JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT DRAMA IN THE OPEN CHAMPIONSHIP The huge gallery grouped around the last green on the final day of the Open Championship at the Inverness Club, Toledo, Ohio, breaking the cordon after Cary Middlecoff holed a birdie putt to tie with Dick Mayer. Toledo Blade Photo USGA JOURNAL ANO TURF MANAGEMENT Published by the United States Golf Association Permission to reprint articles herein is freely granted {unless specifically noted otherwise) provided credit is given to the USGA Journal VOL X, No. 3 JULY, 1957 Through the Green .................................................................................................................. 1 Letter and Spirit of the Amateur Code................................................................ Joseph C. Dey, Jr. 5 Scaling the Heights with Mayer in the Open .................................................................................... 9 Miss Rawls’ Third Win in a Strange Open ....................................................................................... 13 New Faces in Walker Cup Play ............................................................................John P. English 17 Hershey — Its History and Amenities ............................................................................................... 22 The Referee ............................................................................................................................................ 24 Turf Management: USGA Green Section Installing Watering Systems .................................................................... Elmer J. Michael 26 Dallisgrass Cutter ...................................................................................................... F. C. Galle 30 The Art of Improvisation .......................................................................................................... 32 It’s Your Honor ...................................................................................................................... 33 Published seven times a year in February, April, June, July, August, September and November by the UNITED STATES GOLF ASSOCIATION 40 EAST 38th ST., NEW YORK 16, N. Y. Subscription: $2 a year. Single copies: 30c. Subscriptions, articles, photographs, and correspondence should be sent to the above address. Entered as Second-class Matter March 3, 1950, at the Post Office at New York, N. Y., under the Act of March 8, 1879. Additional entry at Post office in Sea Cliff, L. I., N. Y. Edited by Joseph C. Dey, Jr., and John P. English. All articles voluntarily contributed. USGA COMPETITIONS FOR 1957 Championship or Team Match Junior Amateur Amateur Public Links Girls' Junior Women's Amateur Entries Close Closed Closed July 26 Aug. 2 (1) Walker Cup Match — Championships Sectional Qualifying Rounds Date of Event Completed July 17-20 tJuly 7-13 None None — July 29- Aug. 3 Aug. 12-16 Aug. 19-24 Aug. 30-31 Amateur Aug. 8 Aug. 27 Sept. 9-14 Senior Amateur Aug. 30 Sept. 17 Sept. 30-Oct. 5 Location Manor C. C. Washington, D. C. Hershey Park G. C. Hershey, Pa. Lakewood C. C. Denver, Colo. Del Paso C. C. Sacramento, Cal. Minikahda Club Minneapolis, Minn. The Country Club Brookline, Mass. Ridgewood C. C. Ridgewood, N. J. Dates entries close mean last dates for applications to reach USGA office. For possible exceptioi in dates of Sectional Qualifying Rounds, see entry forms. tExact date in each section to be fixed by Sectional Chairmen. (1) Walker Cup Match—Men's Amateur Teams: Great Britain vs. United States. A Fishy Story The luck of the Irish reached a million to one peak recently at famed Killarney when a golfer, playing the eighteenth hole, sliced into the lake. As the ball descended it struck a rising trout. The golfer waded into the water and retrieved the ball and rhe stunned fish! The story has brought forth the follow­ ing parody: Oh the dirty little pill Went soaring out until It plunged right into the water; It fell on the snout Of a rising trout So he waded in and caught her! British Cup Plan In an effort to achieve the strongest pos­ sible Walker Cup Team by 1959, when the match again will be played in Great Britain, the British have adopted a four- year plan, according to Raymond Oppen­ heimer, Chairman of the Walker Cup Se­ lectors. This year’s match will be held at Minneapolis, Minn., on the last two days of August. Dai Rees, Britain’s Ryder Cup captain, and Bill Cox, of London, winner of nu­ merous British professional titles, have been appointed coaches and every part of Great Britain will be searched for talent. The Public Courses Association and the Artisans’ Association have been invited to help in the search for prospective members of the 1959 Walker Cup Team. Any youngster recommended will receive coach­ ing from Rees and Cox. "We want the best possible players, ir­ respective of district or anything else,’’ Oppenheimer is quoted in the St. Andrews (Scotland) Citizen. The cost of coaching will be borne by the Royal and Ancient Golf Club Selection Committee, which incorporates the Walker Cup Selection Committee. "If we find a good young prospect, we will send him straight to our coaches, then test him before a crowd as big as possible i:* exhibition matches against Rees and an­ other player,” said Oppenheimer. "He will undergo a real toughening up process.” Record Entries The choice of Winged Foot Golf Club, Mamaroneck, N. Y., as the venue for the recent Women’s Open Championship proved to be the most popular to date, by far; and the choice of the Manor Country Club, near Washington, D. C, for the Junior Amateur Championship was almost as popular. The record entry of nearly 100 for the Women’s Open was almost twice as many again as the previous high of 58 recorded in 1954 at Salem Country Club, Peabody, Mass. Amateurs outnumbered the pros by more than two to one, the majority of them entering from the Metropolitan New York area. The field, which contained five former holders of the title as well as the champion, USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: JULY, 1957 1 "Do hurry, dear, people will think we're playing golf." Reproduced by permission of Golf Illustrated Mrs. Kathy Cornelius, was strong in quality as well as quantity. The record entry of approximately 1,060 for the Junior Amateur marks the first time it has gone over 1,000. Completing the Circle To enter an event twice and win twice is a unique occurrance, but when the dates are 36 years apart it must constitute a record. It happened to Mrs. Glenna Collett Vare last month at the Rhode Island Country Club, Nayatt, when she completed the cir­ cle in her long golfing career by regaining the Women’s Rhode Island State title which she won in 1921. She had not competed since. She celebrated her 54th birthday by win­ ning her semi-final match from Miss Ruth Eddy, of Newport, R. I., and clinched the title the following day against the defend­ ing champion, 19 year old Miss Betty June Bobel, by 2 and 1 over 36 holes. the play of the game and in devotion to it. Mr. Ishii is a nine-handicap player and is also President of the Japan Golf Asso­ ciation. Hill of Fame The New York State Seniors’ Golf Association has petitioned the committee in charge of the Hill of Fame of the Oak Hill Country Club, Rochester, N. Y., that an oak tree be named in honor of Charles Evans, Jr., of Chicago. Favorable action has been taken by the committee and approved by the Board of Governors of the Club. Mr. Evans has accepted. The tree will be ded­ icated on Thursday, July 18, during the annual tournament of the Seniors. Thus Evans will join the immortals already memorialized: President Eisenhower, Robert T. Jones, Jr., Walter Hagen, Ben Hogan and Cary Middlecoff. Before the inception of the Hill of Fame, Francis Ouimet was similarly honored on a nearby beautiful pin oak. Rival for Eisenhower Ramps of Coal Ash The acting Prime Minister of Japan during Nobusuke Kishi’s visit to the Unit­ ed States last month was Mitsujiro Ishii, and for the record Mr. Ishii probably could give President Eisenhower strokes both in The 10th at North Shore Country’ Club, Glen Head, Long Island, N. Y., is an in­ teresting par 3 hole. Although it measures slightly less than 150 yards, it is deeply cut through a ravine. As a result, golfers 2 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: JULY, 1957 had to walk down through the ravine and up a very steep grade to get to the green. It was a difficult walk for many of the older golferers, and as a result, several pre­ ferred to begin at the 10th rather than en­ counter this climb after 9 holes of play. Last winter, Mr. William Sloan, Super­ intendent, built a ramp of coal ash, ob­ tained at a nearby lighting company plant. The coal ash was obtained for the hauling. Eight thousand yards of coal ash went into the building of this ramp, which is 22 feet deep at its deepest point, and is 300 feet long. The ramp banks were stabilized with tall fescue. A Rare Junior The USGA’s Junior Amateur Champion­ ship has brought to light many gifted young men, and it is fun to follow their progress, especially in the cases of Ken Venturi, Hillman Robbins, Gay Brewer, Mason Rudolph, Don Albert, Eddie Mer- rins, Don Bisplinghoff, Rex Baxter, Jr., Tommy Jacobs, Joe E. Campbell, Fred Rick Jones, Ward Wettlaufer and Frank Boyn­ ton, who have gone on to earn reputations in adult ranks. However, for those who follow the event closely from year to year, it is just as much fun to follow a youngster’s pro­ gress within junior ranks. For example, a sandy-haired young man of 13 drew attention in the 1953 Junior Amateur Championship at first only be­ cause of his age and because the luck of the draw placed him in the very first match off the tee. When he won that match, we made note that his name was Jack Nicklaus, and by the time he had advanced to the fourth round, we were all aware not only of his name but also that he came from the Scioto Country Club, in Columbus, Ohio, and was a real strong player despite his 13 years. Well, to make a long story short, he has now qualified for five successive years, and at the age of 17 he will be playing out his final year of eligibility at the Manor Country Club, in Washington, this month. He made the quarter-finals in 1955 and the semi-finals last year. SPORTSMAN'S CORNER Hero of the recent British Amateur Champion­ ship at Formby Golf Club, Lancashire, was 5 ft. 6 ins. tall Leslie McClue, a Scot from the little in­ dustrial town of Renfrew, near Glasgow. Leslie McClue had beaten Lt.-Col. A. A. Duncan, former British Walker Cupper, in the third Round and so qualified to meet former US Walker Cup man Dale Morey. They were walking across the 11th tee, McClue two up, when Morey paused to have a practice swing. McClue stood back, then thinking Morey had finished, started to move and walked right into Morey's driver as it was coming back. It struck him a fearful blow on the right side of the head and the curly-headed Scot fell to the ground. Morey ran at once to him and McClue revived in thirty minutes. He was dazed and blood streamed down his head and clothes, but he in­ sisted on finishing the round. Morey was most upset but the gallant McClue kept going to win. LESLIE McCLUE CHATS WITH H. B. RIDGLEY It was found on examination that his ear was badly torn, and the doctor, a friend of McClue's, decided nine stitches were necessary. McClue pleaded with the doctor not to do any­ thing that would prevent his playing the next day, so the stitching was done without an anaesthetic. Later that evening McClue, suffering from slight concussion, collapsed, and so anxious was the doctor for his welfare that he and his wife sat up with him all night. For most of it he was restless, but slept a little towards morning, and at 9:30 woke up, announced that he wanted coffee and toast and that he would be on his way to the course to meet his opponent, H. B. Ridgley, the eventual runner-up. Looking pale and shaken and his right ear encased in dressing, he was beaten 6 and 5 over 36 holes, a fighting show. Next day he left Southport, England, to drive to Renfrew, some 250 miles away in Scotland, because he wished to play in a 36 hole medal competition the following day. This he did scoring 78 and 74. You wiU hear more about this 26-year-old Scot, a sales representative for a wine firm. He has not yet gained international honors but will surely do so soon. USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: JULY, 1957 3 NEW MEMBERS OF THE USGA Regular American Legion Country Club Atlantic Golf & Country Club Beacon Hill Country Club Bellefontaine Country Club Branch River Country Club Coffeyville Country Club Crooked Lake Golf Club Delaware Golf Club Duck Lake Golf Club Egensburg Golf Club Emporium Country Club Grafton Country Club Holston Hills Country Club Intervale Country Club Meadow Hills Country Club Old Orchard Country Club Oxon Run Golf Team Pickaway Country Club Plattsburgh Golf & Country Club Ponkapoag Golf Club Rapides Golf & Country Club Richmond County Country Club Skaneateles Country Club Thendara Golf Club Towanda Country Club Valleywood Golf Club Wausau Golf Club