IS(,A JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT THE CURTIS CUP TEAM New 'York Times Photo Members of the 1956 Curtis Cup Team met at ‘‘Golf House” prior to embark- • ng on the S.S. America for Sandwich, England, site of the ninth match with the British Isles for the Curtis Cup. Mrs. Harrison _ ______ F. Flippin, of Ardmore, Pa., the Captain, holds the Cup, symbolic of the friendly international rivalry among women golfers. Seated, left to right, are: Miss Patricia Lesser, of Seattle, Wash.; Mrs. Flippin; and Miss Polly Riley, of Fort Worth, Texas. Standing, left to right, are: Miss Mary Ann Downey, of Baltimore, Md.; Miss Barbara Romack, of Sacramento, Cal; Miss Jane Nelson, of Indianapolis, Ind.; Mrs. Philip J. Cudone, of Montclair, N. J.; and Miss Margaret (Wiffi) Smith, of St. Clair, Mich. lISfiA JOURNAL AMD TURF MANAGEMENT Published by the United States Golf Association Permission to reprint articles herein is freely granted (unless specifically noted otherwise) provided credit is given to the USGA Journal VOL. IX, No. 2 JUNE, 1956 Through the Green ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 A Sense of Values In Amateur Sport ___________________________ Richard S. Tufts 5 “Winter Rules” From All Sides — A Symposium What Are They? ....______________________________________Francis Ouimet 7 How They Effect You ___________________________________ Harold Sargent 7 How They Affect The Turf _______________________ Dr. Marvin H. Ferguson 8 Setting Up A Course For The Open ___________________________ Joseph C. Dey, Jr. 10 Status Of Caddies Varies Among States ----------------------------------------John G. Glock 15 Amateurs Join To Combat Gambling ---------------------------------------------------------------- 18 Pen Portrait Of A Senior _________________________________________ Will Connolly 19 New Handicap System For Chapman Foursomes -------------------------------------------------- 21 The Referee _________________________________________________________________ 22 Turf Management: USGA Green Section How Records Help Your Green Superintendent------------------ James E. Thomas 26 The Tenth Southeastern Turf Conference---------------------------- B. P. Robinson 28 The Man Behind The Beauty Of Oak Hill-------------------------------- A. M. Radko 29 Questions and Answers _________________________________________________ 31 It’s Your Honor: Letters _____________________________________________________ 33 ___________ Published seven times a year in February, April, June, July, August, September and November by the UNITED STATES GOLF ASSOCIATION 40 EAST 38th ST., NEW YORK 16, N. Y. Subscription: $2 a year. Single copies: 30c. Subscriptions, articles, photographs, and correspondence should be sent to the above address. Entered as Second-class Matter March 3, 1950, at the Post Office at New York, N. Y., under the Act of March 8, 1879 Edited by Joseph C. Dey, Jr., and John P. English. Managing Editor: Harry L. Staley. All articles 'voluntarily contributed. USGA COMPETITIONS FOR 1956 International Matches CURTIS CUP—June 8 and 9 at Prince’s Golf Club, Sandwich, England. Women’s amateur teams: British Isles vs. United States AMERICAS CUP—October 27 and 28 at Club Campestre de la Ciudad de Mexico, D.F. Men’s amateur teams: Canada vs. Mexico vs. United States. Championship Open Amateur Public Women's Open Junior Amateur Senior Amateur Girls' Junior Amateur Women's Amateur Championships Sectional Qualifying Rounds Championship Dates Completed June 14-15-16 Entries Close Closed "June 1 t J tine 17-23 July 9-14 July 13 July 6 July 20 Aug. 10 Aug. 10 Aug. 31 None July 24 Aug. 7 None Aug. 28 None July 26-27-28 Aug. 8-11 Aug. 20-25 Aug. 27-31 Sept. 10-15 Sept. 17-22 Location Oak Hill C. C., Rochester, N. Y. Harding Park G. C„ San Francisco, Cal. Northland C. C., Duluth, Minn. Taconic G. C., Williams College, Williamstown, Mass. Somerset C. C., St. Paul, Minn. Heather Downs C. C., Toledo, Ohio Knollwood C. Lake Forest, Ill. Meridian Hills C. C., Indianapolis, Ind. Dates entries close mean last dates for applications to reach USGA office, except in the case of the Amateur Public Links Championship. For possible exceptions m dates of Sectional Qualifying Rounds, see entry forms. . * Entries close with Sectional Qualifying Chairmen. t Exact date in each c—tion to be fixed by Sectional Chairmen. Good, But . . . When Robert V. Cox, of Utica, N. Y., scored a 126-yard hole in one on the thirteenth hole of the Yahnundasis Golf Club, New Hartford, N. Y., he had a perfect right to take pride in his ac­ complishment. However, Mr. Cox, play­ ing a match with Mrs. Cox, failed to win the hole. Given a stroke a hole by her husband, Mrs. Cox promptly placed her tee shot eight feet from the pin, sank her putt for a two, and shared the unusual "1” on the scorecard. Read and Heed Golfers at Tam O’Shanter Country Club, Orchard Lake, Mich., have been treated to a novel innovation of the standard clubhead cover. At the inspiration of Warren Orlick, club professional, the following inscriptions were sewed on sets of clubhead covers on sale in his shop: 1. Keep Your Head Down 2. Speed Up Play 3. Smooth Traps 4. Replace Divots No Gambling — Only Golf Sunnehanna Country Club, in Johns­ town, Pa., and Colonial Country Club, in Memphis, Tenn., have left no doubt con­ cerning their stand on gambling in con­ nection with forthcoming tournaments. Those invited to participate in the Sun­ nehanna Tournament of Champions re­ ceived the following note: "For the record, we would like to stress the fact that there is absolutely no gambling connected with The Sunne­ hanna Amateur Tournament Of Cham­ pions—no Calcutta, no grab-bag, no pari-mutuel—no gambling of any kind. "We are only interested in fine golf, fine social events, and gracious hospital­ ity—and we would like those who accept our invitation to feel the same.” Invitations to compete in the Colonial Invitation Golf Tournament displayed the following inscription in large, bold type and red ink: "NO CALCUTTA POOL.” Open Televised Golfers throughout the nation will share the last-day drama of the Open Champion­ ship via television again this year. The Eastman Kodak Company has announced that it is sponsoring the two-hour NBC- TV presentation of the final round from the Oak Hill Country Club, Rochester, N. Y., on Saturday, June 16 The 5 6 basic stations of the network will carry the action from 4 to 6 p.m., EDT. Nine TV cameras will be placed around the course to relay the action. Special lenses will enable the cameras to present close-ups of important action on the last few holes of play. Babe’s Appeal Golf clubs are being requested to strike a blow at the dread disease of cancer in the name of Mrs. Babe Didrikson Zaharias. Babe, in a letter to the golf committees of USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: JUNE. 1956 1 all the nation’s golf clubs, invited them to join her in a birthday celebration by spon­ soring an event on behalf of the Babe Did- rikson Zaharias Cancer Foundation, Galves­ ton, Texas. "My endeavor,” says Mrs. Zaharias, "is to try and raise as much money as I can to fight cancer. Won’t you help me help others to find an answer to this dreadful disease?” Mrs. Zaharias, one of golf’s all-time greats, has an impelling personal reason for fighting the dread disease. Her battle against cancer provided the impetus for formation of the Foundation. York clubs around the turn of the century were reticent to see newspaper accounts of matches in which they had been badly beaten. On a day when the team matches were being held at Nassau Country Club, in Glen Cove, N. Y., the home team sug­ gested a new scoring procedure. By scoring one point for the winner of each nine holes of play, plus one point for the winner of the match, it became impossible for either side to be defeated by more than three points. The new scoring procedure was adopted, the pain of losing eased and a new word added to the lexicon of golf. Open Highlighted The tenth and eleventh greens of Oak Hill Country Club, site of the USGA Open Championship, in Rochester, N. Y., are now familiar golfing territory to New Yorkers who use the Grand Central Term­ inal. The two holes were pictorially re­ moved from their Rochester location and transported to New York as an exhibit by Eastman Kodak Company in the Terminal from April 17 to May 13. The colorama was the world’s largest photograph of a golf scene, 18 feet high and 60 feet long. Dominating the con­ course, the picture called attention to the 1936 Open Championship and had golf- minded commuters lining up imaginary putts as they continued on to work. A group of four, in the foreground, were completing play at the tenth green. To the right, at the women’s tee for the eleventh hole, another grout) waited while, on the eleventh green, still another group was finishing out that hole. Included in the latter sroup was William C. Chapin, Presi­ dent of the Oak Hill Country Club and a member of the USGA Executive Com­ mittee. Origin of “Nassau” Findlay S. Douglas, Amateur Champion in 1898 and USGA President in 1929 and 1930, has established the origin of "Nas­ sau” in golf terminology. According to Mr. Douglas, players in team matches among metropolitan New More Low Scores by Women Miss Lois Hayhurst, of Chicago, Ill., offers further information regarding low scores by women, as requested in the April issue of the JOURNAL. Miss Hayhurst in­ forms us that Miss Patty Berg established the records for nine, eighteen and fifty- four hole scores at 30, 64 and 210, respec­ tively, in the course of winning the Rich­ mond, Cal., Open in April, 1952. Mrs. Ann Case Johnstone, of Mason City, Iowa, only tied Patty’s nine-hole record when she scored a 30 during the Iowa Championship in July, 195 5. Miss Betty Jameson subsequently tied Patty’s fifty- four hole record of 210, in the Babe Zahar­ ias Open at Beaumont, Texas, in 195 5. Need A Pro? Does your club need a professional? The Professional Golfers’ Association of America is ready and willing to help you locate the right man. The Employment Committee of the PGA exists for the purpose of assisting professionals and clubs in filling positions with qualified persons. In addition to pro­ viding a valuable service to PGA mem­ bers and to interested clubs, the Employ­ ment Committee is an aid in maintaining the standards of those certified by the PGA to teach golf. As an adjunct to this personnel pro­ gram, the PGA insures the member pro­ fessional access to the latest teaching methods and developments. A continuing 2 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: 1UNE. 1956 effort is made to perfect his ability to teach the game and to insure that he knows his profession. Those interested in the services of the Employment Committee may secure fur­ ther information through the PGA, 134 North LaSalle St., Chicago 2, Ill. The com­ mittee chairman is J. M. "Mick” Riley. For Amateurism The USGA has cooperated with the governing bodies of four other sports in the formation of the National Committee on Amateurism in Sports. The Committee will meet regularly, perhaps semi-annually, for the purpose of serving as a medium for the member organizations to: 1. Consult on new problems of am­ ateurism. 2. Understand the view points of one another on points of amateurism where policies differ. 3. Suggest means of reducing or elim­ inating such differences where feas­ ible. 4. Propagate the amateur ideal that sports are played for their own sakes, without ulterior motive. Subscribing organizations include, the Amateur Athletic Union of the United States, the National Collegiate Athletic Association, the United States Golf Asso­ ciation, the United States Lawn Tennis Association and the United States Olympic Association. These sporting organizations recognize the existence of differences among themselves on some matters of amateur interpretation, and the right of each organization to hold to such differ­ ences. However, they believe that they stand together on the broad common ground of dedication to the basic prin­ ciple of amateurism, and that this prin­ ciple may be advanced by regular con­ sultation. The Committee is the outgrowth of several meetings in the last year among sports leaders as unofficial representatives of the governing bodies concerned. These men were seriously concerned over a de­ cline in amateur morality, as indicated by numerous sports "scandals” and their effect upon the youth of the nation. Their meetings were so fruitful that the par­ ticipants agreed to recommend establish­ ment of a permanent National Commit­ tee on Amateurism in Sports. Each member organization will be rep­ resented by two persons on the National Committee. John W. Fischer, Chairman of the Amateur Status and Conduct Com­ mittee, and Joseph C. Dey, Jr., Executive Director, will represent the USGA. Chairmanship of the Committee will be rotated annually among the member organizations in the aforementioned order. The Committee will have no disciplinary powers, its nature being consultative only. It is within the power of the National Committee to invite other amateur sports governing bodies to accept membership, and it is hoped that other organizations will be enrolled later in the year. Writing Achievement In a golf-writing career spanning fifty- one years, H. B- "Dickey” Martin, of New York, has written seventeen books and countless newspaper and magazine articles on the ancient game. His monumental and scholarly volume, "Fifty Years of Ameri­ can Golf,” reaches its twentieth birthday this year and has sold 30,000 copies. "Saint Andrews Golf Club, 1888-1938,” written in collaboration with A. B. Halliday, is considered a classic in United States golf literature. Mr. Martin, now 78, started his career in 1903 by covering a few tournaments for the old New York World. During the following years, he also wrote for the New York Journal American, the New York Globe, Golf Illustrated, Sketch, Tatler, The American Golfer, Golf, Collier’s and Bail­ ey’s Magazine. He is noted as an early manager and promoter of the career of Walter Hagen. During World War I, when he was instru­ mental in organizing Red Cross tourna­ ments, Mr. Martin developed the idea of charging admission to golf tournaments. USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: JUNE, 1956 3 However, it was not until 1922 that this practice actually took hold. His most popular book was "Pictorial Golf,” which sold 5 0,000 copies in England and 49,000 in this country. It sold 175,- 000 additional copies in a lower-priced edition. Some of his other works are: "What’s Wrong With Your Game,” 193 0; "Great Golfers in the Making,’’ 1932; "Apawamis Golf Club,” 1940; "Garden City Golf Club,” 1949. Golf Box Score A newcomer to the sports pages of the nation’s newspapers is the Golf Box Score. The Golf Writers Association, responsible for developing the new scoring system, is attempting to make it a permanent sports page fixture after each round of major tournaments. The new box score looks like this: Rochester, N. Y., June 14 (AP, UP, INS)—Today’s box score for first round leaders in the USGA Open Championship at Oak Hill Country Club (par, 70; 6,902 yards) follows: Middlecoff ......... 