JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT CAN YOU BEAT THEM? * ■ ...... sig June 7 has been designated National Golf Day for 1958 when golfers coast to coast may oppose Open Champion Dick Mayer and PGA Champion Lionel Hebert who will meet in the Round of the Champion at the Southern Hills Country Club, Tulsa., Okla. (See details on page 10) USfiA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT Published by the United States Golf Association Permission to reprint articles herein is freely granted {unless specifically noted otherwise) provided credit is given to the USGA Journal VOL XI, No. 1 APRIL, 1958 Through the Green ............................................................................................................................... Miss Margaret Curtis—Gracious Yet Dynamic .........................................by Miss Nancy Jupp World Team Event Planned for Amateurs .. _............................................ by Joseph C. Dey, Jr. National Golf Day—A Golfer’s Investment ........................................... .................... ....... -........... Preparing the Course for a Competition ........................................................ by John P. English He Turned to Golf in Middle Age .................................................................................................... Two Centuries of Golfing Fashions ................................................................................................... Harry Packham ................................ ........................................................................... Junior Golf Booms in National Capital ...................................................by Joseph M. Gambatese The Referee ................... ..................................................................................................................... Turf Management: USGA Green Section How to Meet Rising Costs of Golf Course Maintenance— It’s Your Honor .................................................................................................................................... Summary of Panel Discussions by Various Experts ..................................... 1 5 8 10 11 14 15 17 18 22 25 33 Published seven times a year in February, April, June, July, August, September and November by the UNITED STATES GOLF ASSOCIATION 40 EAST 38th ST., NEW YORK 16, N. Y. Subscription: $2 a year. Single copies: 30c. Subscriptions, articles, photographs, and correspondence should be sent to the above address. Entered as Second-class Matter March 3, 1950, at the Post Office at New York, N. Y., under the Act of March 8, 1879. Additional entry at Post office in Sea Cliff, L. I., N. Y. Edited by Joseph C. Dey, Jr., and John P. English. Managing Editor: Miss Nancy Jupp. All articles voluntarily contributed. USGA COMPETITIONS FOR 1958 Championships Championship or Team Match Open Entries Close May 15 Sectional Qualifying Rounds June 2 Women's Open June 13 None Dates of Event June 12-13-14 June 26-27-28 Amateur Public Links "May 29 TJune 16-21 July 7-12 Junior Amateur June 27 July 15 July 30-Aug. 2 (a) Curtis Cup Match — Girls' Junior Women's Amateur July 25 Aug. 1 (b) Americas Cup Match ------- ■ ■ None None — Amateur Senior -Amateur Aug. 7 Aug. 29 Aug. 26 Sept. IS August 8-9 August 11-15 August 18-23 September 5-6 September 8-13 Sept. 29-Oct. 4 Location Southern Hills C. C. Tulsa, Okla. Forest Lake C. C. Bloomfield Hills, Mich. Silver Lake G. C. Orland Park, 111. University of Minnesots Golf Course, St. Paul, Minn. Brae Burn C. C. West Newton, Mass. Greenwich C. C. Greenwich, Conn. Wee Burn C. C. Olympic C. C. San Francisco, Cal. Olympic C. C. San Francisco, Cal. Monterey Peninsula Country Club, Pebble Beach, Cal. Dates entries close mean last dates for applications to reach USGA office, except in the case of the Amateur Public Links Championship. For possible exceptions in dates of Sectional Qualifying Rounds, see entry forms. Re Amateur Public Links Championship: *Entries close with Sectional Qualifying Chairmen. tExact date in each Section to be fixed by Sectional Chairmen. (a) Curtis Cup Match—Women’s amateur teams: British Isles vs. United States. (b) Americas Cup Match—Men’s amateur teams: Canada vs. Mexico vs. United States. Club to the Rescue! A golfing doctor, on his way to play in a tournament, stopped at the scene of an accident to render assistance. When he reached the club he was minus his umbrella and an iron which he had used as splints on one of the injured. Political Activities Judge John L. Niblack, of Indianapolis, Ind., a xnember of the USGA Public Links Committee since 1934 and a regular at­ tendant at Public Links Championships, is a candidate for the Republican nomination for the United States Senate to succeed Sen. Jenner. Active in Republican politics since 1928 when he was elected to the Indiana Senate, he was elected in 1946 and 1954 superior court judge and in 1956 to the circuit bench. John D. Hoblitzell, Jr., of Parkersburg, W. Va., a member of the USGA Junior Championship Committee since 1953, has been appointed to the United States Senate to serve the unexpired term of the late Sen. Neely. Prescott S. Bush, of Greenwich, Conn., president of the USGA in 1935, has of course been a member of the United States Senate for several years. Green Section Office Moves to Georgia Through the kindness of the University of Georgia, the Southeastern Office of the USGA Green Section is now located at the College of Agriculture in Athens. Ga. The office first was located in Tifton, Ga., and, in late years, at Beltsville, Md. The return to a Georgia location will make Green Section facilities more convenient to USGA Member Clubs in the Southeast and, it is hoped, will benefit general turf research in the region. James M. Latham, Jr., continues as South­ eastern agronomist of the USGA Green Section. The office at Athens is part of the Green Section’s Eastern Region, the Di­ rector of which is Alexander M. Radko. Eagle-Studded Golf Ornithology was rampant recently at the Mountain Brook Club, Birmingham, Ala., when Grant Fitts, a Birmingham at­ torney let fly with three eagles, two birdies and a par to shoot eight under par for six holes. His card read: #9 #IG #TI #12 #x3 #I4 Par 54544 Fitts 34323 Fantastic though these figures read, other unique scoring sequences have come to our notice over the years. 4—26 3—18 George Rowbotham, of Llanerch Coun­ try Club, Manoa, Pa., notched nine suc­ cessive birdies in the semi-final of his club championship in 1948. Jack Hesler, of Crawfordsville Country Club, Ind., then a member of the Purdue University golf team, scored eight succes­ sive birdies in 1949. Winged Foot’s professional, Claude Har­ mon, went one better in 1953 by clocking eight successive birdies and an eagle on his home course while setting a record of 61. USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: APRIL, 1958 1 Officers of the American Society of Golf Course Architects elected at their Annual Meeting held at Naples, Fla., are from left to right: J. Press Maxwell, Dallas, Texas^, secretary-treasurer; Howard Watson, Lacute, Que., Canada, president; David W. Gordon, Doylestown, Pa., vice-president. Club Operations Handbook The Metropolitan (New York) Golf Association, which organized a Club Opera­ tions Committee a few years ago, has recently published Part I of a Club Opera­ tions Handbook for its member clubs, the purpose of which is "to provide a useful instrument for Club managers and govern­ ing boards to use for greater efficiency and economy in Club operation.” Part I, entitled Dues Structure and Sport­ ing Facilities, has been broken up into ten categories, each of which is sub-divided into four dues income brackets. Part II, which will be available in early summer, will deal with the Clubhouse, and the concluding section will cover salaries, wages, and a miscellany of items. Copies of the leather-bound handbook have already been distributed free to mem­ ber clubs of the MGA, but other interested clubs and associations may obtain a copy by sending $7.50 to the Metropolitan Golf Association, 40 East 38th Street, New York 16, N. Y. It is particularly recommended for new clubs, or clubs in the throes of reorganization. Golf at the Double With so much talk of slow play in this country, it is refreshing to hear of a 36- hole club championship final in Britain which was completed in 4 hours, 5 minutes, inclusive of a 10-minute break between rounds. The match was played by two artisan members of the Chipstead Golf Club, Sur­ rey, a course of 5,413 yards with a "par” of 68. The match went to the thirty-fifth green. Iowa to Host Women’s Collegiate Tournament The 14th Women’s National Collegiate Tournament will move west this year to Iowa State College, Ames, Iowa, from June 15 through 21. Miss Meriam Bailey, of Northwestern 2 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: APRIL, 1958 SPORTSMAN'S CORNER Miss Joan Hammond, the operatic and concert soprano, who has been touring the United States, owes her career to the women golfers of New South Wales, Australia, who raised the funds to send her to study in Europe before the war. Miss Hammond was an outstanding athlete in her native Sydney. She obtained a gold medal for life-saving, reached the final of the Australian women's squash championship, indulged in yacht­ ing and riding and, at one time, was the lowest handicapped woman golfer in Australia. In her spare time from working as a sports journalist on a Sydney morning newspaper, Miss Hammond studied the violin and voice training. She was obliged to give up the violin following a car crash which injured her left arm, but so exceptional was the development of her soprano voice that she was persuaded, through the gen­ erosity of her golfing friends, to further her studies overseas. University, will be eligible to defend her title. Miss Bailey also holds the Women’s Western Championship. Attention: Rules Committee! Posted in the cloistered privacy of the women’s locker room at one loyal member club is the following interpretation of Rule 33-2: "Class C golfers: After hitting two balls into the pond from the seventh tee, you are permitted to drop a ball in the fairway beyond the pond but behind the mound. You are then playing five.” British Golfers Set Precedent The recent marriage of British Curtis Cup player Miss Angela Ward and Walker Cup player Michael Bonallack has set a precedent in the golfing world. Another British couple, however, Mr. and Mrs. John B. Beck, of Ascot, England, have respectively captained the Walker and Curtis Cup Teams. John Beck led the only victorious British Team at St. An­ drews, Scotland in 1938. He also captained the 1947 Team and is currently captain of the Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St. Andrews, Scotland. Mrs. Beck was non­ playing captain of the 1954 Curtis Cup Team at Merion Golf Club, Ardmore, Pa., and is a former chairman of the Ladies’ Golf Union. Dick Baxter Dick Baxter, a small, supercharged Scot who never lost his accent, is entering his thirty-fifth year as golf professional and golf-course superintendent at the Taconic Golf Club and coach of the golf team at Williams College, in Williamstown, Mass. It may be his happiest year. In June, Williams will entertain the National Collegiate Athletic Association golf championship. The College entertained the USGA Junior Amateur Championship two years ago. When the College entertains events like these, Baxter rolls up his sleeves, lights another cigarette and really goes to work, for they represent the fruition of his dreams. MISS JOAN HAMMOND Miss Hammond spent her war years in Britain, alternating between driving an ambulance in London's blitzed East End and singing in air raid shelters, subways and service camps. Still a very adequate golfer, Miss Hammond entered the British Ladies' Charmpionship, at Royal Lytham St. Annes Golf Club, in 1948. Her opponent in the first round was Miss Louise Suggs, the eventual winner. Although the Australian was playing with borrowed clubs she putted like a demon to take the American to the sixteenth green before rushing off to Manchester, some forty miles away, to play the title role in "Tosca." Ever mindful of the start given her by her golf­ ing colleagues, Miss Hammond returned to Au­ stralia early in 1950 to repay her debt. She gave two concerts in Sydney, the entire proceeds of which were given over to the Australian Ladies' Golf Union to help finance a women's team which was leaving shortly for a trip to Britain. USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: APRIL, 1958 3 Baxter, who learned golf as a caddie at Gullane, Muirfield and Luffness, arrived in Williamstown on April 6, 1924 to find a golf course consisting of nine simple holes in a meadow. Within five years he genera­ ted such enthusiasm that alumni donated additional land and provided for the con­ struction of a first-class 18-hole course which Baxter has personally nurtured into a fitting site for national junior and col­ legiate championships. In addition to generating a fine golf course, Baxter has also generated some fine small-college golf teams and players like Ed Haley, Ira Couch, William O. Blaney, Dick Chapman, Joseph F. Gagliardi, Wil­ son F. Barnes, Jr., and Randy Carey to name only a few. DICK BAXTER To recognize Baxter’s work as creator of a fine college course, coach of strong teams and cordial host to returning alumni golfers, the Williams Club of New York is giving a dinner in his honor this month. His wife Denise, starting her thirty-fifth year as manager of the Club and foster- mother of Williams golfers, is sharing the honors. The toastmaster