JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT CUP RUNNETH OVER Who's the happiest of three delighted teenagers? Larry Beck, of Kinston, N.C., winner of the tenth USGA Junior Amateur Champion­ ship, infects two youthful admirers from the Manor Club, Norbeck, Md., as his cup of happiness overflows. JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT Published by the United States Golf Association Permission to reprint articles herein is freely granted (unless specifically noted otherwise) provided credit is given to the USGA Journal VOL. X, No. 4 AUGUST, 1957 Through the Green ................................................................................................................................. 1 An Hospitab’e Club and a Fine Young Player.........................................................John P. English 5 Minikahda Will Welcome A Young British Team............................................................................... 8 Del Paso Agog for Women’s Amateur........................................................ Mrs. Edward W. Porter 12 Industrial Golf—A Growing Concern.............................................................. Hugh Fullerton, Jr. 13 The Rules Are There to Help You.......................................................................... Ralph W. Miller 16 Country Club Operations for 1956......................................................................... Joseph H. Nolin 18 The Referee .......................................................................................................................................... 22 Turf Management. USGA Green Section Beautification by Means of Trees and Shrubs....................................Dr. Marvin H. Ferguson 25 Safety With Pesticides................................................................................... Harold E. Heldreth 29 Turfgrass Course at Penn State University....................................................... 32 It’s Your Honor ...................................................................................................................................... 33 Published seven times a year in February, April, June, July, August, September and November by the UNITED STATES GOLF ASSOCIATION 40 EAST 38th ST., NEW YO3K 16, N. Y. Subscription: $2 a year. Single copies: 30c. Subscriptions, articles, photographs, and correspondence should be sent to the above address. Entered as Second-class Matter March 3, 1950, at the Post Office at New York, N. Y., under the Act of March 8, 1879. Additional entry at Post office in Sea Cliff, L. I., N. Y. Edited by Joseph C. Dey, Jr., and John P. English. Managing Editor: Miss Nancy Jupp. All articles voluntarily contributed. USGA COMPETITIONS FOR 1957 Ch a tn pionship or Team Match Girls' Junior Women's Amateur Entries Close Closed Closed (1) Walker Cup Match — Championships Sectional Qualifying Rounds None None — Date of Event______ Aug. 12-16 Aug. 19-24 Aug. 30-31 Amateur Senior Amateur Aug. 8 Aug. 30 Aug. 27 Sept. 9-14 Sept. 17 Sept. 30-Oct. 5 Location Lakewood C. C. Denver, Colo. Del Paso C. C. Sacramento, Cal. Minikahda Club Minneapolis, Minn. The Country Club Brookline, Mass. Ridgewood C. C. Ridgewood, N. J. Dates entries close mean last dates for applications to reach USGA office. For possible exceptions in dates of Sectional Qualifying Rounds, see entry forms. (1) Walker Cup Match—Men’s Amateur Teams: Great Britain vs. United States. Those Darn Stakes! In the days preceding the Junior Cham­ pionship, Ralph Miller and some of the other Junior Championship Committee- men worked tirelessly to stake the margins of the brooks that wind through the Manor Counrty Club, Norbeck, Md., with the familiar little yellow and red stakes which denote regular and lateral water hazards in USGA competitions. As luck would have it, on the first day of play one boy’s drive came to rest close behind one of the brooks. The boy could, of course, have removed any stake which might interfere, as a movable obstruction. However, he didn’t, and his low iron shot clipped a stake a few feet in front of his ball and deflected into the brook. "Wouldn’t you think the Committee would get all those stakes out of there be­ fore the tournament begins!” his father ex­ claimed from the sidelines. Oklahoma's Girls Eight years ago the Women’s Oklahoma Golf Association instituted a girls’ junior golf program, and for their first tourna­ ment they had 19 entrants. Last month they ran eight flights for 02 competitors. No program could have flourished to such an extent without a strong driving force, largely supplied by Mrs. Carl Hotz. of Tulsa, who has been associated with the scheme from its inception and its chairman the past five years. Two of the scheme’s graduates, Miss Betsy Cullen and Miss Dale Fleming, have dominated the Women’s State event for the past four years. Children are accepted from the age of seven and are guided by talks and films in the paths of etiquette and rules besides being introdcued to competitive golf. The flights range from three-hole pee­ wee tournaments to the State Junior Girls’ Championship, won this year for the sec­ ond time by Miss Beth Stone, of Muskogee, with Miss Carlene Hotz, daughter of the chairman, runner-up. New Course for Old Club The Tuxedo Club, Tuxedo Park, N. Y., second in seniority in the Metropolitan New York area to St. Andrew’s Golf Club, Hastings-on-Hudson, officially opened its new golf course last month. As we mentioned in our June, 1954 issue, the Club was forced to abandon its original site when the New York State Thru-way bisected the course, leaving only four holes in its wake. The Club bought land in Orange County, some two or three miles south of Tuxedo Park, and appointed Robert Trent Jones to lay out the new circuit. The result is a course which, with alter­ nate tees, has a variable length of 6,400 to 6,900 yards. A relatively small golf house and shop will serve the golfers’ needs. The original main clubhouse in Tuxedo Park will still act as the Club’s headquarters for its other amenities. USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: AUGUST, 1957 I NEW MEMBERS OF THE USGA Bellefontaine Country Club, Regular Colonial at Lynnfield, Highlands Country Club, Mill Valley Golf Club, Minden Country Club, Newtown Country Club, Northamption Country Club, Otterkill Golf & Country Club. Pajaro Valley Country Club, Pittsburg Golf & Country Club, Plum Creek Golf Club, Red Hook Golf Club, Sistersville Country Club, Sodus Bay Heights Golf Club, Waveland Golf Association, Associate Anderson Fields Golf Course, Ausable Club, Oakland Beach Golf Course, Ohio Mass. N. Y. Cal. Mass. Conn. Neb. N. Y. Cal. Cal. Kans. N. Y. W. Va. Iowa N. Y. III. N. Y. Pa. Wedding Bells v. Golf Miss Lorraine Lenczyk, of Indian Hill Country Club, Newington, Conn., got up very early on the morning of July 19. Three hours later as Mrs. Maurice Paquette she stepped onto the first tee at the Shuttle Meadow Country Club, New Britain, to play her sister, Grace, Women’s Amateur Champion of 1948, in the final of the Con­ necticut Women’s Golf Association Cham­ pionship. It was little wonder that Lor­ raine lost 12 and 10. This dash from the altar to the tee re­ calls a similar story recounted by Guy B. Farrar, Secretary of the Royal Liverpool Golf Club, Hoylake, England. "When writing the history of the Royal Liverpool Golf Club,” says Farrar, "R. W ’Pendulum’ Brown was of the greatest as­ sistance to me, being the only one of the ancients’ who could clearly remember in­ cidents of the early days at Hoylake. It was he who told me a story in which he himself figured, a story, I think, unique in the his­ tory of golf. "John Ball, senior, the father of thp many times British Amateur Champion, owned the Royal Hotel, the original home of the Royal Liverpool Club. He himself was a very good golfer and a bronze med­ alist, being beaten in the semi-final of the Amateur Championship by Horace Hutch­ inson. He often played foursomes with ’Pendulum’ Brown and two other friends and one day when their match had reached the ninth green he astonished the party by announcing that he would have to interrupt the game for a short time as he had to at­ tend a wedding at a nearby church, and he hoped his three friends would accompany him. " 'We suspected some leg pull,’ Brown told me, ’but he seemed so insistent that at last we agreed to go with him.’ When they arrived at the church the need for John Ball’s presence became abundantly clear as it was his own wedding he was attend ing. "After the ceremony was over he put his bride into a waiting cab and ordered it to be driven to the Royal Hotel, whilst he and his three friends returned to the tenth tee to finish their interrupted foursome. "For a man to be married in the middle of a game must surely rank as a unique in­ cident, but perhaps the most amusing part of the story was that 'Pendulum’ Brown told it to me as if it were an everyday occurrence. I honestly believe he thought sacrilege had been committed by interrupting the solem­ nities of a foursome, even to allow one of the contestants to take unto himself a wife. ’We had an excellent wedding breakfast at rhe end of the round,’ was his final comment.” Locke Emulates Hagen In British Open Although silver is non-magnetic, there seems to be a definite affinity between the British Open Championship trophy and South African Bobby Locke. In winning the British title last month at St. Andrews, Scotland, he duplicated the feat of Walter Hagen by being the second overseas player to win the Championship four times. Locke’s previous successes were at Royal St. George’s in 1949, Troon in 2 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: AUGUST, 1957 195° and Royal Lytham and St. Anne’s in 1952. Several other players had tight grips on the trophy in the past. Harry Vardon had six titles to his credit; James Braid and J. H. Taylor, five; Robert T. Jones, Jr. and Henry Cotton three, and Peter Thom­ son, who finished second this year, three in succession from 1954 through 1956. Young Tom Morris won the Open Championship Belt in 1868-69-70 and was first holder of the present trophy when the event was restarted and extended to 72 holes in 1872. Amputees Gather at Toledo The Ninth National Amputee Tourna­ ment will be held August 16 and 17 at Heather Downs Country Club, Toledo, Ohio. Two new sections have been added to this year’s program, a girls’ division and a sub-teen division for boys. The standard achieved by some of the amputees puts most four-limbed golfers to shame, a triumph of their courage and pertinacity. Golfing Tortoises Can golf spectators bear to watch the game grow slower and slower or will gal­ leries gradually dwindle? Henry Longhurst, British golf writer and crusader against slow play, commenting at long distance on the pace of part of the US Open and that of a recent British tour­ nament, came up with this gloomy prophecy: "I believe that if they do not somehow find means of speeding it up they will re­ duce the spectators to those who from time to time turn on the television to see if they have finished another hole. "The trouble is,” he continued, "that a generation of ordinary club players who, when all’s said and done, 'make’ the game of golf, is growing up in the belief that this is how the game is normally played. They copy the mannerisms of the masters and, with them, the pace. A creeping paralysis comes over club golf, too. "We talk and write a lot about it, but nobody does anything. We invent two- stroke penalties for delay, but nobody has the nerve to impose them.” Hogan, the Mentor No continental chef has ever worked harder to perfect his specialty than Ben Hogan to perfect his golf swing. His goal has been "to master the move­ ment that will result in a correct, powerful, repeating swing.” And to that end he has not merely spent hours a day on the prac­ tice ground, he has gone there notebook and pencil in hand to jot down his experi­ ments and deduce their relative merits or demerits as conscientiously as any research w orker. He has, in fact, treated his vocation as a science. Last spring, in collaboration with golf writer Herbert Warren Wind and artist Anthony Ravielli he presented his thesis on The Modern Fundamentals of Golf in five installments in Sports Illustrated. These received such acclaim that they have now been published in book form by A. S. Barnes & Co. This book, the work of three men at the top of their professions, is one of the most comprehensive instruction manuals ever published. USGA Committee Changes The USGA has regretfully accepted res­ ignations recently tendered by the follow­ ing Committeemen: LEE S. Read, of Louisville, Ky., who has served since 1940 on the Sectional Affairs Committee and, more recently, on the Junior Championship. Tom P. Henderson, Jr., of Nashville, Tenn., Junior Championship Committee and formerly Sectional Affairs, since 1948. Harry Hope, Jr., of Bellaire, Texas, Public Links Committee, 