17 Snead .................. 18 Hogan .................. 16 Oliver .................. 15 Mangrum ........... 17 De Vicenzo ......... 14 Maxwell ............. 18 Rittler .................. 16 Mayfield ............. 17 Souchak ............. 17 *11. Ward ......... 15 Ford .................... 17 *W. Campbell .. 15 *J. Campbell .. 16 GHP R T I P 3 P SC. 1 65 1 671 2 69 1 70 71 2 4 71 71 0 2 72 72 1 0 73 1 73 74 1 74 2 3 75 6 4 2 3 4 3 0 3 2 1 3 1 3 2 0 1 0 1 2 1 1 2 2 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 3 4 2 0 2 1 2 4 1 4 3 ^Denotes amateur. REGEND: GHP—Greens hit in par. R—Times in rough. T—Times in traps. 1-P—One-putt greens. 3-P— Three-putt greens. SC.—Score. New Golf Book Newest addition to the ever enlarging list of golf instruction literature is "Bet­ ter Golf in 5 Minutes”, by J. Victor East. Apart from his suggestions concerning play of the game, Mr. East devotes two chapters of his work to tracing the evolu­ tion of the club and ball. He also offers an insight into the design of clubs. The volume, published by Prentice-Hall, Inc., contains numerous photographs and sketches. Entering the Open, and Opening the Entries The business of entering USGA compe­ titions, with their requirements for USGA entry forms and such-like formality, al­ ways reveals some tasty little human touches. Take the Open this year. One gentleman sent in two entries. The second arrived frantically by air mail with a note that the first wasn’t completely filled out and "through an error my little brother mailed it.” A Southern gentleman, lacking an entry blank, set forth all his qualifications and included such non-essentials as age, color and nationality. He wasn’t taking any chances. Last August a New England amateur tried to enter the Amateur Championship by telegraph. Among other complications, his club was not a USGA member, as is necessary for the Amateur Championship. So, after the Club had failed to apply for membership after a decent interval, the gentleman’s entry had to be declined. His $10 Western Union money order, submit­ ted as entry fee, was returned to him. That money order has been carefully nurtured, all through the New England floods of last summer and fall, the snows of winter, and now, as spring is bustin’ out all over, it blossoms forth in all its yellow glory—the Western Union money order, we mean. For in entering the Open, for which USGA club membership is not essen­ tial, the gentleman sent it with this note: "This is the same check that I had sent you last year but you could not accept because my club did not belong to the United States Golf Association. I could not cash the same check because it was issued to you and you did not endorse it when you returned it to me. I have checked with Western Union and the check is still negotiable. If, for any reason, you cannot accept this check, please endorse it, and I will send you a personal check. Thank you very much.” Thank You. Entry Accepted. 4 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: JUNE, 1956 A SENSE OF VALUES by RICHARD S. TUFTS IN AMATEUR SPORT President, USGA Whenever I associate with a group of golfers in an important tourna­ ment, there is one fact that impresses itself upon me with great force. What I have in mind is a situation of such significance and at the same time so important and so obvious that it is surprising to me it is very seldom mentioned. Now, in case you think I have in mind the very high quality of golf which you all play, I am afraid that I must disappoint you. Nor am I thinking of the prodigious distances you strike the ball. I do not even have in mind the depressing fact that on Saturday night there will be only one un­ defeated player among you. Inescapable Responsibility These things are impressive, but what I want to call to your attention is the fact that what you do and what you say, be­ cause you are the leading golfers in your home communities, will largely determine what kind of a game golf is to be in the future. This is a responsibility which you cannot escape, and since you have it, I hope that you will wish to fulfill it with the same earnestness that has brought you to the top in the competitive field. Golf has meant more to you than to most golf­ ers, and there is no better way for you to square the account than by serving the best interests of the game. Now, there are many ways in which you can be of service to the game of golf, and I know that as time goes on you will each find some particular activity that will be of special interest to you. Being active in the administration of your club or district, helping the junior program, taking an active interest in greenkeeping, conducting Excerpts from an address by Mr. Tufts at the Player’s Dinner celebrating the golden anniversary of the Southern Golf Association’s Amateur Cham­ pionship at Atlanta, Ga. RICHARD S. TUFTS tournaments and so forth. But my present interest is in connection with something in which we need your immediate assistance. Commercialization Of Amateur Sport The United States is a big and prosperous nation. More people have more money and more leisure time to spend it in than ever before in the history of man. We do not always make use of these blessings too wisely and too frequently we spend our money on our leisure time in a bad way. One way in which this is often done is in what might be called the commercializa­ tion of amateur sport. This injurious mixture of money and sport shows up in many ways which it seems scarcely necessary for me to mention. Bribery of amateur athletes, organized gambling in connection with sporting events, the payment of all sorts of expenses, USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: IUNE. 1956 5 scholarships to those whose only qualifica­ tion to receive them is their athletic ability. These things do not belong in amateur sport. It has been said that one of the first steps in the decline of the Roman Empire was the commercialization of her amateur sports. Trend Is General Unfortunately, this trend is general in all amateur sports in this country today. In golf it gives us the very gravest con­ cern and we are fighting it to the best of our ability. One of the most heartening develop­ ments has been the recent, very favorable acceptance of our stand on gambling in connection with golf tournaments. The vol­ untary action of the leading players, led by Bill Campbell, was an inspiring experi­ ence and should serve as a wonderful ex­ ample to all sports. It appears that for the first time we have really rolled back the tide of gambling in golf and that the play­ ers in all but a few tournaments may enjoy clean honest sport instead of being human race horses. But if we are winning this battle, we are at best gaining no ground in another. There is a common conviction that just because a young golfer has ability he is entitled to participate in all sorts of competitions. If the player has the means, he may of course do so without violation of the USGA Rules of Amateur Status. If he does not have the means, he is undoubtedly fortunate since he must then apply himself to more useful pursuits than playing golf. Unfortunately, some misguided individ­ uals think it is smart to encourage a young man to cheat by using all sorts of subter­ fuges to violate the Rules of Amateur Sta­ tus. Such individuals have more money than morals. They completely overlook the unfortunate effect which their acts may have on their young protege. Golf should not be that important to him. The Position of Golf The position of golf with the individual must always be secondary to the more im­ portant things in life. Golf is a relaxation, a tonic to be taken after the fulfilment of more serious obligations. To fit himself for life, the responsibilities of making a success of his job, his obligations to his family, his duties in the community in which he lives —these things, at least, must come ahead of golf. To teach a young man otherwise is to do him a serious injury. Now, I do not mean by this that I am not in favor of a young man playing all the golf that he can. In fact, I am very much in favor of it. Golf is a wonderful pastime. It teaches restraint. It is played under the highest code of honor. We meet and make some of our best friends on the golf course. It is just because the game is such a great amateur sport that I feel it is of the utmost importance to keep it that way. USGA's Position Aside from eliciting your support, I have another purpose in giving you this brief outline of the USGA’s interest in the maintenance of amateurism. I think it is well for those in competitive golf to under­ stand the why and the wherefore of the things that we do. We do not wish to be arbitrary and cold blooded. We do not wish to enforce rules, but rather to have them serve as a guide. As a matter of fact, we are anxious to do everything we can for every individual golfer that will enable him to get more from his golf. However, we do firmly believe in serving the interests of the game of golf ahead of the selfish inter­ ests of any individual golfer. When the time comes for you to use wood where you once used irons, and when the urge for competition turns into the deeoer satisfaction of playing golf for fun, I do hope you will be able to look back and know that your proudest accomplishment has not been in your victories, but rather in the way that you have played the game. Golf is like love. If you don’t take it seriously it is no fun, and if you do take it seriously it breaks your heart. From introduction to "Great Golfers In the Making,” by FL. B. Martin 6 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: IUNE. 1956 “WINTER RULES” FROM ALL SIDES A Symposium What Are They? by FRANCIS OUIMET Former Vice-President, USGA Former Captain, Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St. Andrews, Scotland Winter rules! What are they? I presume they mean "preferred lies”, for I know of no code for playing golf other than the Rules of Golf. To use the expression "winter rules” is as dangerous as it is confusing, because it implies the existence of a code that does not exist. Let us be realistic and admit that, when we indulge in the privilege of placing our ball at will through the fairways we are not playing the game of golf, but a syn­ thetic form thereof. One of the most fun­ damental rules of all is that which states, in substance, that a ball must not be touched or moved, except in the act of striking it. Proper exceptions are amply provided for under the rules. I have no quarrel with a committee sug­ gesting, and even requesting, the use of preferred lies in the off season. I do object strenuously to such a practice when the course is officially opened for play in the springtime until it is closed to formal play in the Fall. Opposed as I am to any deviation of play away from the rules, I would suggest this alternative to Golf Committees whose task it is, among others, to control the play of their membership. Schedule both the opening and closing of the course for regular play. During this period, it is to be understood that players are bound to conform to the Rules of Golf without ex­ ception. Beyond this period, and I bitterly dislike saying this, give them their pre­ ferred lies, if it seems wise to do so, but not under the cloak of winter rules. How They Affect- You by HAROLD SARGENT Professional, Atlanta Athletic Club, Atlanta, Ga. Secretary, Professional Golfers" Association of America World War II presented many problems to the game of golf. Most of them have since disappeared, but we still have with us a few of the wartime golfing habits tend­ ing to detract from the true spirit of the game. One of the habits remaining with par­ ticular tenacity is that of playing what is commonly referred to as winter rules. This is, of course, the practice of improving the player’s lie in the fairway. Reasons For Winter Rules There were two major reasons for the adoption and acceptance of winter rules, the first being the effort to save wear and tear on golf balls, and second, the curtail­ ment of expenditures on the up-keep of golf courses. The former was necessitated by the wartime scarcity of rubber and the resulting government ban on manufactur­ ers, designed to conserve the existing sup­ ply. The latter became an important factor when, for a variety of reasons, many clubs found it impossible to maintain their courses in pre-war condition. During the war, these conditions con­ stituted valid reasons for the practice of playing winter rules. Flowever, there is now no reason for compromising the basic principle of golf, that is, "Nothing may be done to improve your lie.” This prin­ ciple has always been a prominent tradition, as well as a rule, of the game. The relaxation of emphasis on this prin­ ciple has resulted in countless disagreements and strained relationships among golfers. These conditions must become a sad, but inevitable part of the game when equity, the basic principle and foundation of the rules of golf, is violated. USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: JUNE, 1956 7 What Does It Do To You? Natural Skill Is Lost However, for the moment, let’s forget about violating the code and tradition of golf. What does it do to you, the golfer, and to your ability, to play golf by winter rules? In the long run, there can be no question that your ability suffers. All who have played the game of golf have had the experience of finding their ball in a close lie. When this happens it’s only human nature to bemoan fate and yearn for a better lie. However, most golfers have found that by concentrating on making the shot it can be successfully played. In fact, one of the real pleasures of golf comes from making a fine shot from a close lie. On the other hand, those who have played winter rules and taken advantage of a pre­ ferred lie have realized the experience of being lulled into a relaxation of concen­ tration. The result is, of course, a poorly played shot. The improving of your lie can also hurt the fundamentals of your swing. For in­ stance, when the ball is teed up in the grass, it is much more difficult to put the back-spin on it required to make it stop. As a matter of fact, the opposite happens most of the time and a high, floating shot is hit. Upon landing it continues to roll, sometimes running completely over the green. If the ball had been lying close, it would have been necessary to hit down on the ball, catching it