is James D. Stan­ dish, Jr., of Detroit, a Williams alumnus and former President of the USGA. Haley, Chapman, Gagliardi, Barnes and many of his other former students are rallying for the occasion. USGA FILM LIBRARY "On the Green," a 17 minute, full color 16 m.m. presentation filmed at the Mid-Ocean Club, Bermuda, illustrating correct procedures under the Rules of Golf governing situations arising on the putting green. "Golf's Longest Hour," a 16 m.m. full color production running for 17V1 minutes depicting the closing stages of the 1956 Open Champ­ ionship. Filmed at the beautiful Oak Hill Country Club, Rochester, N.Y., it shows the eventual winner, Cary Middlecoff, set a target at which Ben Hogan, Julius Boros and Ted Kroll strive in vain to beat. "Play Them As They Lie," a 16 mm. color production, running for I6V2 entertaining min­ utes in which Johnny Farrell, the Open Cham­ pion of 1928, acts as intermediary between Wilbur Mulligan, a beginner of unimpeachable integrity, and Joshua P. Slye, a past master in the art of breaking the Rules. The film was made at the Baltusrol Golf Club, Springfield, N. J., where Farrell is professional. "Inside Golf House" gives the viewer an op­ portunity to see the many interesting exhibits in "Golf House," USGA headquarters in New York, and to re-live golf triumphs of the past with many of the game's immortals. The film is a 16 mm. black and white production and runs 28 minutes. "The Rules of Golf—Etiquette" also has proved popular. The film stresses the import­ ance of etiquette by portrayal of various vio­ lations of the code in the course of a family four-ball match. Ben Hogan appears in sev­ eral scenes, and Robert T. Jones, Jr., makes the introductory statement. A 16 mm. color production, the film has a running time of 17% minutes. The distribution of all five prints is handled by National Educational Films, Inc., 165 West 46th Street, New York 36, N. Y., which pro­ duced the films in cooperation with the USGA. The rental is $20 per film; $35 for two; $50 for three, $60 for four and $70 for five, in combination at the same time, including the cost of shipping prints to the renter. Book Received HOW TO THINK AND SWING LIKE A GOLF CHAMPION, by Dick Mayer (Thomas Y. Crowell, Co., $3.95). The higher your handicap, the more you will derive from this latest instruction manual. Starting with the 100 shooter, Mayer works down to the scratch man, im­ parting his knowledge and experience with ease and simplicity. 4 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: APRIL, 1958 MISS MARGARET CURTIS GRACIOUS YET DYNAMIC BY MISS NANCY JUPP T OOKING back over the annals of wo- men’s golf, few have devoted as much time and energy to the game in this country as Miss Margaret Curtis of Man­ chester, Mass, and yet she has always kept the sport in proper perspective. Blessed with an all-embracing and dyna­ mic personality, which she no doubt in­ herited from her father, a cavalry colonel in the Civil War, and mellowed by her years of close contact with the needy and oppressed through social welfare work, Miss Curtis can look back on 74 years well spent. Her jovial manner is a testimony to her perpetual contentment; her fascinated audience, a sign of the warmth which she radiates. Miss Curtis was the youngest of ten, five boys and five girls. But if the older ones tried to spoil her, the youngest lady was not for spoiling. Golf came to the Curtis children in 1893 through their cousin Laurence, a member of The Country Club, Brookline, Mass., and second President of the United States Golf Association, in 1897-98. He sent them a copy of "Golf” from the Badminton Library of Sports, suggesting that they try the coming sport of the future. Nine Were Charter Members They lived in the summer only a stone’s throw from the newly incorporated Essex County Club, Manchester, Mass., and nine of the family became charter members. Miss Margaret hit her first shots at the age of 9. Three years later she was com­ peting in her first club championship and astounded all by reaching the final. A dumb­ founded colleague came up to a beaten op­ ponent and asked, "How could you let that child beat you?” The relegated player scrutinized her stocky opponent and re­ plied, "She’s no child; she’s a baby grand!” MISS MARGARET CURTIS, 1903 The following year aged 13, the "baby grand” entered the USGA Women’s Ama­ teur Championship on her home course, still the youngest ever to do so in the 57 years of the event. The year was 1897. She qualified fourth out of 29 before taking a hiding from the three-times Champion, Miss Beatrix Hoyt, of Southampton, N.Y., in the first round. Miss Curtis’ revenge for that beating came three years later when she won her way to the final at Miss Hoyt’s expense on the twentieth hole at the Shinnecock Hills Golf Club, Shinnecock Hills, N.Y., Miss Hoyt’s home course, in the semi-final. Both had hit good drives to the second extra hole, and after Miss Curtis played the odd she turned in apprehension to her Indian caddie to inquire if her ball had reached a cross bunker. "Unk,” came the reply. Miss Hoyt then played an identical shot, USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: APRIL, 1958 5 and without waiting to be asked her caddie bellowed, "Unk.” As it happened, Miss Curtis’ ball had stopped in the opening and she was able to chip up and get her 5 for the match. It was Miss Hoyt’s last appearance in championship golf. Sisters Meet in Final But fate decreed that Miss Curtis was not to win at the age of 16, and ill health kept her out of several subsequent Champ­ ionships. So it was not until 1907 that, having qualified first, with sister Harriot second, the two met in the final at the Midlothian Country Club, Blue Island, Ill. The elder Miss Curtis, Harriot, was de­ fending the title she had won the pre­ vious year at the Brae Burn Country Club, West Newton, Mass. The younger sister had always had the edge on the older, and with no quarter asked or given she made very sure that a different first name would be inscribed on the trophy. By the time Miss Curtis had played in eleven Nationals she had gone through to the finals five times to be beaten twice and to win three times, and in those same years she had made or tied for low medalist score six times. She might have gone on to create an even greater record had she not, at an early age, devoted her life to social welfare which kept her out of championship play for nine years due to World War I. Simmons College School of Social Work in Boston, held its first year’s course in 1904-05. Miss Curtis was an inaugural student. In the spring of 1905, when she had all but finished her studies, she asked and was granted permission to go to Britain with a party of eight to compete in the British Ladies’ Golf Championship. She was allowed to take her final examination papers with her on the ship which she duly completed and posted back on arrival in England. Excellent though her work was, the Board of Governors after consultation could not see their way to grant her a diploma. Quite undaunted she returned to the Col­ lege in 1910 and completed the course a second time, although she was already on the Board of the Family Service Society, a position she has now held for 51 years. War Years in Paris When the first World War broke out, Miss Curtis, always an energetic woman, began to champ at the bit for action. Then one day in 1916 she broached the question to her mother of going overseas. The kind­ ly, aging face lit up with an understanding smile. "I was wondering when that was coming,” she said. Miss Curtis set sail to join the Red Cross in'Paris where for three years she was chief of the Bureau for Refugees. Many a time she longed to leave the capi­ tal for closer contact with the needy, but her past experience and her forte for ad­ ministration kept her chained to head­ quarters. For light relief during these worrying days she did manage to get a few rounds of golf at the St. Cloud Golf Club, on the outskirts of the city, which graciously made her an honorary member. One of her close contacts in Paris was a keen golfer who, in peace time, was an executive with the American Express Company. Unknown to Miss Curtis, he had a van call one day at Manchester, Mass., and to the astonish­ ment of all at home the driver announced that he had called for Miss Curtis’ clubs, which were then duly transported to Paris. Before her return home Miss Curtis took three months’ leave of absence from the Red Cross to ally herself with a Quaker organization working in the devastated areas of France, but again her more skilled qualifications recalled her to administrative duties. In 1921 the American Red Cross organ­ ized a Child Health Programme in Central Europe and asked Margaret Curtis to be in charge of the social workers on their staff. This meant going to Poland, Czecho­ slovakia and Austria, where the Quakers were working, and France. Again in the winter of 1923 she was sent to Greece to help in rhe reestablish­ ment of refugees from Smyrna with the American Red Cross. A woman with such drive and initiative can never sit back and relax. It is doubtful 6 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: APRIL, 1958 if Miss Curtis knows what the word means. So, when her work with the Red Cross was over she turned her resources down other channels. What could she best do to help golf? The first seed in that direction had been sown ’way back in 1905 when she had first played in rhe British Ladies’ Championship. Prior to the event the eight visiting Ameri­ cans had been challenged to play a com­ bined British team in an unofficial match. The home side had won handsomely, but the exhilaration of the international com­ petition and the good-will established by their visit had stuck in the minds of Margaret and Harriot. Years later, in 1924, during inter-city matches between Boston, New York and Philadelphia, the idea of international matches was again mooted. Three years later the Misses Curtis offered to donate a Cup for international competition. Curtis Cup Materializes Five frustrating years of bargaining passed before the Curtis Cup was finally inaugurated at Wentworth, England, in 1932, under the auspices of the United States Golf Association on the one hand, and the Ladies’ Golf Union on the other. The co-donors still hope that one day the Curtis Cup Matches may embrace many nations for, as the inscription says, it was given "to stimulate friendly rivalry among women golfers of many lands.” Though the name Curtis will go down to posterity through the Curtis Cup, Miss Margaret would prefer to be remembered lor the work she has put in fostering girls’ junior golf in Massachusetts. Never one to seek recognition at any time, and always ready to play down her own en­ deavors, she is, nevertheless, justly proud of having started the Massachusetts Girls’ Junior Championship in 1930, one of the first girls’ junior state events in the coun­ try. The perpetual trophy which she donated is a bowl in the shape of a daisy, the winners’ names being inscribed on the separate petals. Miss Curtis recalls a delightful story about one of her "tadpoles,” the youngest eligible flight. One particular child whiffed unsuccessfully several times on the first tee before it was tactfully suggested to her that maybe she should let other couples off first, and she could follow after. When she reteed, she again had several air shots before making contact. The worried officials were quite resigned to the fact that she would never have kept tally of the misses, but sure enough when she eventually returned her card the first hole read 31! So delighted was Miss Curtis with the child’s sporting integrity that she awarded her a special prize and drew the moral that one should "never give up nor forget.” The choice of Miss Curtis as the 1957 recipient of the Bob Jones Award was an overwhelmingly popular one. In her written acceptance to the USGA Annual Meeting in Chicago, in January, she spoke not of herself, but of Bob Jones. "I shall try to live up to the honor” was all she had to say in the first person singular. Yet there can be few who have more to be proud of than Miss Curtis. Tennis Doubles Champion Besides her golf she was a fine tennis player, and in 1908 in partnership with Miss Evelyn Sears won the United States women’s doubles championship, thus be­ coming the only woman concurrently to hold national golf and tennis titles. Again, in all humility, she belittles her tennis prowess. On the first visit to this country of the remarkable Miss Lottie Dod, five times Wimbledon Champion, 1904 British golf champion, and figure-skating champion, Miss Curtis took her on at tennis. "She gave me one game,” said the loser recounting the score of 6-1, 6-0. Miss Curtis was fortunate to grow up in a gracious era, a time when the simple things in life still gave pleasure and each new experience was an adventure. She has remained untainted and her company is as refreshing as a breath of fresh air to a sultry city. She has actually played in twenty-five national championships—more than any one else—and in her own words, "It rep­ resents an unbelievable amount of fun and friendships.” USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: APRIL, 1958 7 WORLD TEAM EVENT BY PLANNED FOR AMATEURS JOSEPH C. DEY, JR. USGA Executive Director T^ROM Tasmania to Massachusetts, in almost any direction, the reaction was much the same—that it is a good and timely thing to start a World Amateur Golf Team Championship this year. From Tasmania, for example, came this cablegram from Len Nettlefold, the Aus­ tralian Amateur Champion of 1926-28: "Very thrilled to receive news of proposed World Amateur competition. Congratula­ tions and best wishes for its future success.” From Massachusetts, to complete the documentation, came this comment from perhaps the most experienced amateur golf internationalist in the world, Francis Oui­ met: "I think it is a wonderful thing and can’t help but do a great deal of good. If I were 40 years younger, I would be work­ ing hard to be one of the team of four representing this country, and needless to say, I wish the venture every success.” The venture will be launched in October of this year at the most appropriate place possible—St. Andrews in Scotland, where golf has been fostered so well for 400 years. In a few short weeks, on May 2 and 3, detailed plans will be made in a confer­ ence at Washington, D. C.