1956-1957. Gilbert A. Currie, of Midland, Mich., Green Section Committee, 1956-1957. A further change in the Public Links Committee has been brought about by the death last May of R. K. Phipps, of Kansas City, Mo. USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: AUGUST, 1957 3 National Golf Day Receipts Early receipts from the 1957 sixth an­ nual National Golf Day held on June 8, total $55,651.66 according to official fi­ gures released by PGA President Harry 1. Moffitt. This revenue to date compares favorably with receipts at a similar point last year. A Great Scottish Import American golf would be very much the poorer had it not been for the great in­ flux of Scottish professionals in the two decades spanning the turn of the century. It would also have been the poorer had not a hie’landman by the name of D. Scott Chisholm slipped in, in 1899 at the behest of Andrew Carnegie. "Scotty,” known affectionately through­ out the golfing world and more especially in California for his big heart and wealth of friends, is now 80 years of age. Unmistakable in his kilt and Balmoral bonnet, untradionally offset by loud, local shirts, he can look back on as checkered a career as any of his compatriots. He was 22 when he came to the States, having had a hand in the launching of Harry Lauder on an American audience. He was later, in turn, a porter, a salesman for ladies’ hats, a riveter, an entertainment officer, a golf writer and a TV performer. His association with golf goes back 71 years when he used to play his way to school in Scotland. The "hole” measured 1,760 yards! His versatility knows no bounds, and he has had a finger in many golfing pies. The fact that he is an honorary member of several clubs and associations is indic­ ative of the affection in which this youth­ ful veteran is held. Necrology It is with regret that we record the death of: Clifton W. Inslee. of Kenwood, N.Y., who reached the semi-finals of the USGA Amateur Championship in 1911 at the Apawamis Club, Rye, N. Y. SPORTSMAN'S CORNER Miss "Bunny" Zale, a sixteen-year-old member of the East Aurora Country Club, East Aurora, N. Y., has faith and a smile. "Bunny" has faith in God, her doctors and mankind, and a smile for everyone. She contracted polio in 1950 and since then she has spent many long years in hospital and in a wheel chair. For the past two years she has been able to get around with the aid of two crutches, but they are her means to an end, to be walking again. The small things that we take for granted are very important to this young lady. MISS "BUNNY" ZALE "Bunny" started to play golf last fall, applying the same determination to it as she has done to life, and with the help of her professional, her family and friends she has come a long way. She can now drive the ball an average of 150 yards and is able to take part in the Buffalo District Girls' Junior tournaments. Her younger sister, Wendy, aged 11, caddies for her and holds her crutches while she hits the ball. Her indomitable courage has been an inspiration to young and old alike in her immediate circle of friends and acquaintances. It is our hope that her fortitude in grappling with and conquering ad­ versity may have a bearing on the lives of our readers both on and off the course. There is no sportsman like the one who can smile in the face of adversity. 4 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: AUGUST, 1957 AN HOSPITABLE CLUB by AND A FINE YOUNG PLAYER JOHN P. ENGLISH USGA Ass’t Executive Director TN each of its first nine years, the boys in the USGA’s Junior Amateur Cham­ pionship were housed in college or prepar­ atory school dormitories. In this, its tenth year, the boys were taken into the homes of members of the Manor Country Club, in suburban Washington, D. C. This un­ usual arrangement and some remarkably formful golf by Larry Beck of Kinston, N. C., made the event memorable. The 128 boys who qualified for the Championship were offered the alternative of staying as guests in homes surrounding rhe golf course or joining the Junior Cham­ pionship Committee in a luxurious motel near-by. Slightly more than half accepted the hospitality of the private homes, about a quarter chose the motel and the remaind­ er stayed elsewhere with parents or friends. Those who failed to accept the hospi­ tality of the Manor members may kick themselves soundly — and probably have done so. Manor took the boys not only into their homes but also into their hearts. Each Manor family cheered its boy or boys in victory, lamented with them when they lost and drove them on errands, sight­ seeing trips and to the trains and planes. The question, "How is my boy doing?” was asked so frequently that uninformed visitors were blinking in astonishment at the apparent size of the Manor "families” Larry Beck was one of those who stayed in homes. His particular host, John Grubb, happens to be an accomplished ukulele player, and his evening serenades with the family so interested Larry that he bought a ukulele of his own. Then they struck a bargain. For each match Larry won, Mr. Grubb would teach him a number of new chords. So, in order to learn to play the ukulele —and for other considerations—Larry won seven straight matches and the Champion­ ship in a surge which was reminiscent of Rex Baxter’s seemingly inevitable triumph in the same event in 1953. To Play in the Amateui Larry is 17 and will enter Wake Forest College, next month, although his entry will be delayed a few days in order to com­ pete in the Amateur Championship. His father, as a Raleigh, N. C., public links player, was runner-up in the Amateur Pub­ lic Links Championship of 1947 an^ su^' sequently became professional at the Kin­ ston (N. C.) Country Club, where Larry has playing privileges and obviously uses them to good advantage. He was runner-up in the North Carolina Amateur last year and Carolinas junior champion for three vears. He qualified for the USGA Junior a year ago, but was the 2-and-i victim of Wayne Pense’s course record of 67 in the third round at the Taconic Golf Club, Williamstown, Mass. This was his last year of eligibility. On the final day, Larry won his semi­ final by 6 and 5 over M. C. (Sonny) Meth- vin, Jr., 16, of Little Rock, Ark., and his final by 6 and 5 over David C. Leon, 17, of Tucson, Ariz. He was two under par for the thirteen holes in the morning and three under for the same sprint distance in the afternoon. In the final he started at such a headlong pace that, when he planted his second shot on the ninth green, an uphill, dog-leg par 5 of 490 yards, he needed two putts for a 32 which would have put him 6 up. Unfortunately, he three-putted for a half, one of his few lapses. Leon is a player to be reckoned with, too. In his morning semi-final he had been 3 down at the turn and won the next four holes to beat Rich­ ard Casabella, 16, of Louisville, Ky., 1 up. There were times when the large and enthusiastic gallery suspected that Larry might have employed Dick Mayer as a stand-in. The new Champion has Mayer’s USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: AUGUST, 1957 5 HOW KIDS CAN PLAY If slow play is a problem in golf today, it is an acquired, not an inherent, problem. In the first match of the first round of the Junior Amateur Championship, Verne Burnett, of Long Beach, Cal., the Long Beach City Champion, and Edward G. Bowers, of Land- over, Md., both 17, completed the sixteen holes necessary to establish Burnett's superiority in exactly two hours—and at that point they had appeared about to overtake the sprinting official who was trying desperately to keep ahead of them in placing the holes in the put­ ting greens for the championship playl blond good looks and slim build, and he affects the same white cap, white mesh shirt and conservative dress. Nor does Larry have to give a thing to Mayer in form. He appears to be a pictorial reproduction of all they say in the best treatises on body and hand action in the golf swing, and fortunately he appears to have the poise, self-control and judgment to make his physical skill most effective. Favorites Succumb The best known players, when the Championship started, were Jack Nicklaus, 17, of Columbus, Ohio, who will enter Ohio State next month, and John P. Kon- sek, 17, of Lancaster, N. Y., who is going into his sophomore year at Purdue. Both were qualifiers for the fifth time, a record span, and it seemed likely that one might go all the way. However, Nicklaus was soundly beaten by Beck in the third round, 4 and 3. Beck was 4 up after six holes, made the turn in 33 and was still two under par when he closed out the match by getting home with a magnificent No. 5 iron at the 500- yard fifteenth and holing his putt for an eagle 3 to top Nicklaus’ birdie 4. Konsek went further, outlasting the talented Buddy Baker, 16, of Florence, S. C., in a 24-hole match in the round of sixteen, but he had nowhere near enough left for Methvin in the quarter-finals and bowed, also by 4 and 3- Out of the record entry of 1,060 boys under 18, the youngest qualifier was Fred Taylor, of Portland, Ore., born on July 11, 1943 and barely 14. He has all the marks of a fine young player, but was not able to last out the first round. His departure left another 14-year-old, Robert R. Kirouac, of Sharon, Mass., as the youngest to pass the first-round test. Bobby is now a poised young veteran of two Junior Amateur Championships who surely will be heard from; he qualified also in 1956 at the age of 13. Even as Junior Championships go, it was a tour de force for youth. Of the eight quarter-finalists, four are 16 and five are still in high school. The other four are, of course, 17, which is the maximum, and three of those are in college. Here is a run­ down of the quarter-finalists: Larry Beck, 17, Kinston, N. C, a fresh­ man at Wake Forest. Joseph Blake, 17, Erie, Pa., a freshman at Notre Dame. Richard Casabella, 16, Louisville, Ky., a junior at Flaget High School. Kenneth Finke, 16, Tucson, Ariz., a jun­ ior at Tucson High School. Jon Hoffman, 16, Windom, Minn., a jun­ ior at Windom High School. John P. Konsek, 17, Lancaster, N. Y., a sophomore at Purdue. David C. Leon, 17, Tucson, Ariz., a sen­ ior at Tucson High School. Marion C. Methvin, Jr., 16, Little Rock, Ark., a senior at Little Rock Central High School. So many familiar faces turn up year after year in the Junior that a check was run on the veterans. It developed that, in addition to Nicklaus and Konsek, playing for the fifth time, eight other boys were playing for the third time. They were: Buddy Baker and Sonny Methvin, who are eligible to play another year; John J. Barcelo, III, David B. Lawrence, Jr., and Ted Weiss, all of New Orleans, La.; and David C. Leon, of Tucson, Ariz., Edward Menke, of Glenwood, III., and Gerald Zar, of Palos Verdes Estates, Cal. Message jrom the President Richard S. Tufts, president of the Asso­ ciation, opened the Players’ Dinner in the clubhouse on the eve of the Championship by reading the following telegram: PLEASE GIVE MY GREETINGS TO 6 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: AUGUST, 1957 The South beats the West. Richard S. Tufts, President of the USGA, presents the Junior Championship trophy to fellow North Carolinian, Larry Beck, of Kinston, N. C., after he beat Dave Leon, of Tucson, Ariz., 6 and 5 in the 18 hole final at the Manor Country Club, Norbeck, Md. THE YOUNG GOLFERS PLAYING IN THE TENTH JUNIOR AMATEUR CHAMPIONSHIP. COMING HERE FROM ALL PARTS OF THE COUNT­ RY, I AM SURE THEY REPRESENT THE HIGHEST STANDARDS OF SKILL AND SPORTSMANSHIP. BEST WISHES FOR A SPLENDID TOURN­ AMENT. DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER The principal speaker was William C. Campbell, a member of four Walker Cup and three Americas Cup Teams, who had also conducted a novel type of clinic in the afternoon. Campbell’s clinic departed from the usual demonstration of shot­ making and was devoted solely to the problem of analyzing golf holes and devel­ oping successful strategies. His only props were blackboard and chalk. Players beaten in the first round were invited to play in a consolation at the Burning Tree Club, Bethesda, Md., where President Eisenhower plays. Fifty respond­ ed and gave an excellent account of them­ selves. Ned Johnson, of Port Arthur, Texas, won first prize with a 71, one under par; and five tied at 73 for the next two prizes. In the play-off, Jack Moran, of Cincinnati, Ohio, made a birdie 3 on the first hole to win second prize and Mark E. Darnell, of Troy, Ohio, made a par 4 on the second hole to take third prize. Vice-President Nixon appeared while the boys were lunching on the porch as guests of Burning Tree and greeted them individually with handshakes. Later, Rep­ resentative Jack Westland, of Everett, Wash., the 1952 Amateur Champion, joined the boys. Thus the sting was extracted from the defeats of the previous day—and for none more completely than for Edward G. Bowers, of Landover, Md., who made a hole in one with a No. 3 iron on