Associate Asbury Park Golf & Country Club Chardon Lakes Golf Course Dorado Beach Golf Course Gearhart Golf Course Harbor Hills Country Club Hoberg's Forest Lake Golf Course Stonington Manor Golf Club Wilker Park Memorial Golf Course Windsor Golf Club Iowa Iowa N. J. Ohio Wis. Kans. Ind. N. Y. Mich. Pa. Pa. W. Va. Va. N. H. Colo. N. J. D. C. Ohio N. Y. Mass. La. N. C. N. Y. N. Y. Pa. Ohio Wis. N. J. Ohio P. R. Ore. N. Y. Cal. Conn. Ind. N. Y. As nearly as we can determine from the longevity records, this is the high mark for a junior, and it will be fun to see how he handles his final challenge. Win or lose at Manor, however, it is of course a cinch that Jack will win more than his share of tournaments in the years to come. illiss Jeanne Bisgood In USGA Championship Miss Jeanne Bisgood, former British Curtis Cup golfer and twice holder of the English Ladies’ Championship, has en­ tered for the Women’s Amateur Champion­ ship to be held next month at the Del Paso Country Club, Sacramento, Cal. She competed in the 1950 event at the Atlanta Athletic Club, Atlanta, Ga., when she reached the third round, and again in 1954 at the Allegheny Country Club, Sewickley, Pa., when she lost at the 19th to Mrs. J. Douglas Streit (Miss Marlene Stewart) in the fourth round. A barrister by profession, Miss Bisgood devotes much of her time to serving on the Council of the Borough and County of the Town of Poole in Dorset, England. A Worthy Manual The Chicago District Golf Association furnishes its member clubs each year with a Directory of Information, a statistical manual covering every detail of golf club administration. The 1957 volume, which has incorpor­ ated suggestions submitted since the pre­ vious issue, lists comparative charges for all services to members of individual mem­ ber clubs, besides giving other operative details of the clubs. A great deal of thought and care has been given to the breakdown of such items as Dining Room Operations, Bar Operations, Electric Carts, Caddie Report, Golf Pro­ fessional Report, etc. which will be of in­ finite value to the recipients in analyzing their own club operations Evans Scholars House Dedicated The Daniel B. Ryan House of Evans Scholars Foundation, accommodating 38 Evans Scholars at Marquette University in Milwaukee, was formally dedicated on May 22. The House is one of six involved in the caddie-scholarship program of the Western Golf Association, which currently is sending 304 deserving young men to college. Friends of Daniel B. Ryan, president of the Cook County Board of Commissioners, recently raised funds to purchase the house. Officials from the Western Golf Associa­ tion, the Wisconsin State Golf Association, the Milwaukee Golf Association, the Mil­ waukee Senior’s Golf Association and clubs in the Milwaukee area were present for the dedication, along with the Marquette Fvans Scholars. Carleton Blunt, president of WGA, presided. James L. O’Keefe, former president of the Western Golf Association, spearheaded the drive. 4 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: JULY, 1957 LETTER AND SPIRIT by OF THE AMATEUR CODE JOSEPH C. DEY, JR. USGA Executive Director AFRESH appraisal of the Rules of Ama­ teur Status is always apt to follow a conspicuous case such as that of E. Harvie Ward, Jr. Mr. Ward was found to have violated the Rule about expenses during an investi­ gation by the USGA Executive Committee last month. He is thus ineligible to play as an amateur. This means he cannot try for a third straight USGA Amateur Cham­ pionship in September. The case focused attention on the Ama­ gives the best possible insight into its true meaning. "Amateur” comes from the Latin root "amare,” meaning "to love.” Thus, an amateur is one who pursues an activity purely for love of it, for personal pleasure, and not professionally for gain. This gets to the heart of the matter. It is admittedly a puristic viewpoint. For this day and age of super-commercialism in al­ most all things, it may seem an old- fashioned viewpoint. If so, it is good company. Truth is teur code, mainly on these two points: old-fashioned, too. And it endures. i. What actually is an amateur in golf? 2. Why are amateurs prohibited from accepting expenses, with a few rare, spe­ cific exceptions? Other sports have other rules; why is golf different? What Is an Amateur? The USGA Definition says: "An amateur golfer is one who plays the game solely as a non-remunerative or non-profit-making sport." It was put in another way, a compelling way, a generation or so ago by Prof. Charles W. Kennedy of Princeton, who had been Vice-President of the American Olympic Committee and President of the National Collegiate Athletic Association. He wrote, in his book on "Sport and Sportsmanship”: "I believe that an amateur sportsman is one who wishes to play a game as well as he can play it in relation to more impor­ tant things . . . "Where else than on the playing fields of amateur sport can youth learn so well the joy of achievement with no hope of reward other than the achievement itself? The glory of amateur sport lies in com­ peting for nothing except the love of the game and the joy of accomplishment. Therein lies, perhaps, its greatest social value.” The derivation of the word "amateur" Expenses The amateur code in golf provides for forfeiture of amateur status by one who, after the 18th birthday, accepts "expenses, in money or otherwise, from any source ether than one on whom the player is normally or legally dependent but exclud­ ing an employer,” to engage in a golf com­ petition or exhibition or personal appear­ ance as a golfer, including radio and tele­ vision broadcasts, testimonial dinners and the like. There are four exceptions when reason­ able expenses may be accepted: i. As a USGA representative in an inter­ national team match (Walker, Curtis x Americas Cup). 2. As a qualified contestant for the USGA Amateur Public Links Champion­ ship. 3. As a representative of a school or college or of a military service in team or other events limited to school or college students or the military, respectively. 4. As a representative of an industrial or business golf team in industrial or busi­ ness golf team competitions, respectively, within limits fixed by the USGA. In each of the four exceptions, it would not be normal or reasonable to except the participant to defray his own expenses. USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: JULY, 1957 5 The Heart of the Code Golf is rare among popular games in requiring amateurs generally to pay their own way. This is at the heart of the code. Why is this the rule in golf? It is the rule because it more closely expresses the spirit of amateurism than would any other rule. Among most popular games, golf is unique in its atmosphere. It is essentially a recreation, played simply for the fun of play, by nearly four million persons in the United States. It is unique among popular games in that it may be played all one’s life. Jack Westland won our National Am­ ateur Championship at age 47 in 1952. The Hon. Michael Scott won the British Amateur Championship at age 54 in 1935. Suppose there were no rules prohibiting acceptance of expenses. Then there would unquestionably spring up a class of play­ ers who would be subsidized from tourna­ ment to tournament the year round and would wind up devoting virtually their entire time to competitive golf. Their whole way of life would be bound up in golf. They would be professional in the sense that they would play the game for reasons other than the pure love of it, yet under such an imaginary code they would carry the label "amateur.” This is not fanciful. It has happened in other activities. It would happen in golf if the expense rule did not exist or were ap­ preciably more liberal. This imaginary class of touring "sham- ateurs,” going about the country on golf expense accounts, would automatically de­ velop skill superior to most of their un­ subsidized amateur opponents. There would be no true basis of fair competition for all amateurs. It would be unfair. The only reason for distinguishing be­ tween amateurs and professionals in the first place is to provide a basis of fair competition. The professional, devoting himself to the game as his vocation, has far greater opportunity to develop skill than has the average amateur, for whom golf must be subordinated to things of greater importance to him. "But,” some will say, "is there no middle ground? Cannot the expense rule be liber­ alized to a degree and yet retain the ama­ teur spirit?” The USGA Executive Committee has never seen its way to doing this without charting a whole new and undesirable course for amateur golf. Occasionally the Committee has received requests to permit expenses to be paid under the auspices of responsible sectional amateur golf associa­ tions. But one step usually leads to another, and all such requests have been denied on the grounds that they would start a deter­ ioration in the amateurism of golf. Development Which Youth Needs It is occasionally contended that a more liberal expense rule would help young players to develop. This question is some­ times asked: "Why shouldn’t a promising but poor lad have the same opportunity to play in tournaments as the rich man’s son?” Why shouldn’t they have the same op­ portunities in everything else—in educa­ tion, in social affairs, in work? One answer is that this is a democratic society we live in, not a socialistic or com­ munistic society. One of our society’s great­ nesses is found in the challenge it gives us to seek, to strive, to try to do better and be better. It affords us the opportunity to do this. It does not vitiate our inner fibre by doling out equal little parts of everything to everybody, so that no one has more or less than his neighbors. We all have our limits. We either over­ come them if we can, or we accept them. If we can’t afford a thing, we usually don’t obtain that thing. If a young man can’t afford to play tournament golf, he is better off not try­ ing to live beyond his depth. Prominence in sports can be a false god, especially to young men at a time of life when they need to learn true values. Which is more important for a young man—to develop skill at golf or to develop a strong, self- reliant character? Some Expert Testimony Practically all amateur sports organiza­ tions have occasional difficulty in adminis­ tering their rules about expenses. A rule is a sort of barrier. Many people will always come right up to this kind of barrier— right to the dividing line. Some will always 6 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: JULY, 1957 ciimb over it, or crawl under it. This is so whether the barrier be low, high or mid­ dling. Golf has had a particularly prominent problem lately in the Harvie Ward case, and golf’s rules have come under particular­ ly close scrutiny. But this does not justify leaping to hasty conclusions about the whole code of rules. The fact is that golf probably has fewer problems in this regard than do other sports. Certainly golf is among the cleanest of amateur sports. Would that have been so if the Rules of Amateur Status had been materially different in the past, especially regarding expenses? The compelling spirit about golf’s code off the course is precisely the same as the code on the course. It is a code that appeals to honor and sportsmanship. There is that in man which responds to such an appeal, almost without exception. In that is found the strength of golf. When the USGA Amateur Champion­ ship was played in 1951 at the Saucon Val­ ley Country Club, Bethlehem, Pa., the Hon­ orary Chairman of the Club’s Executive Committee for the Championship ad­ dressed the contestants at dinner before the Championship. He is Eugene G. Grace, Chairman of the Board of Bethlehem Steel Co.