article "Wanted—A Score for Every Round” in the April issue, William Hubbard, of Holyoke, Mass., tele­ phoned to suggest that changing the word "score” to "card” would give the article greater effect. He reasons that most rounds are played at match play, with many of those includ­ ing at least one or more pick-up holes, so how can a player turn in a "score” if he has not completed play on all eighteen holes. The answer lies in the fact that the USGA permits, for handicap purposes only, the use of a score of two more than par on any pick-up hole for men handi­ capped at 18 or less, and a score of three more than par for men handicapped at 19 or more. The purpose of this is to pre­ vent loss of valuable eighteen-hole scores from players’ handicap scoring records. The results are accurate enough for the issuance of equitable handicaps. Procedure Should Be Modified Use of this procedure should be modi­ fied somewhat when conditions so war­ rant. Take the case of the player whose third stroke ends some twenty feet from the cup on a par 4 hole and he picks it up because his partner has holed in 4 or his opponent has made a birdie 3. To give him an automatic two-over or three-over par on that hole for handicap purposes would hardly be justified. Equity would in­ dicate that he probably would have gotten down in two putts, so a one-over par 5 would serve better for handicap purposes. Whether we ask for a "score” or a "card” for every round is less important than obtaining some actual figures that the handicappers can use. Turn it in, and handicaps will gravitate to their proper levels. You can’t help a little child up the hill without getting nearer the top your­ self. USGA SEEKS IDEAS ON HANDICAP SCORING RECORDS The USGA Handicap Committee wants to issue a standard form of Scoring Rec­ ord on which to post a player’s scores and handicap, incluiding all necessary data from which to periodically compute the player’s handicap as easily and quickly as possible. Many different forms have been examined, but not one seems to com­ pletely fill the bill. It is known that many clubs and asso­ ciations have special forms of their own. From one or more of these may come the answers to all our needs. The Handicap Committee would greatly appreciate re­ ceipt of sample forms from any club or association willing to let us use any or all of its ideas (a minimum of six copies are needed). If a satisfactory form can be found or devised, it is probable that the USGA will have it printed in large quanti­ ties for sale to member dubs at a lesser cost than could otherwise be obtained. Another need is a method of collecting as many day to day scores as possible from players. The more obtained, the better the handicapping. It is believed that no one method will work at all clubs. If enough good ideas can be obtained, the best ones will be publirized promptly. Please mail sample forms and ideas to William O. Blaney, Chairman, USGA Handicap Committee, 40 Broad Street, Boston 9, Massachusetts. New Venture For C.D.G.A. The Chicago District Golf Association, which has pioneered many useful projects in behalf of the private clubs which it represents, has taken a step in another new and useful direction. It has agreed to manage sectional qualifying Rounds in the Chicago area for the Amateur Public Links Championship and to collect, han­ dle and disperse funds in connection with this Championship for Chicago public links players. We feel this is a commend­ able activity and reflects a most generous and helpful spirit. 20 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: JUNE, 1955 THE REFEREE Decisions by the Rules of Golf Committees Example of symbols: '‘USGA" indicates decision by the United States Golf Association. *‘R & A” indicates decision by the Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St. Andrews, Scotland. “55-1” means the first decision issued in 1955. “D’’ means definition. “R. 37-7” refers to Section 7 of Rule 37 in the 1955 Rules of Golf. Ball Dropped In Wrong Location USGA 54-36 D. 29, R. 1, 7-2, 21-3, 29-1 Q: The tee shot on the hole in question requires a long carry over an abandoned quarry in order to reach the fairway. If the ball is hooked too much and carries over the quarry, it is apt to wind up in woods or heavy rough. The player’s drive was hooked. The player believed the ball had carried over the quarry and into the woods and rough. The ball could not be found within five minutes of searching. The player dropped a ball in this rough, at approximately the position where he thought his original ball was lost. He added a penalty stroke to his score and played the ball out onto the fairway, claiming that his score to this point was 3. He holed out in three more and claimed a 6 for the hole. Was the player correct? A: No. Rule 29-1 provides in part: "If a ball be lost . . ., the player shall play his next stroke as nearly as possible at the spot from which the original ball was