the 190- yard eleventh hole. USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: AUGUST, 1957 7 MINIKAHDA WILL WELCOME A YOUNG BRITISH TEAM Venerable Club Hosts the Walker Cup A young British Walker Cup Team will - fly into Minneapolis, Minn., this month like a refreshing wind from the east. The slate of veterans has been wiped clean of all but the 35-year-old evergreen Joseph B. Carr, of Co. Dublin, Eire, who is making his sixth successive appearance, and 34-year-old Philip F. Scrutton of Hampshire, England, who played on the 1955 Team. Dr. Frank W. G. Deighton, a 30-year-old medico from Glasgow, Scotland, has again been selected, but in 1951 he watched the matches from the sidelines. The Team, under the wise and veteran eye of Gerald H. Micklem, of Sunningdale, England, is leaving London Airport on August 13 to fly direct to Winnipeg, Canada, where it will take part in the Canadian Amateur Championship at the St. Charles Country Club from August 19 through 24. From there, the Team will cross the border for a week’s practice at the pictur­ esque Minikahda Club, Minneapolis, Minn., above the blue waters of Lake Calhoun in rolling, wooded parkland. An Historic Club The pages of history of this venerable Club have been turned for us by one of its elder statesmen, Henry C. Mackall. It was a happy accident of an August bicycling picnic that persuaded C. T. Jaf­ fray, in 1898, to thwart visionary hopes for suburban development and organize a group of Minneapolis businessmen to un­ dertake the creation of a golf club on a site he felt to be full of great natural pos­ sibilities for his favorite game. It was an imaginative and creative move on Mr. Jaffray’s part, but even he could not have envisioned, for all his enthusiasm, in the open prairie lying beyond the bord­ ers of this growing city, this present club. Gerald H. Micklem, non-playing captain of the British Walker Cup Team, played in the 1947, 1949, 1953 and 1955 Matches. Then the approach to the property was through a narrow land (now Excelsior, Boulevard) known as "Kitty Ging” Hollow. Ice houses stood on the land strip between Lake of the Isles and Lake Calhoun. When the clubhouse was designed, part of the original planning included, of necessity, a beautiful rustic stairway down to the Cal­ houn shore and a boat house, for most guests came to Minikahda across the lake in a launch. Horse-and-carriage was a slower means of transportation, and bicycling, after a game, was used only by the most vigorous. Even so, the first Board of Govern­ ors seemed never to have doubted the suc­ cess of their undertaking and before the Club was ready to open in the summer of 1899, the entire membership of 600 had been secured and there was already a wait­ ing list of more than 50. Architectural Changes In 1906 the full course was finally laid out. Then in 1917 it was redesigned by 8 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: AUGUST, 1957 All this and Lake Calhoun too! This view of the Minikahda course from the eighth tee gives an excel­ lent idea of the wooded, rolling terrain on which the 6,550 yards, par 71, Walker Cup venue is laid out. Donald Ross, and so kept through the play­ ing of the Amateur in 1927 won by Robert T. Jones, Jr. The following two years ad­ ditional changes were made. Several greens were rebuilt and a utilitarian pipe was sub­ stituted for a picturesque stream that fell victim to the uses made upon it by a grow­ ing city. After nearly three decades, this fall will see another casualty when the trees along Excelsior Boulevard on the west give way to the demands of increasing traffic. But these are the hazards of a country club lying in the heart of a city less than 15 minutes from downtown offices, and it is remarkable that the sixtieth anniversary of Minikahda next year will see the Club still inhabiting its original building — changed and expanded of course beyond easy recognition — and still looking down on the bright waters of Calhoun as if the city were far away. Host to Many Events The Club has played host over the years to all of the Minnesota state tournaments, the Amateur, Open, Women’s and Junior. In 1904 both the Trans-Mississippi Golf Association Amateur and the first Women’s Trans-Mississippi were held here. The Irans-Mississippi came again in 1916 and 1923. In 1910 it had the privilege of holding the Western Amateur, which was won by Mason Phelps with Chick Evans runner-up. Then in 1916 Minikahda entered the national field, and for the first time the Open was held west of Chicago with Chick Evans winner. In 1927 came the Amateur, for the first time north and west of Chi­ cago, with Robert T. Jones, Jr. winning. Today the presence of the Walker Cup Match confers upon Minikahda its greatest golf recognition. It is pleasant to realize that is comes as a climax to a long history of earlier honors. Minikahdaj Own Contributions In return for these recognitions Mini­ kahda members like to feel they have made their own contributions to the golf of the United States. In 1909 C T. Jaffray was elected to the Executive Committee of the United States Golf Association and served USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: AUGUST, 1957 9 in that capacity for two years. Mr. Jaffray died last year at the age of 91, a colorful figure to the last. In 1927 Henry C. Mackall was made a member of the Executive Committee for two years. Harrison R. (Jimmy) Johnston succeeded him in 1929 and served until 1936. More recently Totton P. Heffelfinger became a member of the Executive Com­ mittee in 1942, and completed his associa­ tion there with two years as president of the USGA in 1952 and 1953. The golfers of Minikahda have also won top honors. Harrison R. (Jimmy) Johnston won the Amateur in 1929 at Del Monte Golf and Country Club, Del Monte, Cal. In the year previous he had won the West­ ern Amateur in one of the most extraor­ dinary finishes on record. In the final match against Albert Seckel with four down and five to go, he shot five successive birdies to go one up and take the title. He also won the Minnesota State Amateur Champion­ ship seven times in succession, and the State Open twice. C. T. Jaffray won the Minnesota State Championship as far back as 1905 and the 7 rans-Mississippi in 1906. Harry G. Legg, one of Minikahda’s two greatest golfers, won the Trans-Mississippi Championship five times and the Minnesota State Cham­ pionship twice that number. The members take justifiable pride in their Club, and because of that pride and the honor that has been bestowed upon the Club, they extend a warm and hearty wel­ come to their British visitors. The British Team are: MICHAEL F. BONALLACK, 22, a car­ body builder, winner of the Boys’ Cham­ pionship in 1952. This year he won the -ji holes Berkshire Trophy and reached the quarter-finals of the English Championship. He is engaged to Curtis Cup player Miss Angela Ward and lives in Essex, England. ALAN F. BUSSELL, at 20, is the young­ est of both Teams. A Scot, domiciled in Nottingham, England, where he is ap­ prenticed to the hosiery trade, he reached the semi-finals of the 1957 British Ama­ teur. He was Boy Champion in 1954 and won the British Youths’ Championship in 1956. JOSEPH B. CARR, 35, married, needs little introduction, having played on every post-war Walker Cup Team. He has a remarkable record in the British Amateur, having won in 1953 and reached the semi­ finals in 1950, 1951, 1952 and 1954. He is the present Irish Champion and the cply Irishman on the Team. He lives in Sutton, Eire, and is a clothing manufacturer. DR. FRANK W. G. DEIGHTON, an M.D., was selected for the 1951 Team but did not play. Last year he reached xthe quarter-finals of the British Amateur and won the Scottish Championship. He is 30, married and practices in Glasgow, Scotland. R. REID JACK, 33, a stockbroker, is the British Amateur Champion. He was a semi-finalist in 1956 and Scottish Cham­ pion in 1955. He is married and lives in Dunbartonshire, Scotland. PHILIP F. SCRUTTON, 34 and mar­ ried, is chairman of a stevedoring firm and played on the 1955 Team. He reached the semi-finals of the British Amateur in 1955 and the fifth round this year. He won the English Open Amateur Stroke Play Cham­ pionship in 1952, 1954 and 1955. He lives in Hampshire, England. DOUGLAS SEWELL, 27 and single, is employed by British Railways and lives in Surrey, England. He reached the semi-final of the English Championship this year and won the Stroke Play Championship. He was the 1956 Artisan Champion. ALEC E. SHEPPERSON, 21, is a law Itudent at Oxford University. He was Boy Champion in 1953 and this year won the President’s Putter, beating Mr. Micklem in the final. ALAN THIRLWELL, 29 and single, won the English Championship in 1954 and 1955. He reached the fifth round of the British Amateur this year. He is an ac­ countant from Northumberland, England. GUY B. WOLSTENHOLME, 26 and single, won the English and German Cham­ pionships in 1956, and the 1957 Golf Il­ lustrated Gold Vase with a record aggre­ gate of 138. He also reached the semi-final of the French Amateur this year. He is a knitwear manufacturer in Leicestershire, England. 10 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: AUGUST, 1957 BRITISH WALKER CUP TEAM i. Michael F. Bonallack 2. Alan F. Bussell 3. Joseph B. Carr 4. Dr. Frank W. G. Deighton 5. R. Reid Jack 6. Philip F. Scrutton 7. Douglas Sewell 8. Alec E. Shepperson 9. Alan Thirlwell 10. Guy B. Wolstenholme H I USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: AUGUST, 1957 11 DEL PASO AGOG FOR by WOMEN’S AMATEUR MRS. EDWARD W. PORTER Women’s Amateur Champion, 1954 THE year 1956 was an auspicious one for the Del Paso Country Club, Sac­ ramento, Cal. We saluted the past and, in celebrating our fortieth anniversary, toasted the future and particularly the USGA Wo­ men’s Amateur Championship which will be held at our course this month. The area in which the Club is located was originally part of an old Spanish land grant known as Rancho Del Paso and was the only other white settlement in the Sacramento Valley besides the now historic Sutter’s Fort. During our forty-one years of existence, Del Paso has been handsomely developed. It is picturesque and enjoys a gay atmos­ phere in keeping with our western style of living and our course is held in high re­ gard. Our very popular professional, Frank Minch, who has served us extremely well for thirty-two years, summed it up when he said: "It’s cagey, and similar to a sleep­ ing tiger, once aroused it’s rarin’ to fight.” One’s first inclination is to underestimate the course’s worth. The fairways are fairly wide and look serene and quiet in their tree lined borders. The greens give the ap­ pearance of being easy to hit even though they are well bunkered, and there is little trouble existing from tee to green. What is it, then, that makes its women’s par of 74 so difficult to match? The answer is that you have to be long and accurate. One slip and OF Man Bogey steps in. The last three champions will be for ward to seek another title, Mrs. J. Douglas Streit, better known as the former Miss Marlene Stewart, who will defend; Miss Pat Lesser, the 1955 winner; and yours truly who will have the pleasure of playing in her home town. Another notable and welcome entry comes from Miss Jeanne Mr*. EDWARD W. PORTER Bisgood, of Bournemouth, England, a for­ mer British Curtis Cup player. This will be the fourth time the event has been held in California. The Los Angeles Country Club, played host in 1930 and the Del Monte Golf and Country Club in 1940 and 1948. Del Paso has been host to the Northern California Amateur, the California State Open, won in 1953 by Lloyd Mangrum, and was a qualifying site for the USGA Amateur in 1954. Now, we will host the USGA Women’s Amateur, the most cov­ eted title and most cherished acomplish- ment in the world of women’s amateur golf. Each and every one of our 650 members is enthusiastically waiting to welcome the fine international entry that will comprise the Championship field. We are proud and grateful for this occasion which will add prestige to our city of Sacramento and the Del Paso Country Club. 12 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: AUGUST, 1957 INDUSTRIAL GOLF - by A GROWING CONCERN HUGH FULLERTON, JR. Associated Press Sports Writer "Help Wanted: Young men to work in major industry. Good wages and working conditions; 18-hole championship golf course.” ? ft THAT advertisement could easily appear '*• in the papers these days when indus­ tries are avidly competing for the services of bright young men and when men and women of all ages and stations are eagerly taking up golf. Industrial golf already is an important, if little-known, segment of the game that is becoming America’s fastest-growing out­ door sport. The opportunity to play golf is attractive bait for job seekers and even is a factor in the location of new industrial plants. "In looking over a new business site, we can’t afford to overlook sports,” one indus­ trialist said recently. "If no recreation fa­ cilities exist, we go on to the next com­ munity.” Golf is one sport which industrial re­ creation men consider tailor-made for im­ provement of labor-management relations. 