—a leading industrialist and a leading sportsman. He said in part: "You contestants know better than any­ one that you have paid your own way here, and that you are entirely on your own. "The only way in which amateurism in sports can be defined is in the sportsman’s own heart. "If the player says to himself that the only reason he is playing (and putting up with the sacrifices and inconveniences of stiff amateur competition) is that he gets his full reward out of his enjoyment of the game, then he is a sure-enough amateur. If he expects direct or indirect cash reward, then he is a pro. "It is certainly not dishonorable to be frankly a professional; but to lie to your­ self and pretend you are an amateur, when you know in your heart you are lying, is just a ruinous habit. That’s the real nub of the amateur problem in athletics. Schools that are supposed to train young men, yet warp their consciences by phony amateur standards, can’t have much to brag about.” Prof. Charles W. Kennedy has said this; "No matter how roughly you may be used, it is your duty to keep your temper and play fair. When you pass out from the playing fields to the tasks of life you will have the same responsibility resting upon you, in greater degree, of fighting in the same spirit for the cause you represent. You will meet bitter and sometimes unfair op­ position to much that you try to do. You will meet defeat. The 'lost causes’ of history are proof that victory will not always come because the cause you represent is right. You must be prepared to see what you believe to be wrong for the moment tri­ umphant, and still have courage to fight on. You must have faith that the race is not always to the swift, nor the battle to the strong. "Especially, you must not forget that the great victory of which you can never be robbed will be the ability to say, when the race is over and the struggle ended, that the flag you fought under was the shining flag of sportsmanship, never furled or hauled down, and that, in victory or defeat, you never lost that contempt for a breach of sportsmanship which will prevent your stooping to it anywhere, anyhow, any time.” The Harvie Ward Case In the case of E. Harvie Ward, Jr., the USGA Executive Committee found that Mr. Ward accepted expenses incident to golf competition in such a manner as to infringe the Rules during a period begin­ ning in May, 1952, and ending May 6, ;957- Under a ruling for this particular case, Mr. Ward will be eligible for reinstate­ ment one year after the date of his last violation, which occurred on May 6, 1957. He has informed the USGA that he will apply for reinstatement. USGA Amateur Championships won by Mr. Ward in 1955 and 1956 are not af­ fected. It is the Association’s policy not to declare such past Championships vacant under circumstances such as existed in this instance. The normal probationary period follow­ USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: JULY, 1957 7 ing violation of the Rules of Amateur Status is two years. The Executive Com­ mittee reduced it to one year in view of what it considered to be a mitigating cir­ cumstance. That circumstance was the fact that Mr. Ward told the Committee he had understood from his employer that it was permissible to accept the expenses in ques­ tion for the period 1953-56. His employer, Edward E. Lowery, was a member of the USGA Executive Committee from 1953 through 1956. Mr. Ward’s first violation occurred in the spring of 1952 when, he said, he ac­ cepted expenses from Mr. Lowery to par­ ticipate in the British Amateur Champion­ ship. Mr. Lowery was not then a USGA Executive Committee member. Mr. Ward’s employment by Mr. Lowery began in October, 1953. In subsequent years, Mr. Ward said, he accepted expenses from Mr. Lowery’s auto­ mobile agency, by which he is employed, for various tournaments, including the USGA Open and Amateur Championships and the Canadian Amateur Championship. He told the Committee that in some in­ stances he had attended to certain business at the same time, but the Committee deemed that the acceptance of expenses under the particular circumstances con­ stituted a violation. Interpretations of Rules During the course of the Harvie Ward case, the following interpretations of two phases of the expense rule were confirmed: 1. Guests and hosts: It is, of course, per­ missible to be a guest in a friend’s home during a competition, or to accept trans­ portation in his automobile or his private airplane if he has one. It is a violation of the rule to accept commercial living facili­ ties (as at a hotel) or transportation (as on a train or airline) for which a so-called "host” has paid. 2. Business expenses: It is permissible to play in a golf tournament while on a business trip with expenses paid provided the golf part of the expense is borne per­ sonally and is not charged to business. Further, the business involved must be actual and substantial, and not merely a subterfuge for legitimizing expense when rhe primary purpose is golf competition. USGA FILM LIBRARY The USGA Film Library has added "Play Them As They Lie" to its two previous films, "Inside Golf House" and "The Rules of Golf— Etiquette". The latest addition, a 16 mm. color produc­ tion, runs for 16’/2 entertaining minutes in which Johnny Farrell, the Open Champion of 1928, acts as intermediary between Wilbur Mulligan, a beginner of unimpeachable integ­ rity, and Joshua P. Slye, a past master in the art of breaking the Rules. The film was made at the Baltusrol Golf Club, Springfield, N. J., where Farrell is professional. "Inside Golf House" gives the viewer an op­ portunity to see the many interesting exhibits in "Golf House," USGA headquarters in New York, and to re-live golf triumphs of the past with many of the game's immortals. The film is a 16 mm. black and white production and runs 28 minutes. "The Rules of Golf—Etiquette" also has proved popular. The film stresses the import­ ance of etiquette by portrayal of various vio­ lations of the code in the course of a family four-ball match. Ben Hogan appears in sev­ eral scenes, and Robert T. Jones, Jr., makes the introductory statement. A 16 mm. color production, the film has a running time of 17V2 minutes. The distribution of all three prints is handled by National Educational Films, Inc., 165 West 46th Street, New York 36, N. Y., which pro­ duced the films in cooperation with the USGA. The rental is $15 per film, $25 for combina­ tion of two and $35 for all three in combina­ tion at the same time, including the cost of shipping prints to the renter. Questions have been asked as to what sort of competitions may be entered by an ap­ plicant for reinstatement to amateur status. The following is noted: i. Such an applicant is not in fact an amateur, and thus he is not eligible to play as an amateur. It would not technically harm his application for reinstatement if he were to accept an invitation to play in an amateur event, but it would be unfair to his amateur opponents. Sponsors of tournaments are requested to uphold the Rules of Amateur Status. 2. If he enters an open competition as a professional, he further violates the Rules of Amateur Status. 3. He may enter an open competition as an applicant for amateur reinstatement, but he would not be eligible for either an ama­ teur prize or a money prize. 8 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: JULY, 1957 SCALING THE HEIGHTS WITH MAYER IN THE OPEN Professionals Show Great Ability to Produce Best Golf When It Counts Most TT is always a wonderful thing to see people produce their very best when it means most. Many of us usually fall so far short of realizing our full capabilities that it is especially striking and inspiring to observe the great in the full bloom of their greatness. In golf, the National Open Champion­ ship is a particularly fruitful field for this. Here the best players of the day come together, professional and amateur, and it is a never-ending source of wonder to watch them lift their games to the peak. The Open is an unusual test in a number of ways. Since it determines the National Champion, the USGA and the entertain­ ing club seek to provide a course and course conditions which will try every club in the bag and reward the most accurate. Thus fairways and greens are fringed with rough which is unusual for this generation and which penalizes the errant. Further, the Open is distinctive in that its four rounds are played in three days. Today most 72-hole stroke play events are played over /our days. The last day of the Open, with 50 or more of the finest golfers playing their hearts out for 36 holes, is perhaps the fin­ est day in all the world of sport. It takes more than mere shot-making for the com­ petitor to keep on concentrating for six to eight hours of athletic competition and still lift his game to its peak. But they do lift their games to their peak. In the Open won by Dick Mayer last month at the Inverness Club, Toledo, 52 played the final day. In the Fourth round —the gruelling climax round—27 of the 52 equaled or improved upon their scores of the third round, when they presumably had been fresher and keener both mentally and physically. To be even more specific: A Sequence of Thrills Jimmy Demaret, 47 years old and a grandfather, led at 18 holes with 68 and at 54 holes with 211. After eleven holes of the last round, staggering under the incu- Toledo Blade Photo OPTIMISM: Smiling for the cameras as he leads the field at one stage or* the final day, Jimmy Demaret, one of the oldest competitors, finished a gallant third. bus of being five over par, he played the last seven holes in three under par. A birdie 3 at the 17th when it seemed to count most put him in position to post a 72-hole total of 283. That put Jimmy back in the lead, and it looked as if the Champ­ ionship might be his for the first time, after many years of trying. But Dick Mayer, too, was lifting his game to its peak. At 36 holes he had been a leader with 138, and at 54 holes he was one stroke behind Demaret. Now, in full USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: JULY, 1957 9 Toledo Blade Photo APPREHENSION: Dick Mayer, bidding for his first Open title, tries some country-style body English in an effort to urge his ball into the hole. consciousness that he needed a birdie 3 at the home hole to beat Demaret’s total by one, he got it. And then came Cary Middlecoff. A truly inspirational sort of player is Doc. Twice before he had been able to rise to the heights when it really counted—he had won the Open in 1949 and again last year. Now he was defending his title with all the skill and all the heart that have made him one of the great golfers of his gener­ ation. Middlecoff had started well enough with a 71, but a sour 75 had left him eight strokes behind the leaders at 36 holes. He played his third round in 68, and now, three holes from the finish in the final round, he needed two birdies and a par to tie Dick Mayer. He got them—a bird 3 at the 16th, a par 4 at 17, and a bird 3 at the last green. There were other wonderful deeds in that last day of Inverness’ third National Open. Walter Burkemo, for instance, came 10 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: JULY, 1957 Toledo Blade Photo DISILLUSIONMENT: Cary Middlecoff, defending Champion, walks towards the ball which hung on the lip. The touch that helped him tie deserted him in the play-off. from nowhere in the final round with a 65 that was only one stroke more than the best single-round score ever made in the tournament, which started in 1895. The whole competition was a tribute to the talent and the spirit of the field, and the sequence of Demaret, Mayer and Middle­ coff provided superlative evidence. In the 18-hole play-off Mayer sustained his fine form with a 72 and it was easily good enough to win. Middlecoff had brought himself to such an inspirational peak the day before that it was as if he had nothing else to give. Dick Mayer was not to be denied this time. Once before, in 1954 at Baltusrol, he had been on the brink of success but took 7 at the par-5 72nd hole and finished two strokes behind the winner. This time his Championship rounds of 70-68-74-70 and his play-off round of 72 were both steady and at times brilliant—in his round of 68 he eight 3s. Dick Mayer, at age 32, is a thoroughly USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: JULY, 1957 11 capable Open Champion. For many years he was a leading amateur in the New York Metropolitan district. Since turning pro­ fessional he has moved to St. Petersburg, Fla. Records Tied Mayer’s 36-hole score of 138 was shared by an amateur, Billy Joe Patton, of Morg­ anton, N. C. No one in Open history has ever scored better for the first two rounds, and only two had previously done as well —Sam Snead in 1948 at Riviera and Ben Hogan in 1952. Patton finished as low am­ ateur with 290. Middlecoff’s last two rounds of 68-68— 136 tied the Championship record for that particular stretch. Gene Sarazen had done 70-66—136 in 1932, when he also played the last 28 holes in 100 strokes. Inverness provided a tight test. Inverness always cuts its greens at one-eighth inch— a very low cut—and they are normally quite fast, but heavy evening rains and a tremendous storm on the first day slowed them, and also made some new tees un­ usable, so that the course played in the neighborhood of 6,750 yards instead of 6,919 as planned. The first day’s storm brought not only rain but winds of nearly 60 miles per hour. Remarkably, the course was playable after play had been suspended 18 Holes fot an hour and ten minutes. Due to the delay, five groups of players were unable to finish the first round until the morning of the second day. Pending official figures, it was believed that the third day’s gallery set an all-time USGA Championship record of about 16,000. The first day’s attendance was es­ timated at 10,391, the second day’s at 12,910, and the three-day total at 39,301, very close indeed to the all-time record. The play-off attendance was not nearly as large as that of any preceding day. Ben Hogan was unable to play. Pleurisy of the chest wall in the morning of the first day caused him such pain that he bad to withdraw after his starting time had been postponed an hour to give him op­ portunity for medical treatment. Jack Burke had to withdraw after 36 holes be­ cause of a wrist injury. Each professional prize was increased by 20% above the original schedule, and the total of nearly §30,000 was a