—a conference of representatives of national amateur golf associations around the world, from ap­ proximately 30 countries and every conti­ nent. There has never before been such a meeting of national golf officials. American friends of golf have helped make the Washington conference possible by a most generous offer of free airplane transporta­ tion for one representative of each national association that intends to enter a team at St. Andrews. Joint sponsors of the preliminary plans are the Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St. Andrews and the United States Golf Association. The object of it all is to further friend­ ship among the peoples of the world. Presi­ dent Eisenhower has said: "Both officially and personally I am in­ terested in the plan advanced by the USGA for an amateur team golf championship among nations. I visualize it, as you do, as a potent force for establishing good will and friendship between yet another seg­ ment of the populations of nations.” From the Honorary Secretary of the Argentine Golf Association, Federico S. Terrero, came the following comment which summarized the feelings of many: "Such an important Championship . . . will bring together the best amateurs of the world and will undoubtedly foster further friendship of the peoples in our troubled continents.” The World Amateur Team Champion­ ship idea has come about on this wise: For a number of years the USGA has received" invitations for team matches per­ iodically from national associations in other countries. Six years ago a new com­ petition was begun, the Americas Cup match among Canada, Mexico and the United States. Other invitations came sub­ sequently, but it was not possible to ac­ cept them. Last winter, for example, Japan expressed interest in a match with the United States. Not long before, there had been similar interest from South Africa, and from the Caribbean. Additionally, the USGA had been asked to try to have golf included in the Olympic Games. As a consequence of all this, it seemed to the USGA Executive Committee last January that the time was probably ripe for a world-wide amateur team competi­ tion which could accommodate all possible interests. The Committee approved the idea in principle and decided to seek the co­ operation of the Royal and Ancient. A USGA special committee was ap­ 8 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: APRIL, 1958 pointed, comprising John D. Ames, of Chicago, President; Charles L. Peirson, of Boston, a Vice-President and Chairman of the Championship Committee; Totten P. Heffelfinger, Minneapolis, and Richard S. Tufts, Pinehurst, N. C, both former Presi­ dents, and William Ward Foshay, of New York, General Counsel. Plans were formulated, whereupon Mr. Ames and the USGA Executive Director flew to St. Andrews for private meetings with R&A representatives, particularly Henry H. Turcan, Chairman of the General Committee; N. C. Selway, Chairman of the Championship Committee, and Brig. Eric Brickman, Secretary. There had been an informal meeting in this country with John B. Beck, the R&A Captain. The R&A was most cooperative and de­ cided immediately to join with the USGA in constituting an Interim Committee on Organization. The meetings at St. Andrews were marked by the same warm spirit of teamwork that have characterized R&A- USGA collaboration on the Rules of Golf since 1951. It is planned to hold the World Team Championship every other year, with the second event in the United States in i960. It is not intended to have any effect upon the Walker Cup and the Americas Cup series, which are held in odd and even years, respectively. American advocates of adding golf to the Olympics seem more than satisfied by the World Championship idea. Golf has never been an official part of the Olym­ pics. However, in the 1904 Games at St. Louis, the local Olympic organizing com­ mittee had the right to include a demon­ stration of golf in the program, and there was a competition, the winner of which was George S. Lyon, of Canada. This event was not recognized as an official Olympic event. Following is the original plan for the World Amateur Team Championship as circulated among nearly 50 countries, for use as a basis of the Washington discus­ sions in May: 1. Object To further friendship among the peoples of the world. 2. Participants (a) Teams of amateur golfers represent­ ing golf organizations which are the sole national authorities for amateur golf in their respective countries. (b) Each country’s team will consist of four players who are citizens of that country. Each team will have a captain who may be either one of the four players or a fifth per­ son not eligible to play. 3. Rules (a) Participants must be amateur golfers under the Rules of Amateur Status of the Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St. Andrews, Scotland, or the United States Golf Association. (b) Play will be conducted under the Rules of Golf as approved by the Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St. Andrews and the United States Golf Association. 4. Form of Competition 72 holes stroke play (18 holes per day). All four members of each team compete. Aggregate of the three lowest scores for any team is the team’s score. Team with lowest three-man aggregate for 72 holes will be the Champion. (Provision to be made for settling ties) 5. Frequency and Time of Competition (a) The Championship will be held biennially, starting in 1958. (b) The Championship will be held dur­ ing October unless special circumstances re­ quire otherwise. 6. Rotation of Competition The Championship will be rotated among the three following zones in the order given: (a) 1958—European-African Zone'. — Countries of Europe, Africa and the Middle East. The 1958 Championship will be played at St. Andrews, Scotland, in October on dates to be fixed later. (b) 196o—American Zone'. — Countries of North America, Caribbean America and South America. The i960 Championship will be played in the United States of America at a place to be selected by the United States Golf Association. ( c) 1962—Australasian Zone: — Coun­ tries of Asia, Australia, New Zealand and Oceania. 7. Venue Except as stated above for 1958 and i960, the countries in the zone concerned will (Continued on Page 24) USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: APRIL, 1953 9 NATIONAL GOLF DAY - A GOLFER’S INVESTMENT Funds Plowed Back for Good of Game I''HE Professional Golfers’ Association has announced June 7 as National Golf Day for 1958, and golfers are urged to boost this very worthy project. The format has been altered this year. Formerly the men’s ’and the women’s Open Champions played. Now the Open and the PGA Champions, Dick Mayer and Lionel Hebert, will meet one another in the Round of the Champion at the Southern Hills Country Club, Tulsa, Okla,, site of the Open Championship the following week. Golfers from coast to coast, playing off handicaps, will match scores with the win­ ner for "I Beat the Champion” medals awarded by the PGA. Any number of cards may be taken out during the week June 1 through 7 at a cost of $ 1 per card. The success of this year’s effort is now in your hands. Here is your chance to give to golf’s worthy causes as well as to invest in better turf for the future. National Golf Day is not a hand-in-the- pocket give-away. Its outcome is something close to the heart of every golfer, even a personal issue for some. Take a glance at the list of last year’s beneficiaries and spare a thought for the significance of these awards. There are now 17 Caddie Scholarship Programs operating coast to coast with 571 students currently in school. These pro­ grams are, of course, financed in the most part by member clubs of their own associa­ tions, but many extra students can be en­ rolled due to National Golf Day grants. A generous grant from the National Golf Day Fund is given annually to scien­ tific agencies on recommendation by the U.S.G.A. Green Section Research and Edu­ cation Fund, Inc. The grant of $7,000 from the 1957 proceeds has been allocated to six different experimental stations throughout the country towards the continual goal for better turf. Turf management is now a science with many highly skilled technicians whose work is reflected in the lush fairways and velvet greens of the first-class courses. Your dollar will help to perfect what too many take for granted. The National Amputee Golf Association was in the news earlier this year when its Secretary, Dale S. Bourisseau, of Solon, Ohio, was honored with the Ben Hogan Trophy for overcoming his own physical disability and helping others with similar disabilities. National Golf Day funds go out to his Association and also to the United States Blind Golfers’ Association. Who would not gladly help both these courageous bodies? National Golf Day, like many familiar things, is now apt to be taken for granted or dismissed with a shrug of the shoulders. Yet it is one of the best opportunities of the year for the golfer to contribute to the good of his sport. NATIONAL GOLF FUND Disbursement of Funds Organization Caddie Scholarship Turfgrass projects (through a U.S.G.A. Green Section & Educational Fund, Inc. Jaycee War Memorial Fund PGA Educational Fund PGA Relief Fund PGA Benevolent Fund Possibilities Unlimited (National Amputee Golf Ass'n.) American Women's Voluntary Service US Blind Golfers' Ass'n. Middle Atlantic Blind Golfers' Ass'n. United Voluntary Services United Service Organizations Amrican Red Cross Babe Zaharias Memorial Fund Institute for the Crippled US Olympic Association Total to Date $144,630 1957-58 Contribution $26,000 54,700 42,000 34,500 23,300 16,400 21,500 12,500 11,000 3,000 6,000 160,705 63,347 2,583 1,583 1,000 7,000 4,000 5,000 2,000 2,000 5,000 500 2,500 — 2,000 — — — — — Totals $598,748 $56,000 10 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: APRIL. 1958 PREPARING THE COURSE BY FOR A COMPETITION JOHN P. ENGLISH USGA Assistant Executive Director AN uncounted number of golf cham­ pionships and formal tournaments are held each year throughout the United found and removed in order to insure that all players play the same game by the same Rules. States, and prior to each one the committee in charge comes face to face with the re­ sponsibility of preparing the course for the competition. Many committees are knowing and ex­ perienced in this work and prepare their courses so that confusion and misunder­ standing as to the application of the Rules of Golf are minimized. Unfortunately for the well being and uniformity of the game, however, this is not true of all committees. Potential trouble spots pass unnoticed until the players them­ selves raise questions. Often it is impossible for the committee to resolve these questions equitably after play is under way. A simple example is the choice of tee markers. If a committee permits a competi­ tion to start with more than one set of tee markers on the course and fails to designate clearly to all players the set to be used, some players may play a different course than other players. Insure in advance of play that only one set of tee markers is in place on each tee or that all starters are notified of the tee markers they are to use. If strangers may be playing, it is also advisable to insure that all tees are clearly numbered so no group can inadvertently play from a wrong tee. Another rather common occurrence is a conflict resulting from the presence on the course of a sign authorizing play at vari­ ance with the Rules of Golf or Local Rules established for the tournament. These some­ times are posted by well-meaning but poorly informed club committees and re­ main for years. All such signs must be The identification and delineation of water hazards and lateral water hazards is a third Important responsibility for a com­ mittee preparing a course for a competi­ tion. Definition 14b of the Rules of Golf stipulates that any sea, lake, pond, river, ditch, or other open water course, regard­ less of whether or not it contains water, or anything of a similar nature is a water hazard. When a water hazard fulfills the re­ quirements of a lateral water hazard by Definition 14c, the committee should specifically identify it as such. Two conditions must occur together in order to qualify a water hazard as "lateral.” The body of water must run approximately parallel to the line of play and it must be so situated that it is not possible or is im­ practicable to require a player to drop his ball behind the water and keep the spot at which the ball last crossed the margin between himself and the hole, as he must do in taking relief from a regular water hazard. The second condition is often over­ looked, but it is an essential. Bodies of water which can be properly classified as "lateral” include brooks running along a boundary of the course or along a rocky or wooded area so that a player could not keep the brook between himself and