30,000 Industrial Golfers About 90 of the nation’s 5,360 golf courses are listed as "industrial” courses, built, owned or operated by companies primarily for their employees. They serve an estimated 30,000 players. If the in­ dustries don’t get busy and build more courses, there won’t be enough to go around. "In most metropolitan centers in­ dustrial leagues have reached the saturation point,” says Ben Chlevin, public relations director for the National Golf Foundation. The National Golf Foundation, con­ cerned with promoting every phase of the game, is preparing a booklet on the status of industrial golf and outlining methods for operating company programs. It can’t say how many workers participate in these programs, which range from elaborate, company-sponsored competitions to lunch- Wonderful Dream (With due respect to Robert Louis Stevenson) When I was sick and lay abed, I had two pillows at my head, And my golf clubs beside me lay To keep me happy all the day. And sometimes for an hour or so, I dreamed of my favorite pro With different shots and drives and drills, Among the bed clothes, through the hills. And sometimes read golf books in fleets, Spread up and down among the sheets. Or brought my woods and irons out And swung the golf clubs all about. I was the giant great and still That tees upon the pillow-hill And sees before him, dale and plain— My golf course land of counterpane. I let out shaft, hit straight and clean Fantastic shot to rolling green. A ho!e-in-onel What a champ! Broke the record and smashed the lamp! Isabel Whelan hour putting contests and just playing with a gang from the office or shop. But It estimates that about 22,500 business or­ ganizations include some form of golf in their employee recreation programs. The Midwest Industrial Golf Champion­ ship, which grew from 13 teams in 1946, to 114 in 1955, set a limit of 128 four-man teams for this year’s tournament at Purdue University. More than 75 industrial concerns have entered the last six Midwest Champion­ ships—with a limit of two teams repre­ senting any one company from one city. The organization has a long waiting list of companies and cities eager to be hosts. A High Standaid Most of the 500 players in this event shoot in the seventies and low eighties. Playing in bad weather last year, Jack E. USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: AUGUST, 1957 13 Zimmerman of Dayton, Ohio, shot a pair of 71’s to win individual honors. He was runner-up in the 1954 USGA Amateur Public Links Championship. A team ag­ gregate of 615 won for Westinghouse Electric, of Mansfield, Ohio. The Ford Motor Co., sponsor of one of the biggest industrial recreation programs, had over 3,500 men and women golfers in organized league play in 1954. In Akron, Ohio, the 62 Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co. leagues include some 2,000 employees. Goodyear has a course at its Gadsden, Ala., plant but decided against building one in Akron because it couldn’t accommodate all rhe employees who wanted to play. . Another tire company, Firestone Tire & Rubber Co., maintains two courses in Ak­ ron, a private country club for 650 mem­ bers and a semi-public course. In Dayton, the plush, 36-hole National Cash Register Co. layout is considered one of the best in Ohio. Courses Large and Small The industrial courses or clubs include one which probably is the world’s largest and one under construction which will be the world’s longest. The du Pont Country Club in Wilming­ ton, Del., has 63 holes, three 18-hole units and a nine, and some 10,000 members. The same company has nine-holers at Seaford, Del., and Pennsgrove, N. J. The Suprenant National course being built at Bolton, Mass., will measure more than 8,000 yards and will have five sets of tees so it can be played at various distances. From these, the industrial courses range down to little three and six-hole affairs serving only 50 or so members. The exact number of golfers using them isn’t made clear in reports to the National Golf Foun­ dation, since many are family recreation projects, where the kids can use the swim­ ming pool and mothers can play bridge while dad is golfing. Most of them have low fees, with the companies subsidizing the difference be­ tween those and the actual operation costs. Many, especially in smaller cities, are oper­ ated as public or semi-private courses. A half dozen or so, although company spon­ sored, aren’t regarded strictly as industrial USGA PUBLICATIONS THE RULES OF GOLF, as approved by the United States Golf Association and the Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St. Andrews, Scot­ land. Booklet, 25 cents (special rates for quan­ tity orders, more than 500). USGA GOLF HANDICAP SYSTEM FOR MEN, containing recommendations for computing Basic and Current Handicaps and for rating courses. Booklet, 25 cents. Poster, 10 cents. THE CONDUCT OF WOMEN'S GOLF, contain­ ing suggestions for guidance in the conduct of women's golf in clubs and associations, in­ cluding tournament procedure, handicapping and course rating. 25 cents. HANDICAPPING THE UNHANDICAPPED, a reprint of a USGA Journal article explaining the Callaway System of automatic handicap­ ping for occasional players in a single tour­ nament. No charge. TOURNAMENTS FOR YOUR CLUB, a reprint of a USGA Journal article detailing various types of competitions. No charge. LETTER AND SPIRIT OF THE AMATEUR CODE, OF GENERAL INTEREST a reprint of a USGA Journal article by Joseph C. Dey, Jr. No charge. PROTECTION OF PERSONS AGAINST LIGHT­ NING ON GOLF COURSES, a poster. No charge. HOLE-IN-ONE AWARDS. No charge. GAMBLING IN GOLF TOURNAMENTS, a reprint of a USGA Journal article by Richard S. Tufts. No charge. WORK OF A CLUB GREEN COMMITTEE, a re­ print of panel discussions conducted by the USGA Green Section Committee. No charge. MISTER CHAIRMAN, a reprint outlining the duties of the Chairman of the Green Com- tee. No charge. TURF MANAGEMENT, by H. B. Musser (Mc­ Graw-Hill Book Co., Inc.), the authoritative book on greenkeeping. $7. USGA CHAMPIONSHIP RECORD BOOK. De­ tailed results of all USGA competitions since their start in 1895. $2. USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT, a 33-page magazine published seven times a year. $2. a year. 14 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: AUGUST, 1957 The National Cash Register Company in Dayton, Ohio, provides two plush 18 hole courses for its employees. Here you see the clubhouse and beautifully kept surrounds as viewed from the parking area. courses. One of these is the Hershey Park Golf Club, in Hershey, Pa., described in the ]uly issue. The National Golf Foundation reports that virtually every company golf program originated with the employees themselves and in some cases they pitched in to help build the courses. Industrial golf is hardly a new develop­ ment. The Oneida Community Golf Club, at Oneida, N. Y., has been operated since 1898, the United Shoe Machinery Golf Club, at Beverly, Mass., since 1913 and others since the early 1920’s. The United States Golf Association has set up a code under which an industrial golfer is permitted to have his expenses paid by the company he represents in in­ dustrial team competitions. The present eligibility rule of the USGA Amateur Public Links Championship per­ mits a bona fide public course player to enjoy "incidental privileges” of an indus­ trial course not open to the public. But a golfer good enough to qualify for the Championships probably isn’t going to spend much time on a crowded public course if he can use an uncluttered com­ pany course and so industrial courses may tend to draw players away from the public links and the USGA Amateur Public Links Championship. Mass Participation This doesn’t matter much to industrial leaders. They’re interested in mass partici­ pation and good employee relations rather than developing low handicap players. To them golf helps reduce labor turnover and absenteeism, eases the tensions of the daily job, makes it easier for the boss and the workers to get together—and isn’t so stren­ uous that it leaves a player too tired to work. Says one recreation director: "We are high on our golf program because it en­ ables management and labor to get togeth­ er on a common meeting ground and try their hand in a relaxing form of competi­ tion.” USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: AUGUST, 1957 15 THE RULES ARE THERE by TO HELP YOU RALPH W. MILLER Member, USGA Junior Championship Committee A RE you one of the many persons who look upon the Rules of Golf as a penal code, as something full of techni­ calities which lie in wait to penalize you? If so, your viewpoint is wrong. The Rules help, rather than hurt or restrict you. Golfers who think the Rules are too strict and complicated should play a match under the early Rules, which were very few and simple. They would soon become satis­ fied and even happy with the present ones. It is safe to say the average golfer has never read the Rules. The only thing he knows about them is what was told to him by someone who likewise never read them. The time he devotes to golf is spent in trying to improve his swing. Golf is, of course, a game of skill. How­ ever, there are many things involved other than the ability to hit the ball. You have many rights and privileges, which, if you know them and occasion arises to exercise them, will affect your play and score and possibly determine the out­ come of a competition. Such things are not found in a smooth swing; they are in the Rule book. Rules Are Logical The Rules may seem numerous and even frightening and formidable to some. How­ ever, with a little study they become under­ standable and logical. The Rules have not always been as numerous as they now are. They have mul­ tiplied many times since the earliest known written code which contained only thirteen Rules. It was adopted about 1744 by The Honourable Company of Edinburgh Golfers. That code, however, was not the first Reprinted by permission of The Junior Golfer, Los Angeles, Cal. USGA FILM LIBRARY The USGA Film Library has added "Play Them As They Lie" to its two previous films, "Inside Golf House" and "The Rules of Golf— Etiquette". The latest addition, a 16 mm. color produc­ tion, runs for 16’A entertaining minutes in which Johnny Farrell, the Open Champion of 1928, acts as intermediary between Wilbur Mulligan, a beginner of unimpeachable integ­ rity, and Joshua P. Slye, a past master in the art of breaking the Rules. The film was made at the Baltusrol Golf Club, Springfield, N. J., where Farrell is professional. "Inside Golf House" gives the viewer an op­ portunity to see the many interesting exhibits in "Golf House," USGA headquarters in New York, and to re-live golf triumphs of the past with many of the game's immortals. The film is a 16 mm. black and white production and runs 28 minutes. "The Rules of Golf—Etiquette" also has proved popular. The film stresses the import­ ance of etiquette by portrayal of various vio­ lations of the code in the course of a family four-ball match. Ben Hogan appears in sev­ eral scenes, and Robert T. Jones, Jr., makes the introductory statement. A 16 mm. color production, the film has a running time of 17Vi minutes. The distribution of all three prints is handled by National Educational Films, Inc., 165 West 46th Street, New York 36, N. Y., which pro­ duced the films in cooperation with the USGA. The rental is $15 per film, $25 for combina­ tion of two and $35 for all three in combina­ tion at the same time, including the cost of shipping prints to the renter. set of Rules. Golf had been played for centuries prior to then in seaside commu­ nities of Scotland. In fact, it had become so popular in 1457 that the Scottish Parlia­ ment forbade its play because it interfered with the practice of archery which was the means of national defense. The game having been played for so many centuries, it is certain there were 16 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: AUGUST, 1957 Rules prior to those of 1744, either written or unwritten. There was no central Rules-making body in those days, as there is now. But it ap­ pears certain that each golfing community played by those principles which are nat­ urally involved in the game. Golf itself is a very natural game. Every person who happens to be carrying a stick has an urge to hit any small object he may see, particularly if it is round. It is natural then to make a contest out of it. Basic Principles The first Rules were undoubtedly just the basic principles which would naturally be involved in such a game. They may be stated as follows: 1. Play the ball from the tee into the hole by strokes. 