first, then the turf. This would have produced back-spin on the ball and it would have been an easier shot to control. One of the cardinal fundamentals of placing back-spin on the ball is a steady head position. The weight should be slight­ ly in front of the ball at impact and the HAROLD SARGENT hitting action of the hands should be de­ layed. It is normal, and natural, to delay the hitting action of the hands when hit­ ting down on a ball in a close lie. However, if the practice of improving the lie is fol­ lowed for any length of time, this natural skill is lost. It then becomes an effort, and much practice is required to regain this skill. An added injustice is inflicted on golfers who persist in playing preferred lies. Once the habit has been developed, it is extreme­ ly difficult for these players to compete in tournaments where they would be com­ pelled to play the ball as it lies. They are guilty of denying themselves the oppor­ tunity of developing a game worthy of tournament competition and are deprived of enjoying this phase of the game. In the interest of maintaining the tra­ ditions of golf and for the good of our personal game, let’s play the game by the Rules of Golf and abolish winter rules. How They Affecf The Turf by DR. MARVIN H. FERGUSON Southwestern Director and National Research Coordinator, USGA Green Section Improving a lie doesn’t help the turf, but improving the turf helps the lie. Frequently one hears a statement similar to this, "I would just as soon play the ball as it lies, but we observe 'winter rules’ and improve lies at our club in order to save the turf.” It is rather difficult to perceive how the improving of a lie will benefit the turf. The reasoning is rather hard to follow. If a piece of turf is thin and "cuppy”, so as to afford a faulty lie, then it would appear that little further damage could be done by taking a divot from that spot. However, if the ball is taken from such an undesirable spot and moved a few inches 8 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: JUNE, 1956 to a better piece of turf, then the divot will destroy that better turf. How has the fairway been improved? To ask it another way, how has the course been damaged less? Mowing Problems In some cases, grasses that are used on fairways will not thrive under very close mowing. This is true primarily where blue­ grass and fescues are used. High cutting makes play from fairways more difficult, and it may be that one could find it more pleasant to play golf by improving his lie. In this case, the improvement of the lie does not help the turf, but the high mow­ ing, which necessitates improving the lie, may enable the grass to maintain a better stand. There would appear to be some degree of fallacy even in this thinking. High mowing may improve the stand of grass, but it does not necessarily improve the quality of the turf. Someone has said, "I want a turf I can play 'off of’ and not 'out of.’ ” A philosophy that is rather wide­ ly accepted among golf course superintend­ ents is the one that holds a fairway grass to be unsatisfactory if it cannot be main­ tained at a clipping height suitable for playing golf. When a dense turf cannot be maintained at a clipping height of P/4 inches or less, it generally is believed that a different grass should be introduced. This thinking is demonstrated by the trend to­ ward Bermudagrass fairways in borderline areas. Golfers Whims Strange To one interested in maintaining the turf on a golf course, the whims of golfers are often strange. It is generally recognized that one of the most difficult spots to maintain on the average golf course is the tee of a short par 3 hole where the tee shot is usually played with an iron. Such a piece of turf is literally chopped to bits. And a large percentage of the golfers do not use a wooden tee; they play the ball from the turf. Some even play wood shots from the turf. Why make exceptions to the rules to improve a lie on the fairway and then fail to avail oneself of an advan­ tage permitted under the rules when play­ ing from a tee? Many a superintendent would be grateful if golfers improved their "lies” on such hard-to-keep tees. The general use of "winter rules’’ leads to some rather odd practices in maintain­ ing a golf course. It is considered to be all right to improve a lie in the fairway but certainly not in the rough. While the rules of golf make no such distinction, some differentiation between fairway and rough becomes necessary. Ordinarily differences in mowing height will serve to differentiate the areas, but sometimes, where turf is poor and thin, the line is barely distinguishable. To save arguments among players, some sort of demarcation is made. Sometimes this line consists of a shallow furrow plowed around the area designated as fairway, sometimes lime or chalk is used as a marker and, in at least one case, gasoline is used to burn out the turf along the line. In most cases, additional fertilizer or other im­ proved maintenance practices would solve the problem because turf on the fairway would be improved and the need for "win­ ter rules” would be eliminated. Turf Maintenance Advanced Turf maintenance has advanced remark­ ably in the years that golf has been played in the United States. Better equipment has contributed to lower scores, but better turf has also contributed to those lower scores. The demands of golfers for turf of higher quality has spurred developments in all phases of course maintenance. It is an­ ticipated that those demands will continue and even increase. The typical modern golf course superintendent is a highly capable individual. If golfers support his efforts he will continue to improve the quality of their golf course. It is usually considered that, if a golfer plays a course in par, at least 75 per cent of his strokes are taken from perfect lies. The other 25 per cent that are played from the fairway are the trouble makers when we come to the question of improving lies. Support of a fairway turf improvement program at your course can go far in the direction of pushing the percentage of per­ fect lies upward to 100. USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: JUNE, 1956 9 SETTING UP A COURSE by JOSEPH C. DEY, JR. FOR THE OPEN USGA Executive Director The United States Golf Association has been handsomely blessed in the qual­ ity of courses which Member Clubs have made available for our major national championships. When you think of the post-war Open Championships, you think of a succession of really fine courses—great names such as Baltusrol, Merion, Olympic, Oakmont, Canterbury, Oakland Hills, Riviera, Medinah. It is good to report that the course for the 1956 Open, June 14-15-16, stands in worthy succession. Unless we miss our guess, or unless weather plays an untoward part, Oak Hill in Rochester, N. Y., ought to be a true Championship test. Two Courses At Oak Hill Oak Hill has two courses, East and West. Some members think the East is better and more exacting than the West; other mem­ bers feel oppositely. The East course is the one for the Open. The amateurs played it in the 1949 USGA Amateur Champion­ ship, and it took a fine golfer to go through —Charlie Coe. The course record is a 64 which Ben Hogan made in 1942 in the first round of the Rochester Times-Union Open Tournament. Hogan won with 278. The year before, Sam Snead won with 277. These were the only two years this event was played. Since those days Oak Hill has been reno­ vated somewhat. It should be fully a stroke harder than in 1949—perhaps a stroke and a half or two strokes. Par for the Open is 70, and total yardage 6,902. Oak Hill rolls through moderately un­ dulating land. A winding creek keeps one extra wary on a half-dozen holes. The course is well-named. It has a great col­ lection of trees, thanks mainly to the de­ voted arboreal interests of Dr. John R. Williams over many years. For condition of the turf, you’ll go a long way to find a golf course superintendent the equal of Elmer Michael. Oak Hill is only about 15 minutes’ drive from the business heart of Rochester. Now what makes a championship course? Does it have to be long? Does it have to be tightly trapped? What is distinctive about a championship course? No two courses are alike. Many elements fuse to make up those used for champion­ ships. Length is important today; unfortu­ nately, modern equipment has outmoded many otherwise fine courses for champion­ ship purposes. But granting length, if you could re­ duce all the other elements to the simplest terms, the criterion would be just one thing—control. What degree of control is required? What degree of playing skill does the course call for? A championship course rewards accuracy, penalizes inaccuracy, and gives the most skilled players fair op­ portunity to prove their skill. On a cham­ pionship course, class generally tells. Great players like great courses. Accent on Control The accent on control, sometimes even at the expense of distance, was brought out strongly at Merion in the 1950 Open. Merion was relatively short for the great course it is—just under 6,700 yards, with a par of 70—but in the process of win­ ning the play-off Ben Hogan said Merion had kept him on the defensive more than any other course he had played—kept him conscious of the need to control the ball all the time. The degree to which a course examines a player’s control depends on two main factors—its architecture and the manner in which it is conditioned. About architecture, there’s not much the 10 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: JUNE, 1956 Site of the 1956 Open Championship Surrounded by towering oaks, the clubhouse of Oak Hill Country Club, Rochester, N. Y., marks the site of the 1956 Open Championship. The natural beauty of the course, in addition to making it a sight io remember, combines to make it a true championship test. USGA does here in selecting courses for its championships. Effort is made to select only basically well-designed courses. The USGA does not require wholesale altera­ tions, contrary to some popular opinion. A USGA competition lasts only a moment of time compared with the whole life of the club; it would usually be unfair to require vast major changes just for one tourna­ ment, and many clubs would not accept such a requirement. The USGA never en­ gages a golf course architect to advise on such matters. Often, however, after a club’s invita­ tion has been accepted by the USGA, the club will undertake considerable improve­ ment of its course. In such a case the USGA advises with the club. The tendency is ever-present for a club to make its course extremely hard once a national champion­ ship is on its schedule. Oddly, the USGA is occasionally cast in the role of restrain­ ing the club, in order to prevent extremes which would make play unfair. It is in course conditioning that the USGA works intimately with the club. Although courses are highly individualistic in fundamental design, in the area of con­ ditioning the USGA can and does seek to achieve a degree of uniformity. The USGA’s interests in the turf’s qual­ ity are looked after mainly by the nearest Regional Director of the USGA Green Sec­ tion. The Regional Directors are highly skilled agronomists whose lifework is to help USGA clubs to have better turf. USGA championships are usually scheduled two years in advance, to enable clubs to USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT; JUNE, 1956 11 make adequate preparations. Throughout those two years the Green Section Regional Director keeps in close touch with the green committee chairman and the course superintendent, and visits the course as many times as advisable. Happily, often a Regional Director can do very little to as­ sist, for clubs invariably take supreme pride in presenting the best groomed course pos­ sible for a national tournament, and they go all out to insure this. Grass Cutting Simple grass-cutting is another part of course conditioning—how closely it should be cut, where it should be cut, and where not. The USGA deals with this in great detail, for it can make or break a cham­ pionship. In modern golf, USGA championships are notable for use of rough in helping to bring about a fine test. Remember that the big objective is to put a premium on con­ trol, on accuracy—to reward the skill that produces accuracy and thus bring out championship golf. This results in a USGA practice of hav­ ing the grass cut at graduated levels. At Oak Hill, for example, on an average par 4 or par 5 hole, the average drive winds up in grass cut at one of the following three heights: 1. Fairway—One-half to three-quarters inch. Fairways generally 3 5 to 40 yards wide. 2. Apron of fairway (light rough) — About two inches, for a distance of 6 to 8 feet immediately off the fair­ way. 3. Rough—About four inches, beyond apron of fairway. Sometimes the rough is allowed to grow longer out in jungle territory where only the very wild shots would go and where golf is not meant to be played. Thus, a ball which just misses the fair­ way has a somewhat more difficult lie than an accurate drive. A ball which is quite poorly controlled confronts the player with a shot from real rough. Accuracy Determines Lie To put it another way, the greater the player’s accuracy, the better his lie for the next stroke. The heights of cut for Oak Hill outlined above were determined to some extent by the character and the thickness of the grass. The USGA has a Golf Championship Man­ ual of some 20,000 words to guide clubs in preparing all aspects of a national cham­ pionship, and the section on grounds dis­ cusses treatment of the rough as follows: "It is desired to require greater ac­ curacy from the tees by making all rough deeper and by narrowing the fairways between 240 and 300 yards. The nar­ rowing should be gradual, commencing perhaps at 230 and reaching the narrow­ est part of from 35 to 40 yards at about 280 yards from the tee. "No specific length is suggested for cutting the rough as the length of cut depends greatly on the character of the rough itself. Where the rough is thin, a cut of 6 to 8 inches would be ample; where heavy and matted, as is likely where present fairways are allowed to grow up into rough, a cut of even 4 inches might not be sufficiently low. The object to be attained is a uniformly diffi­ cult recovery for the player who has made an improper shot. The rough should not be so deep as to make a re­ covery impossible or to increase greatly the prospect of lost balls, but it should not be so thin that a wood or long iron can be played from it without difficulty. "The character of the grasses in the rough will determine the type of man­ agement. Heavy clover areas should be eliminated or scythed closely not more than ten days before the competition. Thin areas may be fertilized to thicken the sod and to eliminate the possibility of a full-distance recovery shot. A con­ dition of deep, lush grass where a ball may be lost or be completely hidden should be corrected. "For all rough along the edges of fair­ ways there should be an apron of shorter rough, cut at from 2 to 4 inches, de­ pending on the character of the rough. The purposes of this apron are, first, to hold a ball which is just off the edge of the fairway from running into deeper 12 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: JUNE, 1956 rough and, second, to avoid a severe dif­ ference in the difficulty of the shot for a ball which is a few inches off the fair­ way as compared with a ball just in the fairway.” Similar principles govern treatment of grass on and around the putting greens. Championship greens should be keen and firm and true, and should require real control. Thus, the USGA grass-cutting schedule at Oak Hill will be approximately as follows: 1. Putting green — About three-six­ teenths inch. 2. Collar of green — About one-half inch or less, for width of about 30 inches immediately off green. 