played, adding a penalty stroke to his score for the hole”. The player did not put his second ball in play according to this Rule. Therefore: Match Play: The player lost the hole. Stroke Play: The player did not play the hole (Rule 1) or the stipulated round (Definition 29 and Rule 7-2), and there­ fore had no score which could be accept­ ed. He thus disqualified himself. He could have made a score by pro­ ceeding under Rule 21-3. In such a case, his second ball improperly dropped would be deemed a wrong ball, with a penalty of two strokes for playing it, making his score 3 to that point. He then must have returned to the tee and put a ball in play according to Rule 29-1, and his score to that point would have been 5. As he did not do so, he was disqualified—see Rule 21-3, last paragraph. Although the penalty statement under Rule 29 calls for a penalty of two strokes in stroke play for a breach of the Rule, it does not apply to cases such as this in which a ball is deliberately dropped nearer the hole and played, and a ball is not played from the tee into the hole by suc­ cessive strokes. If it were otherwise, there would be nothing to prevent a player, hav­ USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: JUNE, 1955 21 ing a lost ball, from dropping a ball on the putting green alongside the hole with a two-stroke penalty. The two-stroke penalty applies to all violations of the Rule except where superseded by other Rules as in the present case. As examples in which the two-stroke penalty would apply in stroke play, we cite the following (a) A second shot played from a "fair­ way” becomes lost. The player drops a ball ten yards to the side of the spot from which the original ball was played, and not as nearly as possible at that spot. (b) A second shot played from a haz­ ard becomes lost. Instead of dropping an­ other ball in the hazard, as the Rule pro­ vides, the player places a ball in the hazard. Lateral Water Hazard USGA 55-10 Def. 30, R. 11-1, 14, 33-3b Q 1! In a match, both players drove into a lateral water hazard. Player A dropped his ball within two club-lengths of the margin. Player B dropped his ball four club-lengths from the margin. The hole was played out and won by B. During the play of the next hole one of the gallery called the referee’s atten­ tion to the violation of the Rule by Bt which should have cost him the hole. (a) Did the referee then have any power to correct the result of the hole? Could any action be taken by the Tournament Committee on learning of the occurrence? (b) If the referee had observed B about to drop in violation of the Rule, would he have had a right to warn B, and thus avoid the violation? A 1: (a) Even though player B vio­ lated Rule 3 3-3 b, neither the referee nor the Tournament Committee could have changed the result of the hole after the players played from the next teeing ground—see Rule 11-1. (b) Yes. A referee is under no obliga­ tion voluntarily to inform players of their rights or warn them when they seem about to breach the Rules (see Definition 26). Anything a referee may do in this order is gratuitous. If he volunters information about the Rules, he should do so uni­ formly to both players. There is no pro­ hibition in the Rules against this, since "information on the Rules or Local Rules is not ‘advice’.” When referees are assigned in USGA Championships, they attempt to inform the players uniformly of pertinent Rules in order to prevent inadvertent infractions and to educate the players. Ball Rolls Off Tee Q 2: A player having addressed his ball on the tee raises his club and begins its forward movement with the intention of hitting the ball. As he does so he sees the ball starting to fall from its tee. He stops his swing before it has progressed half way. Am I right in thinking that he has made a stroke? May he then re-tee his ball under Rule 14, although under Definition 5 his ball is in play, or must he play the ball as it lies? A 2: The player’s intention to move the ball died before he was able to move it, and there was no stroke; see Definition 30. Rule 14 applies. “Green” Committee Q 3: Am I correct in thinking that "Green Committee”, and "Green fee” are correct, and that to add an "s” is an error? A3: "Green Committee and "Green fee” are correct. Questions by: Norman B. Beecher Clearwater, Fla. Unplayable Lie In Hazard USGA 53-11 Def. 13, 17, 20; R. 18-1, 29-2, 31 Q 1: Is there such a thing as an un­ playable lie in a bunker? If there is, where does the player drop the ball? A 1: Note to Rule 29-2 states: "The player is the sole judge as to when his ball is unplayable. It may be declared un­ playable at any place on the course.” 