2. Play the course as it is found and the ball as it lies. Those fundamentals were probably the only Rules of the game at one period. If so, then no problems concerning Rules arose. A player had only one right and could do only one thing: hit the ball. If for any reason he couldn’t do it, he lost the hole. (Golf then consisted entirely of match play.) Those Rules were very few and simple, but also strict and unrelenting. The courses then were also rugged. They were just as nature made them. Holes were dug at varying distances apart and the ball played into them. There were no greens or green­ keepers. That duty was left to the sheep and rabbits. Try playing a match under those early Rules. You would get relief from nothing. If your ball got behind a wall, hydrant, in a hole, puddle of water or became lost or unplayable, it would be just too bad. The only thing you could do would be to hit the ball from the time you left the tee until you reached the hole. If you couldn’t hit it, you lost the hole. Today’s Code Is Generous However, today’s Rules afford the player many rights and privileges other than hit­ ting the ball. He now has the right to re­ lief from many conditions, such as ground THE ANTS HAVE IT! It says on the score card of the Highland View Golf Course, in Plymouth, New Hamp­ shire, "Hole yardage is marked—as the ant crawls, not as the crow flies." under repair, holes made by burrowing animals, casual water, water hazards, ball lost, unplayable or unfit for play, obstruc­ tions, loose impediments and so forth. Some of the relief is given free and some entails a penalty. But the player is helped even though a penalty may be involved, particularly if he is in an impossible situ­ ation. He is given the opportunity to finish the hole and obtain some sort of a score. Other of the present Rules preserve the traditional form and make of the clubs and regulate the ball. If there were no such Rules, clubs in all sorts of weird shapes would be used, as well as clubs with a spring or explosive set in the faces. (They have been made.) If the velocity of the ball was not controlled, balls might be made which could fly many times farther than the present ones. Our courses would become obsolete. Such regulations assure that the game will remain one of skill, in­ stead of becoming a contest of equipment. Other Rules regulate procedure. Others assure fair play. A true sportsman does not need such Rules. He can be counted on always to act fairly. However, there are players who do not have such standards. There is not a single Rule which hurts or unduly restricts a player. It is true that in obtaining relief he is limited to the method prescribed by the Rules, otherwise he might gain some additional advantage. Such limitation is only right. He now plays on plush fairways and carpeted greens and is given relief from many, many conditions. His golfing grand­ father played on rough and rugged courses and was given relief from practically nothing. The Rules help you, and it seems you should devote just a little time to becom­ ing acquainted with them. Moreover, a knowledge of them will make the game more enjoyable. USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: AUGUST, 1957 17 COUNTRY CLUB by OPERATIONS IN 1956 JOSEPH H. NOLIN, C.P.A. Member of the firm of Horwath and Horwath The large country clubs fared much bet­ ter in 1956 than in 1955, but the financial results of the small clubs were approxi­ mately the same in both years, according to Horwath and Horwath’s eighth annual study of country club operations. Greater sales volume and increased dues income effected improvements in all phases of op­ erations in the large clubs, but in the small clubs, the increase in income was more than offset by the rising costs of operating the clubhouse, particularly the food and beverage facilities. The cost of maintain­ ing the golf course and other outside acti­ vities did not increase as much as dues in either group of clubs. Operating data for the clubs studied are presented in the fol­ lowing two groups: 18 small country clubs, each with mem­ bership dues income of under $150,000 (including regular assess­ ments in four clubs). 14 large country clubs, each with mem­ bership dues between $150,000 and $250,000 (including regular assess­ ments in three clubs). The size and scope of this study are simi­ lar to those for the two preceding years. On subsequent pages of this article is a summary of operations of the two groups expressed in relation to dues and assessment income. Total amounts and per­ centages of increase or decrease from 1955 are also given. More Income for Depreciation Both the small and large country clubs showed increases in the amounts of dues available for depreciation in 1956, com­ pared with 1955, but the increase in the small clubs was in proportion to the in­ crease in total dues and assessment income. Thus, the average ratio of the dues avail­ able for depreciation in the small clubs was the same for both years. In the large Condensed from The Horwath Hotel Account. clubs, however, the dues available for de­ preciation in 1956 were more than double what they were in 1955 in both amount and average ratio to dues. Because of the increase in dues and assessment income, the large clubs showed reductions in the net cost of clubhouse operations, the net cost of golf and grounds and fixed charges. The smaller clubs also recorded decreases in the net golf and grounds expenses and fixed charges but a rise in the net clubhouse cost, due primarily to a decrease in the average ratio of the food and beverage departmental profit. After depreciation and rehabilitation ex­ penses, the small clubs again showed a deficiency in dues available for members’ equity. The deficiency in 1956 was slightly more than in 1955. The improvements in the large clubs were sufficient to leave a small amount of dues available for mem­ bers’ equity in 1956; the same clubs showed a deficiency in the preceding year. Depreciation and Rehabilitation The average cost of depreciation for those clubs recording depreciation in­ creased over 1955 in both groups of clubs: from 16.5% of dues to 16.8% in the small clubs and from 10.9% to 11.7% in the large clubs. Rehabilitation expenditures and/or reserves averaged 52.1% of dues in 1956 for the small clubs, compared with 25.3% in 1955, while in the large clubs rehabilitation equaled 16.1% of dues in 1956, against 28.4% in the preceding year. Thus, of each dues dollar, the small clubs expended an average of 33.4^ for deprecia­ tion and rehabilitation, and the large clubs, i6.40. How Dues Dollar Is Used Breaking down the dues dollar of the small clubs, we find that it was spent in the following ways: clubhouse operations, 18 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: AUGUST, 1957 32-70 in 1956, compared with 30.00 in 1955; golf and grounds, 34-60, compared with 36.70; other outside activities, 2.00, compared with 1.2 0; and fixed charges, 17.20, compared with i8.60. Thus, there remained an average 13.50 dues avail­ able for depreciation in both years. A similar breakdown of the dues dollar of the large clubs is as follows: clubhouse operations, 37-00 in 1956, compared with 42.20 in 1955; golf and grounds, 28.50, compared with 3i.o0; other outside activi­ ties, 2.60, compared with 2.30; and fixed charges, 15-60, compared with i6-40. This left an average of 16.30 of dues available for depreciation, compared with 8.10 for the preceding year. Despite increases in amounts over 1955 in both groups of clubs, total club payroll in ratio to total income, including dues and assessments, remained the same for both years in the small clubs and showed a de­ crease in the large clubs. However, the increase in the amount of the food and beverage payroll in the small clubs was also reflected in the rise in the ratio of this departmental payroll to total food and beverage sales. This increase in payroll, together with a slight increase in the food cost per dollar sale, resulted in a decrease in the food and beverage departmental profit for the small clubs, both in ratio to total food and beverage sales and in ratio to dues. In the large clubs the increase in the amount of the food and beverage de­ partmental payroll was more than offset by the increase in the combined sales. Thus, decreases in the food and beverage costs per dollar sale as well as in the pay­ roll ratio resulted in an increase in the departmental profit in ratio to combined sales and to dues. Average food checks were reported by 16 of the clubs: $4.31 4.01 3.72 3-24 $3-i7 3-i3 2-99 2.98 $2.98 2-94 2-93 2.67 $2.34 2.17 2.06 1.62 Dues and Entrance Fees The annual dues and entrance fees charged by the 34 clubs participating in this study are summarized as follows: Small Clubs Annual Dues Entrance Fees per Regular Member per Regular Member Under $100....... 2 Under $200... 5 $110 .................. 1 $2oo-$4oo ........ 6 $i75-$2oo ....... 3 $500 ................... 3 $2io-$290 ....... 5 $900 ................... 1 $300 .................. 5 $1,400........... 1 $325-3350 ....... 2 $2,ooo-$3,ooo .... 2 Total.............. 18 Total......... 18 Large Clubs ~ Under $300..... 2 $400 and under.. 4 $3OO-$35O ....... 3 $500 ................... 6 $36o-$375 ....... 7 $1,000........... 1 $400 .................. 1 $1,500........... 2 $500 .................. 1 $2,000........... 1 $600 .................. 2 $3,ooo-$4,ooo .... 2 Total.............. 16 Total........ 16 Dues, fees and assessments were in­ creased during the year by several clubs. GOLF COURSE AND GROUNDS EXPENSES Green and grounds maintenance Payroll ........................................................................................ Supplies and contracts ............................................................. Repairs to equipment, course, buildings, fences, bridges, etc........................................................................................... . ...... Water, electricity and other expenses .................................. Total maintenance exclusive of fixed charges .............. Golf shop, caddie and tournament expenses ......................... Total .................................................................................. ......... Deduct greens fees .......................................................................... Net golf course and grounds expenses exclusive of fixed charges ............................................................................................ COST PER HOLE Small Clubs Large Clubs 1956 1955 1956 1955 $1,445 397 $1,380 382 $1,811 423 $1,777 388 160 88 2,090 340 2,430 577 170 84 2,016 309 2,325 535 277 159 2,670 408 3,078 513 265 167 2,597 444 3,041 478 $1,853 $1,790 $2,565 $2,563 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: AUGUST, 1957 19 Summary of Operations, 1956 and 1955 18 Small Country Clubs (Dues under $150M) Ratios to Dues and Assessments 1956 1955 Amounts 1956 Increase or Decrease from 1955 Amount Percent Membership dues-------------------------------- Assessments________________________ 89.1% 10.9 91.8% 8.2 Total ------------------------------------- 100.0 100.0 $1,502,242 183,323 1,685,565 $ 92,047 57,999 150,046 Deduct net cost of operations Clubhouse (detail below)------------------ Golf, grounds and outside activities Total ___ _ _________________ Net before fixed charges-------------------- Rent, taxes and insurance, and interest 32.7 36.6 69.3 30.7 17.2 30.0 37.9 67.9 32.1 18.6 550,550 616,695 1,167,245 518,320 290,312 Dues* available for depreciation--------- 13.5% 13.5% $ 228,008 Detail of clubhouse operation Food and beverage net departmen­ tal profit ................... . ............... ... Rooms, locker rooms and other sources of income—net_________ Total ------------------------------------- Undistributed operating expenses Clubrooms ............. ............................ Entertainment ....... ............ .............. Administrative and general_____ Heat, light and power___________ Repairs and maintenance_______ Total ------------------------------------- 33.0% 36.2% $ 555,735 8.6 41.6 14.6 3.6 34.1 10.7 11.3 74.3 9.0 45.2 16.0 3.7 34.9 10.7 9.9 75.2 145,729 701,464 246,059 60,087 575,442 179,477 190,949 1,252,014 Net clubhouse cost—above___________ 32.7% 30.0% $ 550,550 6.5% 46.3 9.8 19.4 6.1 12.0 5.0 1.5 9.9% 89,612 35,546 125,158 24,888 4,351 20,537 617 .1% 6,638 7,255 r2CO 2,896 39,481 16,194 38,496 96,867 4.8 1.0 r.1 5.1 7.4 9.9 25.3 8.4 89,612 19.4% $ $ $ $ Restaurant sales Food ........... ......................... .................... Beverages -------------------------------------- Total ---- -------------------------------- Total sales and other incomef_______ Payroll Restaurant _______________________ Total club...