3. Secondary rough — Two inches, for about four to six feet immediately off collar. 4. Primary rough — Four inches. The closer the player stops his ball to the prime target—which is the hole—the more favorable a lie he will have for the next stroke. The grass treatment above is not in­ variable. As the USGA Championship Man­ ual says: "The handling of rough around the greens depends largely on the character of the greens, their size, and the diffi­ culty of the shot to them, the purpose being, of course, to penalize a poorly played shot. "To accomplish this, greens should be firm. When the greens are firm, small and tight, there will not be much need to increase the difficulty further by drawing the rough in close to the edge of the green. When the reverse is true, rough is necessary to give advantage to the well-played approach shot. "For this purpose, a collar at slightly under fairway length should be main­ tained for a width of about 30 inches around all greens. Outside of this should be a cut of medium length rough, 2 to 3 inches high, from which a chip shot would be more difficult and which will also tend to keep a ball from running into the deeper rough. The width of this cut can vary from 2 to 6 feet, depend­ ing on the nature of the ground and the NEW MEMBERS OF THE USCA Regular Canandaigua Country Club, N. Y. Cornell University Golf Club, N. Y. Country Club of Culpeper, Va. Deane Hill Country Club, Tenn. Elkview Country Club, Pa. Fort George G. Meade Golf Club, Md. Foster Golf Club, Wash. Hillandale Golf Course, N. C. Kaufman Park Golf Club, Ill. Lawrence Park Golf Club, Pa. Meadow-Lee Golf Association, N. C. Mission Bay Golf Course, Cal. Muleshoe Country Club, Texas Muscatatuck Country Club, Ind. Oakwoods Country Club, N. C. Powder River Golf and Country Club, Wyo. Short Hills Country Club, Ill. Speed Employee’s Country Club, Ind. Suffolk Golf Association, Va. character of the shot to the green— wider where the shot is more difficult and narrower where easier. Generally, this cut would be maintained up to the mar­ gin of bunkers surrounding the green (where they are beyond the fairway cut), between bunkers, and to the crest of slopes and mounds closely surrounding the greens. Beyond this cut the deeper rough should be maintained. "The greens may be cut at three-six­ teenths to one-quarter inch. The higher cut is suggested for greens that are se­ verely undulating, to guard against pos­ sible movement of the ball on a slope when the player takes his stance. Daily mowing is essential for several weeks prior to, and during the competition. Early morning mowing is customary during the play. "The greens should be fast but not 'slippery.’ Irrigation should be uniform and sufficient only to maintain growth and color. "Greens should be firm, and it is hoped that a generous use of sand has been used in their construction. Soft, over-watered greens will permit poorly- played shots to hold. Matted, fluffy turf on the greens should be corrected well in advance of the competition so that the turf will not 'scuff’ and deflect putts. USCA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: JUNE, 1956 13 "The greens should not hold easily for a poorly-played approach shot or for a long iron or wood following a missed drive on a short par 4 hole. Short irons and chip shots firmly played with good backspin should, however, hold reason­ ably well. The greens should not be rolled or cut to a point where a ball could gain speed in putting down all but the severest slopes. "The practice putting green should be, if at all possible, of the same character and putting qualities as the greens of the course.” Location Of Hole As a general proposition, effort is made to locate a hole so that the ground is rea­ sonably level for a minimum radius of about three feet around the hole. The USGA Manual says this: "In no case should cups be located in tricky places, or on sharp slopes where a ball can gather speed (a player above the hole should be able to putt boldly for it).” What effect do galleries have on all these course preparations? For the major events such as the Open and the Amateur, the USGA now has each hole roped completely so that spectators are always outside play­ ing areas (except for a few cross-over walkways). This preserves the testing quali­ ties of the course through to the finish. In other days galloping galleries had the rough pretty much trampled down, in the direction of the hole, by early afternoon of the first day. The new system enables players to proceed without serious interrup­ tion and enables spectators to see with greater facility. These, then, are some of the considera­ tions that enter into the preparation of a championship course. There are many others. But when all is said and done, the guiding policy is a simple statement near the beginning of the USGA Championship Manual: "The USGA’s policy is to have a course provide a real test, without being tricky or unfair.” Oak Hill should prove just that. USGA Publications of General Interest THE RULES OF GOLF, as approved by the United States Golf Association and the Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St. Andrews, Scotland. Booklet, 25 cents (spe­ cial rates for quantity orders). THE RULES OF AMATEUR STATUS, a page. No charge. USGA GOLF HANDICAP SYSTEM FOR MEN, containing recommendations for comput­ ing Basic and Current Handicaps and for rating courses. Booklet, 25 cents. Poster, 10 cents. THE CONDUCT OF WOMEN'S GOLF, containing suggestions for guidance in the conduct of women's golf in clubs and associations, including tournament procedures, handi­ capping and course rating. 25 cents. HANDICAPPING THE UNHANDICAPPED, a reprint of a USGA Journal article explain­ ing the Callaway System of automatic handicapping for occasional players in a single tournament. No charge. TOURNAMENTS FOR YOUR CLUB, a reprint of a USGA Journal article detailing vari­ ous types of competitions. No charge. PROTECTION OF PERSONS AGAINST LIGHTNING ON GOLF COURSES, a poster. No charge. MOTION PICTURES: "The Rules of Golf—Etiquette," an official USGA film (16 mm. color, with sound, runs 17!6 min. Rental $15). Descriptive folder. No charge. "Inside 'Golf House'," an official USGA film (16 mm. black and white, with sound, runs 28 min. Rental $15. In combination with "The Rules of Golf-Etiquette," $25.) Descriptive folder. No charge. List of films on golf available from other sources. No charge. List of films on golf course maintenance available from other sources. No charge. HOLE-IN-ONE AWARDS. No charge. GAMBLING IN GOLF TOURNAMENTS, a reprint of a USGA journal article by Richard S. Tufts. No charge. MISTER CHAIRMAN, a reprint outlining the duties of the Chairman of the Green Com­ mittee. No charge. TURF MANAGEMENT, by H. B. Musser (Mc­ Graw-Hill Book Co., Inc.), the authorita­ tive book on greenkeeping. $7. USGA CHAMPIONSHIP RECORD BOOK. De­ tailed results of all USGA competitions since their start in 1895. $2. USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT, a 33-page magazine published seven times a year. $2. a year. These publications are available on request to the United States Golf Association, 40 East 33th Street, New York 16, AT. Y. Please send payment with your order. 14 USGA JOURNAL. AND TURF MANAGEMENT: JUNE. 1956 STATUS OF CADDIES by VARIES AMONG STATES JOHN G. CLOCK Vice-President, USGA The place of the caddie in the game of golf has been the stimulus for a great deal of thought and constructive action by golfers in recent years. The innumerable instances when individual golfers have sought to befriend and aid a caddie are part of the grand legend of the game. Group assistance, such as the highly suc­ cessful caddie scholarship program, has also been effectively used by golfers to aid the caddie. As golfers, aware of the caddies role in golf, we generally realize his importance to the regular golfer, particularly in tour­ nament play, and to the occasional or week-end golfer. This relationship is im­ portant, vital, and worthy of continued effort to strengthen and maintain it. Deserves Affenfion There is one phase of this relationship which may not have received the careful thought it deserves. We refer to the rela­ tionship existing between the player, the country club and the caddie, with respect to Federal and State unemployment insur­ ance legislation. For the benefit of all, this matter deserves attention. It is not the purpose of this article to discuss the advisability of including or ex­ cluding caddies from the provisions of the Federal Social Security Law, or State Un­ employment Insurance Law, but to point out that in many states the question would appear to be unsettled. It should, there­ fore, receive the attention of golf clubs in those states to ascertain their exact legal status in this connection, either through their local golf association, or in such other manner as might seem advisable. Some golfers may not know that Fed­ eral Social Security and State Unemploy­ ment Insurance Laws establish a system for the amelioration of unemployment hardship. They undertake, in conjunction, to pay unemployment benefits to those who, through no fault of their own, are out of work. Such laws have also provided various classes or groups of employees that are excluded from the application or ben­ efit of such laws. Questions For Consideration In regard to unemployment, the ques­ tions which golfers, as well as golf clubs, should give adequate consideration are: (1) Are caddies in your state in an ex­ empt or excluded class? (2) Are caddies in your state employ­ ees of the club or the operator of the course where the caddies go regularly or occasionally to offer their services? (3) Are the caddies employees of the player who, under a quite universal practice in most states, pays the caddie fee himself, either directly or indirectly, through a charge to the player’s club account? Insofar as the Federal Social Security Agency is concerned, that agency pub­ lished in 1936, soon after the effective date of the law, a regulation that where services are performed by caddies for mem­ bers of the club and they are compensated either directly or indirectly for such serv­ ices by the club members, the club will not be required to pay the tax imposed by Section 901, Title IX of the Social Security Act with respect to such payments to the caddies even though the caddies may be its employees. If, however, caddies perform any services for the club for which the club itself compensates them, the club is subject to the tax imposed by Section 901 of the Act with respect to such employ­ ment. USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: JUNE. 1956 15 Regulation Clear This regulation is clear and has been in effect since the date of publication. So far as is known, no doubt or conflict has arisen over its application, accordingly creating an exemption of the caddie from the pro­ visions of the Act, so that golf clubs have not been required to include caddie fees paid by its players or members as subject to the Act. In determining how the forty-eight states have treated the subject of unem­ ployment insurance, following issuance of the cited regulation by the Federal Social Security Agency, we find that the District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Idaho, Illi­ nois, Indiana, Mississippi, New Jersey, New York, South Carolina, Utah, Wisconsin, and Wyoming, have either by express stat­ ute, administrative regulation, or Attor­ ney General’s opinion, publicly stated that caddies are excluded from their respective unemployment insurance laws. Thirty-five states have never published any regulation on this matter, nor has any­ thing been published which indicates that they have ever levied an assessment on any club for unemployment insurance purposes or on fees paid to caddies by the player. Controversy In California This leaves one state, California, in which the question is now in controversy. A brief report on the situation existing in California may be helpful in emphasizing the reason for devoting attention to this matter. In 1935, the State of California adopted an unemployment insurance law. Early in January, 1936, soon after the law had be­ come effective, the Unemployment Com­ mission, as it was then designated, issued a published regulation that caddies were to be included under the Act. Golf clubs were to pay the unemployment tax upon caddie fees received by caddies from the players. No effort, however, was made to enforce this regulation, and no club paid any tax upon such caddie fees between 1936 and 1938, when the same Commission pub­ lished a ruling that caddies were excluded from the provisions of the Act and that clubs would not have to pay assessments upon their earnings. A short time later, the Commission made an order that the matter was open, to be dealt with in administrative opinions issued by the Commission. In 1941 and 1943, the Commission, in cases involving two golf clubs, one in Northern and one in Southern California, issued an opinion in each case, holding that caddies were not employees of these clubs and that the club did not have to pay assessment. California Statute In 1943, the Legislature of the State of California enacted a law, in language simi­ lar to the New York statute, providing that anyone carrying a golf player’s clubs was excluded from the Unemployment In­ surance Act. This measure, however, was given a pocket veto. The Department of Employment and golf dubs throughout the State accepted the Unemployment Commission’s opinions on these two cases as determinative of the question, even though the legislative enact­ ment was not signed. The facts pertaining to the handling of caddies at golf courses throughout the State were