22 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: JUNE. 1955 Rule 29-2 gives two options as to how a player may proceed if he deems his ball unplayable. Obstructions and Impediments Q 2: From which of the following ob­ jects is the player entitled to relief if they interfere with his stance or swing in a bunker or other hazard: Bottles, newspa­ pers, heavy branches, rakes, mound of dirt made by a gopher. A strong wind knocked a huge branch from a tree into a bunker. Before the grounds-keeper could remove such obsta­ cles, a member hit a ball into a bunker and because of the branch he had an un­ playable lie. The members insisted that being in a bunker was a penalty of itself and that he could not have an unplayable lie in a hazard. In another instance, a player’s ball came to rest in a bunker directly behind a large mound of dirt made by a gopher. Here again the grounds-keeper would probably have smoothed the mound in order not to add a possible penalty to a bunker. In this instance, the player insisted that the mound of dirt was ground under repair under Definition 13 and that he was en­ titled to drop his ball in the bunker in a manner to give relief, but no nearer the hole. There have been a number of instances in which players have removed from bunkers prior to playing their ball such items as empty cigarette packs, bottle caps, cans and other unnatural objects. We would assume that in accordance with Defiinitions 17 and 29 players have a right to do so. A 2: The following are among ob­ structions under Definition 20: bottles, newspapers and rakes. Obstructions are artificial things. Relief from obstructions, without penalty, is provided by Rule 31. A loose branch of a tree, being a natural object, is a loose impediment under Defi­ nition 17. A loose impediment may be re­ moved except when both the impediment and the ball lie in or touch a hazard—see Rule 18-1. The size of a loose branch or the posi­ tion into which it has fallen does not affect its classification. Rule 32 gives relief without penalty from a hole, cast or runway made by a burrowing animal, anywhere on the course, including hazards. Questions by: Mitchell N. Hotra Los Angeles, Cal. Honor After Claim USGA 55-12 R. 11-1, 11-4, 37-7 Q: A and B are playing a match for which no referee was appointed. On one of the holes a dispute arises. A makes a claim before the players play from the next teeing ground, as required by Rule 11-1. It is understood that this was done so that the matter might thereafter be referred to the Committee, and that it did not have to be resolved on the spot. 1. If this is correct, the match then should continue play—in which case, who has the honor? 2. Consider also that B refuses to con­ tinue play until a refree has been sent for to settle the claim. A wishes to continue immediately. Can A claim the next hole by virtue of Undue Delay, Rule 37-7? If so, how much time must elapse to con­ stitute Undue Delay? What would then be the procedure? Is the match ended when B refuses to continue play? Or does A continue to play by himself if necessary, until enough holes have passed to win the match? A 1: The honor should, in equity, be decided by lot—see Rule 11-4—except that if B had the honor on the disputed hole and A’s claim was to gain a half B would retain the honor. A 2: Rule 37-7 does not apply. If there is any doubt as to the legality of A’s claim, B would not be obliged to continue play until the claim had been settled. It is generally preferable that the status of a hole be determined before play begins on the next hole. In match play each player is entitled to know how the match stands at all times. Question by: Miss B. L. Roberts Portland, Oregon USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: JUNE, 1955 23 Modifying Penalty For Disqualification USGA 5 5-14 R. 36-5, 37-3 Q 1: In your Rules of Golf, it states that the penalty of disqualification may be modified or waived. In what way may it be modified? A 1: In proceeding under Rule 36-5, the Committee may reduce a disqualifica- cation penalty to any lesser penalty which it considers appropriate to the violation. Only the Committee as a group may take such action; it may not be done by a referee or other individual on his own responsibility. Q 2: In our state championship, a con­ testant, through negligence, on the day of and before the qualifying round, chip­ ped onto one of the regular greens. She reported it to the committee as soon as she realized her mistake. The committee ruled on her question after she had com- peletd her qualifying round, but before she posted her score. The committee modified the disqualifi­ cation penalty (Rule 37-3) by giving her a two-stroke penalty. She qualified for third flight, with or without the two- stroke penalty. Is this fair to the No. 1 player in the fourth flight, who would have have had a spot in the third flight had she been disqualified? A 2: The judgment of the local com­ mittee must control, as it is in possession of all the facts. The committee should be guided by the principles in Rule 36-5 Q 3: Do you recommend that a pen­ alty of disqualification be modified when it is a qualifying round of a state cham­ pionship? A 3: It is up to the