__ ____________________ $1,829,846 1,183,818 $3,013,664 97,637 15,452 $ 113,039 $3,687,975 $ 162,005 $ 875,133 2,027,302 $ 52,547 120,586 5.6% 1.3 3.9% 4.6% 6.4% 6.3 M—thousands r—red figure * Dues plus assessments in four clubs. f Excluding income from dues and initiation and transfer fee. The annual dues per regular member were raised $io by three clubs and $25, $45, $60 and $75 by four clubs. Nine clubs in­ creased their initiation or entrance fees: wo by $50, one by $100, two by $250, one by $300, two by $1,000 and one by $1,750. The annual assessments per member were higher in two clubs, and two clubs which did not collect an assessment in 1955 did assess their members in 1956. Cost of Golf and Grounds Up Both groups of clubs recorded decreases from 1955 in the gross maintenance cost of golf course and grounds as well as in the net cost of golf and grounds, as measured by the average ratios to dues. But these reductions were merely effects of the in­ crease in total dues and assessment income which exceeded the increases in golf and grounds expenses. The cost per hole for the upkeep of the golf course and grounds averaged $2,090 for the small clubs and $2,670 for the large clubs, rises of 4% and 3%, respectively. 20 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: AUGUST, 1957 Summary of Operations, 1956 and 1955 14 Large Country Clubs Membership dues. ______ 94.9% Assessments ________________________ 5.1 Total _____________________ 100.0 Deduct net cost of operations Clubhouse (detail below}___ _ Golf, grounds and outside activities Total _____________________ Net before fixed charges___________ Rent, taxes and insurance, and interest Dues* available for depreciation_____ Detail of clubhouse operation Food and beverage net departmen- tai profit ------------------------------------ Rooms, locker rooms and other sources of income—net_________ Total ------------------------------------ Undistributed operating expenses Clubrooms____________ —.---------- Entertainment — Administrative and general--------- Heat, light and power.----------------- Repairs and maintenance------------ __ Total------------------------------------ (Dues of $150M to $250M) Ratios to Dues and Assessments 1956 1953 96.6% 3.4 100.0 42.2 33.3 75.5 24.5 16.4 8.1% 37.0 31.1 68.1 31.9 15.6 16.3% Amount* 1956 $2,581,795 137,576 2,719,371 1,007,053 846,283 1,853,336 866,035 423,315 $ 442,720 Increase or Decrease from 1955 Amount Percent $ 180,448 51,921 232,369 7.5% 60.6 9.3 r42,538 16,874 r25,664 258,033 r4.1 2.0 rl.4 42.4 16,640 $ 241,393 4.1 119.9% 19.8% 18.2% $ 539,275 $ 86,215 19.0% 6.2 26.0 14.5 2.8 30.0 7.5 8.2 63.0 5.2 23.4 15.2 2.8 31.6 8.0 8.0 65.6 166,622 705,897 393,280 75,855 816,442 204,978 222,395 1,712,950 37,995 124,210 14,077 6,229 31,096 7,094 23,176 81,672 29.5 21.4 3.7 8.9 4.0 3.6 11.6 5.0 Net clubhouse cost-—above__________ 37.0% 42.2% $1,007,053 $ r42,538 r4.1% Restaurant sale* Food----------------------------------------------- Beverage* -------------------------------------- Total------------------------------------ Total sales and other incomef------------ Payroll Restaurant _ Total club---------------------------------------- _ _ $2,324,522 1,335,947 $ 172,612 81,792 $3,660,469 $ 254,404 $4,548,256 $ 372,008 $1,174,306 2,847,169 $ 59,226 114,323 8.0% 6.5 7.5% 8.9% 5.3% 4.2 M—-thousands r—red figure * Dues plus assessments in three clubs. f Excluding income from dues and initiation and transfer fe*. The green and grounds maintenance pay­ roll, which constitutes approximately two- thirds of the gross maintenance costs, rose 5% in the small clubs and 2% in the large clubs. We wish to point out, however, that this cost does not include any fixed asset costs (improvements, additions, replace* nients or depreciation), nor any fixed charges, such as real estate taxes, property insurance and interest on borrowed capital. The net cost of golf and grounds, after the addition of golf shop, caddie and tourna­ ment expenses and the deduction of green fees and other golf income, was $1,853 *n small clubs, compared with $1,790 in 1955, and $2,565 in the large clubs, compared with $2,563 in the preceding year. In conclusion, we wish to point out that the value of this study to a particular club is entirely dependent upon the ways in which the data are used. Since the "Uni­ form System of Accounts for Clubs” is followed in compiling the study, the results of those clubs already following the system will be most easy to compare with the operating results shown in this study. USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: AUGUST, 1957 21 THE REFEREE Decisions by the Rules of Golf Committees Example of symbols: "USGA" indicates decision by the United States Golt Association. "R & A" indicates decision by the Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St. Andrews, Scotland. "57-1" means the first decision issued in 1957. "D" means definition. "R. 37-7" refers to Section 7 of Rule 37 in the 1957 Rules of Golf. Flagstick Attended Without Consent USGA 57-12 D. io, 22; R. 5, 26-sb, 34-1, 35-ih Q 1: What is the penalty, in match or stroke play, if the opponent (or fellow­ competitor) attend the flagstick without the authority of the player playing the stroke and under circumstances in which the player cannot prevent such action—for example, because he is playing from a bunker and cannot see the flag or because his ball is already in motion— (a) if the opponent (or fellow-com­ petitor) or the flagstick is struck by the player’s ball? (b) if opponent (or fellow-competi­ tor) or the flagstick is not struck by the player’s ball? Al: Mated play—(a) and (b)—The player was entitled to have the flagstick unattended and to play for it. Rule 34-1 provides that the flagstick may be attended "only on the authority of the player.” The opponent breached that Rule and also Rule 35-ih, which prohibits taking "any action to influence . . . the movement of the ball.” The opponent sustains a penalty of loss of hole. Stroke play—(a) and (b)—A fellow­ competitor is an outside agency (Defini­ tions 10 and 22). There is no penalty; if the ball strikes the fellow-competitor or rhe flagstick, it is a rub of the green and shall be played as it lies—Rule 26-3b. Q2: If an opponent (or fellow-compe­ titor) attends the flagstick, without the authority of the player playing the stroke, in match or stroke play, and the player is aware and does not register objection, is the player considered to have given his consent and thus to have exercised his authority to have the flagstick attended under Rule 34-1? A 2: Yes. Gross and Net Prizes USGA 57-13 R. 36-1, 36-3 O: In a qualifying round, two players are tied for low gross. One of the tied contes­ tants was also low net, but she elected to play off for low gross. Having lost, she felt she retained her right to the low net 22 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: AUGUST, 1957 prize, challenging the committee to show her a rule prohibiting this. Our Tourna­ ment Calendar doesn’t, in our opinion, adequately cover this question. Question by: Mrs. Thomas D. Gates Rules Chairman, Women’s Southern California Golf Association Los Angeles, Cal. A: The distribution of prizes is a matter within the province of the local committee to decide. Your committee has stipulated in its Tournament Calendar, pursuant to Rules 36-1 and 36-3, that "in a qualifying round, if one contestant wins both gross and net, she must accept gross only.” We would consider it an equitable in­ terpretation of your stipulation to permit a player who ties for gross prize and also qualifies for a net prize to play off for the gross prize before waiving her claim to the net prize. The play-off is an extension of the competition, and the player should not be required to waive her right to net prize until the competition has been completed. Enforcing Local Rule USGA 57-14 L. R. Q: There has always been an unwritten rule at my club that a ball striking the overhead power line from the eighth tee may be replayed with no penalty. It is true that a perfectly played ball from the back tee could be deflected or practically stopped. I am wondering if a player’s ball hits the wire and ends up in the cup or very near to the cup whether his opponent could de­ mand that he shoot again? Can the ball be declared dead? How shall we word this on our score card? Question by Glenn R. Jones Grand Island, Neb. A: We do not recommend local rules to cover situations of this kind but, if a club considers such a rule necessary, the follow­ ing would be acceptable: If a ball strike a power pole or wire, the player must disregard that stroke, aban­ don the ball and play another ball as nearly as possible at the spot from which the original ball was played but not nearer the hole, without penalty. If the original stroke was played from the tee­ ing ground, a ball may be teed anywhere within the teeing ground; if from through the green or a hazard, it shall be dropped. Checking Distance Is Seeking Advice USGA 57-15 D. 2; R. 9-1 Q: On the 16th hole, a marker clearly indicated in figures that the green was 150 yards ahead, but my opponent, before sel­ ecting her club, asked my caddie: "Is that a true 150 yards to the green?” I immediately called the hole on her ac­ cording to Rule 9-1. When we returned to the clubhouse the rules committee ruled me wrong and,, of course, I abided by their decision. They said she was merely making a comment, but I maintained that she had no reason to ask my caddie anything, in view of the clear marker, and that she really wanted to know which club to select, which comes under the heading of "advice.” Will you please advise me what the official USGA ruling would be under these circumstances? Question by: Mrs. James Weiskopf Miami Beach, Fla. A: The player violated Rule 9-1 which prohibits asking for advice, except from one’s own caddie, partner or partner’s cad­ die. Definition 2 provides: " 'Advice’ is any counsel or suggestion which could in­ fluence a player in determining his play, the choice of a club, or the method of making a stroke.” Played Wrong Ball After Holing Out R. & A. 56-103-44 R. 11 Q: In a mixed foursome competition side A was three up on side B at the 14th tee. Side A’s ball landed in a bunker some sixty yards short of the green. Side B played to the green. Side A played a third shot from the bunker and all players were USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: AUGUST, 1957 23 of the opinion that the ball was on the 14th green. However, on arriving at the green the only ball on the green was that belonging to side B. A search was made round the green and a ball (identified as belonging to A) was found close to the green and this was played to the pin. When the flag was removed for side A to putt,.it was discovered that its original ball was in the hole, whereupon side B claimed the hole, stating that A had lost it by playing the wrong bait Side A, on reflection, realized that it had won the 14th hole and that B was out of order in claiming it on the grounds that A had played the wrong ball. Side B in fact acknowledges now that it lost the 14th hole, but claims that it would possibly have played the 15th differently for a win and not a half if it had been aware that it was four instead of two down. By finishing the game and accepting the score of two up at the 15th (instead of being rightly four up) have side A lost the match? A: Under the basic principles enunciated in Rule 6-1, except as provided for in the Rules, a hole is won by the side which holes its ball in the fewest strokes. In this case the wrong ball was played after the completion of the hole and side B’s claim should not have been accepted by side A. Side A, however, by accepting its op­ ponents’ ruling and thus failing to establish its claim before any player in the match played from the next teeing ground, can­ not subsequently claim the hole (Rule 11-1). The match must stand as played. The attention of players is drawn to the preamble to Rule 21, which directs that each player should put an identification mark on his balk Retrieving Club Causes Undue Delay R. & A. 56-107-45 R. 37 Q: A competitor in a stroke competition having arrived on the 6th green found that he had left his No. 5 iron by the 5th green. Explaining this to his fellow competitor he hurried back, retrieved the iron, and then rejoined him. In the meantime two couples had been allowed to go through. My committee are divided in respect to this case, some are of the opinion that the Rules had not been violated and others of the opinion that the competitor should be disqualified under Rule 37-6, Discontinu­ ance of Play. A: By returning to the 5 th green to col­ lect his club the competitor concerned de­ layed play and contravened Rule 37-7, and should have been penalized two strokes. Rule 37-6 is not applicable in this case. Five Minutes Search Is Optional R. & A. 56-34-10 D. 6 Q: Reference to Decision 53-12. The Rules of Golf Committee has always in the past made it clear that a player could aban­ don his search for a ball at any time. It was also clear that, provided the original ball was found within five minutes and provided the player had not played another ball from the spot from which he played the previous shot, he could continue to play with the original ball. With