the hole without dropping out of bounds or in extremely difficult terrain. Stakes for Water Hazards The USGA carries out its responsibility under Rule 36-6 to define each type of USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: APRIL, 1958 11 PUTTERS ARE FEMININE About the putter there is something so slen­ der and sensitve, so fitful, capricious and fickle, shall I venture to say even at times in­ consistent, that no doubt can be felt as to the sex question. Plainly, such a companion will not readily be chanced on among the common herd or met with in the crowded street: she must be sought for with care and skill. No club is so human as the putter, none so worthy the name of friend, if true, none more likely to do one an injury if disloyal and treacher­ ous. Like so many of her sex, the putter has a touch of vanity in her nature which must be humored, if she is to be won as a faithful mistress. John L. Low water hazard and to delineate their margins by using colored stakes. Small yellow stakes trace the limits of regular water hazards, and small red stakes mark the borders of lateral water hazards. Pointed sections of lathes, their upper ends protruding six or eight inches above ground and dipped in yellow or red paint, serve nicely. These stakes are so placed as to include in the hazard not only the water area but rough banks and unkempt growth relating directly to it. They must follow precisely the twists and turns of the natural margin, since the line from stake to stake deter­ mines the limit of the hazard. In Rules interpretations, stakes marking hazards are outside the hazards and they are obstructions by Definition 20, so that players are entitled to free relief from them under Rule 31. Out of bounds should be clearly and carefully defined. Where fences are bound­ aries, they should be marked with signs: "Out or Bounds.” Otherwise, the USGA uses large white stakes, firmly fixed and protruding two or three feet from the ground. Boundaries should be continued as far as there exists the remotest possibility of a ball going out. Boundaries are defined by the inside line, at the ground, of fence posts and stakes. Thus boundary fences and stakes are out of bounds; they are therefore not obstructions, and the Rules provide no relief from them. Any means of marking boundaries or hazards should enable a player always to determine the status of a ball. If stakes are used, they should be placed close enough together to enable drawing a sight from one to the next without bushes, trees or anything else intervening. Ground under repair should also be clearly marked and its limits delineated by white lime lines or small stakes of a distinctive color. Any ground under re­ pair should be marked additionally by a sign stating: "Ground under Repair.” Ac­ cording to Definition 13, ground under repair is any portion of the course so marked by order of the committee. It in­ cludes material piled for removal and a hole made by a greenkeeper even when they are not so marked. A hole made by a greenkeeper is intended to mean ground temporarily opened for upkeep of the course, such as a hole made in moving sod or a tree or stump, laying pipe lines and similar conditions. Obstructions are considered to be any­ thing artificial, whether erected, placed or left on the course according to Definition 20. Thus, obstructions include such things as pipes, vehicles, paper, water outlets, bottles, rakes, buildings, shelters and hoses. Rule 31 provides free relief from these things. Clarity Essential While many obstructions are self-evi­ dent, it is sometimes advisable to identify certain items as obstructions in order to clarify matters for players who are not entirely familiar with the Rules. When it is deemed necessary to identify an obstruction, this should be done by fastening a sign to it stating: "Obstruc­ tion.” If there is likely to be doubt as to the extent of the obstruction, the USGA draws a white lime line on the ground around it. In preparing a course for a tournament the committee must determine whether such areas as the clubhouse and its im­ mediate grounds, garages and maintenance barns, swimming pool, tennis courts and such areas will be considered out of bounds or obstructions. If these areas are suffi­ ciently removed from the line of normal play or if it seems advisable to prevent 12 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: APRIL, 1958 play from these areas, the USGA declares them out of bounds and marks their boundaries with large white stakes. If the classification of these areas as out of bounds might impose an unduly severe penalty be­ cause of their proximity to the line of play, they can be classified as obstructions and so identified. When a committee is staking the mar­ gins of a hazard or otherwise delineating ground under repair or an obstruction, it must give thought to the places where players will be putting their balls into play. For example, in proceeding under Rule 32 in a case of ground under repair, a player is required to drop his ball as near as possible to the spot where it lay but not nearer the hole, outside the ground under repair. The limit of ground under repair must be drawn on ground which will en­ able the player to drop in a reasonable position. The USGA Appendix to the Rules of Golf suggests specific matters for which local rules may be advisable. A committee preparing a course for a competition should consult this section on local rules. Any local rule established for an ab­ normal condition must conform to the policies set forth in the Rules of Golf and a penalty stroke imposed by the Rules of Golf may not be waived by a local rule. One of several situations where a local rule might be appropriate concerns con­ crete or masonry in a water hazard for the control of water. While masonry is arti­ ficial and therefore normally an obstruc­ tion, a water course lined with masonry does not conform to the intent of the rule regarding obstructions. In such a case the masonry is really a part of the water hazard. Therefore, the USGA suggests the following local rule: "Concrete, masonry or other construction in a water hazard for the control of water or as supports for bridges or bridge abutments on the banks of water hazards are not obstructions under Definition 20.” Also, situations sometimes arise in which it is obviously impracticable to require players to proceed in strict accordance with the water hazard or obstruction Rules. It may seem fairer to establish special areas on which a ball may be dropped. Any such "drop areas” should be clearly marked with white lime lines on the ground and a sign. Placement of Holes One of the most important responsibili­ ties of the committee in preparing a course for a tournament is the placement of the holes in the putting green for each day’s play. Unfortunately, it is not possible to establish fixed rules for this. Too many factors can affect a cup location. However, the committee must exercise good judg­ ment in deciding what will give fair re­ sults under a given condition. It is preferable to place the holes each morning for that day’s play so that wind and weather conditions can be better anticipated. The USGA generally starts with the re­ quirement that, for an area of two to three feet around the cup, the putting sur­ face be in good condition without any steep slopes or, if possible, any changes in the degree of slope. In other words, the green should be flat, if possible, but it does not have to be exactly level. Next, the USGA tries to start, if possible, at least five paces away from the edge of the surface especially prepared for putting. If a bunker is close to the edge of the sur­ face the distance should be greater, especi­ ally if the approach to the green is over the bunker. One must consider the holding quality of the green, the length of the shot to the green, the probable prevailing conditions for play for the day, and the design of the hole. An attempt is made to keep the course in balance each day by avoiding a pre- dominence of front, back, right, left, or ex­ tremely difficult or easy hole positions. In no case should cups be located in tricky places, or on sharp slopes where a ball can gather speed. A player above the hole should be able to putt boldly for it. If it is raining or rain appears likely, it is advisable to avoid placing holes in low areas of the green where water may stand or drain off the green. USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: APRIL, 1958 13 HE TURNED TO GOLF IN MIDDLE AGE Dean Leland, Engineer, Professor and Golf Curator MOST folk who develop a hobby do so from childhood. Not so Dean O. M. Leland, of Minneapolis, Minn., who was first and foremost an engineer, turned in middle age to golf as a recreation and to the collecting of golf literature as a hobby. His hobby developed such intensity that when he recently turned over his entire golf library and other memorabilia to the USGA Museum and Library at "Golf House,” in New York, the donation num­ bered more than 3,200 items. Dean Leland was graduated in 1900 from the University of Michigan and went into government service with the General Land Office and the Coast and Geodetic Survey, work which took him all over the United States and to Alaska and Puerto Rico. In both territories he made his mark. In recognition of his work in setting part of the demarkation line between Canada and Alaska, one of the mountain peaks was named Mt. Leland in his honor. In 1911 he was appointed by the Chief Justice of the United States to sit on the Costa Rica-Panama Boundary Arbitration Com­ mission. During World War I Dean Leland com­ manded a regiment of service engineers in France and Germany. It was in 1920 that he was appointed Dean of the College of Engineering and Architecture and the School of Chemistry at the University of Minneapolis, where he remained until his retirement in 1944. Dean Leland bought his first golf book in 1919. "I thought I ought to be intelli­ gent about the game,” he said, "and I was fortunate in picking up a copy of the Badminton Library volume 'Golf.’ It was a good introduction to the game, but I did not read much of it for many years. But when I first broke 100, in 1935,1 really be­ came interested in the history and litera­ ture of golf and my library reached 500 volumes within three years.” From then on each journey had a dual purpose. Wherever his travels took him, he would seek out second-hand book stores in search of further volumes. From various sources he would hear of golfers with small collections, and so his library snowballed. Over the years he corresponded with many of the leading golf historians in the Old World, and in 1947 he set out to cement the friendships born of a mutual love. In three packed months he played 35 famous British courses, watched the British Open Championship and visited libraries, book dealers, golf professionals and writers. One of his cherished memories is play­ ing golf at the heather-covered Walton Heath course, near London, with the late James Braid, five times Open Champion. Braid, then aged 77, breezed round in 75. He took time to visit another of the Great Triumvirate, J. H. Taylor, at his na­ tive Westward Ho! in North Devon. Taylor, a man steeped in golfing lore and wise counsels, is still alive at the age of 87. Flashing hours were spent in the com­ pany of Bernard Darwin, doyen of British golf writers; the late Robert Browning, historian and editor of Golfing; the late D. M. Matheson, editor of Golf Monthly; and Dutch golf writer J. A. Brongers. Many of the old pictures, balls and curios now in '"Golf House,” along with several books belonging to his library, were acquired on that trip. Dean Leland, a widower, is now an octogenarian, but that does not prevent his playing golf whenever the weather permits. Whether he is playing a match or just a few holes on his own, he pulls his own caddie cart, content in the sport which has enriched his declining years in so many ways. 14 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: APRIL, 1958 TWO CENTURIES OF GOLFING FASHIONS Efforts of Early Golfers Determined by Dress T) EHOLD the well-dressed golfer of to- day clad in light weight slacks, an open neck sports shirt, two-tone shoes, and a feather weight cap or visor. In his bag he probably carries an alpaca or cashmere sweater in case it turns chilly. All told, he is dressed for comfort and, incidentally or accidentally, looks well groomed. Yet every golfer in his time has been a "modern” golfer, and no doubt, while fol­ lowing the current fashion, has thought himself a dandy. But current fashions of the olden days were hardly conducive to good golf, and it was not until the 'twenties, with the ad­ vent of plus fours, gay sweaters and match­ ing stockings, which in turn gave way to slacks, to shorts and carnival colors, that freedom of movement came into its own. Let’s study the first picture taken of America’s pioneer golfers with their tweed trousers or breeches, waistcoats and tailored jackets. They later adopted a uniform of the traditional British red jacket with brass buttons, blue checked cap and waistcoat, grey knickers, long stockings and grey gaiters, and starched wing collar and tie. Dress Dick Mayer or Ben Hogan in simi­ lar garb and it would be interesting to speculate by how many strokes their scores would mount. Try to picture Hogan’s full, wide arc and tremendous delayed wrist action. One practice swing in a tight waist­ coat and jacket, and the left sleeve would be straining at the seam. A couple of shots and it would be well on its way to sever­ ing connection with the rest of the garment. The Bent Left Elbow It is an interesting fact