new USGA record. The winner’s share was $7,200. The world of golf owes great thanks to Inverness and its committees for their fine preparations. The General Chairman was James J. Secor. Here is how the leaders stood at each stage: 36 Holes Jimmy Demaret Chick Harbert Doug Ford Julius Boros Ken Venturi Marvin (Bud) Ward (A) William J. Patton Dick Mayer Billy Maxwell Bo Wininger 54 Holes Jimmy Demaret Dick Mayer Cary Middlecoff Julius Boros Roberto DeVicenzo (A) William J. Patton Marvin (Bud) Ward Ken Venturi Fred Hawkins Mike Fetchick 68 68 69 69 69 70 70 70 70 70 211 212 214 214 214 214 214 215 215 216 Dick Mayer (A) William J. Patton Doug Ford Ken Venturi Bo Wininger Jimmy Demaret Roberto DeVicenzo Peter Thomson Julius Boros Fred Hawkins Marvin (Bud) Ward Sam Penecale 72 Holes Dick Mayer Cary Middlecoff Jimmy Demaret Julius Boros Walter Burkemo Ken Venturi Fred Hawkins Sam Snead Roberto DeVicenzo Chick Harbert Billy Maxwell (A) William J. Patton (A)—amateur 138 138 140 140 141 141 142 143 144 144 144 144 282 282 283 284 284 286 286 290 290 290 290 290 12 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: JULY, 1957 MISS RAWLS’ THIRD WIN IN A STRANGE OPEN Error in Scoring Disqualifies Mrs. Pung TPHE 1957 USGA Women’s Open Championship will always occupy a distinctive place in golf history for its strange mixture of the game’s harshest pen­ alty — disqualification — and overflowing human kindness. Miss Betsy Rawls, professional of Spart­ anburg, S. C., used 299 strokes to play four rounds over the East Course of the Winged Foot Golf Club, Mamaroneck, N. Y., last month. Then along came Mrs. Jac­ queline Pung, jolly Hawaiian professional now living in San Francisco, with what ap­ peared to be a winning 298. On the home green she embraced her weeping-for-joy 15-year-old daughter, Barnette, accepted congratulations all around, and was being interviewed by the press when it was dis­ covered that she had inadvertently signed her card for a 5 at the fourth hole where she actually played 6. Mrs. Pung was thus disqualified. Miss Rawls became the winner. Spontaneously, hearts went out to Jackie Pung. Pocketbooks were opened by Winged Foot’s wonderfully sportsmanlike members, spectators, officials, all—and a special purse was raised for Mrs. Pung. At last report it exceeded $3,000. Miss Rawls’ winning prize from the USGA was $1,800, although her enhanced prestige as champion may increase her earning power. Nothing Over 5 for Af/ar Rawls Although Miss Rawls’ sympathy also was with Mrs. Pung, her own golf was very worthy of the title. Her aggregate of 299 (74-74-75-76) was doggedly consistent and in 72 holes she had nothing over a 5 on her card. At 29 she is a seasoned campaigner with three Open titles now to her credit. She won in 1951 at the Druid Hills Golf Club, Atlanta, Ga., and again in 1953 at the Country Club of Rochester. N. Y., when Westchester County Publishers, Inc. Miss Betsy Rawls receives the news that she is Champion for the third time. the Championship first came under USGA auspices. On that occasion Miss Rawls tied with Mrs. Pung and won on a play-off. Miss Rawls is a purposful player with a three-quarter swing which stood her in good stead in the strong wind of the final day. She is long from the tee, yet gives the impression of playing well within her­ self, conserving her energy for the big hit when necessary. A Phi Beta Kappa in college, her tem­ perament is excellent and she refused to be disturbed in the third round when her marker, Miss Betty Hicks, reached the turn in a birdie-studded 35. But Miss Rawls USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: JULY, 1957 13 finished in 75 to Miss Hicks’ 76. In the final round she twice took a 5 at par 3 holes, but again put the encumbrance be­ hind her. Mrs. Pung’s four rounds were 78-75-73- 72. Her 145 for the last 36 holes, one under par, represented superlative golf, especially in the stiff cross-wind which swept most of the holes. The Fatal Rule But the final issue hinged on a Rule of Golf dealing with scoring, one which has cost careless players dearly in the past. In stroke play each competitor's card is recorded by a marker or scorer, who may or may not be a fellow-competitor. For many years until this year it was customary in USGA Open Championships for markers to be club members, usually ladies. However, due to a number of scoring problems which arose last year, the system was changed in J 957, and in both the recent men’s and Womens Opens each competitor’s marker was a fellow-competitor. (A lady member of the club also scored for public informa­ tion only, but not officially.) At Winged Foot last month both Mrs. Pung and her fellow-competitor-marker, Miss Betty Jameson, scored each other as 5 for the par 5 fourth hole, where both actually played 6. It was an odd coinci­ dence, and it was entirely inadvertent. Their cards were turned in with the 5s, signed by both players. On each card the 18-hole total reflected the actual score, including 6 at the fourth—but the total shown is im­ material, and the following Rules are per­ tinent: Rule 38-2: "The competitor is solely responsible for the correctness of the score recorded for each hole. The Com­ mittee is responsible for the addition of scores ..." RULE 38.3: "No alteration may be made on a card after the competitor has returned it to the Committee. "If the competitor return a score for any hole lower than actually played, he shall be disqualified. "A score higher than actually played must stand as returned." Thus, both Mrs. Pung and Miss Jamesofi were disqualified. New Interpretation Last year there were two cases of in­ advertently wrong low scores in the men’s Open Championship — involving Jack Burke and Gil Cavanaugh — and another in the Women’s Open Championship— involving, of all people, Miss Betsy Rawls. In each case the penalty was two strokes, rather than disqualification. The disquali­ fication penalty provided for in Rule 38-3 had been modified by the Committees in charge of the 1956 Championships under authority granted by the following general Ruie dealing with all cases of disqualica- tion: Rule 36-5: "The Committee has no power to waive a Rule of Golf. A pen­ alty of disqualification, however, may, in exceptional individual cases, be waived or be modified or be imposed under Rule 1 if the Committee consider such action warranted." Last winter the USGA Executive Com­ mittee unanimously decided that future violations of Rule 38-3 would be penalized by disqualification, and that there would be no waiver or modification. This decision was widely published, reversing as it did rhe policy applied in 1956 Championships. Thus, when the Winged Foot contre­ temps arose, the Committee in charge was under mandate from the full USGA Executive Committee to apply Rule 38-3 exactly. It is ironic that Miss Rawls, victim of rhe Rule last year, should be the unwitting beneficiary of it this year when Mrs. Pung was disqualified. In the light of the penalty against Miss Rawls in 1956, it would not have seemed consistent to have waived all penalty against Mrs. Pung this year, even if that had been possible. The USGA has long taken pains to assist players to check and return stroke play scores properly, in the following ways: J. The USGA prints a special score card for each Championship, and a sample is given to each player upon registration at the Championship site. For stroke play, the card contains extracts from Rule 38 at the top, and for the recent Women's Open the card said: 'After each hole the marker shall check 14 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: JULY, 1957 rhe score with the competitor. On comple­ tion of the round the marker shall sign the card and hand it to the competitor. The competitor shall check her score for each hole, settle any doubtful points with the USGA Committee, ensure that the marker has signed the card, countersign the card herself, and return it to the USGA Com­ mittee immediately.” 2. Immediately above the space provided for the competitor’s signature there appears the following on the USGA card: "I have checked my score hole by hole.” 3. When players return scores, it is customary for the USGA Committee to give another reminder by suggesting orally that the score be checked hole by hole. Checking a score before returning it is as much a part of the game and the duties of a golfer as observing the playing rules on the course. Reasons for the Rule If the Rule were lax, chaos would be in­ vited. Suppose it were permissible to change scores generally after they were re­ turned. In open events the distribution of prize money could be affected after being presented. In qualifying rounds for match play events, the determination of the quali­ fiers and the draw for match play could be greatly confused. Suppose in stroke play a player comes to the home hole knowing that he needs a birdie to tie a score posted by a previous competitor. The player knows he must play his approach shot boldly—all or noth­ ing. But his shot does not quite come off, leaving his ball in a bunker from which he has no reasonable hope of scoring a birdie. Then, after he has finished with a good recovery for a par, he finds that the posted leading score was one stroke lower thin the true score, due to error by its owner. If the owner were then allowed to change it, an injustice would be created. There are many reasons for the pre­ ciseness of the Rule covering returning of scores. Without such a Rule disorderly and unfair conditions could result. The size of the penalty is another matter. Question exists in the minds of many golf­ ers as to whether the penalty should re­ main disqualication or should eventually be reduced. But when Jackie Pung finished in the 1957 Women’s Open, the penalty in the code was disqualification, and the Com­ mittee in charge had no choice but to apply it. Winged Foot a Strong Test The unprecedented drama climaxed a Championship which had hitherto run on oiled wheels, for which Homer Johnson and his Winged Foot Committee must take full marks. The 6,246-yard East Course, par 73 for women, was in superb condition, but its subtleties were too numerous for most of the 95 starters. Of 276 rounds played, only seven were par or better. This was due in part to the final day’s stiff cross-wind. Although the rough was negligible, there was little margin for er­ ror on the second shot with the fast un­ dulating greens caught in the jaws of gap­ ing bunkers. Even the ultimate winner admitted that she had never had to work so hard for a title before. Hoiu the Lead Changed The last two rounds were just too much for the 36-hole leader, Miss Alice Bauer, the most petite entrant. In the comparative calm of the first two days, with her iron shots straight and her putter doing her bidding, she compiled 72-73 for a three- stroke lead over Miss Rawls. The following morning in the wind the 98-pound Miss Bauer lacked the necessary anchorage, and her over-full swing was blown out of groove. She rocketed to an 87 and out of contention. It was the telling third round which brought the eventual leaders into focus. Miss Rawls assumed the lead with 223, three strokes ahead of Mrs. Pung, who had come up from sixth position with a par- equaling 73. The two Bettys, Miss Hicks and Miss Dodd, moved in third at 228, one ahead of Miss Jameson and two strokes better than Miss Patty Berg, who also equaled par. Cher the last nine holes it developed into a two-player race. Miss Rawls, turning in 38, seemed to dissipate her chances when USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: JULY, 1957 15 she bunkered her tee shot to the short 13th and, after a good recovery, three-putted from nowhere. It let Mrs. Pung in, but all to no avail. Miss Berg, who has lost nothing in length or gallery appeal in her 20 years of tournament golf, summoned her vast ex­ perience to see her through the final stanza, and, like an old melody back on the Hit Parade, entered the Magic Circle. Her 75 was good enough to sweep her into second place with a 72-hole score of 305, six strokes back of Miss Rawls. Miss Hicks and Miss Louise Suggs were next at 308. The amateurs, though numerically su­ perior in the record entry, were never in the running, and it was left to Miss Bar­ bara McIntire, late of Toledo and now living in Florida, to be low amateur at 313. Last year Miss McIntire tied for the Championship and lost a play-off to Mrs. Kathy Cornelius, who this time finished with 328. Second amateur was the 'Cana­ dian holder of our Women’s Amateur Championship, Mrs. Marlene Stewart Streit, with 315. Prize money for the 12 leading profes­ sionals was increased by 20% the day be­ fore play started and totaled $7,200. The Human Touches But the most memorable aspect of the 1957 Women’s Open Championship are of such human touches as Betsy Rawls’ gen­ erous and sympathetic attitude to Jackie Pung—of the great warmth of kindness which welled up in the hearts of the Winged Foot members and some of their guests in raising a special purse for Mrs. Pung (that sort of thing comes naturally to Winged Foot)—and finally of Mrs. Pung’s own reaction. In the last 18 months Mrs. Pung had sustained several great personal difficulties, and here was a fresh one—the National, Championship snatched from her when she had it won. But she was not crushed. Deeply disap­ pointed, to be sure, but not crushed. The reason she was able to take it like the splendid character she is may be found plainly in her own words: "If this is God’s will, it’s best this way.” For Jackie Pung has a sense of values which regards ultimate things as even more important than her own profession of golf. She has, in fact, another profession, and her life bespeaks the deep religious faith which she regards as her true profession. USGA PUBLICATIONS OF GENERAL INTEREST THE RULES OF GOLF, as approved by the United States Golf Association and the Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St. Andrews, Scot­ land. Booklet, 25 cents (special rates for quan­ tity orders, more than 500). No charge. USGA GOLF HANDICAP SYSTEM FOR MEN, containing recommendations for computing Basic and Current Handicaps and for rating courses. Booklet, 25 cents. Poster, 10 cents. THE CONDUCT OF WOMEN'S GOLF, contain- ing suggestions for guidance in the conduct of women's golf in clubs and associations, in­ cluding tournament procedure, handicapping and course rating. 