practically iden­ tical with the practice followed at the two golf courses in which the decisions had been rendered, as disclosed by evidence introduced at the hearings before the opin­ ions were rendered. From 1941 until 1952, the Department of Employment did not notify any golf club in the State of California that they considered caddies employees of the club, hence subject to the provisions of the Unemployment Insurance Law. Early in 1952, however, the Department of Employment sent auditors into six clubs in Southern California. An audit was per­ formed on caddie fees paid during the three years prior to the time of the audit. Clubs Assessed Following completion of these field aud­ its, the six clubs were notified that they were being assessed in amounts varying from $500 in one case, over $5,000 in one, over $6,000 in another, over $7,000 in another, over $8,000 in one, and over 16 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: JUNE, 1956 $19,000 in another, for unemployment taxes upon the fees paid by players to cad­ dies at these clubs during the three-year term. The Department of Employment had not indicated to any of the clubs that they were classifying caddies as the club’s em­ ployees, and that the club should make the withholdings from the fees received by caddies. The assessment was made retro­ active for three years, and, of course, dur­ ing that time the club had no opportunity to make a withholding and to accumulate from withholding the fund that was re­ quired under the Unemployment Insurance Act. They also had no opportunity to keep the necessary books showing the names of players paying the caddie fee and the caddie. Question Before Courts If the Department of Employment’s as­ sessments are upheld by the courts, the clubs will have to pay the assessment out of their own funds. The California .Unem­ ployment Insurance Appeals Board has up­ held the assessment, and in two of the cases, the question is now under submission in the Superior Court of Los Angeles County. An action has been filed for a court determina­ tion on the question of the other four cases, so that a final decision concerning the liability of these country clubs for this assessment will have to be decided by the courts. The courts in most states have held that caddies are subject to any Workmen’s Compensation Law the state may have, if they are, of course, injured while caddying. However, these decisions should not nec­ essarily be determinative of the issue under unemployment insurance laws, because, in practically all clubs, the caddie fee is paid by the player, not by the club. Most unemployment insurance laws impose a dual requirement of first, an employer, and secondly, a payment of the wage by that employer, before liability can be established. Clubs Advised There is no way of determining the atti­ tude of those states in which there is no published statement on the matter, other than requesting from the appropriate state agency a determination of the golf club’s liability for payment of any tax or assess­ ment the state might claim should be paid or collected from caddie fees paid by play­ ers to a caddie. If it is deemed advisable to allow the question to remain in doubt rather than to seek a determination of the club’s liability, that, of course, is up to the club. However, the clubs are now advised of this possible liability. In states where doubt exists concerning determination of this matter, the easy and simple solution is to have the State Legisla­ ture enact a statute similar to that enacted in the State of New York some years ago. This statute specifically exempts the cad­ die from the provisions of the State Unem­ ployment Insurance Act. All possibility of a liability being suddenly asserted against the clubs is then removed. Golf Luck As a golfer I'm not one who cops the money. I shall always be a member of the dubs. There are times my style is positively funny; I am awkward in my handling of the clubs. I am not a skillful golfer, nor a plucky, But this about myself I proudly say— When I win a hole by freaky stroke or lucky, I never claim I played the shot that way. There are times, despite my blundering behavior, When fortune seems to follow at my heels; Now and then I play supremely in her favor, And she lets me pull the rankest sort of steals. She'll give to me the friendliest assistance. I'll jump a ditch at times when I should not. I'll top the ball and get a lot of distance— But I don't claim that's how I played the shot. I've hooked a ball when just that hook I needed, And wondered how 1 ever turned the trick. I've thanked my luck for what a friendly tree did, Although my fortune made my rival sick. Sometimes my shots turn out just as I planned 'em, The sort of shots I usually play. But when up to the cup I chance to land 'em, I never claim I played 'em just that way. There's little in my game that will commend me. I'm not a shark who shoots the course in par; I need good fortune often to befriend me. I have my faults and know just what they are. I play golf in a desperate do-or-die way. And into traps and trouble oft I stray. But when by chance the breaks are coming my way, I do not claim I played the shots that way. “Golf Luck” is from the book WHEN DAY IS DONE, by Edgar A. Guest; copyright 1921, by the Reilley & Lee Co., Chicago. USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: JUNE. 1956 17 AMATEURS JOIN TO The USGA’s stand against gambling in connection with golf tournaments received strong support when 250 amateur golfers joined forces to defend the integrity of golf competitions. Cognizant of the threat posed by organ­ ized gambling, the amateurs signed their names to a resolution stating: "For the benefit of golf, we hereby agree we will not permit our names to be used or sold in any auction of players or teams in any so-called Calcutta Pool or similar activity attendant to any invi­ tational or guest tournament. Recogniz­ ing organized gambling as a threat to the game of golf, we urge all amateur golf­ ers to join us in this resolution.” In announcing the resolution, which he had circulated, William C. Campbell, Cap­ tain of last year’s Walker Cup Team, said, "If we go along and refuse to cooperate for a year or so, Calcuttas will disappear. If a tournament collapses because of our action, it will be a clear indication that it hasn’t been as much a golf tournament as an ex­ cuse for gambling.” Other Amateurs Write Several amateurs subsequently informed us of their reasons for supporting the resolution. William P. Turnesa, of Elmsford, N. Y., 1938 and 1948 USGA Amateur Champion, advised, "I am against all forms of gam­ bling in connection with amateur golf. The reason for my feeling is that gambling tends to eliminate the all-important soci­ ability and friendship in a match. William A. Booe, of Bridgeport, Conn., a semi-finalist in the 195 5 USGA Amateur Championship, considers gambling a threat to the integrity of the game and "a personal insult to my own character.” Regarding the danger presented by gam­ bling, he continued, "It distracts from the wholesome atmosphere of true competition. Such was the case in a tournament where we found we had a more desirable affair without a Calcutta. Everyone seemed to enjoy the competition without concern COMBAT GAMBLING about money or proper handicaps. It was particularly apparent that our guests were not embarrassed during the weekend, espe­ cially during the bidding. "In another instance, I found myself playing a better ball match in which I personally would have been financially richer by losing rather than winning a semi­ final match. I owned two 'win’ tickets in a pari-mutuel on my own team and one 'place’ ticket on my opponent’s team. The one ticket would have been worth more than the two, by an odd coincidence, and there was still the final to be played. "It was disturbing to think what could be involved if it were a large amount of money, and I could only speculate as to what others would have thought if we lost. Just for the record, we won in the sixth extra hole and then were successful in the final.” The True Amateur's Reward In explaining his reasons for signing the petition, Richard D. Chapman, of Pine­ hurst, N. C., a former USGA and British Amateur Champion, deplored the influence of gambling as opposing the best interests of the game. "The pleasure of playing with friends and the thrill of winning a match or tournament are all the reward a true amateur golfer should expect,” he said. "I recall,” he continued, "an unsavory incident that happened to me in connection with a small Calcutta pool. "The total of the pool was only about $4,000, but an intoxicated man purchased our ticket for approximately $1,200, after opening the bid for that amount. My brother was my partner. "The next day the owner of our ticket, probably realizing the folly of the night before, told us that we were entitled to purchase fifty percent of our team. My brother declined, as did I. However, the ticket owner then told me that, 'as a true sportsman,’ I was 'compelled’ to do so. "Rather than argue, and to save being accused of poor sportsmanship, I took the fifty percent. We won the tournament and a net profit of $23.60. What price glory!!” 18 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: JUNE, 1956 PEN PORTRAIT WILL CONNOLLY by OF A SENIOR Sports Writer San Francisco Chronicle, IT was spring, like this, and young Georgie Studinger decided to play hookey from Farragut Grammar School, in San Francisco. "My chum talked me into cutting classes that day. I didn’t need much urg­ ing,” Stud recalls. "We strolled over the sand dunes and through the vegetable gardens of Ingleside. "We saw a lot of people going into the San Francisco Golf Club. We sneaked in to see what all the fuss was about. That was the first round of golf I ever saw in my life. "Know who the foursome was? Only Harry Vardon, Ted Ray, John Black and Macdonald Smith. I started at the top and worked down. That was in 1913. "Know who my chum was? Mel Smith, now the pro at Santa Barbara’s Valley Club. He finally got out of the eighth grade at Farragut.” Stud was recently lionized by the Lake Merced Golf and Country Club at a lunch­ eon and dinner. They kept him busy all day long. What was the occasion? Nothing spe­ cial, except the Lake Merced people wanted to do something nice for one of the nation’s best senior golfers. Stud is 56, and still a formidable opponent. Last September, at Nashville, Tenn., he lost in the final of the USGA Senior Amateur Championship to J. Wood Platt, of Philadelphia. Nof Country Club Stud isn’t country club, and neither is golf any more. He is the embodiment of public links and "City” players. Back in 1928, when the San Francisco City tourna­ ment was primitive, he won the title and Reprinted by permission of San Francisco Chronicle, San Francisco, Cal. GEORGE STUDINGER was in the final three times subsequently, as recently as 1945. This man doesn’t look like the delinea­ tion of a golfer. He could pass for a middleweight pugilist. Stud is no beauty. He has the homely ruggedness of face com­ mon to so many likeable guys. But Lake Merced people love him. They described him as "kindly, generous and thoughtful,” and that’s why they threw him a day. Stud talks like a man from the Mission. Fresh off the sound track of Runyon’s "Guys and Dolls”. "Why not?” he asks, "I was brought up in the Mission. Lived at Twenty-sixth and Castro and later on Bartlett Street off Val­ encia. Fifty years ago next month, I climbed the Castro hill to Twenty-second street and saw the city burning below me. I was six years old, but you don’t forget something like that.” Studinger was born in North Beach, Broadway and Kearny. His father was a German immigrant who earned his keep as a baker. Stud remembers the American Bis­ cuit Co., where he bought a gunny sack of broken cookies for 25 cents. He played his first formal eighteen holes in 1924, either at Ingleside or Lincoln, he forgets which. "I shot in the low eighties the first time out, but I should explain that,” Stud wants USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: JUNE, 1956 19 it known. "I had been caddying on the Coast for such as Gene Sarazen and Walter Hagen. Mac Smith took me back to Oak­ land Hills, in Detroit, for the USGA Open Championship, and there I saw Bobby Jones. Jones the Best "Jones will do as the best in my book.” There was very little opportunity for kids to play golf when Studinger was a truant from Farragut Grammar. "In nineteen hundred and thirteen, there were only two courses in this town—the Presidio and the San Francisco Club,” Stud minds. "I wasn’t interested in golf as a game. I wanted to earn a buck to bring home to my mother. "The going rate was forty cents for eighteen holes. I brought home as much as sixty cents some days. This bought bread and milk.” The junior tournament for high school­ ers and younger at Lake Merced in Easter week is the best thing that ever happened to golf, Studinger preaches. "So what if the kids take over the course for one week of the year?” he asks. "Adults can afford to lay off. They have fifty-one weeks left. Are they parents or aren’t they? Parents should make a sacrifice.” In his day, Studinger observes, golf was for wealthy jokers in knickerbockers. No attention was given to ’teen-agers. "Golf was learned the hard way by cad­ dies, and they are a vanishing race,” he says. "Nowadays, golfers use carts to cut down the expense of shooting a round, and the caddie is virtually a dead duck. "The best golfers are coming out of col­ lege. I thought I was good. I once shot sixty-six at Harding, sixty-three at Lincoln and my best at Lake Merced was sixty­ seven. The younger generation disregards par. A Versatile Athlete Studinger is no one-sport man. He was a nifty outfielder in the Mission. "I could box a little,” Stud admits, "I won the one hundred sixty pound cham­ pionship of the Union Iron Works in World War I. We worked seven days a week, from nineteen hundred and sixteen through nine- USCA FILM LIBRARY Latest addition to USGA’s Film Library is “Inside Golf House,” a guided tour through the shrine of golf in America. The viewer is given an opportunity to see the many interesting exhibits in “Golf House,” USGA headquarters in New York, and to re-live golf triumphs of the past with many of the game’s im­ mortals. Lindsey Nelson, Assistant Sports Director of the National Broadcasting Company, is the narrator. The film is a 16 mm. black and white production with a running time of 28 minutes. Thus far, more than 460 bookings have been made for USGA’s motion picture, “The Rules of Golf—Etiquette.” The film stresses the importance of etiquette by portrayal of various violations of the code in the course of a family four-ball match. Ben Hogan appears in several scenes, and Robert T. Jones, Jr., makes the introduc­ tory statement. A 16 mm. Kodachrome production, the film has a running time of 17^ minutes. The distribution of both prints is handled by National Educational Films, Inc., 165 West 46th Street, New York 36, N. Y., which produced the films in cooperation with the USGA. The rental is $15 per film or $25 in combination at the same time, including the cost of ship­ ping prints to the renter. teen hundred and twenty, and I was so well-heeled that I bought silk shirts and a Buick with the top down.” Studinger is a graduate of the Yellow Cab system. He was a driver and later a supervisor of Yellow’s service. "I was on the night shift,’’ he says, "I needed exercise, so I turned to walking the six thousand yards. Today, there must be a couple of hundred cabbies on local courses.” Stud is proud that he was in on the beginning of public links golfing. He was a member of the San Francisco team that won the President Harding trophy at St. Paul in 1931. The late Charlie Ferrera won the indi­ vidual title, and with him on the team were Arthur Sato, a Japanese; Bob Oppen­ heim—and Studinger. It was a relief for Stud to shed his leather puttees, at that time the cab driver’s badge. 