that old photo­ graphs of famous golfers at the top of the swing show them invariably with a bent left elbow. They had no alternative; fashion decreed that it was impossible to swing otherwise. The evolution of the golfing dress has been fascinating. British players in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries treated their sartorial problems seriously and they were often the topic of long and heated debates. Uniforms in Vogue During the latter half of the eighteenth century players were content to turn out in the accepted red coat, cut long at the back, knee breeches, white stockings and buckled shoes. For headgear they had the choice of a tarn o’shanter or a top hat. But with the advent of the nineteenth century clubs began to grow individualistic and to design their own uniforms, and woe betide any member who appeared in civilian dress— he was fined in dozens of claret, much to the delectation of his fellow members. In the main the red coat remained the golfers’ symbol, but it dropped the epau­ lets and substituted the clubs’ determining facings and insignia. Among the most capricious and fasti­ dious golfers were the members of the Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St. Andrews, Scotland. In the fifty years from 1780 they changed their garb five times, varying from the traditional to a buff­ colored coat and red cap, to a red coat with dark blue velvet cape, to a plain blue coat with club buttons, and back to the original red. The red tail coat gradually faded from the British golfing scene during the latter half of the nineteenth century. It was re­ tained solely for social functions to be worn by captains and ex-captains. During the evolution the coat was shortened to blazer length and as such was retained to act as a signal to pedestrians until about 1890 and even later at English courses laid out on common land. Some ancient golfers had a further USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: APRIL, 1958 15 Originators of golf in America and founder members of the St. Andrews Golf Club, Yonkers, N. Y., playing on their first crude lay-out in a cowpasture in 1888. They are Harry Holbrook, A. W. Kinnan, John B. Upham and John Reid. Mr. Holbrook's sons, Warren and Fred, are the pioneer caddies. Courtesy “Fifty Years of American Golf” hazard to contend with besides the restrict­ ing clothing—a thick, swarthy beard. Like Santa Claus, they had to decide whether to swing under or over the fungus. The former would undoubtedly have obstructed their view at the top of the swing, the lat­ ter would probably have got entangled on the backs wing! The Woman's Lot But if men had their troubles, the lot of the women was even worse. Imagine the fragile Mary, Queen of Scots, trying to play in the court dress of the Tudor era. The voluminous sleeves must have made it impossible to take a full swing; the ruffle or stand-up collar would have added to the discomfort of the ill-fated queen, and her reputed seventeen­ inch waist would hardly have given much impetus to her efforts. Nothing further is heard of women’s golf until 1810 when the Royal Mussel­ burgh Golf Club, Scotland, offered a new creel and skull (fishbaskets carried on the back with a strap coming over the fore­ head) for competition to the Fish Ladies of Musselburgh. No doubt the fishwives, as they were The well dressed woman golfer of the roaring twenties, the era of short skirts, low waists, shapeless garments and cloche hats. 16 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: APRIL, 1958 usually called, played in their traditional costume of three or more heavy flannel petticoats in navy/white, red/white, yel­ low/white stripes—the top two caught up at one side to show the under one. A blouse with lace cuffs and a woollen shawl wrapped around the head and falling to a long point at the back would complete the ensemble. A picturesque costume, yes, but heavy in the extreme and cumbersome. Any women who pivoted well on the back swing would never be able to transfer the weight of her petticoats again by the mo­ ment of impact! When women began to form their own clubs in the late Victorian era clothes were as restricting as etiquette. Large hats, often held on by a chiffon scarf tied under the chin, were liable to be knocked askew on the follow through. Whale boning, too, was apt to make itself felt at inconvenient moments. The Edwardian boaters, pined to pad­ ded coiffeurs and set off by deep starched collars, did little to alleviate th ediscom­ fiture of the pioneer lady golfers who busied themselves on what would now be regarded as pitch and putt courses. The Roaring Twenties Golf’s most hideous decade was surely the roaring twenties. While skirts went up above the knees and waists fell almost to meet them, the ladies clad their most redeeming feature in diced woollen stock­ ings, chose drab tweed skirts and equally nondescript and shapeless cardigans. Their crowning glory, now bobbed or shingled, was discreetly hidden beneath a woollen cap or "pudding basin” hat. Emancipation in women’s dress first came through the introduction of slacks. In southern climes shorts became inevitable on the golf course, and today Bermuda shorts appear to be the uniform even for grandmother. I wonder, however, if grand­ father approves? HARRY PACKHAM A memorial to Harry Packham, of Los Angeles, Cal., member of the USGA Public Links Committee since 1934, reprinted in part from the Rancho Golf Club Round-Up. He loved golf. He fought for it, worked for it, talked for it; spent time, money, energy, and heart for it, and had enough bullheaded courage left to yell 'Fore!’ at the Devil himself. Most men are hills and valleys, but he was a mountain of a man; a moving mountain, capped by a volcano, ready to erupt and pour the lava of his love for golf over all those who stood in his way. And like a mountain, he is best seen in perspective, the view unobscured by the mists of sentimentality. What would he want of us? He would probably squirm at the idea, but whether he liked it or not, he left us a legacy. It was in every act of his life: To respect the game of golf. To see it whole; acknowledging its principles, recognizing its purpose, and accepting its eternal challenge. For it is the only game on the face of the earth in which man plays the toughest op­ ponent there is—himself. Whether he is alone on the course, walking on greens still wet with the new morning, or sur­ rounded by twenty-five thousand people during a major tournament, the golfer who hovers over a ball, a primitive club in his hand, is expressing man’s ulti­ mate faith in his own skill and in his own purity of dedication. For Harry, this dedication was greater than health, greater than wealth, greater even than friendship, and unworthy to be sullied by self-interest or something as shabby as a preferred starting time. One likes to think of him as part of a current Threesome; with Charley hitting those beautiful irons, Harry mut­ tering at his putter, and Scotty hacking along until they reach the Eighteenth, when Scotty—in tones loud and clear —will call out the final score. That’s one we’d like to gallery. . . . USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: APRIL, 1958 17 JUNIOR GOLF BOOMS BY IN NATIONAL CAPITAL Junlor a°1' L’m' JOSEPH M. GAMBATESE TAOES junior golf in your area need a shot in the arm? Try interclub competition. It is going over big in Washington. We started our Interclub Junior Golf League two summers ago. The League has stimulated so much enthusiasm among junior golfers, parents, pros and club offi­ cials that this summer we are expanding it from four to io clubs. Actually, junior golf in the Nation’s Capital really didn’t need this stimulation. Under "Mr. Junior Golf’’—Frank Emmet, director of the District of Columbia Golf Associations’ junior activities and a mem­ ber of the USGA Junior Championship Committee—Washington kids for the past 30 years have had one of the best junior golf programs in the country. Almost every week during the summer, Emmet has at least one tournament, field day or other event going for junior golfers of all ages. This very successful area-wide program has produced many outstanding golfers. Nevertheless a few of us handling junior golf at our particular clubs felt that interclub matches would make a natural addition to our club programs by injecting the elements of team spirit and club rivalry. Experience with the new League has proved us right. Some clubs had so many candidates for team places and the rivalry was so hot that they had to hold tryouts and, later, permit challenge matches, in picking the team before each interclub match. Club pros took a special interest in their team members. At Kenwood Golf and Country Club, for example, pro George Diffenbaugh worked with some of the boys on the practice tee after they had lost their first match last summer. The boys improved enough to win the championship by a wide margin. __ Matches were played on Mondays, start­ ing at 3 o’clock, so that they finished around dinner time, thus enabling working fathers to watch the finishing holes while waiting to take the boys home. This also provided an opportunity for parents from different clubs to become acquainted and compare notes on their kids’ golf game. The growth of junior golf in the Wash­ ington area prompted the Middle Atlantic PGA to set up a Junior Golf Committee this year. Max Elbin, president of the MA-PGA and pro at Burning Tree Club, where President Eisenhower plays, made Diffenbaugh chairman because of the ex­ cellent junior program developed at Ken­ wood. (See Journal, April, 1956.) Diffenbaugh hopes to interest other cities in the Middle Atlantic region in developing interclub junior golf competi­ tion. Play-offs might then be held between the winners in each city to determine a Middle Atlantic championship team. The League is fortunate in having as its chairman Lt. Gen. Floyd L. Parks (Ret.) of Chevy Chase Club, who is intensely in­ terested in promoting junior golf. He is Middle Atlantic senior champion and a member of the USGA Senior Champion­ ship Committee. J. Tyler (Buddy) Bowie, former club champion of Columbia Country Club, was chairman in 1956 when the League origi­ nated with Chevy Chase, Columbia, Ken­ wood and Congressional Country Clubs as members. This year six other clubs which competed informally against each other last summer will join the League as a divi­ sion. They are Argyle, Bethesda, Manor, Prince Georges, Washington and Wood­ mont Country Clubs. The two division winners will play off for the Frank Pace Trophy, which the presi­ dent of the International Golf Association and former Secretary of the Army donated as a permanent irophy last year. Kenwood 18 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: APRIL, 1958 Warren Hughes, captain of the 1957 Kenwood Golf and Country Club junior team, receives the Pace Trophy and congratulations from It. Gen. Floyd L. Parks (Ret.), chairman of the Interclub Junior Golf League of Washington, D. C., while teammate Dahn Linkins watches. was the first to win the Pace Trophy, al­ though Columbia won the first champion­ ship in 1956. This is how the League operates, the matches scored, and the winner deter­ mined: Each club has a representative on the League committee. Besides participating in the planning, he is in charge when the matches are played on his course. He runs the matches and gets the results to the League' secretary, who turns them into the newspapers. All teams play the same course on the same day, using each course once and each team playing the other once. We also have a round-robin on the fourth day of play in which foursomes are made up of one member from each team. Each player plays an individual match against each of the other three players, so that he is play­ ing three matches at once. Each team is composed of six boys, two in each of three age groups—16-17, 14-15 and under 14. Except in the round-robin, two team­ mates in the same age group tee off to­ gether in a foursome against two boys from the same age group on the opposing team. They play two individual matches and a four-ball match, each match count­ ing one point, so that three points are at stake in each foursome. This makes nine points the maximum possible for a team to win in a dual match. In case of a tie match, the point is split. In the round-robin, a team may score a maximum of 18 points because each of the six players is competing for three points. Points accumulate from week to week, with the championship going to the team with the most points at the end. Last year’s finish: Kenwood 35, Columbia 24V2, Chevy Chase 18, and Congressional 12’/a. Our League keeps a complete statistical record of the team and individual scoring in each match. Both team and individual scoring is summarized in an annual report describing the years’ activity. A limited number of copies are available and may be obtained by writing the author at 7119 Exfair Road, Bethesda, Md. USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: APRIL, 1958 19 HOW MANY ACES CAN ONE MAN MAKE? Odds Against Scoring a One Extremely High f | THE odds against holing in one have been estimated at 10,000 to one, and, in fact, only one in 1,500 to 2,000 golfers per year are likely to accomplish the covet- ted ace. With the chances so thin, it seems in­ credible that the pendulum should occa­ sionally swing to the other extreme, allow­ ing a few accurate players blessed with more than their fair share of luck to insert their tee shots with comparative regularity. Ryder Cupper Art Wall, Jr., of Pocono Manor, Pa., claims the astonishing number of 34 holes in one at the age of 34. As Wall himself admits: "34 sounds ridicu­ lous, but that’s the way it is. I can’t blame anyone if he finds it hard to believe.” Of his total, about 25 have been fully attested. English-born Wilfred Reid, who had the distinction of playing for England against Scotland on nine occasions without loss of a match, retired from professional golf three years ago with a tally of 26 holes in one. They were recorded in England, France, Germany and America and are fully au­ thenticated. Hole-in-one io Order "My most famous hole-in-one,” Reid recalls, "was at La Boulie, France. I was playing in an exhibition match with Bill Entwistle, then of St. Germain, Paris, but now living in Syracuse, N. Y.; Arthur Grant, of North Berwick, Scotland, and George Dunn, of Biarritz, France. "Entwistle teed up at the sixth, a hole of 185 yards, and laid his ball 18 inches to the left of the flagstick. Grant laid his iron shot about a foot to the right. Dunn hit his mid-iron and stopped nine inches short, whereupon Entwistle, the old joker, said 'Now, Wilfred, see you hole out.’ "Well, I did hole out. My ball landed just short of Dunn’s ball, bounced over ART WALL, JR. and wedged itself between the flagstick and the rim of the cup.” Tommy Armour’s profound knowledge of the game, combined with his philosophi­ cal outlook on life, cause him to take a more realistic view of his 25 ones. "Personally, I never attached any im­ portance to holes-in-one,” he said with a shrug of the shoulders. "I never felt the shot was anything but pure luck.” But the courses on which they were ach­ ieved, which include Westchester Country Club, Rye, N. Y., Congressional Country Club, Washington, D. C., Cypress Point Club, Pebble Beach, Cal., and Boca Raton Club, Fla., would seem to belie his belief. Briton's Record Charles Chevalier, professional at the Heaton Moor Golf Club, Lancashire, Eng­ land, is another who can verify 25 holes-in- 20 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: APRIL, 1958 one. His latest was registered at his home course in January, 1957, where twelve of his total have been made in the past seven years. A remarkable story has been handed down to posterity regarding Jamie Ander­ son, winner of the 1878 British Open Championship at Prestwick. As he teed up at the 35 th hole his marker, Andy Stuart, called his attention to the fact that he was in front of the markers. He reteed his ball and holed out. His hole-in-one not only won him the Championship by one stroke, but helped him set a record aggregate of 157 which stood for eleven years. The Unsolved Ace Two English golfers in 1950, playing one another in a club competition at the Walsall Golf Club, came face to face with the poser: "When is a one not a one?” Each played off at the 182 yards fourth hole and hit a good tee shot, the finish of which could not be determined owing to high intervening bunkers. When they reached the green one ball was in the hole and the other lying close by. Only at this stage did they realize that each was playing with the same make and number of ball. As it was impossible to say who had holed out, they returned to the tee and replayed the hole. Age Is No Barrier The average golfer need never despair of achieving his life’s ambition. T. S. South, a member of the Highcliffe Golf Club, Bournemouth, England, holed out at the seventh (no yards) at the age of 91. Nor need the average player hit the perfect shot, for there have been many instances of balls ricochetting off trees, rebounding off out of bounds walls and fences and even being potted by opponents’ balls. If you ever dream you have holed out in one, it might be worth while to drop everything and hurry to the course the next morning to try your luck. The Golfer’s Handbook (British) lists the instance of a member of the Rochford Hundred Golf Club, Essex, England, who turned up one Sunday morning saying he’d dreamed he’d aced the tenth. Fantastic bets were laid against his actually doing it, and interested parties went out to witness the hole. To their amazement he holed out. USGA PUBLICATIONS OF GENERAL INTEREST THE RULES OF GOLF, as approved by the United States Golf Association and the Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St. Andrews, Scot­ land. Booklet, 25 cents (special rates for quan­ tity orders, more than 500). a reprint of a USGA Journal article by Joseph C. Dey, Jr. No charge. PROTECTION OF PERSONS AGAINST LIGHT­ NING ON GOLF COURSES, a poster. No charge. USGA GOLF HANDICAP SYSTEM FOR MEN, containing recommendations for computing the new USGA Handicap and for rating courses. Booklet, 25 cents. USGA Slide Rule Handi­ capper, 25 cents. Poster, 10 cents. THE CONDUCT OF WOMEN'S GOLF, contain­ ing suggestions for guidance in the conduct of women's golf in clubs and associations, in­ cluding tournament procedure, handicapping and course rating. 25 cents. HANDICAPPING THE UNHANDICAPPED, a reprint of a USGA Journal article explaining the Callaway System of automatic handicap­ ping for occasional players in a single tour­ nament. No charge. TOURNAMENTS FOR YOUR CLUB, a reprint of a USGA Journal article detailing various types of competitions. No charge. LETTER AND SPIRIT OF THE AMATEUR CODE, HOLE-IN-ONE AWARDS. No charge. GAMBLING IN GOLF TOURNAMENTS, a reprint of a USGA Journal article by Richard S. Tufts. No charge. WORK OF A CLUB GREEN COMMITTEE, a re­ print of panel discussions conducted by the USGA Green Section Committee. No charge. MISTER CHAIRMAN, a reprint outlining the duties of the Chairman of the Green Com- tee. No charge. TURF MANAGEMENT, by H. B. Musser (Mc­ Graw-Hill Book Co., Inc.), the authoritative book on greenkeeping. $7. USGA CHAMPIONSHIP RECORD BOOK. De­ tailed results of all USGA competitions since their start in 1895. $2. USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT, a 33-page magazine published seven times a year. $2. a year. USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: APRIL, 1958 21 Example of symbols: "USGA" indicates decision by the United States Golf Association. "R & A" indicates decision by the Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St. Andrews, Scotland. "58-1" means the first decision issued in 1958. "D" means definition. "R. 37-7" refers to Section 7 of Rule 37 in the 1958 Rules of Golf. Concession Refused Balls Remain in Play USGA 57-29 Misc. Q: A and B are on the green in the same number of shots and both putt to within three feet of hole. As a half will win the match for B, who is closest to the hole, A extends his hand and says "Congratulations”, intending to concede the putt and the match. However, B says: "No, wait, I haven’t hole out yet”. A says: "O.K., go on and putt”. B putts and misses. A putts and sinks. Who wins the hole? Question by: Boyd Perry, Jr. Garden City, N. Y. A: In the circumstances cited, there was no concession of the putt because the offer of a concession was clearly declined. There­ fore, both balls remained in play and A won the hole. Lifting and Dropping Constitute Extension of Previous Stroke USGA 57-30 R. 29-2a, 30-1, 30-4, 32-ia Q: A ball is struck toward a part of the course where it may be unplayable. The player plays a provisional ball, as provided for in Rule 30-1. The first ball is found to be in ground under repair. The player lifts it without penalty and drops it in accordance with Rule 32-ia. The ball comes to rest in an unplayable lie. The player abandons the first ball and contends that he may now play the pro­ visional ball. Is he right? Question by: Thomas G. McMahon oLs Angeles, Cal. A: Yes. In equity, lifting and dropping the first ball under Rule 32-la constituted an extension of the stroke played with that ball. When it became unplayable, the player in order to proceed under Rule 29-2'a would have had to return to the spot from which the original ball was played (not the spot from which it was lifted). As he had already played the pro­ visional ball from that spot, the provi­ sional ball must be continued in play. See also Rule 30-4. Replacing Ball Wrongly Played USGA 58-4 R. 33-2, 4o-3f Q: A and B sliced their second shots into some trees from which both balls 22 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: APRIL, 1953 bounced down a hill into a creek. A came upon a ball in the creek, thought it was his and correctly dropped it, keeping the point of entry between his drop and the hole. He then played a shot up to the edge of the green. At this time B found a ball about 25 feet farther up the creek. After examining the ball he informed A that A had found B’s ball and had played the wrong ball to the green. The ball B found proved to be the ball A had hit into the creek. A then redropped his ball and played a shot to within a few feet of the first shot. He holed out in a six which would have won the hole. However, this being a four- ball match, the others protested that he had violated the Rules and should be penalized. Could you please inform me what the violation was, if there was a violation, and what the penalty would be and also in­ form me what the correct procedure should have been once the initial mistake was discovered. Question by: Clare Emery Washington Golf & Country Club Arlington, Va. A: When A played B’s ball from outside the hazard, he disqualified himself for the hole under Rule 40-3E The penalty did not apply to his partner. B was entitled to drop his ball either in the hazard as near as possible to the place from which it was lifted without penalty or behind the hazard under the penalty provided in Rule 33-2. Ball Should Not Be “Presumed” Lost in Water Hazard USGA 58-6 D.6, R.11-5, 22-2, 33-3 Q: Player drives ball in what everyone thought a lateral water hazard. They search­ ed for the ball for less than five minutes. The player deemed the ball lost in the lateral water hazard and proceeded accord­ ing to Rule 3 3-3b. He dropped a ball out­ side the hazard and was addressing the ball for his next shot when a spectator found his original ball outside the hazard. Player played both balls, scoring a four with the original ball and a five with the penalty ball. NEW MEMBERS OF THE USGA Regular Aero-Pine's Golf Course, Auglaize Country Club, Bookcliff Country Club, Brown's Run Country Club, Buena Vista Country Club, California Country Club, Cannon Air Force Base Golf Association, Century Country Club, Cherokee Town & Country Club, Eldorado Country Club, Finkbine Golf Course, Gaines County Golf Club, Hesperia Golf & Country Club, Hillview Golf Club, Hole-in-the Wall Golf Club, Indian Wells Country Club, Lake Hills Golf & Country Club, Little River Inn Country Club, Lufkin Country Club, McCloud Golf Club, Muroc Lake Golf Club, Navy Golf Course Oakwood Country Club, Paradise Valley Country Club, Point O' Woods Golf & Country Club, Riverbend Country Club, Rolling Hills Country Club, Rolling Hills Country Club, Singing Hills Golf & Country Club, Sunset Hills Country Club, Titusville Country Club, Torrey Pines Men's Golf Club, York Golf & Tennis Club, Associate Boscobel Country Club, Bradford Golf Course, Diplomat Country Club, Elks Golf & Country Club, Green Hills Golf Course, Indiana University Golf Club, Lincoln Greens Golf Course, Otsego Ski Club, Provo Timpanogos Municipal Golf Course, Waterville Park Golf Course, Winter Quarters Country Club, Va. Ohio Colo. Ohio N. J. Cal. N. Mex. Ariz. Ga. Cal. Iowa Texas Cal. Cal. Fla. Cal. Mont. Cal. Texas Cal. Cal. Cal. III. Wyo. Mich. Texas Okla. Texas Cal. III. Pa. Cal. Me. S. C. Mass. Fla. Wash. Ohio Ind. III. Mich. Utah Tenn. Md. Kindly advise the proper procedure for both match and stroke play, and also when ball was searched for less than five minutes and more than five minutes. Question by: Charles H. Stewart Great Southern Golf Club Gulfport, Miss. USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: APRIL, 1958 23 A: In stroke play, the player played four strokes with his original ball and incurred a penalty of two strokes for violation of Rule 22-2 with the second ball. His score for the hole was 6. In match play he lost the hole. Rule 22-2 provides that "A ball is in play when dropped.” When the player dropped a second ball thinking he was observing Rule 33-3^ he had a second ball in play even though improperly. If he had picked up the second ball as soon as the original ball was found, he would have incurred a penalty of two strokes in stroke play or lost the hole in match play under Rule 22-2. The fact that he played out both balls under Rule 11-5 does not relieve him of the penalty in stroke play. He is not, however, subject to penalty for playing a wrong ball. If the search had lasted five minutes, the original ball would have been lost—Defi­ nition 6. Since the ball was not lost in a water hazard, the player would have been required to put a ball in play in accord­ ance with Rule 29-1; his failure to do so probably would have been a serious breach WORLD TEAM EVENT (Continued from Page 9) determine, by majority vote, the country in which the Championship will be held. 8. Responsibility for Conduct The national amateur golf authority in the entertaining country will be responsible for the conduct of the Championship. Such authority shall pay all expenses inci­ dent to the Championship (except expenses of visiting players); it may charge admission to spectators and otherwise raise income as it may desire, and shall be entitled to retain all proceeds. 