local committee. Disqualification penalties have been waived and modified in national championships and international team play. Q4: Are we setting a precedent for future years whereby it will be hard to disqualify anyone where this person was allowed to continue play? A 4: Obviously, waiver or modifica­ tion should be made only for substantial cause, as Rule 36-5 provides. If a prece­ dent is a fair one, it need not be feared. Q 5: Would you recommend that the state board establish in their records some­ thing that would cover future problems such as this? A 5: Yes. Questions by: Mrs. Keene H. Morison Wilton, Me. Marking Ball On Putting Green R & A 54-68 R. 30-3, 33-2 Q.l: We shall be glad if you will give us a decision regarding marking the posi­ tion of a ball on the putting green, i.e., ball nearer the hole in match or stroke play. How can one mark the position of a ball without testing the surface of the green, i.e., roughening or marking the sur­ face? A.l: No instruction is given in the Rules of Golf as to how the position of a ball should be marked on the putting green. A customary and satisfactory method, which avoids the difficulties you mention, is to use a small coin as a marker. This should be placed behind the ball or, if so placed it interferes with the stroke of another player, it should be moved one or more putterhead lengths to one side. Original and Provisional Balls in Water Hazard Q.2: Provisional Ball.—In the event of the original and provisional balls resting in a water hazard and both being unplay­ able, what is the procedure? A.2: When a provisional ball is played for a ball in a water hazard the original ball must be played as it lies, or retired from play so that the provisional ball then becomes the ball in play—Rule 30-3. In the case you quote the player must pro­ ceed with the provisional ball in accord­ ance with Rule 33-2, i.e., it may be dropped behind the hazard under penalty of one stroke; if the original ball was played from the tee the player will then be playing his fifth shot. 74 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: JUNE, 1955 BEHAVIOR OF ZOYSIA JAPONICA MEYER IN COOL-SEASON TURF By S. W. HART AND J. A. DeFRANCE Research Assistant in Agronomy and Agronomist, respectively, at Rhode Island Agricultural Experiment Station. 'J^here has been increased interest by homeowners, golf course superintend­ ents and others the last few years con­ cerning the use of Zoysia for turf pur­ poses. In response to numerous requests re­ garding the use of this grass for turf under New England conditions, a number of ex­ periments have been under study at the Rhode Island Agricultural Experiment Station since 1936. Zoysia japonica, Japanese or Korean lawngrass, was introduced into the United States in 1906 by Frank N. Meyer, plant explorer for the United States Department of Agriculture, who collected the seed in Korea and designated it as Zoysia pungens. Later the name was changed to Oster- damia pungens and still later to Zoysia japonica (see footnotes 1 and 3). The second introduction was made in 1930 from Kokai, Korea, by W. J. Morse and P. H. Dorsett who found it in an area where Literature Cited 1. Grau, Fred V., and Alexander M. Radko, Meyer (Z-52) Zoysia. USGA Journal and Turf Man­ agement pp. 30-31. Nov., 1951. 2. Harper, John C., Zoysia for Turf: Varieties and Adaptations. Proc. 23rd Annual Penn State Turf- grass Conference pp. 47-50. Feb. 1954. 3. Hitchcock, A. S., Manual of the Grasses of the United States. U.S.D.A. Misc. Pub 200, Revised by Agnes Chase 1950 winter temperatures reached —40°F. and the ground froze to 2% to 3 feet (see footnote 2). A finer textured species, Zoysia niatrella, Manila grass was intro­ duced in 1911 from Manila, Philippine Islands by Dr. C. V. Piper, United States Department of Agriculture (see footnote 2). After over 40 years of careful selection, breeding and experimentation a strain of Zoysia has been developed which has more favorable characteristics for turf pur­ poses than the parent plant. The new improved strain numbered Z-52 and desig­ nated as Meyer Zoysia has a texture quite similar to Kentucky bluegrass, is very drought resistant, thrives during the heat of summer and grows in almost any type soil, requires relatively little maintenance and appears to be fairly resistant to in­ sects and wear (see footnote 1). In May, 1949, Z-52 Zoysia was supplied to the Rhode Island Station by the United States Department of Agriculture in co­ operation with the United States Golf Association for trial under different en­ vironmental and cultural conditions. It was suggested that sod plugs of the Zoysia, if planted into existing turf, might mix USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: JUNE, 1955 25 and blend to provide a combination turf that would be composed of a good warm season grass and a good cool season grass which together would represent a superior and very satisfactory year-round