20 USCA JOURNAL ANO TURF MANAGEMENT: JUNE, 1956 NEW HANDICAP SYSTEM FOR CHAPMAN FOURSOMES In June, 1954, the USGA JOURNAL published a stroke-play handicap table for use in the Chapman style of foursome play, developed by Mr. and Mrs. Richard D. Chapman, of Pinehurst, N. C., and Osterville, Mass. In this style of play, both partners drive and then each plays a sec­ ond stroke with the other’s ball. After the second strokes have been played, one ball is selected to be continued in play by alternate strokes. This style of play can be used by men’s, women’s or mixed four­ some teams. Chapman has now worked out a new and more refined system of handicapping this style of play, which has become in­ creasingly popular. His new team handicap table for stroke play starts with combined handicaps of one, instead of ten, and lists teams’ handi­ caps directly in numbers, instead of in a sliding scale of percentages, a great boon for those who have trouble with fractional computations. There is another benefit in his new table. Teams have been given increased allowances in the higher segment of the handicap scale. The new team handicaps run from 3 5 per cent to 50 per cent of the partners’ combined handicaps when computed back to percentages. As another new feature, Chapman also has introduced his first recommendation for match play when playing selected sec­ ond strokes under the Chapman system. It is to grant the higher-handicapped team the full difference between the team han­ dicaps as determined by the team handicap table for stroke play. The recommended maximum handicap for any one player is 40 and the minimum scratch. Fractions of .5 or more are com­ puted as 1. The new handicap recommendations were formally tested and proved in Chap- man-style mixed foursome tournaments over last Labor Day week-end at the Oyster Harbors Club, in Osterville, Mass., and the Brae Burn Country Club, in West Newton, Mass., the home clubs, respec­ tively, of Chapman and of William O. Blaney, Chairman of the USGA Handicap Committee. At each club, the winning net score was 67. Copies of Chapman’s recommendations are available upon request from Richard D. Chapman, Osterville, Mass. Chapman’s handicap table for stroke play follows: Combined Handicaps 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Team Handicaps 0 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 5 5 5 6 6 7 7 7 Combined Handicaps 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 Team Handicaps 8 8 9 9 10 10 10 11 11 12 12 13 13 14 14 15 15 16 16 17 Combined Handicaps 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT; JUNE, 1956 Team Handicaps 17 18 18 19 19 20 20 21 21 22 22 23 23 24 25 25 26 26 27 27 Combined Handicaps 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 Team Handicaps 28 29 29 30 30 31 32 32 33 34 34 35 35 36 37 37 38 39 39 40 21 Penalty Applies to Both Partners with Double Caddie USGA 56-5 R. 40-3e Q.: Two teams were competing in the annual interclub team matches of the Women’s Southern California Golf Asso­ ciation. Four players of low handicap were competing hole by hole on a low- ball basis, one point per hole. Each team had a double caddie. At the moment they were playing the thirteenth hole at the Riviera Country Club. As they walked the fair­ way, the caddie of one team accidentally kicked the ball of one of the opposing players. It was immediately mentioned and the offended player at once restored the ball to its original lie, although she did not comply with book and drop it. The lady offended claimed a penalty had been incurred, but after a brief conversation play was resumed and the offended player ultimately won the hole without penalty being called either way. But here’s the question that has evolved: one double caddie, so who gets the penalty stroke? Question by: Harry Winters Inglewood 4, Cal. A.: Rule 40-3e governs in four-ball matches and both opponents would incur penalties of one stroke. This Rule is the same in 195 6 as it was in 195 5. When each participant has his own cad­ die, the opponent whose caddie moves the ball incurs a penalty of one stroke. When two opponents are sharing the caddie who moves the ball, the penalty applies to both. There is no "other opponent” in such a circumstance, and no one on the side can be relieved of penalty. However, the player whose ball was moved disqualified herself for the hole by her failure to drop the ball as near as pos­ sible to the spot from which it had been moved (Rules 40-3e, 5 and 40-3i in the 1956 Rules of Golf). Player Not Allowed to Clean Lime from Ball Under Section 2 of Rule 27 in the 195 5 Rules appears the following: "If a player’s ball be touched or moved by an opponent, his caddie, clubs or other equipment . . . the opponent shall incur a penalty stroke ...” There were two opponents but only USGA Decision 56-8 Def. 20, 28; R. 15-1, 23-2, 31-2 Q.1 : During the Ryder Cup Match a player’s ball picked up a gob of lime upon rolling past a limed line laid on the ground to control the gallery. 22 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: JUNE, 1956 Under Rule 11-4, "Decision by Equity,” could the Rules committee or the referee permit the player to clean the lime from the ball which definitely was a disadvan­ tage to him? A.l: No. To do so would be to violate Rule 23-2, which expressly prohibits cleaning the ball. Hall at Rest on Limed Line Q.2: A ball comes to rest on the limed line. Is the player allowed to lift it with­ out penalty and drop it as provided fcr in Rule 31-2? A.2: No. Such a line is not in the na­ ture of an obstruction as defined in Defi­ nition 20. Partners in Foursome Shall Strike Off Alternately Q.3: In a 36-hole foursome match, may the members of a side change the order of striking alternately from the teeing grounds after the first 18 holes have been played? A.3: No. Rule 15-1 provides that the partners in a foursome shall strike off alternately from the teeing grounds, and this pertains to the entire match. Questions by: Warren Orlick President Michigan Section, PGA Orchard Lake, Michigan and Harold Sargent Secretary PGA of America Atlanta, Georgia Positioning Flagstick USGA 56-10 R. 34-1, 35-lh Q.: What are the player’s rights about positioning the flagstick in the hole before playing with the flagstick unattended? Question by: Horton Smith Detroit Golf Club Detroit, Michigan A.: The flagstick is always under the control of the player about to play—Rule 34-1. A player or competitor electing to play with the flagstick in the hole is en­ titled to place it, or have it placed, in its normal position in the center of the hole and as nearly upright as possible. He may not, however, replace or adjust it in any other way which would infringe Rule 3 5-lh (which prohibits any action to influence the movement of the ball). If before he plays either he or his partner or caddie adjusts or replaces it in any other position, he must be deemed to have taken action to influence the movement of the ball and suffers the penalty of loss of hole or two strokes, as the case may be; if such action is taken by the partner, he also would be penalized under new Rule 37-3. Similarly, if a competitor about to play permits a fellow-competitor or his caddie to adjust or replace the flagstick into an abnormal position, he must be deemed to have given his sanction and incurs the pen­ alty of two strokes. In all other cases, a player or competitor is entitled to play to the flagstick as he finds it in the hole. Penalty Is Stroke For Lifting Without Consent USGA 56-11 R. 23 (Preamble), 27-2a Q.: Rule 23 Preamble primarily presup­ poses that when a player’s ball, without the player’s tacit consent or open request, is lifted by his opponent’s side, a penalty of one stroke is incurred by the opponent under Rule 27-2a, but if the player tacitly agrees to the opponent’s lifting the play­ er’s ball or if the player openly requests his opponent to lift the player’s ball to save time in match play, the Rule does not cover because the penalty clause specifically omits Rule 23 Preamble. If so, does Rule 5 apply? Question by: S. Takahata, Pres. Hirono Golf Club Kobe, Japan A.: The Preamble to Rule 23 is not a Rule in itself, so there can be no violation and no penalty. It is an advisory note de­ signed simply to place the responsibility for lifting a ball on the owner or his side. In match play, if the opponent lifts the player’s ball without the owner’s approval, the opponent is penalized one stroke under Rule 27-2a. USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: JUNE, 1956 23 Ball in Drain Pipe USGA 56-12 D. 20; R. 31-2 Q.: A player’s ball goes in a drain pipe, but be cannot reach it. Some say it is a lost ball. Others say it is unplayable. I think he could drop a ball within two club­ lengths, without penalty, as it is in a drain. Question by: Harold Lee New Orleans Country Club New Orleans, La. A.: We understand that the ball defi­ nitely touches the drain pipe, which is an obstruction under Definition 20. To ob­ tain relief under Rule 31-2, the player must drop the ball within two club-lengths of the opening of the obstruction nearest to where the ball lay, and it must come to rest not nearer the hole than the place where the ball lay. The player may not measure through the obstruction or through the ground in obtaining relief. “Identifying” Provisional Ball USGA 56-13 R. 21-Pre., 21-2, 21-3, 29-1, 30-la Q.: A has driven his ball into woods bordering rough and out of bounds stakes. From the tee it looked to players as if it was obviously out as ball was not seen to have bounced into play. A then teed an­ other and hit it into the rough in the same general vicinity of first ball. Players were reasonably sure it stayed in bounds. A finds ball in bounds, claims it is first ball and not second, or provisional, and continues to play the hole without penalty. The other ball is not found in or out of bounds- A claims both balls were numbered the same. What is B’s recourse, in match or medal play, according to the new Rule governing a provisional ball? Does the Rule mean that a ball must be merely identified "provision­ al’’, or does it mean that it must be identi­ fied as to make, number, color, markings, etc., to distinguish it from the original ball? Question by Edwin B. Hopkins, Jr. Abilene, Texas A.: Rule 30-la requires: "Before play­ ing a provisional ball, the player must an­ nounce his intention to his opponent or his marker.” The preamble to Rule 21 provides: "The responsibility for playing his own ball rests with the player. Each player should put an identification mark on his ball.” It is not clear from the question whether A announced that his second ball from the tee was provisional. (a) If A did not announce that it was provisional, it became the ball in play under Rule 29-1, and A’s score was 3 after his second stroke from the tee. If the ball which A then played out was in fact his first ball, as he claimed, he played a wrong ball. B thus could have claimed the hole in match play (Rule 21-2); in stroke play, A was subject to a two-stroke pen­ alty, and eventually to disqualification if he did not find and hole out his second ball, etc. (Rule 21-3). (b) If A did announce that his second ball from the tee was provisional, he was not entitled to assume that the ball found was his first ball unless he could make positive identification of it by means of a mark or some other distinguishing feature. In such a case, B could have entered a claim that it was A’s second ball, and the Committee would have had to determine the matter after investigation and evalua­ tion of all available testimony. Lifting or Playing First Without Request on Green USGA 56-14 R. 16, 20-3, 35-lj, 35-3a,b Q.: In stroke play on the putting green, if you do not require the other ball lifted or putted under Rule 3 5-3a and your fellow-competitor, regardless of the posi­ tion on the green, lifts or putts, may you recall the putt or ask to have the ball re­ placed? Is there a penalty to fellow-com­ petitor, unless he has acted under Rule 35-3b? Question by: Mrs. R. R. Hurford Tucson, Ariz. 24 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: JUNE, 1956 A.: The fellow-competitor may lift only upon the competitor’s request when there is possible interference, under Rule 35-3a. If he lifts for interference in the absence of such a request, he violates Rules 16 and 3 5-lj, and is penalized two strokes in stroke play. The fellow-competitor may play first either (a) upon the competitor’s request when there is possible interference, under Rule 3 5-3a, or (b) if the fellow-competi­ tor considers that his ball might assist the competitor, under Rule 35-3b (but he may not lift). If he plays first for any other reason, he would merely be playing out of turn, and Rule 20-3 contains no penalty for playing out of turn in stroke play. Player Must Drop Ball USGA 56-15 R. 22-1 QI : If a player’s caddie drops a ball in place of the player himself, in violation of Rule 22-1, which clearly requires "the player himself shall drop it”, can it be interpreted that the ball was dropped "in any manner other than described above” and the player is penalized one stroke as stipulated in Rule 22-1? A l: Yes. Q2: Is it the Rules Committee’s intent to exclude specifically Rule 22-1 from the general penalty of loss of hole in match play and two strokes in stroke play? A2: Yes. Because the penalty is other­ wise provided for in the text of Rule 22-1, the general penalty stipulated in Rule 5 does not apply to breaches of that Rule. Caddie May Place Ball Q3: If a player’s ball on the putting green is lifted and replaced by the player’s