9. Expenses of Players Each national golf authority may defray the expenses of its Team’s four members and of a non-playing captain not to exceed the following limits: (a) First class round-trip travel between the player’s home and the scene of the Championship. (b) Living expenses during travel, for not more than (?) days at the scene of the Championship, and caddie fees for those days. 10. Prizes (a) Team—There will be a team trophy inscribed as follows: 24 entailing loss of hole in match play or disqualification in stroke play—see Note 1 to Rule 29. Greenkeeper’s Hole Defined USGA 58-5 D. 13 Q: We would very much appreciate knowing what is meant by "a hole made by a greenkeeper” in Definition 13. Per­ haps you could supply us with some ex­ amples of such holes which are considered "ground under repair” and other examples of holes which would not be considered "ground under repair’. We have already noticed that a rut caused by the tractor is not a "hole” which can be considered as ground under repair. Question by: Warren V. Bush Las Cruces, N. M. A: A "hole made by a greenkeeper”, as used in Definition 13, is usually ground temporarily opened for upkeep of the course, such as a hole made in moving sod or a tree stump, laying pipe lines, and similar conditions. WORLD AMATEUR GOLF TEAM CHAMPIONSHIP TROPHY To further friendship among the peoples of the world presented to THE UNITED STATES GOLF ASSOCIATION and THE ROYAL AND ANCIENT GOLF CLUB OF ST. ANDREWS, SCOTLAND by (name of donor) (date) (Note—the United States Golf Asso­ ciation has received offers of a trophy and will accept one. The United States Golf Association will serve as trustee of the trophy for purposes of insurance and for safekeeping during any sus­ pension of the Championship) The Trophy will be held by the national authority represented by the winning team for the ensuing two years. (b) Individuals—Prizes will be presented to members of the winning team and the runner-up team. Such prizes will be uniform from year to year. (c) Cost of individual prizes and of in­ surance of the Team Trophy will be defrayed pro rata by the participating countries. USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: APRIL, 1958 HOW TO MEET RISING COSTS OF GOLF COURSE MAINTENANCE The USGA Green Section conducted an Educational Program at the Drake Hotel in Chicago on January 24, 1958. In the chair was Mr. William C. Chapin, Chairman of the Green Section Committee. Vice-Chairman was Dr. Marvin H. Ferguson, Mid-Con­ tinent Director and National Research Coordinator. The following summarizes the panel discussions. Architectural Matters Affect Maintenance Costs Robert Bruce Harris Golf Course Architect, Chicago, 111. ^T'HERE are many ways in which design of the golf course may affect the cost of maintenance. Because of present-day labor costs, the golf course architect must use all the methods available to him to eliminate tedious time consuming main­ tenance tasks. To take the golf course features in order, we may start with tees. Tees should be large. The elevated area should be made to blend into surrounding terrain by means of long gentle slopes. Corners and sharp breaks in contour are to be avoided. These considerations affect the ease of maintain­ ing tees with the larger units of power equipment and permit the use of such equipment without a danger of scalping. Tees should be long (generally more than 100 feet) to permit flexibility in the length of the hole and to permit frequent rota­ tion of tee markers. Fairway bunkers are the next item in our progress around the course. Those bunkers which do not affect the strategy of play and those which penalize the high handicap golfer should be eliminated. Fairway bunkers should be built so that the sand is visible, so that they will be well- drained and so that slopes will be gentle. It is easier to maintain the areas surround­ ing bunkers if the edges are smooth rather than scalloped. With reference to putting greens, one of the most important factors is to have the green large enough to provide plenty of space for setting the cup. Cup locations need to be changed frequently. Traffic around the green is a serious matter and design can be used to minimize this prob­ lem. Carts and golf buggies are coming into greater use and it is difficult to avoid con­ centration of traffic from this source. Bunkers around putting greens should be far enough from the putting surface to allow for passage of fairway mowing USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: APRIL, 1958 25 equipment between the bunker and the green. Greens can be shaped so that bunkers will be relatively near the hole even though there is room for mowing units to pass between the bunker and the green. Plant materials should be used judici­ ously on the golf course to prevent their interference with maintenance. Trees should be spaced so that there is not a necessity for the use of small mowing units. Shrubs probably should not be used on the golf course. Their place is around the clubhouse. Golf balls cannot be played from beneath shrubs and they invariably constitute a difficult maintenance problem. Technical Advances Which May Counteract Unnecessary Maintenance Costs O. J. Noer Milwaukee Sewerage Commission ^TECHNICAL advances have had pro- found effects upon the quality of turf and upon the cost of maintenance. Better grasses have been uncovered, management procedures have been simplified, and costs have been reduced, in some instances. At one time grubs of the Japanese beetle threatened complete destruction of turf in the Philadelphia area. Control with carbon disulfide was tried first. It killed the grubs, but turf damage from its use was worse than from the grubs. The USGA Green Section induced the United States De­ partment of Agriculture to attack the problem. Leach got the assignment and promptly developed the lead arsenate me­ thod of grub-proofing turf. He pointed out other virtues of lead arsenate usage—such as worm cast control and the marked re­ duction in weeds, notably crabgrass and chickweed. Then chlordane displaced lead arsenate. It killed grubs quicker and more effectively and solved the ant problem. An over-all spray gave better control and was cheaper than the old method of poison­ ing each ant hill by hand. This is but one instance of a case where applied research saved the day and in doing so provided other important benefits in­ cluding a better and cheaper way to con­ trol ants. Even more startling advances are in prospect because of intensified research by the various experiment stations. Research workers there are the true missionaries in the turf field. Besides finding the answers to immediate practical problems, it is their task to delve into the realm of the un­ known. As a result of such research the impossible of today becomes the common­ place of tomorrow. The problem of translating research into practice must be faced by the superintend­ ent. You must separate the wheat from the chaff. In most instances it is a simple mat­ ter. To put any proposal of a revolutionary nature into large scale use immediately is unwise. Field testing first, followed by pilot scale use is the wise procedure. It is the way to acquire the know-how to do the job, and to uncover any weaknesses in the method. Some can be corrected, but others may nullify what seemed like a desirable change. The same kind of approach should be used by outside advisory agencies. The money spent is not their own. They must be sure of their ground when offering a positive recommendation, and must be pre­ pared to defend the program. Budgets for course maintenance have not been out of line. They have been within reason, mostly too low rather than too high. Any attempt to make a moderate or drastic cut will be bad for the turf. Economy-minded officials have made slashes before. Turf deterioration occurs gradually, especially where there has been a high standard of maintenance. The econo­ mists have their day for several years. After the day of reckoning, the cost of rehabilitation is more than would have been spent to keep the course in good playing condition. The golf course is no place to waste or to save money. It is important to provide those things which make the golf course 26 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: APRIL, 1958 pleasant to play and to get full value for each dollar spent. Metropolitan clubs can afford to schedule fungicide treatments to prevent disease, and can provide the niceties their members want. A small town club may be compelled to take more chance? with disease and provide the bare necessities only. By good management they can keep their members happy. Although the session is designed for the superintendent, it would seem fitting to stress the wisdom of keeping abreast with new developments. By the same token it is important for the club to have a compe­ tent man at the helm. Besides being well versed in the technical problems of turf management, he should have labor man­ agement know-how. Agricultural Chemicals in Efficient Turf Management Dr. William H. Daniel Purdue University, Lafayette, Ind. YOUR first question is: What can agri­ cultural chemicals do for me? In reply you must answer the questions: What are my problems and my needs? What equipment, labor, experience and tech­ nology are available for the utilization of agricultural chemicals? Agricultural chemicals is a term which encompasses a broad field. It includes fer­ tilizers, insecticides, fungicides, and many other special items. Let us consider fer­ tilizers first. Fertilizers include organic materials, such as cottonseed meal, sewerage sludge (either activated or processed) and waste by-products. There are also four types of manufactured or synthetic nitrogen; am­ monium salts, nitrate salts, urea and urea­ formaldehyde. Besides this there are two major forms each of phosphates and potash. One is concerned then with the desired combination of three major nutrients which are available in twelve major forms. Recent studies of plant tissue content and compilations of soil test results con­ firm earlier observations which indicated that when phosphorus is present in the soil at an adequate (medium) level, growth response to further additions of phosphorus should not be expected. There­ fore phosphorus incorporation should be a part of seedbed preparation. Phosphorus should be incorporated as completely into the root zone as possible. Dr. Alderfer, in New Jersey, reports that roots will grow only where phosphorus is above minimum levels. Phosphorus use has been emphasized in the growing of field crops, and its use in seedbed preparation has been stressed. These facts may cause one mistakenly to apply unnecessary amounts of phosphorus. The fact that phosphorus has been used in more than adequate amounts is evi­ denced by the findings of recent studies which disclosed that 98 per cent of the established golf greens in the Midwest have excess phosphorus accumulated in the upper 2" of the soil. The fertilizer industry is rendering a valuable service in the cur­ rent trend to produce fertilizers of a 4-1-2, 3-1-2, or 2-1-1 ratio. These permit you the convenience of using a complete fertilizer without the necessity of over­ using phosphorus. Potash is a different matter. Its repeated application on irrigated turf should be mandatory. For many golf greens I would like to see some potash applied monthly. This applies to those fertilizers which give a peak availability, then a dearth of supply. These must be used more frequently and at lighter rates per application to achieve satisfactory results. You are well acquainted with the or­ ganic nitrogen materials whose excellent performance is particularly noticeable in the late summer and fall periods. Under comparative testing the new class of urea­ forms has been brought to the attention of many of you. These materials, which are chemical compounds produced industrially by the combining of urea and formalde­ hyde, can give a rather uniform release of nitrogen so that two applications per year may perform very satisfactorily. Continued use of these materials will contribute to successful understanding of their per­ formance. As with organics, you may use the urea­ USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: APRIL, 1958 27 forms as the background fertilization. Then, for special occasions, for cool weather or other conditions when you wish added vigor, light applications of soluble nitro­ gens may be applied to augment the back­ ground supply. As a final point on fertilizers, it should be pointed out that if you are feeding turf heavily in experimental plots or under ac­ tual growing conditions, the first noticeable decline is in the yield of clippings. This will be followed shortly by a lightening in color, but it may be a considerable time before the density of the leaves of turf below the cutting height are actually re­ duced so that playability is modified. For this reason, all turf fertilizers may give satisfactory performing turf as long as we look at the performance of the grass re­ maining after clipping, while if we watch only clippings or greenness we see pre­ dictions and warning signs which may not yet be important in the golf playability of the turf itself. Fungicides are Good When we observe or learn of the tre­ mendous variation in the fungi and algae that may affect turf plants, by producing disease symptoms, we marvel at their com­ plexity and their variation. I never think of disease without thinking of Cohansey (C-7) creeping bentgrass. It does very well but only when protected from disease. We do have available from reliable pro­ ducers a comparatively satisfactory array of fungicides. There is, as always, the prob­ lem of proper timing to have the chemical protection on the leaf blade as the fungus mycelium attempts to grow and cause damage. The USGA has, in its past years, done a marvelous job of supporting and en­ couraging the research and the exchange of knowledge which has brought about the