25 cents. HANDICAPPING THE UNHANDICAPPED, a reprint of a USGA Journal article explaining the Callaway System of automatic handicap­ ping for occasional players in a single tour­ nament. No charge. PROTECTION OF PERSONS AGAINST LIGHT­ NING ON GOLF COURSES, a poster. No charge. HOLE-IN-ONE AWARDS. No charge. GAMBLING IN GOLF TOURNAMENTS, a reprint of a USGA Journal article by Richard S. Tufts. No charge. WORK OF A CLUB GREEN COMMITTEE, a re­ print of panel discussions conducted by the USGA Green Section Committee. No charge. MISTER CHAIRMAN, a reprint outlining the duties of the Chairman of tho Green Com- tee. No charge. TURF MANAGEMENT, by H. B. Musser (Mc­ Graw-Hill Book Co., Inc.), the authoritative book on greenkeeping. $7. USGA CHAMPIONSHIP RECORD BOOK. De­ tailed results of all USGA competitions since their start in 1895. $2. TOURNAMENTS FOR YOUR CLUB, a reprint of a USGA Journal article detailing various types of competitions. No charge. USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT, a 33-page magazine published seven times a year. $2. a year. 16 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: JULY, 1957 NEW FACES by IN WALKER CUP PLAY JOHN P. ENGLISH USGA Assistant Executive Director THERE will be seven new faces among the ten United States Walker Cup players who will meet the British team at the Minikahda Club, Minneapolis, Minn., on Labor Day week-end. The team will comprise: Rex Baxter, Jr., Amarillo, Texas Arnold Blum, Macon, Ga. Joe E. Campbell, Knoxville, Tenn. William C. Campbell, Huntington, W. Va. William Hyndman, III, Philadelphia, Pa. Charles R. Kocsis, Detroit, Mich.. William J. Patton, Morganton, N. C. Lt. Hillman Robbins, Jr., Memphis, Tenn. E. Mason Rudolph, Clarksville, Tenn. Dr. Frank M. Taylor, Jr., Pomona, Cal. Charles R. Coe, of Oklahoma City, Okla., will serve as non-playing captain in his first appearance in that role. He was play­ ing captain of the 1952 Americas Cup Team and a player on the 1949, 1951 and 1953 Walker Cup Teams. Only eight of the ten players may be used in the foursomes or in the singles. The selection is up to Captain Coe. How­ ever, all ten are considered full-fledged members of the team. Seven new members are Baxter, Blum, Joe Campbell, Hyndman, Robbins, Ru­ dolph and Taylor. The three veterans of Walker Cup com­ petition are William C. Campbell, who was playing captain of the 1955 Team and a member of the 1951 and 1953 Teams; Kocsis, who played on the 1938 and 1949 Teams; and Patton, who was a member of the 1955 Team. Incidentally, William C. Campbell is not related to Joe E. Campbell. If any one of these ten players should be unable to join the team, an invitation would be extended to one of the following alternates in the order named: CHARLES R. COE Non-playing Captain I. Charles R. Coe, Oklahoma City, Okla. 2. Richard L. Yost, Portland, Ore. 3. Dale Morey, Indianapolis, Ind. Unless and until an alternate is invited to join the team, he has no status as a team member. If Coe should subsequently be invited to join the team, his status would change from non-playing captain to playing cap­ tain. He was the 1949 Amateur Champion and won the Trans-Mississippi Amateur in 1947 and 1956. The principles which guide the Execu­ tive Committee in the selection of inter­ national teams are: 1. Merit as a competitive golfer, based upon records in tournaments of im­ portance in recent years. 2. Sportsmanship and general ability to represent the United States in inter­ national relations. 3. Unquestioned status as an amateur golfer. Selection of team members is not in­ fluenced by age or geography. USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: JULY, 1957 17 Also, USGA teams for international matches are selected from among players who are considered by the Association to have conformed generally with the Asso­ ciation’s policies concerning gambling in connection with golf tournaments Biographical briefs on the United States players follow: REX BAXTER, JR. REX BAXTER, JR. Mr. Baxter, first alternate on the 1955 Walker Cup and 1956 Americas Cup Teams, is a member lor the first time and the youngest member by three and a half months. He lives in Amarillo, Texas, and is a 21-year-old June graduate of the University of Houston. He is being married this month. Last year he reached the quarter-finals of the Amateur, the Mexican Amateur and the Trans-Mississippi Amateur, the semi­ finals of the Western Amateur and the final of the National Collegiate. He was fifth amateur in the Open this year and recently won the Trans-Mississippi Ama­ teur and the Collegiate Championship. He was the 1953 USGA Junior Ama­ teur Champion and the 1954 Mexican Am­ ateur Champion. ARNOLD S. BLUM. Mr. Blum, a grad­ uate of the University of Georgia and a former captain in the infantry, is a 35- year-old bedding manufacturer in Macon. Ga., where he lives with his wife and three- daughters. He is also a member for the ARNOLD BLUM first time, although he was first alternate on the 1953 Team. Mr. Blum was the 1956 Southern Ama­ teur and Georgia State Champion and the victory in the Southern was his second. He was also a quarter-finalist in the 1956 Amateur. He was runner-up this year in the Southern Amateur. JOE E. CAMPBELL. Mr. Campbell, a 21-year-old June graduate of Purdue Uni­ versity and another new member, three and one half months older than Rex Baxter, has dominated amateur golf in Indiana for the past few seasons. He won the State Open and Junior in 1955 and 1956 and the State Amateur in 1954, 1955 and 1956. In 1955 he reached the quarter-finals of the Amateur and won the National Colle- JOE E. CAMPBELL 18 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: JULY, 1957 giate. Last year he gained the semi-finals of the Amateur. This year he was third amateur in the Open, tying for twenty- second at 294. Mr. Campbell was also a basketball star at Purdue. He is married and his home Is in Knoxville, Tenn. WILLIAM C. CAMPBELL. Mr. Camp­ bell, no relation to Joe E., has been a member of every Walker Cup Team since 1951. He captained the 1955 Team at St. Andrews, Scotland, but did not play him­ self. He also captained the 1956 Americas Cup Team. WILLIAM HYNDMAN, III teur and fourth amateur in the Open. He was a semi-finalist in the North and South Amateur and second amateur in the Open, tying for thirteenth at 291, this year. Mr. Hyndman, who was graduated from Penn State College, owns an insurance agency in Philadelphia and is married and has three children. WILLIAM C. CAMPBELL A graduate of Princeton University, Mr. Campbell is 34 and an insurance agent and broker in Huntington, W. Va. He is mar- tied and has a family of five children. He won the North and South Amateur last spring and also holds the Mexican Am­ ateur and the West Virginia State titles. He went to the fifth round of the Amateur last year. WILLIAM HYNDMAN, III. Mr. Hynd­ man has been selected for the first time at the age of 41. He played in the final of the Amateur in 1955 and last year was runner-up in the North and South Ama- CHARLES R. KOCSIS USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: JULY, 1957 19 ment and in the same season he was low amateur in the Open. Last year he reached the fourth round of the Amateur and was second amateur in the Open. This year he was again low amateur in the Open, tying for eighth at 290. Mr. Patton is president of the Mimosa Hills Golf Club, in Morgantown, N. C., where he lives with his wife and three children. HILLMAN ROBBINS, JR. Lt. Robbins, now on active duty in the Air Force, was the National Collegiate Champion in 1954 and a semi-finalist in the Amateur of 1955. He is on the Team for the first time. A native of Memphis, Tenn., and a graduate of Memphis State College in 1956, he is 25, married and has one son. Lt. Robbins was runner-up in the West­ ern Amateur in 1955, the North and South Amateur Champion in 1956 and runner- up in the latter event last spring. He is A11-Air-Forces Champion. CHARLES R. KOCSIS. Mr. Kocsis is the oldest member at 44. He first played on the Team in 1938 and was selected again in 1949. He came back into the picture last year after reaching the final of the Amateur. Mr. Kocsis has a fine record in stroke play, having been low amateur in the Open in 1936 and 1951 and low amateur in the Masters Tournament in 1952. His biggest thrill was beating Tommy Armour in the play-off for the Michigan Open in 1931, at the age of 18. He was National Colle­ giate Champion in 1936. He was fourth amateur in the Open this year tying for thirty-first at 297. A tool distributor, he takes time off oc­ casionally from his duties in Royal Oak Mich., to pursue his other hobbies of hunt­ ing and fishing. He is married and has four children. WILLIAM J. PATTON. This will be Mr. Patton’s second appearance. In 1955, in partnership with Richard L. Yost, he beat Gerald H. Micklem and John L. Mor­ gan, 2 and 1, in foursomes, and he account­ ed for P. F. Scrutton by the same margin in singles. This 35-year-oId lumber broker from Morganton, N. C., is known especially for his stroke-play achievements, although he won the North and South Amateur in 1954. He is the only amateur to win a gold medal for completing 72 holes in four successive Opens. In 1954 he came within a stroke of tying for the Masters Tourna- HILLMAN ROBBINS, JR. E. MASON RUDOLPH. Mr. Rudolph, a native of Clarksville, Tenn., and another first-time member, is now serving in the zkrmy. He is an all-round athlete, taking an active part in both basketball and foot­ ball at Memphis State College, where he was a classmate of Hillman Robbins. He is 23 and single. Last year he won the Tennessee State Open and Amateur Championships and the Western Amateur. He lost in the fourth round of the Amateur Championship. He was the 1950 USGA Junior Amateur Champion. WILLIAM J. PATTON 20 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: JULY, 1957 E. MASON RUDOLPH DR. FRANK M. TAYLOR, JR. Dr. Taylor, a dentist, lives in Pomona, Cal., near Los Angeles, was graduated from the University of Southern California and spenr five years in the Army. He also is a member for the first time. Now 40 and married, Dr. Taylor rarely played outside his native state until recently but over the last six years won the Cali­ fornia Amateur twice and was runner-up three times, twice to Ken Venturi and once DR. FRANK M. TAYLOR, JR. to Gene Littler. Last year he was third amateur in the Open and went to the fourth round of the Amateur. He went to the semi-finals of the North and South Amateur last spring. Britain Also Presents New Faces As on the United States Team, there will be seven new faces among the ten British Walker Cup players who will make their way to the Minikahda Club via the Cana­ dian Amateur Championship at the St. Charles Club, Winnipeg. They will be under the captaincy of Gerald H. Micklem, of Sunningdale, Eng­ land, who played on the Walker Cup Teams of 1947, 1949, 1953 and 1955. The former Walker Cup players are Joseph B. Carr, of Dublin, Eire, who has played on every post-war Team and is now 35; Dr. Frank W. G. Deighton, 30, of Glasgow, Scotland, who was a member of the 1951 Team but did not play and Philip F. Scrutton, 34, of Hampshire, Eng­ land who played on the 1953 and 1955 Teams. The seven new-comers comprise one Scot, one Anglo-Scot and five Englishmen: Michael F. Bonallack, 22, of Essex, Eng­ land. Alan F. Bussell, 20, of Notts, England, a Scot by birth. R. Reid Jack, 32, of E>unbartonshire, Scotland, the British Amateur Cham­ pion. Douglas Sewell, 27, of Surrey, England. Alec E. Shepperson, 21, of Notts, Eng­ land. Alan Thirlwell, 28, of Northumberland, England. Guy B. Wolstenholme, 26, of Leicester­ shire, England. Excluding Micklem, the average age of the British Team is 27, four years yoynger than that of their adversaries. Several members of the British Team are expected to compete in the Amateur Champ:onship at The Country