the addition, however, of para­ graph 2 to Definition 6 of the 1956 Rules of Golf, some doubt has arisen as to wheth­ er this Decision is still valid. In other words, if a player declare his ball "lost” without searching for five minutes is the ball "lost” within the meaning of paragraph 1 of Definition 6 which states that a lost ball "if subsequently found is not in play”? A: The addition of paragraph 2 to Def­ inition 6 has been made in order to make it clear that it is not essential to spend five minutes searching for a lost ball, but that the search may be abandoned by the player at any time. If a player declare his ball lost and it is subsequently found within five minutes, provided the player has not played another ball from the spot from which he played his previous shot or played a stroke with a provisional ball beyond the point of loss, he can continue to play his original balk 24 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: AUGUST, 1957 BEAUTIFICATION BY MEANS OF TREES AND SHRUBS By DR. MARVIN H. FERGUSON Director, Mid-Continent Region and National Research Coordinator, USGA Green Section rT\REES and shrubs certainly contribute to the beauty and usefulness of a golf course, and landscaping is one of the sure ways for a superintendent to provide a lasting monument to himself and his ef­ forts. However, along with the thoughts of beautification, a superintendent must take a number of other things into considera­ tion. He must think about how trees and shrubs will affect maintenance on the golf course. Competition of roots and shade sometimes make it difficult to maintain turf. There must be some rather intensive maintenance in trimming around trees and shrubs and some plants of this type may be considered as "dirty” because of the fact that they shed leaves, pieces of bark and seed pods. A superintendent must also consider the effect of trees and shrubs upon the archi­ tecture of the course. These features on the golf course certainly help to determine the line of play and some types of shrubs may cause very serious hazards. It is not unusual for a player to find his ball under a low- branched tree so that he has to get on his knees to play it. Golf can become a very frustrating game to the victim of such a circumstance. On the other hand, the value of golf as a mental therapeutic diversion can be en­ hanced considerably by the use of trees and shrubs that make the course more pleasing. Hugh McCrae, of the Mid-Atlantic golf course superintendents’ Association, has expressed the thought on numerous occa­ sions that a fence covered with honeysuckle, a flowering crabapple, a dogwood, or an azalea planting can make a golfer forget his poor shots. He has an enjoyable day on the course, regardless of the state of his game. Long Term Plan The tree and shrub program on a golf course should be based on a long range plan. The first step in outlining such a plan is to make an inventory of existing trees and shrubs, together with an estimate pf their remaining useful life. Replacements must be planned for suitably long in ad­ vance to grow them to the proper size by the time the existing plants are likely to die. Replacement trees and shrubs should be of the type that afford easy maintenance and of the type that will do the job that you expect of them. We might discuss tree planting briefly. The steps to be considered are preparation of the site (it has been said that it is bet­ ter to place a io(S tree in a $10 hole than to place a $10 tree in a lotf hole); proper anchorage, to make sure the tree is not loosened by winter winds; protection of USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: AUGUST, 1957 25 COMING EVENTS August 6 Beltsville Field Day Plant Industry Station, Beltsville, Md. Dr. Felix Juska August 8 Rutgers University Turf Field Day Rutgers University New Brunswick, N. J. Dr. Ralph E. Engel August 14 Texas Turfgrass Association Texas A. & M. College College Station, Texas August 15-16 Field Day Dr. Ethan Holt 26th Annual Golf Course Superintendents Field Day University of Rhode Island Kingston, R. I. September 4-5 Penn State Field Day Pennsylvania State University University Park, Pa. September 16-17 Dr. J. A. DeFrance Prof. H. B. Musser Midwest Regional Turf Foundation Field Days Purdue University Lafayette, Ind. October 3 and 4 Dr. Wm. H. Daniel Northwest Turfgrass Conference Washington State College Pullman, Wash. October 7 and 8 Utah Turfgrass Conference Ogden Country Club Ogden, Utah October 10 and 11 J. W. Richardson Rocky Mountain Turfgrass Colorado State College Fort Collins, Colo. Conference Prof. G. A. October 14 and 15 New Mexico Turfgrass Conference New Mexico College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts State College, N. M. Prof. C. E. Watson October 17 and 18 Arizona Turfgrass Conference University of Arizona Tucson, Ariz. October 16-17-18 Prof. J. S. Folkner Kansas State Turfgrass Conference Kansas State College Manhattan, Kans. Dr. Ray A. Keen November 18-22 American Society of Agronomy Annual Meeting Atlanta Biltmore Hotel Atlanta, Ga. the trunk against sun scald; protection of the lower part of the trunk against gnaw­ ing animals and against damage by mowers and other maintenance machinery. Soil around tree roots should be firmed well so that there are no air pockets left and fer­ tilizers should be avoided at the time the tree is planted. Small Trees Preferable In the selection of trees, it is well to pick those that are nursery grown rather than those that are field grown. Nursery grown trees will have been root pruned to some extent and can be moved with less shock. In this connection, it is also wise to move smaller trees if you have time for them to grow rather than relatively large ones. Smaller trees suffer less severely upon moving and sometimes actually make re­ covery fast enough that they will overtake larger trees. If at all possible, trees should be chosen which do not produce numerous roots near the surface. The Chinese or Siberian elm and some of the maples are serious offenders in this respect. Most golf course superintendents would probably be well-advised to choose a few species of trees and shrubs that are known to do well in their area, and to confine most of their propagation work to these species. On the other hand it would appear to be unwise to rely wholly upon one kind of tree. Oak wilt and Dutch elm disease fur­ nish examples of the havoc that may be wrought upon any one particular species. Transplant in Early Spring There is a great deal of other informa­ tion that is obtainable from most nursery­ men. The time of planting will vary with location but it is generally thought that early spring is a good time to move most deciduous trees. This is particularly true if they are moved bare rooted. In spacing trees, one should consider the size of a given species when fully grown, and the amount of spread that may be expected of it. The accompanying charts show the mature size of some common shade trees. The size of the ball of earth that must be moved with evergreens will increase proportionately with the increase in the size of the trunk. For instance, a tree i s/4" to 2" in diameter, 1 foot above the ground, should have a ball of earth with a 22" diameter. A tree that is 4’/2" to 5" in diameter, 1 foot above the ground, should have a ball of earth 48" in diameter. (See Table 1) 26 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: AUGUST, 1957 American elm Chinaberry Honey locust Dogwood Pin oak Blackgum American ash Norway spruce Hornbeam Norway maple Lombardy poplar Black cherry Eastern cottonwood Hemlock Red pine Red birch Madrone American holly Arborvitae Live oak Yearbook of Agriculture 1949 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: AUGUST, 1957 27 Red maple Paper birch Yellowwood Red mulberry White oak 28 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: AUGUST, 1957 Yearbook of Agriculture 1949 It is sometimes wise to prune a tree at the time it is replanted. A good rule of thumb is to trim enough of the branches to balance the loss of roots resulting from the replanting. There is an excellent discussion in the Year Book of Agriculture for 1949 en­ titled "Trees.” The chapter title is "Keep­ ing Shade Trees Healthy.” The main points of the discussion are to select adapted trees, plant them in good soil and then follow this planting with a pro­ gram of soil maintenance, pruning, water­ ing and treating as needed for insects and disease. This discussion also contains in­ formation concerning the amount of fertilizer needed and methods for applying it in tree and shrub maintenance. This is a very brief discussion of a very important subject. There is much informa­ tion that can be gained from professional nurserymen and horticulturists. Such a pro­ gram is of very great importance in com­ plete golf course maintenance. TABLE 1: Recommended Minimum Ball Diameters for Different Sizes of Shrubs and Trees Shrubs and Small Trees Larger Trees Height of plant Feet — 2 2—3 3—4 4—5 5—6 6—7 7—8 8—9 9 — 10 10 —12 12 —14 14 —16 Diameter of ball Inches 11 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 29 32 36 Tree diameter 1 foot above ground Inches V/4 — l’/2 1’A — V/4 V/4 —2 2 —Th. Th —3 3 — Th Th —4 4 — 4’/2 4Vz —5 5 — 5Vz 5'/2 —6 6 —7 Diameter of ball Inches 18 20 22 24 28 33 38 43 48 53 58 65 SAFETY WITH PESTICIDES By HAROLD E. HELDRETH Agricultural Representative, National Safety Council TT is now generally recognized that insect -*■ control is essential to profitable agri­ culture. There are hundreds of thousands of species of insects and several thousand of them are injurious to man, plants and other animals. In the war against insects, man has developed many new weapons in the form of pesticides. Some of these are hazardous to man as well as insects. How­ ever, there is no pesticide which cannot be used with safety when properly handled. Among the hazards involved in the use of agricultural chemicals and pesticides are: The excessive exposure of workers who manufacture, formulate, or apply ma­ terials; accidental exposure of children; and the exposure of the general public in the event that residues on food should ever be allowed to approach the toxic level. Much has been written about the toxicity of pesticides and the hazards, real and im­ aginary, that may be associated with their use. However, entomologists and toxicolo­ gists seem to be in general agreement that where proper precautionary measures are observed, no pesticide in use today is so toxic as to make its safe use impractical. This problem is not a new one. But, with a greatly expanded use of pesticides, it has assumed greater significance. In spite of the volumes of educational material telling how chemicals can be safe­ ly handled (warning labels and literature distributed by chemical manufacturers and packagers, and federal, state and local agen­ cies) ; in spite of regulations by State Bu­ reaus of Chemistry and State Division of Industrial Safety, some tragic accident^ hap­ pen each year. Before attempting to enumerate and 1USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: AUGUST, 1957 29 evaluate the various hazards inherent m the use of economic poisons, we must rec­ ognize and understand a few basic princi- pies. First, we must recognize that practi­ cally all insecticides have toxic properties and are, at least to some extent, toxic to warm-blooded animals, including humans. If they did not have these properties, they probably would not control insects qnd, therefore, would not be effective as insec­ ticides. Proper Respect Needed The fact that most pesticides are toxic to man and animals does not necessarily mean that they cannot be used with safety. Always wash thoroughly after using toxic chemi­ cals. Cultivate a proper respect for the substance If we develop a proper respect foi the toxic properties of a substance, it may be used with greater safety than that of n much less toxic substance which is handled carelessly. Since World War II, so many new pesti­ cides, trade names and new applications have appeared on the market that it be­ comes impossible to consider all of the problems of safety with chemicals in this discussion. Therefore, let us consider jpst one important phase of safety with these materials—labels. Laws governing the manufacture and distribution of pesticides require that dan­ gerous chemicals’ labels contain (i) the familiar skull and crossbones insignia, (2) the word "poison” in red letters and (3) a statement of antidote. "Warning Labels,” a booklet by the Manufacturing Chemists' Association, sets up a uniform procedure for labeling hazardous chemicals. To indi­ cate the degree of hazard presented, one of three signal words is used. In order of increasing hazard the words are "Caution!”, "Warning!”, "Danger!”