turf. Methods and Materials To determine lateral spread and com­ patibility of Meyer Zoysia in pure plant­ ings of basic grasses and in mixtures of basic grasses, sod plugs of Meyer Zoysia two inches in diameter and two inches in depth were planted in the center of the subplots of the various grasses and mix­ tures, June 1, 1952. The Zoysia plugs were obtained from a nearby plot which was planted with Z-52 stolons in May, 1949, and represented healthy and vigor­ ous Zoysia turf which had been main­ tained at a height of one inch. The experimental area consisted of 4000 square feet of turf planted to individual and mixed seedings of basic, permanent lawn grasses. The plots, seeded in August, 1949, were 10 by 20 feet. A split plot design was employed for mowing with one half of each plot cut at three-fourths inch and the other half at one and one- half inches. The plantings and rates of seedings are given in Figure 1 (page 29) at the conclusion of this article. The pH of the area at the time the Zoysia plugs were planted was 6.9. The turf was mowed twice weekly. An 8-6-4 fertilizer with 30 percent of the nitrogen in a natural organic form was applied at the rate of 15 pounds per 1000 square feet both in the spring and early fall. Supplemental nitrogen in the form of ammonium sulphate at the rate of three pounds per 1000 square feet was applied once during the growing season. A combined broad-leaved weed and crab­ grass treatment was made in 1953 by ap­ plying 2, 4-D amine and phenyl mercuric acetate (PMAS 10%). Data on the lateral spread of Zoysia were taken in November of 1953 and in November of 1954. Since the Zoysia did not spread uniformly in all directions, measurements of minimum and maximum lengths and widths of spread were taken together with an estimate of the number TURF MANAGEMENT The book “Turf Management,” sponsored by the United States Golf Association and edited by Prof. H. B. Musser, is a complete and authoritative guide in the practical development of golf-course turfs. This 354-page volume is available through the USGA, 40 East 38th Street, New York 16, N. Y., the USGA Green Section Re­ gional Offices, the McGraw-Hill Book Co., 350 West 42nd Street, New York 36, N. Y., or local bookstores. The cost is $7. of square inches covered. From these figures an approximate area of Zoysia spread was determined. Compatibility of Zoysia with the other grasses was deter­ mined from observation. Turf scores for 1953 and 1954 of the various sub plots into which the Zoysia plugs had been planted were taken and presented in Table 1. (Page 31). Results and Discussion During the first growing season little could be learned concerning the lateral spread and compatibility of the Zoysia. By late fall of 1952 all of the plugs were alive and had taken root, but no lateral spread was noted. The following winter was exceptionally mild with the minimum temperature recorded as only 5 °F. No winter kill of the Zoysia occurred. Observations made early in the growing season of 1953 showed the Zoysia to be living and healthy but still making no apparent lateral growth. As the season progressed, however, it was observed on some plots that the Zoysia was beginning to spread. The winter of 1953-1954 was more severe with the minimum tempera­ ture being recorded as —18 °F. Snowfall was not heavy, but the plots were covered most of January and February. No winter kill was evident. During 1954, good lateral spread of Zoysia was evident in some of the plots. The results of measurements taken in No­ vember 1953 and 1954 are given in Table 1 (page 31) and shown graphically in Fig­ ure 2 (page 30). Lateral spread of Zoysia was most in the plots of Trinity, Illahee, Creeping Red 26 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: JUNE. 1955 and Chewing’s fescue where the area in square inches ranged from 180 to 480 in the closely cut turf. Compared to this the spread of the Zoysia in the fescue turf cut at lj/2 inches ranged from 48 inches in Illahee to only 8 in Chewing’s fescue and even to no spread at all in the Creep­ ing Red fescue. On the plots of Arlington Creeping bent, Seaside bent and Velvet bent the lateral spread was considerably less, as the area ranged from 4 to 9 square inches on the closely cut turf and from 1 to 8 inches on the 1% inch cut turf. Some of these grasses appeared to resist the spread of the Zoysia, and in some cases the 2 inch plugs were reduced in size and in some other cases no evidence of Zoysia could be found in 1954. The fact that there was little or no spread of the Zoysia into these grasses and even reduction of Zoysia, could be considered as incompati­ bility provided by the competition of dense turf. On the Colonial bent plots mowed at 24 inch height the spread of Zoysia ranged from 32 to 48 inches, and on the 1% inch cut plots the spread ranged from 0 to 18 inches. The amount of spread of Zoysia into Commercial Kentucky bluegrass was 5 2 square inches and