Club, Brookline, Mass., September 9 through 14. USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: JULY, 1957 21 HERSHEY.ITS HISTORY AND AMENITIES Venue of Public Links Championship ^|AHE competitors in the Amateur Public Links Championship this month at Hershey, Pa., will be privileged to visit a township unique in conception, execution and administration. The town of Hershey, with enterprises ranging from chocolate factory to the huge, monolithic Sports Arena, is a tribute to the late Milton S. Hershey’s foresight and adherence to the philosophy that "If at first you don’t succeed, try, try again.” For in the first thirty years of his life Mr. Hershey tried to be a success and failed no less than three times. Fortune finally began smiling on Mr. Hershey in 1886 when he started the manu­ facture of caramels in Lancaster, Pa. Then, in 1893, he visited the Chicago World’s Fair, where he saw a chocolate machine of German origin and began experimenting in the manufacture of milk chocolate. Out of Retirement In 1901, when he was 44, he sold his caramel business for $ 1,000,000 and de­ cided to retire. While on a round-the- world trip with his wife, he reached the realization that he wasn’t ready to retire. As a result, he cut short his vacation and the die was cast for the founding of Hershey. Returning to Lancaster, Mr. Hershey re­ sumed his chocolate-making experiments. Two years later the factory was in oper­ ation and the first Hershey bar, chocolate studded with almonds, was introduced to rhe public. Out of this first bar grew the present huge plant which embraces twenty- six separate buildings. Having no children of his own, Mr. Hershey took an interest in orphan boys which resulted in the founding of the Hershey Industrial School in 1909. The Hershey Industrial School was expanded in 1934 with the intention of ultimately taking care of 1,600 students. As the community grew and prospered, in order to educate the children of his em­ ployees and other residents of the town­ ship better, Mr. Hershey consolidated the various little "red school houses” into the Derry Township Schools. Gifts of buildings and equipment sufficient to accommodate approximately 2,000 students, were made. In addition, real estate was donated, the income from which would help to finance the system’s operation. At Mr. Hershey’s death on October 13, 1945, the town­ ship schools were willed approximately 81,000,000 for the purpose of relieving the taxpayers of some of the maintenance costs. Model Town Is Founded With the Hershey chocolate bar a na­ tional institution, Mr. Hershey began con­ centrating on the erection of a model com­ munity in which his employees might en­ joy a fuller and more satisfying life. As a result, Hershey came into being and today, forty-eight years after its founding, it resembles a college town rather than an industrial community. The Hershey Estates, which is handling local arrangements for the Amateur Public Links Championship, was organized in 1927 to take over land sales, utilities and various other enterprises in Hershey out­ side the realm of the Hershey Chocolate Corporation. When the depression struck in 1929, Mr. Hershey set to work to stem the tide of unemployment. He took one of the larger Hershey farms, divided it into build­ ing lots and built homes for his employees. 22 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: JULY, 1957 The eighteenth green and clubhouse of the Hershey Park Golf Club where the Amateur Public Links Championship will be held later this month. The brook in front of the green plays a major part in the architecture of the course. Then followed, in quick succession, other community improvements, each destined to take up the slack of unemployment. The Hershey Country Club was opened in 1930, followed by the construction of the Community Building, which has rooms for men, a community theatre, a swimming pool, library, dining room and gymnasium facilities. The Hershey Hospi­ tal and Model Dairy were built in 1932. The M. S. Hershey Foundation was set up in 1936, providing a Junior College for the further education of children of resi­ dents of Derry Township after their gradu­ ation from high school. In the same year the Hershey Sports Arena was erected, a concrete structure seating 7,200 persons for ice shows and hockey games. Championship Venue The challenging course of the Hershey Park Golf Club, scene of the 32nd USGA Amateur Public Links Championship, is one of four courses operated by the Her­ shey Estates. The course, only 6,055 yards long but tight, wooded and punctuated by a brook, has a 35-35—70 par. The course is presided over by Charlie Bolton, superintendent. Jay Weitzel is the professional for the Park course as well as the Country Club, the Hershey Hotel c >urse and the juniors’ course. Weitzel who joined the Hershey organization this spring, was assistant to Jack Grout at the Scioto Country Club, Columbus, Ohio, for five years before coming to Hershey to succeed his brother. The Park course, incidentally, has been host to the Pennsylvania Public Links 'lournament for twenty of its tw'enty-one years. For the past two years the course has also been used for rhe Pennsylvania Open. Because of the large field of players, 11 was decided to alternate the golfers over the Park and Country Club courses last year. Two of the nation’s leading golfers, Henry Picard and Ben Hogan, have served as professionals of the Hershey courses. Picard served from 1934 to 1940 and Hogan for the next decade. USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: JULY, 1957 23 THE REFEREE Decisions by the Rules of Golf Committees Example of symbols: "USGA" indicates decision by the United States Golf Association. "R & A" indicates decision by the Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St. Andrews, Scotland. "57-1" means the first decision issued in 1957. "D" means definition. "R. 37-7" refers to Section 7 of Rule 37 in the 1957 Rules of Golf. Partner'1s Divot Interferes in Bunker USGA 57-7 R. 11-4 Q: A and B were partners in a four- ball match. A was away, his ball being about 15 yards from the green with a bunker intervening. B was in the bunker. A pitched to the green, and his divot landed just back of B’s ball in the bunker. A picked up the divot and replaced it before B played. 1. Was A correct in replacing the divot before B played? 2. Did B incur a penalty? Question by: David Burnett Paterson, N. J. A: As his partner’s ball lay in a hazard, A had no right to remove a loose impedi­ ment from the hazard. In so doing he vio­ lated Rule 33-1. As his infringement was made so as to assist his partner’s play, B also incurred the relative penalty, under Rule 4O-3h. Thus A and B lost the hole. It is an established principle that an in­ jured player is not entitled to relief from the accidental acts of his own side - see, for example, Rule 4O-3d. However, had A been an opponent or a fellow-competitor of B in individual com­ petition, we would rule differently. Such a case should be decided by equity - see Rule 11-4 - and B would have the right to remove the divot from the bunker. The principle that a player is normally entitled to the lie which his stroke gave him and to relief from the result of actions by an cutside agency, an opponent or a fellow­ competitor is well-established in Rules 27- ra, 27-23 and 27-33.” Purpose of Obstruction Rule USGA 57-8 R. 31-2 Q: If a ball came to rest so that the player is entitled to relief under Rule 31-2, and the obstruction is a water standpipe or similar obstruction which is narrow but which definitely blocks his direct line to the green, may he drop the ball to either side of the obstruction within two club-lengths, not nearer the hole but in a position which gives a direct shot toward the green? In other words, is there any intent in the rule that the ball should be dropped 24 USGA JOURNAL ANO TURF MANAGEMENT: JULY, 1957 in such a position as to retain the same line? Question by: Carl E. Haymond Beverly Hills, Calif. A: The purpose of Rule 31-2 is to give freedom to strike the ball, without regard to the effect on the line to the hole. It a player observes the provisions of the Rule, it is immaterial whether he drops the ball directly behind the obstruction or to either side of it. The Rule cannot regard any advantage or disadvantage which may in­ cidentally result for the player in an indi­ vidual case. Ball Holed with Flagstick Attended USGA 57-9 D. 4; R. 34-2 Q: In a match play, A is putting. He asks for the pin to be attended. A strokes the ball toward the hole and the caddie at the pin tries to remove it. The pin is stuck in the hole and is only partially re­ moved and tilted away from the ball that is rolling toward the hole. Both A and B agree that the ball was holed under Defini­ tion 4 before the ball struck the pin. If these facts are true, did A incur a penalty under Rule 34-2? Question by: Herbert Hein New York, N. Y. A: Under the conditions as stated, no. If the ball was in fact holed (Definition 4) before it struck the flagstick, A did not violate Rule 34-2. However, if there is any doubt as to whether the ball struck the flagstick before entering the hole, the doubt would have to be resolved against the player of the stroke. Gate in Boundary Fence May be Closed USGA 57-10 D. 20; R. 31-1 Q: On our fifth hole we have a gate which swings in from the county highway. Sometimes that gate is closed; sometimes it’s open. If the gate is open, having swung into playable territory, may a player close the gate if the ball happens to lie against it? Question by: Wilbur F. Warner San Francisco, Cal. A: A gate in a boundary fence which has been swung open onto the course con­ stitutes a movable obstruction (Def. 20) as long as it is in that position. The player is entitled to close it under Rule 31-1. The reverse is not true. When the gate in a boundary fence is closed it forms a part of the boundary and is not an ob­ struction (Definition 20). Also, a gate in a boundary fence which is swung open off the course is not an obstruction. Ball Dropped, Then Lifted USGA 57-11 R. 22-1, 22-2, 30-ia, 30-3, 33-2a Q 1: A player under the belief that his ball was in a water hazard dropped a ball under Rule 33-23. He was then informed that his ball was located outside the hazard. Under these circumstances, he cannot play the dropped ball, even under any other pro­ visions of the rules; but Rule 22-2 states that, "A ball is in play when dropped,” to which evidently must be inferred, "and when such ball must be played under the rules.” Undoubtedly, if the original ball was in the hazard, even if playable, the player is confined to play the ball which he has dropped; but if it is located outside the hazard, he is compelled to play it, or treat it as unplayable, and proceed under Rule 29. Al:If the player dropped a ball, did not play a stroke with it, and then removed it from play, he violated Rule 22-2 and su­ stained a penalty of loss of hole in match play or two strokes in stroke play. In stroke play he could then resume play with his previous ball. An object of Rule 22-1 and 22-2 is to prevent re-dropping a ball after it has first been dropped in a manner not conforming with Rule 22-1. The clause in Rule 22-2 "A ball is in play when dropped” must be read in conjunction with the clause which immediately follows: "and shall not be re-dropped, etc.” USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT.- JULY, 1957 25 INSTALLING WATERING SYSTEMS By ELMER J. MICHAEL Superintendent, Oak Hill Country Club, Rochester, N. Y. t^ACH year with good economical con- ditions prevailing, more and more golf clubs are installing, or considering the in­ stallation of, fairway watering systems for it is becoming increasingly evident that regardless of the best of cultural practices, fine fairway turf cannot be produced and maintained in top playing condition throughout the dry summer season without water. The ravages of heat and lack of moisture simply cannot be completely overcome during the fall and spring. Thirty days of drought does more harm to fair­ ways than can be corrected during the rest of the year. Therefore, just as no club would consider building a golf course with­ out providing water for greens and tees, neither should they fail to consider a plan to water fairways. The capital investment in such a project is more than offset by the additional enjoyment provided by their golfing facilities. This, of course, is true of the established course with unwatered fair­ ways. The benefits derived are quite obvious to most golfers. The soft, verdant turf is much easier to walk on and is more pleasing to the eye. The green, restful, as opposed to the parched, dried-out appearance of the course is a source of much enjoyment. The ball will sit up better on the thicker turf making it easy to play that wood shot. Iron shots can be played the way they should be without breaking the club shaft, wrists or back of the player. The green moist turf also has a tendency to cool the atmos­ phere on a hot day. After considering all these benefits and perhaps seeing them on other courses, you no doubt agree that fairway irrigation is just what the doctor ordered. You may say, "We like it fine and we want it, but what’s all this going to cost us?” This is certainly the first consideration of any plan. There are very many circumstances which enter into the cost of an irrigation system; the first of which is the source of the water; secondly, the availability of power, pumping plants, soil conditions and contours. Contract estimates here in the Northeast for a complete hoseless system for an 18 hole course—fairways, greens, tees and clubhouse lawns—are running from $40,000 to $50,000. Establishing irrigation on a course in operation costs 7 to 10 percent more than the system which is installed at the time the course is constructed. This is due to rhe necessity of lifting and relaying sod. It is also usually necessary to use lighter equipment; excess earth from the trenches is more difficult to clean up and dispose of. The ideal time to establish irrigation is 26 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: JULY, 1957 at the time the course is built. There arc many benefits to be obtained by doing the job at this time. First, a strong turf can be developed in a much shorter time. Second, the type of seed sown and turf developed at this time will remain as the permanent turf. In other words, seeds of grasses that are tolerant to and favored by water would be planted; namely, the bents, creeping fescue and perhaps Merion blue­ grass as opposed to Chewings fescue, Ken­ tucky bluegrass, Canada bluegrass and Red- tops. Also, Poa annua will not be as much of a problem. Those who have installed irriga­ tion after their courses have been estab­ lished have found that those fine fescue plots will disappear in about a year’s time. Also, after a course is irrigated, the players usually demand that the mowers be set lower, say 5/8" to 3/4". It is then that Kentucky bluegrass will begin to fade out for this grass does not like to be clipped so close. It is necessary, therefore, that the club which irrigates established fair­ ways, immediately starts a turf renovation program, heavier fertilization, reseeding to more permanent grasses and other mea­ sures necessary to control the advance of chickweed and Poa annua. If this type of program is followed much time and money will be saved in the long run. Should a club decide to irrigate, it is necessary to proceed in three steps as follows: i. Arrange for financing the project. 2. Find an adequate source of water. 3. Hire a competent engineer to de­ sign and supervise the installation of the system. Arranging for Financing the Project There are, of course, numerous ways in which such a project may be financed. The club’s Board of Directors would best know how to solve this problem. One plan that has worked out very successfully is a tax on each round of golf. Under this plan the club borrows the amount of money nec­ essary to make the installation. After or be­ fore the installation is completed a charge of 25c to 50c per round is collected. In this way the loan may be repaid in a fairly short period of time. An Adequate Source of Water This will require very careful study for the whole operation of the system is pre­ dicated on the amount of water available. Inmost cases about i1/? inches of water per week will keep fairway turf in good shape in all but the most severe drought. This amounts to roughly 200,000 to 250,00c gallons per day for an 18 hole course. The peak water requirement in the Northeast is from June 15th to August 15th. Having established the amount of water required, it is now7 necessary to secure, as nearly as possible, an infallible source of supply. Naturally, if there is a visible source, such as a creek, river or lake nearby, with sufficient supply, it w7ould be wise to use it even though the expense of get­ ting it to the property may be considerable If one must rely on wells it may require considerable expenditure to explore and es­ tablish a well or wrells of sufficient capacity. It is possible that the best method may be the creation of a reservoir on the course, this to be fed by one or a number of w'ells. The reservoir pond or lake should be made large enough for at least a two day or larg­ er supply. By this method the wrell or wrells that wmuld supply 160 gallons per minute pumped to the reservoir for a twenty-four hour period would total 230,400 gallons. This in turn may be pumped at the re­ quired pressure and volume into the sprinkler lines and dispensed in an 8 to 10 hour period. Thus w'ith a reservoir of at least double this total the water level would not be dangerously lowered and would not be unsightly at any time. If a running stream is to be used it may be necessary to install a dam. If this is done it w'ould be wise to place the dam as far as possible down stream from the pump in­ take. This is necessary because silt will settle behind the dam. The pond will, therefore, become shallow7. Silt and weeds may then clog the pumping equipment. A pond placed to the side of the main stream fed by pipe will keep the supply free from silr, see illustration, because silt will then USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: JULY, 1957 27 POND FED BY PIPES FROM STREAM Wells as well as municipal water may be used to augment this type of supply. wash down the stream and will not settle in the pond. Water from Municipal Supply This water as a rule is quite costly. It is often subject to special regulations. Many communities are growing so fast that water cannot be supplied in sufficient quantity, and sprinkling is banned to save water for sanitary purposes. Pressure dur­ ing drought periods is usually very low. Thus we see how complex and important this problem is. Obtain a Competent Engineer Your engineer can help you in locating the source of water and in making deci­ sions as to what type of water supply you should have. He will also advise on the type of system to be installed, hose sys­ tem, hoseless or combination of the two. Type of Irrigation System The use of hose on fairways is about as obsolete as the horse and buggy’ and the steam locomotive. Hose systems require much more labor to operate and much more supervision. Connection of hose and placement of moveable sprinklers during the night when most of the watering must be done, is, to say the least, most difficult. It also requires much training of personnel. Here in the Northeast, this may never be fully accomplished as the period of heavy irrigation is rather short—12 to 18 weeks. It is difficult to obtain men for night watering and replacement is even more dif­ ficult. If any one is in doubt about such training just walk about your golf course some dark night and see how well you know the various locations of greens, tees, traps, bushes, etc. Therefore, anything that can be done to eliminate guesswork in the placement of water is of extreme impor­ tance. It still will require much of the super­ visor’s time to check and control the amount of water to be applied; for whether members of the club realize it or not the control of water is one, if not the most, important phase of the production of good turf. It is fairly easy to control the amount and time of fertilization, fungicidal treat­ ment and insecticides; however, to control moisture on the varying soil conditions found on most courses along with the changeable weather conditions, requires somewhat more than an exact science and not a little lost sleep. It must be clear, therefore, that I re­ commend a system that will be as nearly hoseless as possible. Of course, there are some greens that will require special treat­ ment; therefore, it should be possible to use hose whenever needed. 28 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: JULY, 1957 IF hat Is Meant by a Hoseless System? The generally accepted system is one with snap valves, equally spaced down the center of the fairway 75 to 100 feet apart. These start at the front edge of the green and extend towards the tee so that the fairway is watered to within 100 to 125 yards from the front of the tee. The green may be watered by a snap valve under a sod cup placed at its center or by spacing 3 valves equally around the edge of the green. The tees have snap valves or pop-up sprinkles through their centers. If it is necessary to use hose for any maintenance procedure it may be done by simply at­ taching a special coupling to any of the snap valves anywhere on the course. This type of system will require a man­ ually started pump with a capacity of 550 gallons per minute at 125 to 150 pounds pressure depending upon elevations. An auxiliary of 150 to 200 gallons per minute is also required. This pump will then sup­ ply sufficient water to irrigate the greens and tees. The pump may be operated auto­ matically so that water will be available to any part of the course without the ne­ cessity of going to the pump house to turn on a pump. This also provides a safety factor should one pump be out of com­ mission. The foregoing information has been set forth to acquaint those interested in the problems involved in irrigating a golf course. This should also make clear the ne­ cessity of securing the services of a com­ petent irrigation engineer. Most companies which manufacture irrigation equipment are in a position to furnish engineering service. They will be most happy to look over your layout and advise on the proper procedure. What to Expect from an Engineer 1. Detailed scale plans and specifica­ tions for fairways, tees, greens and clubhouse piping system. 2. Detailed scale plans and specifica­ tions of a pumping plant if one is needed, including pump house build­ ing, pump, fittings, suction line, pumping sumps and screens. COMING EVENTS August 6 US Department of Agriculture Turf Field Day Beltsville, Md. August 8 Rutgers University Turf Field Day Rutgers University New Brunswick, N. J. Dr. Ralph E. Engel August 15*16 26th Annual Golf Course Superintendents Field Day University of Rhode Island Kingston, R. I. September 10 St. louis Field Day Link's Nursery Route 1, Conway Road Clayton, Mo. September 16-17 Dr. J. A. DeFrance Leo S. Bauman Midwest Regional Turf Foundation Field Days Purdue University Lafayette, Ind. Dr. Wm. H. Daniel October 16-17-18 Kansas State Turfgrass Conference Kansas State College Manhattan, Kans. Dr. Ray A. Keen 3. Complete bill of materials for pipe, fittings, valves and pumping plant. 4. Detailed scale drawings of the meth­ od of installing snap valves and drains to piping system. 5. Complete bill of materials for irri­ gating equipment, snap valves and sizes, sprinklers and sizes. The com­ plete plans and specifications are then presented to the committees who in turn may ask qualified con­ tractors to bid on making the com­ plete installation. After the contract has been awarded it is the engineer’s duty to: 6. Stake out the work on the grounds for the contractor. 7. Instruct the contractor regarding construction procedure. 8. Certify as to work completed by the contractor before the club issues scheduled payments. 9. Make final inspection and supervise the test of the system. 10. Instruct the club’s staff in the oper­ ation of the system. USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: JULY, 1957 29 DALLISGRASS CUTTER by F. C. GALLE Director, Ida Cason Callaway Gardens, Chipley, Ga. ^T'HROUGHOUT the South, golf courses are plagued with the serious pest of dallisgrass on fairways. Chemical weed control is being used, but is expensive and, in most cases, leaves burned spots for per­ iods of six weeks or longer during the era­ dication period. We have been using chem­ ical control methods for dallisgrass, but thought possibly there was a chance of working on a physiological or a mechani­ cal approach to the problem. In 1954, while talking with Dr. John Montieth, who was then our golf green consultant, we discussed the possibility of making up a knife tamp which could be used to eliminate dallisgrass around the approaches to the greens. The knife tamp was made up from old mower blades spaced about 2" apart and was of sufficient weight to withstand being dropped on dallisgrass. Normally, we tried to cross-cut and the fast wearing of the knives on the roller itself. However, the effect of the ac­ tion on the dallisgrass was encouraging and we made up some rake attachments, first for a whirlwind mower and later a set of rakes or teeth to attach to each of our fair­ way gang mowers. The rakes did some good by lifting up the dallisgrass, but they certainly were not the complete answer. I should mention, also, that we did purchase and try a commercial rake attachment for our fairway mowers. This unit was, I be­ lieve, designed for crabgrass and not sturdy enough for tough dallisgrass. Everything pointed to one idea; that we needed to devise a machine similar to the verti-cut mower, but one heavy enough to use on fairways. Several equipment manufacturers were shown drawings and sketches that had been made. Encouragement was received Rear view showing free-swinging revolving knives. Note extended shaft from gear box. Side view of dallisgrass cutter showing tractor hitch and power take-off arrangement. or tamp dallisgrass