caddie, rather than by the player himself, does the player incur a penalty? A3: No. Rule 22 does not require that the player himself place the ball when it has been lifted and is being replaced under the Rules. See particularly Rule 22-4. However, the player would incur the rela­ tive penalty under Rule 37-2 if the caddie violates a Rule. Questions by: S. Takahata, Pres. Hirono Golf Club Kobe, Japan Smoothing Sand Ball Returns to Spot R & A R. 33-lg QI : A player plays a stroke at his ball, lying in a sand hazard. He fails to get it out of the hazard. Before playing a second stroke, he smooths over the marks made by him in playing the first stroke, in no way improving the lie of the ball for the second stroke. So far he has incurred no penalty. He now proceeds to play a second stroke at the ball, which bounds back off the bank of the hazard, and comes to rest in the same position in which it originally lay, before he made his first stroke in the hazard. Is the player now penalized for having improved the lie of the ball? Al : As the player’s action in smoothing the sand assisted the player in his subse­ quent play of the hole he violated Rule 33-lg, the penalty for which is, in match play, loss of hole and stroke play, two strokes. It is suggested that a safe practice is to refrain from smoothing the sand until the ball has been played out of the hazard. Q2: A player plays a stroke at his ball lying in a sand hazard. The ball comes to rest on the putting green, well beyond the hole. Before leaving the hazard, the player smooths over the marks made by him, as he is compelled to do by para 6 of Section 1—Etiquette. The player proceeds to putt and putts his ball off the green back into the same hazard, where it comes to rest on the spot where he has smoothed out his previous marks. Is there any penalty be­ cause the player has presumably assisted himself in his subsequent play of the hole? If there is a penalty, how is a player to comply with paragraph six of Etiquette. A2: There is no penalty in this case as the original action in smoothing the sand could not in equity be related to the ball being subsequently played back into the hazard. USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: JUNE, 1956 25 Better Turf for Better Golf #1 TURF MANAGEMENT from the USGA Green Section HOW RECORDS HELP YOUR GREEN SUPERINTENDENT By (AMES E. THOMAS Member, USGA Green Section Committee, and Golf Course Superintendent, Army Navy Country Club, Arlington, Va. ’llany of us recall the musings of the 1VJL "Peripatetic Golfer” who used to give us his wise and sage bits of philosophy in the early "Bulletins” of the Green Sec­ tion of the USGA. The subject of Cost Keeping and Maintenance Records brings to mind one of his admonitions: "Keep your eye on the club’s bookkeeper.” If we are to follow this advice, it means that we must do a bit of record keeping ourselves. The system need not be a complicated one, the simpler the better. We each have our individual situations to meet and cope with. At the Army and Navy Country Club in Arlington, Virginia, the golf course is operated on a fixed an­ nual budget which is divided into several different units such as salaries and wages, repairs and replacements, chemicals and fungicides, fertilizers, and sand. The allotments for these separate cate­ gories are based on the usage and experience of a 12 month period from August 31 of the prior year through July 31 of the cur­ rent year. The actual figures for the next season’s anticipated expenses are not arrived at until the month of October. This space of time affords all interested parties a chance to review the figures and make necessary changes and recommendations. The final actual operating budget extends from one January until the last day of December. To keep a close account of my golf course expenditures from month to month, the following easy and simple forms are kept: 1. A monthly inventory of all material® on hand. 2. A goods received sheet, showing the costs of all supplies received during the month. 3. A daily time book, to provide a record of wages and salaries paid out. These three records are not hard to keep, and do not require much time or effort to handle. Their use will enable one to quickly arrive at an approximate financial standing without waiting for the comptroller’s re­ port. While the deductions will not be ac­ curate to the n’th degree, they will be close enough to provide a quick picture of your finances. How It Works As an illustration, we wish to know what our operating costs are for the month of January: First, we would take the amount of our January first inventory and to it add the costs of all supplies pur­ chased during the month. From this would be subtracted the inventory of February first. To these findings would be added all salaries and wages paid out during the month- Thus we would have the costs of 26 USCA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: JUNE, 1956 our January expenses. Also, a monthly breakdown on the consumption of gasoline is kept. This shows the fuel use of each piece of power equipment, and provides a record for securing refunds on gasoline taxes that have been paid out. As an ad­ ditional supplement, the dates of all lubri­ cation to equipment should be recorded. On the breakdown of repairs and replace­ ments, it would be well to instruct the shop mechanic to keep a detailed list of all new parts and replacements used on each piece of machinery. By doing this, one could arrive at the cost of keeping an old machine in continued use. Quite often it would prove that the time was at hand for the purchase of a new machine. A part of this discourse is to discuss, "records-of-day-to-day operations,” or per­ haps an Efficiency Edgar would term it as cost analysis of golf course maintenance. He would keep such records with the thought in mind of cutting down on ex­ penses, the laying off of employees, etc. In his eyes it would be the foundation for an economy move. Such a purpose has no place in the scene; it would do more harm than good, and the result would be one of confusion. I am not one who believes in keeping figures, so as to go on record that it is possible to operate on less money. The aim is to improve methods and make the club’s dollar accomplish more. What are some of the uses to which cost analysis may be put? Let us say that times have become bad and we are forced to curtail a bit and save money. Yet, we do not wish to lower our standard to any marked degree. We know that something has to be eliminated. The question is, what? To find the answer, it becomes necessary to keep an exact record of the man hours spent on each job. By doing this, we soon learn where our labor dollar is going. A certain amount is paid out to mow tees, fairways, and greens. Also, money is being spent to water these areas. Likewise, we find out that all of our activities have a fixed price tag. Some of them are definitely needed, while others are not so essential. Thus by checking costs of each performance, we are able to find ways TURF MANAGEMENT The book “Turf Management,” sponsored by the United States Golf Association and edited by Prof. H. B. Musser, is a complete and authoritative guide in the practical development of golf-course turfs. This 354-page volume is available through the USGA, 40 East 38th Street, New York 16, N. Y., the USGA Green Section Re­ gional Offices, the McGraw-Hill Book Co., 350 West 42nd Street, New York 36, N. Y., or local bookstores. The cost is $7. of reducing some of our spending, and still keep the number one jobs going. Other Suggestions Perhaps the rough would be mowed less often, or the sand traps raked less fre­ quently. By using the old geometric axiom, "A straight line is the shortest distance be­ tween two given points,” we would center most of our labors on the areas running from tee to green. All other chores on the course would be of a secondary nature. First things would come first. The above is an example of the value of cost keeping analysis. However, it is a laborious task to perform. There are many tedious hours and details involved. I do not think the average superintendent needs to bother with them, and then only when he wants to find out what certain jobs are costing. Usually an occasional spot check would suffice. The system could also be used to good advantage in preparing budgets, seasonal and annual reports. Then it could be cor­ related with the inventory, goods received, and payroll forms mentioned earlier. Other recordings a superintendent should keep during the golfing season are: the dates, amounts and areas of all applications of fertilizers, topdressings, seedings, fung­ icides, insecticides, and weed eradication treatments. Results should be noted. I would like to again reiterate: Let us keep only the records needed for our own individual situations, and in doing so re­ tain the thought in mind of using them as a guide to the improvement of our own value and efficiency. Never let bookkeep­ ing lead you to be "penny wise and pound foolish.’’ USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: JUNE, 1956 27 Discuss Turf Problems Seven participants of the tenth annual Southeastern Turf Conference are pictured as they "fake a break" between meetings. The conference, held at Tifton, Ga., from April 9-11, was highlighted by the release of the new hybrid Bermuda, Tifgreen. From left to right are: Mr. T. M. Baumgardner, Landscape Architect, Vice-President of Sea Island Co., Sea Island, Ga., and a member of the USGA Green Section; Mr. B. P. Robinson, Southeastern Director, USGA Green Section, and Turf Specialist, Coastal Plain Experiment Station, Tifton, Ga.; Mr. Jimmy D'Angelo, Professional, Dunes Golf and Beach Club, Myrtle Beach, S. C.; Dr. G. W. Burton, Principal Geneticist, USDA, and a member of the USGA Green Section; Col. Frank Ward, Ref., Superintendent, Bradenton Country Club, Bradenton, Fla., and Vice-President of Florida Turf Assn.; Dr. Gene Nutter, Asst. Agronomist, Turf Program for Florida, and a member of the USGA Green Section; Mr. Hugh A. Inglis, Secretary of Georgia Crop Improvement Assn., Athens, Ga. THE TENTH SOUTHEASTERN TURF CONFERENCE By B. P. ROBINSON Southeastern Director, USGA Green Section Interest in turf grass maintenance in the Southeast is indicated by the diversity of specialized fields represented by those attending the 10th Southeastern Turfgrass Conference at Tifton, Georgia, April 9-11, 1956. Golf Course superintendents and professionals, park superintendents, ceme­ tery superintendents, athletic departments, manufacturers of agri-chemicals, fertilizer, and equipment, crop improvement associa­ tions, growers associations, landscape archi­ tects, state and federal workers were present. One of the first turfgrass nursery asso­ ciations, Certified Emerald Zoysia Pro­ ducers Association, had a business meeting immediately after the conference. Sponsors of the turf program are greatly interested in seeing that the consumer secures pure planting stock of the grasses released. Crop Improvement Associations and nurserymen associations help meet this need. The program was high-lighted, first, by the release of the new hybrid Bermuda, Tifgreen, and second, by the review of 10 years of turfgrass research at the Univer­ sity of Georgia Coastal Plain Experiment Station. Personnel cooperating in the re­ search program summarized the research work under the topics of: Turf grass Breed­ ing, Soil Fertility, Disease Control, Weed Control, and Insect Control. Throughout the ten year period the Tifton turf pro­ gram has been sponsored jointly by the Experiment Station, USGA Green Section, Southern Golf Association, and the USDA. Superintendent-Agronomist Opening The Maidstone Club, Easthampton, N. Y., invites applications of graduate agronomists for the position of golf course superintendent. 28 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: JUNE, 1956 THE MAN BEHIND THE BEAUTY OF OAK HILL By A. M. RADKO Northeastern Director, USGA Green Section Elmer Michael witnessed his first USGA Open Championship in 1912. It was held at the Buffalo Country Club, and re­ calls his first disappointment in connection with golf, because he caddied for one of the local players who failed to qualify. The die was cast early for Elmer Michael, now Superintendent in charge of one of the nation’s outstanding golf courses, Oak Hill Country Club, site of the 19 5 6 Open Championship. Elmer was born, at the turn of the century, the only child of Charles H. and Susan Brown Michael. The elder Michael, together with his parents, owned and operated a farm in Erie County at the time. Elmer’s great grandparents, on his mother’s side, owned a farm in Buffalo which later became the first golf course in Western New York. This course was known as the Buffalo Country Club; later was sold to the city of Buffalo, and at the present time is known as the Grover Cleveland Park Golf Course. Father A Greenkeeper The elder Michael worked in a factory, in addition to operating the farm, until he contracted typhoid fever and was advised to seek full-time outdoor employment. In 1902, he went to work for the Buffalo Country Club. He later was placed in charge of the course, during which time he expanded the 9 hole course into an 18 hole layout. In 1908, the elder Michael became greenkeeper at the Park Club of Buffalo, which at the time was a six-hole course. The Park Club was built on the Pan-American Exposition Grounds and it was on this course that Elmer was indoctrinated into the greenkeeping profession. In 1918, the elder Michael’s assistant re­ signed and Elmer left school to take over the assistant’s responsibilities. A few years later, Architect Walter J. Travis was brought in to redesign the city course, and at the age of 22, Elmer was placed in charge of construction. He supervised the work of 40 men, 16 teams, two tractors, and a steam shovel. He remained at this ELMER MICHAEL course until 1925, and from there went to Transit Valley Country Club. In 1929, he left Transit Valley and took over the greenkeeping responsibilities at Oak Hill Country Club, where he is now in his 27th year of service. Developed Turf When he came to Oak Hill, Elmer de­ signed and installed an irrigation system for both the East and West courses. He also planted the East course greens to a strain of bentgrass that he personally selected and increased while at the Park Club of Buffalo. This strain was discovered on grass plots that were abandoned after the Pan-Ameri­ can Exposition, and were found when the course was remodeled in 1922. This strain looked exceptionally good to Elmer, and when the old Park Club course was aban­ doned in 1929, he sent a truck into Buffalo to return with a load of stolons from which he developed a sod turf nursery at Oak Hill. This nursery was used to replace the