into Merion bluegrass 24 inches at the 24 incb cut, and on the 1^4 inch cut the lateral spread was 15 inches in the Merion and only 6 inches in the Commercial bluegrass. The Kingston Mixture which is com­ posed of the 3 basic cool season grasses, namely Chewing’s fescue, Kentucky blue­ grass and Astoria Colonial bent was only invaded to the extent of 21 square inches SUBSCRIBERS TO USGA GREEN SECTION RESEARCH FUND William F. and David W. Gordon, Pa. George E. Lineer, Cal. New Yorfc-Connecticut Turf Improve­ ment Association, N. Y. Bernard H. Ridder, Jr., Minn. W. H. C. Ruthven, Canada Western Pennsylvania Goff Association, Pa. on the closely cut turf and there was even a reduction of the 2-inch plugs to only 1 square inch on the 1% inch height of cut. Similar results were recorded on the mixture of Kentucky bluegrass and Astoria Colonial bent, and also on the Chewing’s fescue and Velvet bent mix­ ture. However, it can be noted that there was more invasion of the Zoysia into the two commercial mixtures at both heights of cut. The commercial mixtures did not produce as dense turf as did the Kingston Mixture. There appeared to be competition af­ forded to the lateral movement of the Zoysia by dense healthy turf as can be noted by a comparison of the various turf scores with the amount of spread of Zoysia on the various sub plots. This competition, rather than incompatibility, was probably the reason for such little spread of the Zoysia into some of the plots. Height of cut had a definite effect also on the spread of Zoysia into the various grasses and mixtures. At the 24 inch height of cut, the lateral spread of Zoysia was, in general, much greater than at inch height. In all cases the spread of Zoysia was greater in the closely cut turf. Under the conditions of this experi­ ment and on the basis of these observa­ tions and measurements, Zoysia did not appear to demonstrate good compatibility with the cool season grasses. Where the Zoysia spread was the greatest, it spread by forcing its way into the basic grass area and the intermingling of the two was only slight. It therefore does not appear that the method of planting Zoysia sod plugs 2-inches in diameter into estab­ lished turf two years old is a satisfactory one to produce a compatible mixed Zoy­ sia and cool season turf. From observa­ tions taken throughout the course of this experiment, it was indicated that the com­ bination of warm and cool season grasses will involve much more work in manage­ ment and culture to provide an even bal­ ance of the two. Uniform intermingling, mixing and compatibility is needed to USCA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: JUNE. 1955 27 prevent patchiness of the turf, which would be especially noticeable in the cool seasons of the year when the Zoysia is off color. 1955 June 7: COMING EVENTS Summary and Conclusions An experiment to study the lateral growth and compatibility of Zoysia jap- onica Meyer in established turf of basic grasses and mixtures maintained at two heights of cut was in progress at the Rhode Island Agricultural Experiment Station during the seasons of 1952, 1953 and 1954. Sod plugs of Meyer Zoysia two inches in diameter were planted in various plots of 2-year old turf of the basic grasses and mixtures June 1, 1952 to observe their lateral spread and compatibility. Measurements taken in November of 1953 and again in November of 1954 in­ dicated that lateral spread of Zoysia was greatest in the red fescues such as Chew­ ing’s Illahee, Trinity and Creeping Red fescue, in Commercial bluegrass and in Merion bluegrass and the Colonial bent grasses, whereas lateral spread was least in Arlington Creeping bent, Seaside Creep­ ing bent and in Velvet bent. The lateral spread of Zoysia was in­ hibited, in general, by dense turf. Lateral spread was also greater in turf mowed at % inch t^an at the 1/4 inch height of cut. Meyer Zoysia appears to be winter hardy in southern New England, but whether it is sufficiently compatible with the basid turf grasses under the cool conditions of the Northeast could not be entirely de­ termined from the results of this experi­ ment to date. Further observation and work need to be done to determine this and to determine the best management practices to blend Zoysia with the basic grasses when planted into existing turf. Under the conditions of this experi­ ment the planting of plugs of Zoysia two inches in diameter into the existing turf appeared to be a questionable method. If sod plugs of Zoysia should be planted into existing turf the turf should be kept closely mowed to help encourage lateral growth of the Zoysia. Joint Meeting of Tidewater Turfgrass Association and Mid-Atlantic Association, GCS, Country Club of Virginia, Richmond, Va. June 20: Regional Field Day, Texas Turfgrass Association, Lubbock, Texas. August 9-11: Third University of Florida Turf Conference, Gainesville, Fla. Dr. Gene C. Nutter. August 10: 24th Annual