. Following the sig­ nal word is a statement of the hazards in­ volved and a description of precaution which should be read before using the chemicals. Read and Understand Give attention to the label on the pack­ age. Read it! Understandt it! The informa­ tion is for your protection. In addition to your protection, the label will sometimes also tell you the best method of application. Careful reading, understanding and ap­ plying the information on pesticide con­ tainers is the most essential step in agri­ cultural chemical safety. Following are six points in illustrating the importance of understanding labels. (1) Know The Essential Parts Of The Label. Information on the label contains in­ structions on recommended solutions for different pests and diseases, rates of ap­ plication, precautions in its use. The label is checked by government regulations for the enforcement of the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Ro­ denticide Act. These regulations are con­ stantly being strengthened by more spe­ cific, clarified labeling requirements. The manufacturer bases his reputation on the information included on the label. It’s got to be right! There should be three precautionary points on every label. These are: (a) the dangers involved, (b) instructions for first aid treatment, and (c) the note for physicians, which should include the antidote. 30 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: AUGUST, 1957 Every label should be carefully read and fully understood, it is there for your protection. Be sure that all pesticides are placed on a high shelf out of reach of young children. (2) User's Responsibility. The user should fully understand and be able to explain to his workers the dangers involved, protective clothing necessary, antidote, first aid treatment and proper methods of handling pesti­ cides. Supervisors should contact a local doc­ tor well in advance of work season to make sure he understands what the prop­ er antidote is for the pesticide. (3) Know The Reasons For The Parti­ cular Cautions Noted On Package. Just reading is not enough. Under­ stand it. Each chemical carries its own particular danger. Know which hazard is greatest—by the dermal (skin) or oral (mouth) route. Labels will note some of the symp­ toms of poisoning and will tell you what to do in case of contact or exposure. Typical symptoms to watch for are: headache, weakness, sweating, nausea. Select the chemical which is most ef­ fective and which can be used with safety. (4) Follow Instructions To The Letter. Make sure you understand instruc­ tions. Never use pesticides for anything not recommended by the company. (5) Education. Through an educational program, County Agricultural Agents, vocational agriculture teachers and other local lead­ ers can assist in eliminating dangerous conditions and practices in handling, storing and using pesticides. The educa­ tional program might well be designed to make pesticide users "label conscious.’’ Here are a few things you can do: Hold a demonstration, using sample company labels. Use enlarged pictures and go over every point on the label. Demonstrations and stunts can be used to good advantage in illustrating the importance of the information on labels. Write and distribute news stories and circulars on the importance of under­ standing instructions on labels. Don’t stress dangers—stress importance of fol­ lowing instructions. Show slides and movies on agricultur­ al chemicals’ safety. Place posters on local stores. (6) Community Approach. From the community standpoint, there is a mature and an immature approach to the use of agricultural chemicals. Ma­ turity may be measured by the degree to which citizens are aware of the different factors influencing the community and the degree to which they cooperate tor the mutual good. In the mature, basically agricultural com­ munity, the necessity for using agricultural USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: AUGUST, 1957 31 SUBSCRIBERS TO USGA GREEN SECTION RESEARCH & EDUCATION FUND Augusta National Golf Club Augusta, Ga. Catto & Putty Cooperative Seed & Farm San Antonio, Texas Supply Service Richmond, Va. Dorado Beach Development Dorado, P. R. Bob Dunning-Jones, Inc. Tulsa, Okla. E. I. DuPont de Nemours & Co. Wilmington, Del. Lynde & Rowsey Lawn Grass Nurseries Muskogee, Okla. New England Golf Ass'n. Boston, Mass. Watson Distributing Co. Houston, Texas Western Pennsylvania Golf Association Pittsburgh, Pa. chemicals is accepted, as is the potential danger which some of these materials bring to those who use them. Partly because this problem of hazard to the worker has been met forthrightly, the safety record in the community is good. Each user takes direct, personal responsibility for the chemicals to be used on his property—the amounts, methods, and timing of application. Neigh­ bors should be advised when chemicals are to be applied and they should recognize the necessity for their use. In the continuing war against insects, man, with the aid of science, is holding insects to a draw. The development of pest­ icides has been, and is, an important part of this fight. The toxic properties necessary to pest control abilities of insecticides are. in varying degrees, toxic to man also. Rec­ ognition of this fact is the first step in using pesticides with safety. The other steps are found in the label. TURFGRASS COURSE AT PENN STATE UNIVERSITY A Truf grass Management Winter Course has been added to the list of offerings by the College of Agriculture, The Pennsylvania State University. The course will provide the necessary skills and knowledge to supervise and manage golf courses, municipal and in­ dustrial parks and lawns, athletic fields and playgrounds, cemeteries, highway roadsides, estates and airfields. The program consists of four eight-week terms of instruction on the campus of the University. During this period intensive classroom and laboratory training is pro­ vided in the identification, establishment, and maintenance of the grasses used in the various climatic areas of the United States and Canada. This will be supplemented with courses on soils and fertilizers; identi­ fication, production, and maintenance of trees, shrubs and other horticultural mater­ ials; the installation and use of irrigation and drainage equipment; principles of trac­ tor and machinery operation and care; the keeping of business records; and elements of design and landscaping. The student also will have an opportunity to see and study the very extensive research program on turfgrass problems conducted by the Agricultural Experiment Station at the University. A full season of practical on-the-job training is recommended for the summer period between the second and third terms. Individuals now employed in turfgrass work may return to their positions for this period if they so desire. The dates of the various terms are as follows: first term, November 4, 1957 to January 11, 1958; second term, February 3, 1958 to March 29, 1958; on-the-job training, April 15, 1958 to October 15, 1958 (approximate); third term, Novem­ ber 3, 1958 to January 14, 1959; fourth term, February 2. 1959 to March 27, 1959. High school graduates, 16 years of age or older, are eligible for enrollment. The usual mathematics, science, and English college entrance requirements are not ne­ cessary for admission. The high school graduation requirement is waived for those who demonstrate maturity, purposeful in­ terest, and have had prior experience in turfgrass management. Further information and application blanks can be secured from the Director of Short Courses, College of Agriculture, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pa. 32 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: AUGUST, 1957 IT’S YOUR HONOR The Amateur Code A Voice On the Open To the USGA: I have read your comments on the Amateur Code contained in the July issue of the USGA JOURNAL, and I wanted to take the immediate oppor­ tunity to express my appreciation of your definition. What you say and the manner in which it is expressed car­ ries the exact understanding which I have developed toward amateur com­ petition in any sport. The direct com­ parison with so-called "amateur status” in other sports clearly points out the need for a strict rule by the United States Golf Association which, through untiring and thankless efforts, has man­ aged to keep this sport in the cate­ gory of a true game. Although some may interpret this article as a defense, I personally believe it more in the nature of a proud ex­ pression of principle. This should be posted on every club bulletin board in the country and should be required reading for every young player. John Wood, II Cincinnati. Ohio To the USGA: May I say how worth while I think your article on the Amateur Code is in the Juiy issue of the USGA JOUR­ NAL. I personally have never seen amateurism in golf so well explained in terms that even the non-golfer must admit could well be the basis for all amateur sport. To the USGA: Congratulations upon your conduct of the Open at Inverness. What with the present day penchant for "winter rules” all summer, no rough and var­ ious other methods which are used to debase the game, it was a real pleasure to see the rules strictly enforced and the game played as it should be. May you continue to keep your standards high for all who really know and love the real game of golf and want it pre­ served. Charles R. Wilson Wheaton, III. Benefit from USGA Films To The USGA: We had occasion to exhibit "Play Them As They Lie,” "The Rules of Golf - Etiquette” and "Inside Golf House” to the members of Echo Lake Country Club, and the event was most successful. We had two individual showings of the pictures, at luncheon for the women and at night for the men. All comments have been most gratifying from the standpoint of the golf tournament committees of our club. All three pictures were enthusiastic­ ally received, but the greatest good may be expected from "Play Them As They Lie” and "The Rules of Golf- Etiquette” since the visual demonstra­ tions are very effective in properly educating golfers. Certainly the play­ ing of the game should be more in­ teresting with strict compliance to the Rules, while the care of the course should benefit equally as players follow the recommendations that are empha­ sized in the films. Les Johnstone Mason City, Iowa Arthur C. Muller, Jr. Westfield, N. J. USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: AUGUST, 1957 33 USGA OFFICERS, EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE AND COMMITTEE CHAIRMEN PRESIDENT Richard S. Tufts, Pinehurst, N. C. VICE-PRESIDENTS John D. Ames, Chicago, III. John G. Clock, Long Beach, Cal. SECRETARY Charles L. Peirson, Boston, Mass. TREASURER J. Frederic Byers, Jr., Pittsburgh, Pa. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE The above officers and: C. W. Benedict, White Plains, N. Y. Emerson Carey, Jr., Denver, Colo. William C. Chapin, Rochester, N. Y. John W. Fischer, Cincinnati, Ohio Richmond Gray, Richmond, Va. Stuart A. Heatley, San Francisco, Cal. Gordon E. Kummer, Milwaukee, Wis. William McWane, Birmingham, Ala. F. Warren Munro, Portland, Ore. John M. Winters, Jr., Tulsa, Okla. GENERAL COUNSEL Wm. Ward Foshay, New York, N. Y. COMMITTEE CHAIRMEN RULES OF GOLF: John M. Winters, Jr., Tulsa, Okla. CHAMPIONSHIP: John D. Ames, Chicago, III. AMATEUR STATUS AND CONDUCT: John W. Fischer, Cincinnati, Ohio IMPLEMENTS AND BALL: Charles L. Peirson, Boston, Mass. MEMBERSHIP: Gordon E. Kummer, Milwaukee, Wis. GREEN SECTION: William C. Chapin, Rochester, N. Y. WOMEN'S: Mrs. Charles Dennehy, Lake Forest, III. SECTIONAL AFFAIRS: F. Warren Munro, Portland, Ore. PUBLIC LINKS: Emerson Carey, Jr., Denver, Colo. HANDICAP: Richmond Gray, Richmond, Va. Handicap Procedure. William O. Blaney, Boston, Mass. JUNIOR CHAMPIONSHIP: J. Frederic Byers, Jr., Pittsburgh, Pa. SENIOR CHAMPIONSHIP: John G. Clock, Long Beach, Cal. GIRLS' JUNIOR: Mrs. John Pennington, Buffalo, N. Y. MUSEUM: C. W. Benedict, White Plains, N. Y. BOB JONES AWARD: Totton P. Heffelfinger, Minneapolis, Minn. FINANCE: J. Frederic Byers, Jr., Pittsburgh, Pa. USGA HEADQUARTERS "Golf House", 40 East 38th Street, New York 16, N. Y. Joseph C. Dey, Jr., Executive Director John P. English, Assistant Executive Director USGA GREEN SECTION EASTERN REGION Northeastern Office: Rutgers University, New Brunswick, N. J. Alexander M. Radko, Director, Eastern Region T. T. Taylor, Northeastern Agronomist Mid-AKantic Office: South Building, Plant Industry Station, Beltsville, Md. Charles K. Hallowell, Mid-Atlantic Director Southeastern Office: South Building, Plant Industry Station, Beltsville, Md. James M. Latham, Jr., Southeastern Agronomist MID-CONTINENT REGION Southwestern Office: Texas A. and M. College, College Station, Texas Dr. Marvin H. Ferguson, Director, Mid-Continent Region and National Research Coordinator James B. Moncrief, Southwestern Agronomist Mid-Western Office: Room 241, LaSalle Hotel, Chicago 2, III. James L. Holmes, Mid-Western Agronomist WESTERN REGION Western Office: P.O. Box 5t>7, Garden Grove, Cal. William H. Bengeyfield, Director, Western Region