Virginia creeping bentgrass that was origi­ nally planted on the East Course. The Virginia strain was unpopular because of its coarseness and because of the grainy turf it formed. At the time, the change was authorized and approved by Mr. Louis W. Chapin, father of Oak Hill’s present USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: JUNE, 1956 29 president, Mr. William C. Chapin. These are the fine greens on which players in the Open Championship will compete this year. Recent Improvements More recent improvements at Oak Hill include a six acre practice driving range, a new 21,000 square feet practice putting green, improved parking facilities, and a new 12 5 HP pump, which makes possible the pumping of 1,200 gallons per minute at 100 lbs. pressure. Elmer is a member of the United States Golf Association Green Section Committee, and while attending the 1954 National Open Championship and Green Section Committee Meetings at Baltusrol Golf Club in Springfield, New Jersey, he learned that Oak Hill was to be the site of the 1956 Open Competition. While there, El­ mer studied the conditioning technique of Baltusrol’s Superintendent, Mr. Ed Casey. In Elmer’s words, "Ed Casey did a perfect job in conditioning Baltusrol. I have never seen a course in better shape for champion­ ship play.” We have every confidence that those who play or attend the 1956 Open Cham­ pionship will have equal praise for Oak Hill’s Superintendent, Elmer Michael. Oak Hill Known For Beauty As the name denotes, Oak Hill is known for its beauty of landscape, particularly its Oak trees. During the years that Elmer has been at Oak Hill, some 75,000 trees were nursery grown and have been stra- SUBSCRIBERS TO USGA RESEARCH FUND Goldthwaite’s Texas Toro Co., Fort Worth-Houston-Dallas, Texas Golf Course Superintendents Association, St. Charles, Ill. Golf Course Superintendent Association of Northern California, Oakland, Cal. Golf and Lawn Grass Nurseries, Atlanta, Ga. Mallinckrodt Chemical Works, New York, N. Y. Metropolitan Golf Writers Association, New York Philadelphia Association of Golf Course Superintendents, Pa. Ranelagh Golf Club, Buenos Aires, Argentina Vineland Chemical Co., Vineland, N. J. Western New York Golf Course Superintendent Association, Hamburg, N. Y. Winmesa Farms Company, Phoenix, Ariz. tegically transplanted throughout the 36 hole course. Dr. John R. Williams has been the untiring guiding hand behind this land­ scape program, according to Elmer. Many rare varieties and most of the trees that grow in the Northeastern United States can be found at Oak Hill. Thus, spectators and players will have the pleasure of seeing one of the finest golf tests in one of the finest landscape settings found anywhere in the golfing world. Elmer can well be proud of exhibiting Oak Hill Country Club to golf enthusiasts who come to Rochester to view the Open Champion­ ship in June. Correction To The chart on page 27, of the April issue of the USGA JOURNAL, relating to putting quality of Tifgreen, as rated by Golf Professionals and Golf Course Super- Tifgreen Table intendents at the eighth annual Southeastern Turf grass Conference, was in error. We apologize for the error and herewith print the corrected figures. TABLE III Ratings by Golf Professionals and Golf Course Superintendents on the Putting Quality of Several Bermudagrass Selections During the Eighth Annual Southeastern Turfgrass Conference, Tifton, Ga., 1954 Selection Tifgreen Tiflawn x C. transvaalensis Tifton 55 x C. transvaalensis Gene Tift 30 Best 36 6 2 Number of Individuals Rating Selections As Second 20 9 Third 13 5 Fourth 8 1 4 1 Fifth 1 3 9 1 TOTAL 78 24 15 2 _ USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: JUNE, 1956 Result of Spring Rains This is what the spring rains did fo the eleventh fairway of Woolfert's Roost Country Club, Albany, N. Y. A heavy three-inch rainfall overburdened a storm sewerage line causing it to break. Here, Mr. Jack Gormley, Superintendent, surveys the damage. In some areas of the fairway the soil deposit resulting from the break measured approximately two feet in depth. QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS Question: I do not really understand the value of the soluble salts tests. And what’s the difference between sodium and calcium salts in the soil? Answer: Soluble salts, in the case of soils under turf, frequently give a good indication of whether or not drainage is adequate and whether or not the water being used is suitable for turf irrigation use. Soluble salts generally are sodium and potassium salts and they may be either chlorides, sulfates or carbonates. Carbon­ ates and chlorides generally are undesirable, whereas sulfates generally are much less harmful. Sodium salts generally are soluble salts, whereas calcium salts may be much less soluble. Calcium salts tend to floccu­ late the soil and improve drainage, where­ as sodium salts have a tendency to dis­ perse the soil particles and to make the soils tighter and more poorly drained. Question: A great many "wetting agents” are being advertised in trade maga­ zines. Do they have a place on the golf course? COMING EVENTS 1956 August 7: Kutgers lurf Field Day Rutgers Umversiry New Brunswick, N. J. August 15-16: Rhode Island Field Days University of Rhode Island Kingston, R. I. September 17-18: Mid-West Regional Turf Foundation Field Days Purdue University Lafayette, Ind. Answer: Wetting agents have been used for many years in connection with the ap­ plication of spray materials. The modern name for a wetting agent is "surfactant,” a contraction of the words "surface act­ ing agent.” They have sometimes been called "spreaders.” Fish-oil soap was one of the earliest, and smelliest, components of spray mixtures and it was used primarily as a "spreader” or wetting agent. A wet- USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: JUNE, 1956 31 Divot Hole Repair Paul Hahn Photo This Japanese girl-caddie illustrates the accepted method of filling a divot hole in that country. Each caddie carries a little bag, slung from the shoulder, containing a mixture of soil, seed and fertilizer. When a golfer creates a divot, the caddie imme­ diately repairs the damage, insuring fine turf for golfing. ting agent lowers surface tension and spray particles flatten out instead of sitting on plant leaves in bead-like droplets. This allows more thorough coverage and thereby produces greater effectiveness of herbicides, fungicides, insecticides and fertilizers used as foliar sprays. Wetting agents may perform another function for turf growers and this pos­ sibility has been long over-looked. Local­ ized dry spots may be wetted much more easily if they are first irrigated with a so­ lution of water and wetting agent. Even dry peat may be wetted quite easily when one of these materials is added to the water. Thatched turf areas behave in a manner similar to peat in that they are difficult to wet and therefore allow water to run off instead of infiltrating the soil. Fairy rings are partially caused by the drying out of the soil in which the mycelium of the causal fungus is growing. Wetting agents can help in alleviating these conditions. Question: In preparing a C-l (Arling­ ton) and C-19 (Congressional) nursery for increase, is it best to plant separate nursery rows of each selection, or to mix them? Answer: It is best to plant separate rows of each strain in nursery areas. The important thing to remember is that the bushel measure in planting the green is critical. The usual rate of stolonizing is 5 bushels of C-l and 5 bushels of C-19 to each 1,000 square feet. If the balance fa­ vors the C-19 slightly it would not matter too much; however, if the balance favors C-l, the finished surface would not be as good. Therefore, to insure against inbal­ ance of C-l, these stolons should be grown separately and measured accurately for planting. Question: Is it harmful to apply water to greens during the day on days when the sun is very hot? Answer: No, water could be applied to putting green turf at any time of the day. More important than the time of day is the amount of water that is applied at any one time. During the hot summer sea­ son of 19 5 5 it was common practice to water the greens lightly (syringe) several times each day to prevent wilt. Many superintendents water in the early morn­ ing and thereafter during the day as needed. This is a good policy as morning watering washes the dew off the grasses, thus dry­ ing the grasses faster, and nullifying the nutrient medium (dew) on which fungi can feed. The primary danger is to apply too much water during hot sunny days, thus scalding the turf. Question: Why do wild onions grow in the rough right up to the edge of the fairway and not on the fairway? Answer: Higher rates of fertilizer and lime on fairways strengthen the permanent grasses and thus cause greater competition for the onions. More frequent fairway mowing tends to weaken the wild onion by reducing the food-manufacturing parts —the leaf surfaces. Less food means smaller bulbs for next year and a control measure is affected. 32 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: JUNE, 1956 IT’S YOUR HONOR Comments on the Rules To the USGA: The purpose of this letter is to ex­ press dissatisfaction with several changes in the Rules of Golf (1956). I can imagine no valid reason for Rule 34, Flagstick. Why should any player or competitor, at his discretion, have the advantage of the flagstick, from any distance? The elimination of chance is, of course, impossible, but to minimize chance is necessary if skill is to be the deciding factor. Under the old rule the opponent had an option. He was not required to stand idly by and let the player, who had missed the green in the first place, have the ad­ vantage of the flag. In friendly rounds the player is chipping or making even short approach putts with the flag in the hole, unless he needs the shot for a half. He has recognized his advantage and is taking it. The following remarks were heard in such a round the other day. The player, faced with a 15-foot downhill putt said, as he motioned for the cad­ die to move away and leave the flag in the hole, "I wish I could lay the flag down”. His opponent remarked, "They are working up to it; that’ll be legal next year”. It’s my opinion the committee recognized the advan­ tage accruing to the player from this rule or they would not have recom­ mended the diameter of the flagstick be limited to three-quarters of an inch. If this be true they also had to realize that the rule was wrong in principle, whether the flagstick be no larger in diameter than a straight pin or ex­ tended beyond the edges of the cup. This, by the way, is not prohibited. Rule 3 5-2A—Why should the play­ er be given the advantage of his oppon­ ent’s ball in addition tO’ the flagstick? This Rule is even worse than Rule 34. Now, because of their position on or around the green, one player or the other will have an unfair advantage before the hole is finished. He finds himself in the position of having two objects with a total recommended width of 2.43 inches (ball 1.68 and flagstick .75) that he may use as will benefit him most. Meanwhile his oppo­ nent stands to one side wondering where fair play can be in a set-up such as this. I don’t know the origin, but I heard an old Scotsman say some thirty years ago, "When there are no stymies, there shall be no guides”. What could be fairer than that? Now we have lost the stymies and gained the guides to­ gether with a backstop. To my mind the institution of these Rules could only come about in an effort to speed play and simplify the Rules. It would, of course, be desirable to accomplish either or both of these things. But what a price the game is being made to pay for such question­ able accomplishments! Bob Lowry, Sr. Huntsville, Ala. Turf Progress To the USGA: We have followed your suggestions to the Nth degree and our greens are the talk of Atlanta. On our fairways we have never seen Bermuda come out so fast. Our mowers are running from morning to night each day. On the first of the month we are planning to put our third round of fertilizer of ammonium nitrate, as you suggested. It looks like we will have to keep two sets of gang mowers to handle this. Dr. Green D. Warren, President Peachtree Golf Club Atlanta, Ga. USCA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: JUNE, 1956 33 USGA OFFICERS, EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE AND COMMITTEE CHAIRMEN PRESIDENT Richard S. Tufts, Pinehurst, N. C. VICE-PRESIDENTS John D. Ames, Chicago, III. John G. Clock, Long Beach, Cal. SECRETARY Charles L. Peirson, Boston, Mass. TREASURER J. Frederic Byers, Jr., Pittsburgh, Pa. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE The above officers and: C. W. Benedict, White Plains, N. Y. Emerson Carey, Jr., Denver, Colo. William C. Chapin, Rochester, N. Y. John W. Fischer, Cincinnati, Ohio T. R. Garlington, Atlanta, Ga. Richmond Gray, Richmond, Va. Gordon E. Kummer, Milwaukee, Wis. Edward E. Lowery, San Francisco, Cal. F. Warren Munro, Portland, Ore. John M. Winters, Jr., Tulsa, Okla. GENERAL COUNSEL Fraser M. Horn, New York, N. Y. COMMITTEE CHAIRMEN RULES OF GOLF: John M. Winters, Jr., Tulsa, Okla. CHAMPIONSHIP: John D. Ames, Chicago, III. AMATEUR STATUS AND CONDUCT: John W. Fischer, Cincinnati, Ohio IMPLEMENTS AND BALL; Charles L. Peirson, Boston, Mass. MEMBERSHIP: Gordon E. Kummer, Milwaukee, Wis. GREEN SECTION: T. R. Garlington, Atlanta, Ga. WOMEN'S: Mrs. Harrison F. Flippin, Ardmore, Pa. SECTIONAL AFFAIRS: F. Warren Munro, Portland, Ore. PUBLIC LINKS: Edward E. Lowery, San Francisco, Cal. HANDICAP: William O. Blaney, Boston, Mass. JUNIOR CHAMPIONSHIP: J. Frederic Byers, Jr., Pittsburgh, Pa. SENIOR CHAMPIONSHIP: John G. Clock, Long Beach, Cal. GIRLS' JUNIOR: Mrs. John Pennington, Buffalo, N. Y. MUSEUM: Emerson Carey, Jr., Denver, Colo. BOB JONES AWARD: Totton P. Heffelfinger, Minneapolis, Minn. FINANCE: J. Frederic Byers, Jr., Pittsburgh, Pa. USGA HEADQUARTERS "Golf House", 40 East 38th Street, New York 16, N. Y. Joseph C. Dey, Jr., Executive Director John P. English, Assistant Executive Director USGA GREEN SECTION USGA GREEN SECTION MID-ATLANTIC OFFICE South Building, Plant Industry Station, Beltsville, Md. Charles K. Hallowell, Mid-Atlantic Director USGA GREEN SECTION NORTHEASTERN OFFICE Rutgers University, New Brunswick, N. J. Alexander M. Radko, Northeastern Director USGA GREEN SECTION SOUTHEASTERN OFFICE Georgia Coastal Plain Experiment Station, Tifton, Ga. B. P. Robinson, Southeastern Director USGA GREEN SECTION SOUTHWESTERN OFFICE Texas A. and M. College, College Station, Texas Dr. Marvin H. Ferguson, Southwestern Director and National Research Coordinator USGA GREEN SECTION WESTERN OFFICE 1709 West Eighth Street, Los Angeles 17, Cal. William H. Bengeyfield, Western Director