Rhode Island Field Day, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, R. I. Dr. J. A. DeFrance. August 15-19: American Society of Agronomy Meetings, Daviv Cal. L. G. Monthey. August 20: Regional Field Day, Texas Turfgrass Association, San Antonio, Texas. September 7-8: Penn State Field Days, Pennsylvania State Univer­ sity, State College, Pa. Prof. H. B. Musser. September 23-24: Edmonton Turfgrass Conference, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. Prof. R. H. Knowles. September 27-28: Northwest Turfgrass Conference, Pullman, Wash. Prof. A. G. Law. September 30-October 1: Utah Turfgrass Conference, Utah Copper Golf Course, Magna, Utah. J. W. Richardson. October 3-4: Rocky Mountain Turfgrass Conference, Colorado A&M College, Fort Collins, Colo. Prof. George A. Beach. Contribution No. 855 of the Rhode Island Agri­ cultural Experiment Station. Presented at the Annual Meeting, Northeastern Section of the American Society for Horticultural Science, Har­ vard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Jan- ary 29, 1955, under the title “The Lateral Spread and Compatibility of Zoysia japonica Meyer in Es­ tablished Turf and Basic Grasses and Mixtures at Two Heights of Cut.” 28 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: JUNE, 1955 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: JUNE. 1955 29 Figure 2 Lateral Spread of Zoysia in Established Turf at Two Heights of Cut - Rhode Island Agricultural Experiment Station, 1954. s e h c n I e r a u q S n i a i s y o Z f o d a e r p S e t a m i x o r p p A 30 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: JUNE. 1955 Table 1. The Lateral Spread of Meyer Zoysia into Individual and Mixed Lawngrass Plantings Mowed at Two Heights of Cut During 1953 and 1954 at the Rhode Island Agricultural Experiment Station, Kingston, Rhode Island. Crass Height of Cut* Zoysia Area in Square Inches** 1954 1953 Turfa Score 1953 1954 1. Astoria Colonial Bent 2. R. 1. Colonial Bent 3. R. 1. 84 Colonial Bent 4. Highland Colonial Bent 5. Arlington Creeping Bent 6. Seaside Creeping Bent 7. B-ll Velvet Bent / 8. Piper Velvet Bent 9. Merion Bluegrass 10. Kentucky Bluegrass 11. Creeping Red fescue 12. Chewing's fescue 13. Trinity fescue 14. lllahee fescue 15. Chewing's fescue plus Colonial Bent 16. Chewing's fescue plus Velvet Bent 17. Kingston Mixture 18. Kentucky 80% plus Colonial Bent 20% 19. Associated Mixture 20. Eastern States Mix L H L H L H L H L H L H L H L H L H L H L H L H L H L H L H L H L H L H L H L H 27 6 33 9 16 6 15 6 1 1 4 1 9 6 9 8 6 4 6 1 15 4 18 6 16 12 36 12 16 6 16 6 24 4 20 4 10 6 24 9 32 0 60 0 54 10 48 18 4 1 9 1 9 8 9 8 24 15 52 6 240 0 180 8 480 36 200 48 39 4 24 1 21 1 24 1 56 30 54 24 6 5 3 4 6 6 1 4 7 7 6 6 3 3 4 4 8 8 4 6 4 3 5 5 4 6 5 6 6 6 5 5 7 7 6 6 7 7 3 4 6 5 4 3 6 6 5 3 8 7 7 7 3 3 4 3 9 8 5 4 4 3 5 5 6 5 5 4 7 7 5 4 7 7 5 5 6 6 7 3 Note: Two-inch plugs of Zoysia were planted in the center of each sub-plot on June 30, 1952. aTurf score rating ranges from 1 to 10 with 1 as poor and 10 as excellent and refers only to the turf plots of the individual grasses or mixtures into which the 2-inch plugs of Zoysia were planted. *L = % inch Height of Cut, H = V/2 inches Height of Cut. ** Area is approximate since Zoysia does not spread uniformly in all directions. USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: JUNE. 1955 31 KEEPING TEES IN GOOD CONDITION The fourth hole on the Texas A. & M. College golf course is a typically attractive and exacting one- shatter. It is 150 yards long. The tee is not exceptionally large, but there is opportunity for rotation of tee markers so they always may be placed on good turf. Iron shots leave rather deep divots. This turf will look poorly kept after relatively few rounds of golf if divots are not repaired promptly. Divot in bermudagrass discloses numerous growing points on rhizomes and stolons. Grasses which do not spread by stolons heal more slowly. When the maintenance man moves the fee markers, he should carry good fertile topsoil to fill the divots. In the case of bluegross, fescue or bent grass tees, it may be well to mix in a small amount of grass seed. The repaired divot. Leveling these scars before the turf and soil around the divot have dried out will hasten recovery of the turf. The repair has been quick and easy. A good-looking tee makes a good golf hole better. 