clumps and, in this way, cut off a great many of the heavy leaves and the mat that is normally found with this pest. Continued use of the tamp in 1954 was encouraging, although it did not give complete eradication of dallisgrass with one treatment. In 1955, we continued with the knife tamp, by making several others and then tried to make a knife roller to be pulled by a tractor. This was not too satisfactory, due to the weight involved in the roller from Mr. Phillips of the Lilliston Mower Company. Unfortunately, he could not help with the design of the machine at that time, but offered the use of an old mower f rame and suggested that we go ahead and make up a machine ourselves. In our main­ tenance shop at Ida Cason Callaway Gard­ ens, we have good machine equipment and a very able mechanic, Mr. Herbert Hada- way, who was very helpful in the con­ struction of our machine and, by using the old Lilliston mower, we devised the verti- 30 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT-. JULY, 1957 cal cutting mower for fairway use. The machine is depicted in the accompanying photographs. The power take-off from the tractor and the same gear box that was on the mower are being used, but the direction was changed and a longer shaft was attached, so that a pulley could be used on one side of the driven shaft. Some of the metal of the top cover of the mower had to be removed to give clearance for the swinging knives. A metal cover to enclose the knives was made from a piece of steel from a 30" corrugated culvert pipe. It is not shown in the photographs. The first shaft was made from a scrap piece of i1// square steel that was milled down on each end to fit into bearings. Round metal collars were welded on the shaft to hold the knives. The first knives were of common strap steel 3/ig 'x UA" and 7" in length. A bolt held each knife between two collars. This machine was used during the sum­ mer of 1955, but the shaft was not strong enough and the soft metal knives wore down very fast so that, in 1956, we had to make some changes. We are now using a I1// round steel shaft and, instead of collars, are using high carbon angle iron welded on the siiaft and spaced one inch apart. The angle iron supports are welded on four sides of the shaft and alternate on each side, so that rhe knives are approximately 3" apart. There are 34 knives on the shaft, consist­ ing of 9 knives mounted opposite each other and two sets of 8 knives on the alter­ nate, giving a cutting width of 361/./'. In each pair of angle iron supports, one has a x/'»" square hole, the other a round hole. We also used a harder steel for the knives and used 60-90 carbon steel 3/1<:"x iV/'x 7 long. The base of the knives was strength­ ened by welding two small blocks of U/'x fA/x iVo'^teel on each side. A "Ac" hole was drilled through the base of the knife and we are using *71)S" tempered carriage bolts to mount the knife between the angle iron supports. The carriage bolt does not turn, but the knife swings on it freely. The shaft, at normal operating speed, turns at 1700 R.P.M. TURF MANAGEMENT The book "Turf Management," sponsored by the United States Golf Association and edited by Prof. H. B. Musser, is a complete and authoritative guide in the practical de- velopment of golf-course turfs. This 354-page volume is available through the USGA, 40 East 38th Street, New York 16, N. Y„ the USGA Green Section Regional Offices, the McGraw-Hill Book Co., 350 West 42nd Street, New York 36, N. Y., or local bookstores. The cost is ?7. We do nor sharpen the knives, but, after use, they soon get a tapered edge. With the aid of the suspended mower frame, the knives are normally set to go into the soil only about x/2". Of course in use, we have found that because of irregu­ larity in the surface of the fairways, the knives were often cutting into the soil j:/2" or more. As the knives wear down the mower frame is lowered and we con­ tinue to use the knives until they are about 31/2" long. They give us long service con­ sidering the abuse they receive. We feel, too, that the heavy swinging knives are more practical for fairway use than per­ manently mounted knives. Damaged knives can be easily replaced and, if they should hit a rock or other obstruction, they swing back instead of cutting forward. We cross­ cut heavily infested dallisgrass areas, but our normal operation has been to cut a fairway only one way and then, after sev­ eral weeks, cut in another direction. Use of the dallisgrass cutter has been very encouraging and we have reduced the heavy matted condition of dallisgrass with­ out discouraging the bermudagrass. It should be mentioned, however, that, after its use, a fairway looks very brown for a few days, but soon turns green again. Aker several suggestions, this cutting treatment is being followed by light appli­ cations of sodium arsenite and also, appli­ cations of ammonium nitrate and water to encourage a rapid recovery of bermuda­ grass. Another application of the machine is i hatch removal. The cutter has been used successfully on several of our fairways in rhe fall before seeding to ryegrass. We plan to continue to use our dallis- USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: JULY, 1957 31 grass cutter and we also plan to continue work with the various chemical weed kill­ ers. We have reduced our problem to some extent, but we cannot yet say that we have eliminated the pest after so short a time. This information might be of interest to other golf course superintendents. With more people working on similar problems, perhaps we can ultimately get the complete answer to the control of this weed. THE ART OF IMPROVISATION TTHE bruising of apron turf while mow- ing greens is a troublesome problem for many. The sharp turn of the putting green mower as the operator spins the mower on the apron takes its yearly toll of turf, weakening and bruising it to the point where it thins or dies out over the summer, or gives way to Poa annua. When Mr. Tate Taylor, USGA Green Section Northeastern Agronomist, was in charge of Tamarack Country Club, Greenwich, Conn., he thought of an excellent way to prevent this damage. He simply made the back of the mower look like the front. He fastened caster wheel brackets to the rear and put on a set of rollers at the back of the putting green mower. TLJR. Emilio Strazza, Superintendent of Round Hill Country Club, Greenwich, Conn., constructed a fertilizer distributor from a cyclone seeder and a caddie cart. The cloth portion of the cyclone seeder was removed and a 5 gallon can was fast­ ened over the base of the seeder. A hole was first cut in the 5 gallon can to coincide with the feeder and spreader hole in the base of the cyclone seeder. The crank handle was removed from the seeder and a longer rod was put in its place with a large pulley wheel fastened to the rod. As the operator reaches the end of the green, he simply lays the mower back and turns the machine on the rear rollers. Thus he gets away from the quick turn, and the traction-roller drum does not bruise as it is off the ground. Mr. Taylor reports that his men are in favor of the innovation because they are now in complete charge of the machine while it is in operation. Another pulley wheel was put on the cad­ die cart inside the right wheel. Both of these pulley wheels are connected by a V belt, so that as the cart is pushed for­ ward the pulleys rotate the horizontal spreader fan, just as the crank did before it was removed. Mr. Strazza has the spreader calibrated to apply 5 lbs. of granular or pelletized fertilizers to each 1000 square feet. This spreader is very easy to handle. 32 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: JULY, 1957 IT’S YOUR HONOR Henry Cotton’s Putter Concessions to Caddies To The USGA: I have been very pleased to leave with you a treasured club of mine to go in your Museum. The old putter was used by me from 1926-1935, off and on. I used it to win my first Bri­ tish Open Championship in 1934 when I scored successive rounds of 66 (in the qualifying) 67 and 65 in the first two rounds of the Open at Royal St. George’s Sandwich, Kent. The last round still stands as a record and the Dunlop 65 was named after this score. The putter was given to me by an old member of the Langley Park Golf Club, Beckenham, Kent, my first pro­ fessional post, and it worked well on hard, fast greens as it is so light, but when greens began to be more watered and slower I abandoned it. It has my wife’s name on the back of the head, her name before we were married. I stamped it on for luck. I am honored, as a foreigner, to be placed in your "Home of Golf,” but naturally feel I have more than a slend­ er link with golf in America. Henry Cotton London, England Praise From California To THE USGA: Will you please send us two extra copies of the eight-page reprint from the April issue of the JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT. These articles about Green Committee work are the best I have ever read. Jack Frey Fort Washington Golf Club Fresno, Cal. To the USGA: I would like to make a suggestion which I think would bear weight in your USGA JOURNAL. The average caddie bag today weighs about 40 pounds or more, and it appears very cruel and inhuman to see small or even large boys carrying two bags (80 pounds or more) around five miles, no matter what the fee is. We had a case yesterday where one of the boys broke down after eight holes. If each private club furnished cad­ die carts when boys have to carry double and paid the boys just the same, the expense would be very small. The carts could be bought by the club for around $25.00, maybe less, in quanti­ ties. This could be paid in 25^ charges per round or any number of ways, even borne by the club itself. David M. Goldstein New York, N. Y. New Club Seeks Help To The USGA With our new course three quarters completed and construction w’ork newly started on a $500,000 clubhouse, may our Golf and House Committees seek the help of your readers? The request is simply this: Will Golf Committee and House Committee members or chairmen, pro­ fessionals, and club managers please send to Hidden Valley Country Club, 29 East First Street, Reno, Nevada, copies of their score cards, course rules, house rules and any other in­ formation that will be helpful in eas­ ing the labor pains of a new private Country Club. Hidden Valley Country Club Reno. Nev. USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: JULY, 1957 33 USGA OFFICERS, EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE AND COMMITTEE CHAIRMEN PRESIDENT Richard S. Tufts, Pinehurst, N. C. VICE-PRESIDENTS John D. Ames, Chicago, III. John G. Clock, Long Beach, Cal. SECRETARY Charles L. Peirson, Boston, Mass. TREASURER J. Frederic Byers, Jr., Pittsburgh, Pa. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE The above officers and: C. W. Benedict, White Plains, N. Y. Emerson Carey, Jr., Denver, Colo. William C. Chapin, Rochester, N. Y. John W. Fischer, Cincinnati, Ohio Richmond Gray, Richmond, Va. Stuart A. Heatley, San Francisco, Cal. Gordon E. Kummer, Milwaukee, Wis. William McWane, Birmingham, Ala. F. Warren Munro, Portland, Ore. John M. Winters, Jr., Tulsa, Okla. GENERAL COUNSEL Wm. Ward Foshay, New York, N. Y. COMMITTEE CHAIRMEN RULES OF GOLF: John M. Winters, Jr., Tulsa, Okla. CHAMPIONSHIP: John D. Ames, Chicago, III. AMATEUR STATUS AND CONDUCT: John W. Fischer, Cincinnati, Ohio IMPLEMENTS AND BALL: Charles L. Peirson, Boston, Mass. MEMBERSHIP: Gordon E. Kummer, Milwaukee, Wis. GREEN SECTION: William C. Chapin, Rochester, N. Y. WOMEN'S: Mrs. Charles Dennehy, Lake Forest, III. SECTIONAL AFFAIRS: F. Warren Munro, Portland, Ore. PUBLIC LINKS: Emerson Carey, Jr., Denver, Colo. HANDICAP. Richmond Gray, Richmond, Va. Handicapping Procedure: William O. Blaney, Boston, Mass. JUNIOR CHAMPIONSHIP: J. Frederic Byers, Jr., Pittsburgh, Pa. SENIOR CHAMPIONSHIP: John G. Clock, Long Beach, Cal. GIRLS' JUNIOR: Mrs. John Pennington, Buffalo, N. Y. MUSEUM: C. W. Benedict, White Plains, N. Y. BOB JONES AWARD: Totton P. Heffelfinger, Minneapolis, Minn. FINANCE: J. Frederic Byers, Jr., Pittsburgh, Pa. USGA HEADQUARTERS "Golf House", 40 East 38th Street, New York 16, N. Y. Joseph C. Dey, Jr., Executive Director John P. English, Assistant Executive Director USGA GREEN SECTION EASTERN REGION Northeastern Office: Rutgers University, New Brunswick, N. J. Alexander M. Radko, Director, Eastern Region T. T. Taylor, Northeastern Agronomist Mid-At'antic Office: South Building, Plant Industry Station, Beltsville, Md. Charles K. Hallowell, Mid-Atlantic Director Southeastern Office: South Building, Plant Industry Station, Beltsville, Md. James M. Latham, Jr., Southeastern Agronomist MID-CONTINENT REGION Southwestern Office: Texas A. and M. College, College Station, Texas Dr. Marvin H. Ferguson, Director, Mid-Continent Region and National Research Coordinator James B. Moncrief, Southwestern Agronomist Mid-Western Office: Room 241, LaSalle Hotel, Chicago 2, III. James L. Holmes, Mid-Western Agronomist WESTERN REGION Western Office: 1709 West Eighth Street, Los Angeles 17, Cal. William H. Bengeyfield, Director, Western Region