32 USCA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: JUNE, 19J5 IT’S YOUR HONOR Artificial Aids To the USGA: Since American sport is deteriorat­ ing in every way possible — for in­ stance, livelier baseballs, basketball played on stilts, boxing skill gone from boxing and rules makers constantly trying to hike the score in football — I think the USGA should take a stand on artificial aids to lower the golf score. By this I mean not only control of the size and shape of the ball but limits on club construction. Golf carts are becoming such a nuisance that I believe the player should have a doctor’s certificate in order to use one. I have seen players and carts out in front of the play to the annoyance of their opponents and partners. They also pack the soil, give a physical advantage, and in general are not in the best interests of golf. I recently played two courses local­ ly and both placed markers 150 yards from the green. One used an iron pipe painted white and the other planted evergreens on the edge of the fairway. Would the next step be to have a professional ride alongside on a bicycle and call out the club to be used? Golf has always been a game where judgment of distance was the prime requisite. But with the distance mark­ ers, all players will be in a class with the inventors of "near beer”, the poor­ est judges of distance ever known. Why not a Rule allowing a free drop when the play is interfered with by a marker? This might call atten­ tion to the silly things! The two clubs I refer to above, have both held national championships on their courses. A golf body of fine people recently printed an announcement that all competitions in 195 5 would be played under "winter rules”. They would rather make a low score than a good score, I am afraid. Please put more emphasis on the elimination of the imaginary "winter rules.” J. Wood Platt Philadelphia, Pa. Pressing Club on Green To the USGA: Rule 35-la: "A player may remove any loose impediment from the put­ ting green by picking it up or brush- ting green either by picking it up or brushing it aside either with his hand or a club; nothing may be pressed down, and if a club is used it shall not be pressed with more than its own weight on the ground.” (Italics supplied for emphasis.) The wording is unfortunate in that many players take it to mean they may press down with club’s own weight. As Chairman of the Green Committee of Miami Shores Country Club, I have drafted the Local Rules and I have refereed several matches. It is my view that the intention of the rule is to prohibit pressing down with a club under all circumstances, and that if a club is used with no more than its own weight it may only be done (not in pressing) in brushing. It is recommended that a substitu­ tion for the underlined words be as follows: "nothing may be pressed down. If a club is used to brush aside such impediment, no more pressure thereon may be used than the club’s own weight on the ground.” Charles B. Cleveland Miami Beach, Fla. USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: JUNE. 1955 33 USGA OFFICERS, EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE AND COMMITTEE CHAIRMEN PRESIDENT Isaac B. Grainger, New York, N. Y. VICE-PRESIDENTS John D. Ames, Chicago, III. Richard S. Tufts, Pinehurst, N. C. SECRETARY Charles B. Grace, Philadelphia, Pa. TREASURER Charles L. Peirson, Boston, Mass. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE The above officers and: J. Frederic Byers, Jr., Pittsburgh, Pa. Emerson Carey, Jr., Denver, Colo. Thomas H. Choate, New York, N. Y. John G. Clock, Long Beach, Cal. John V/. Fischer, Cincinnati, Ohio T. R. Garlington, Atlanta, Ga. Gordon E. Kummer, Milwaukee, Wis. Edward E. Lowery, San Francisco, Cal. F. Warren Munro, Portland, Ore. John M. Winters, Jr., Tulsa, Okla. GENERAL COUNSEL Fraser M. Horn, New York, N. Y. COMMITTEE CHAIRMEN RULES OF GOLF: Richard S. Tufts, Pinehurst, N. C. CHAMPIONSHIP: John D. Ames, Chicago, III. AMATEUR STATUS AND CONDUCT: John W. Fischer, Cincinnati, Ohio IMPLEMENTS AND BALL: Charles B. Grace, Philadelphia, Pa. MEMBERSHIP: John G. Clock, Long Beach, Cal. GREEN SECTION: T. R. Garlington, Atlanta, Ga. WOMEN'S: Mrs. Harrison F. Flippin, Ardmore, Pa. SECTIONAL AFFAIRS: Charles L. Peirson, Boston, Mass. PUBLIC LINKS: Edward E. Lowery, San Francisco, Cal. HANDICAP: William O. Blaney, Boston, Mass. JUNIOR CHAMPIONSHIP: J. Frederic Byers, Jr., Pittsburgh, Pa. . SENIOR CHAMPIONSHIP: Richard S. Tufts, Pinehurst, N. C. GIRLS' JUNIOR: Mrs. John Pennington, Buffalo, N. Y. MUSEUM: Gordon E. Kummer, Milwaukee, Wis. BOB JONES AWARD: Totton P. Heffelfinger, Minneapolis, Minn. "GOLF HOUSE" FUND: Daniel A. Freeman, Jr., New York, N. Y. USGA HEADQUARTERS "Golf House", 40 East 38th Street, New York 16, N. Y. Joseph C. Dey, Jr., Executive Director John P. English, Assistant Executive Director USGA GREEN SECTION USGA GREEN SECTION MID-ATLANTIC OFFICE South Building, Plant Industry Station, Beltsville, Md. Charles K. Hallowell, Mid-Atlantic Director USGA GREEN SECTION NORTHEASTERN OFFICE Rutgers University, New Brunswick, N. J. Alexander M. Radko, Northeastern Director USGA GREEN SECTION SOUTHEASTERN OFFICE Georgia Coastal Plain Experiment Station, Tifton, Ga. B. P. Robinson, Southeastern Director USGA GREEN SECTION SOUTHWESTERN OFFICE Texas A. and M. College, College Station, Texas Dr. Marvin H. Ferguson, Southwestern Director and National Research Coordinate USGA GREEN SECTION WESTERN OFFICE Box 241, Davis, Cal. Charles G. Wilson, Western Director