understanding of management principles and the capable performance of turf today. Currently in the Midwest we appear to lose more turf due to wilting than to all disease combinations. With good fungicide preventive maintenance, spraying schedules is your key to continued quality turf ready for play. As we progress, the use of broad spectrum fungicides, for example, Acti- dione RZ and Kromad, will continue to offer more potential to both turf super­ intendents and the novice homeowner. Herbicides Improve Rapidly Perhaps the group of agricultural chemi­ cals most important to you is herbicides. Weed problems in turf may be caused by chickweed, crabgrass, goosegrass, knot­ weed, henbit, dandelion, buckhorn, etc. With herbicides many of these can be con­ trolled. Nevertheless, the potential of the chemical to control seeds is only one part of 'a three fold problem. The other two parts are proper use of the material and subsequent improvement of the turf in the area involved. Dr. J. A. DeFrance, re­ porting to the Northeast Weed Control group, mentioned that seven grasses need­ ed additional study—annual bluegrass, goosegrass, chickweed, knotweed, nimble- wili, pearlwort and spotted spurge. Certain­ ly in the Midwest nimblewill presents a major problem. On golf greens Poa annua continues to be a major pest. Although many chemicals have been tried—all so far, even partially selective—have to be used very painstaking­ ly and only in favorable selective seasons or stages of growth. Endothal offers some promise. Neburon, although it will kill Poa annua and chickweed, lacks sufficient safety to desired grasses. We at Purdue have done extensive work on applications of arsenic in toxic quanti­ ties for the control of Poa annua. Calcium arsenate at the rate of 12 pounds per 1000 square feet or lead arsenate at the rate of 24 pounds per 1000 square feet, are sug­ gested with follow-up half rates twice a year until vigor and survival of the Poa annua is inhibited. Soils high in pH, or­ ganic matter, clay or phosphorus require more arsenic for adequate inhibition. Al­ though several companies are considering pelleted arsenics (for convenience in appli­ cation) none will be on the market before fall of 1958 or later. Since arsenics also inhibit crabgrass establishment the home­ owner market is very attractive for this item. Crabgrass Control is Practical Now In 1955 disodium methyl arsonate was first sold. Today it predominates the post­ 28 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: APRIL, 1958 emergence crabgrass control market, suc­ ceeding potassium cyanate and supplement­ ing phenyl mercuric acetate. Research in 1957 has lead to the production of a faster acting material, amine methyl arsonate, which will be available in 1958 through several formulators. Soil Sterilization Needs More Attention Dr. Gene Nutter of Florida reports on tests of 12 chemicals—four of which (Vapam, methyl bromide, My lone, and calcium cyanamid) have been used to some extent by turf superintendents. It does require extensive planning and some added work before satisfactory performance can be expected from these materials. Nevertherless, the potential service of sterilization of special soil is generally not being utilized. Insecticides require some finesse in use but many types are available and the user may usually expect satisfactory perform­ ance. Generally, recognizing the problems is the key to satisfactory results. Adequate Equipment Contributes to Efficiency David M. Lilly and J. R. Watson, Jr., President and Chief Agronomist, Toro Manufacturing Corp., Minneapolis, Minn. T^FFICIENCY in golf course operation implies the development and main­ tenance of the highest possible degree of turfgrass quality and player acceptance commensurate with a given expenditure of time, energy and money. Efficiency in golf course operations is attainable through organization, planning and supervision. Adequate equipment contributes to effi­ cient golf course operations. In fact, ade­ quate equipment is essential for efficient golf course operations. The selection, pro­ curement and use of adequate equipment should be approached on the same basis as the overall golf course operation; i.e., a planned and organized approach with proper supervision. Need Labor costs have been and still are ris­ ing. Further, there seems little reason not to expect this trend to continue. Likewise, player demands for higher quality playing conditions are increasing. Budgets are not, and probably will not, increase propor­ tionately. Labor is most likely the biggest expense item in a yearly budget. This means, pri­ marily, that hand operations are too ex­ pensive and must be eliminated. If the demands for ever improving maintenance standards are to be met economically, operations must be keyed to the use of not only more mechanized equipment, but also to equipment which will produce a great number of work units per man hour of operation. Great strides have been made in this respect during the past two decades, but still greater strides must be made if player demands are to be met. Planning The direction for increased efficiency through adequate equipment does not necessarily lie in the development of new equipment, non-existant today. Rather, in­ creased efficiency may (and probably does) lie in the development and execution of programs built around equipment pre­ sently available, or in the later stages of development. Certainly the greatest imme­ diate potential for increasing efficiency calls for such an approach in our thinking. This means planning. Responsibility—The club member­ ship is responsible for overall program­ ming of operational standards. It must decide the type of course and level of maintenance required for its particular needs. These expressions are made through their appointed representatives — the Green Committee. Based on the authorized expenditures (budget for golf course opera­ tion) the committee, in cooperation with the golf course superintendent, prepares and submits a long range and immediate plan of operation. If approved, the super­ intendent executes the program under the general supervision of the Green Chair­ man. Planning for adequate equipment then, is indirectly the responsibility of the mem­ bership but, in actuality, the direct re­ sponsibility of the superintendent—acting within the confines of an operational pro­ gram, planned and developed in coopera- USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: APRIL, 1958 29 SUBSCRIBERS TO U.S.G.A. GREEN SECTION RESEARCH & EDUCATION FUND, INC. Augusta National Golf Club Catto & Putty Cooperative Seed & Farm Supply Service* Dorado Beach Development Bob Dunning Jones, Inc. E. I. DuPont de Nemours & Co. Floyd Farley Georgia Florida Turf Assoc. Lynde & Rawsey Lawn Augusta, Ga. San Antonio, Tex. Richmond, Va. Dorado, P. R. Tulsa, Okla. Wilmington, Del. Oklahoma City, Okla. Winter Park, Fla. Grass Nurseries Musagee, Okla. Metropolitan Golf Writers Association National Golf Fund, Inc. New England Golf Assoc. Maine Golf Association Massachusetts Golf Association New Hampshire Golf Association Rhode Island State Golf Association Vermont Golf Association Manhasset, N. Y. Dunedin, Fla. Boston, Mass. Bernard H. Ridder, Jr. Watson Distributing Co. Western Pennsylvania Golf Duluth, Minn. Houston, Texas Association Pittsburgh, Pa. tion with the Green Committee and ap­ proved by the membership through their representatives (Board of Directors). Parti­ cipation of the golf course superintendent in local, regional and national educational conferences, particularly the National Show and Conference, is invaluable from the standpoint of keeping abreast of develop­ ments in golf course operations. Development—Planning for adequate equipment begins with a detailed study of the course layout. Ideally, a scaled layout of the course, with possibly relief models of the greens inserted, should be made. Such a layout— would show the various landscape and terrain features; roadways and bridges; the size and shape of greens, tees, fairways and roughs; and the location, number and shape of traps. From such a layout, coupled with a knowledge of the necessary maintenance practices, plans for increasing efficiency through adequate equipment may be developed. These should be developed along two lines—an "imme­ diate" or current program and a "long range” program. Immediate Program—The objective of this program should be to determine if the course, in its present condition, is be­ ing maintained as efficiently as is possible with equipment on hand or available for purchase. This involves, among other things, an examination of the capacity, maneuverability, sturdiness, durability— and in the case of certain mowing units, trimability—as well 'as a study of the maintenance records on each piece of equipment to determine annual service and repair costs. Replacement of inadequate and costly (from standpoint of operation) equipment with units which will produce more work per man hour of operation will contribute materially to efficiency; how­ ever, since equipment purchases are essen­ tially capital expenditures, and certain types may last from five to fifteen years, no equipment should be purchased except within the framework of a long range program. (Others on the program are scheduled for detailed discussion of long range planning. We will cover only the highlights as related to adequate equip­ ment. ) Long Range Program—This approach is basically a modernization program. Many of our courses were designed and con­ structed during an era when labor costs were negligible 'and mechanization of lit­ tle importance, thereby creating many time consuming operations requiring the use of low capacity, and often costly equipment. Landscaping may not have been planned, but grew haphazardly over the years with little thought to the maintenance demands being created (often in accordance with the whims and fancies of some particular member). Shrubs and trees requiring specialized care in the way of spraying, trimming, etc., and often located in such a manner as to interfere with large capa­ city mowing equipment—thus requiring additional time consuming operations to maintain surrounding turf grass—do not contribute to efficient operation. A long range program of redesign in keeping with modern trends, landscaping calling for elimination of problem trees and shrubs, substitution of more hardy species requiring minimum maintenance and located to accommodate equipment 30 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: APRIL, 1958 with greater capacity and, perhaps most important, the construction of greens and tees employing the latest materials and techniques developed through research will unquestionably contribute to efficiency. Such a program may require several years for completion, but with competent direc­ tion, supervision and adequate equipment, may be accomplished with only a reason­ able increase in operating budgets. Selection of Adequate Equipment Adequate equipment for one course may be inadequate for another and excessive for a third; therefore, equipment must be selected on the basis of the individual re­ quirements for a particular course. Fea­ tures of the course, as developed earlier and incorporated in the plan of operation, will dictate the various kinds, sizes and types of equipment required for efficient operation. Other factors to consider when selecting equipment are: (i) Equipment purchases for the most part are capital expenditures and should be treated as such—amortized and depreciated; (2) The manufacturer or his representative should be consulted on the type of equipment needed. Information on new equipment and improved features, as well as the suitability of their equipment for the job at hand, is readily available from the reliable manufacturer. (3) The availability of parts and service facilities. This is of prime importance when selecting equipment. If repair parts are not available when needed and a machine is inoperable for extended periods, it is of questionable value and certainly will contribute little to efficient operation. Question and Answer Session Moderator: A. M. Radko—USGA Green Section Eastern Director Panel Members: Mr. Harris, Dr. Watson, Dr. Daniel, Mr. Noer, Mr. Andrew Bertoni, Superintendent, Meadowbrook Country Club, Northville, Michigan Mr. Carl Bretzlaff, Superintendent, Meridian Hills Country Club, Indianapolis, Indiana Mr. Charles K. Hallowell, USGA Green Section Mid-Atlantic Director Mr. Radko: With reference to equip­ ment, do you have suggestions 'as to how a club could set up a machinery replace­ ment reserve? Mr. Bertoni: The best thing to do is to set aside so much out of your budget each year for machinery replacement. Set up a depreciation schedule and find out what you have and what the turnover will be. This will help somewhat to prevent some board member from decreasing the main­ tenance budget in order to promote some other project. Mr. Radko: Mr. Bertoni, will you tell us how you go about determining the rate of depreciation of equipment? Doesn’t it vary a great deal depending upon the kind of equipment? Mr. Bertoni: I try to check with the manufacturer or the salesman. You can operate a piece of equipment for a long time but it may be more expensive than if it were disposed of sooner, because of the expense of repairs. Length of life depends on use to a great extent. We try to figure the expected life of each individual piece of equipment. Question: Mr. Bretzlaff, what do you think your total inventory is worth? Mr. Bretzlaff: If we were to sell our equipment, it would bring around $22,000. If we were to go out on the market and buy it, we would have to pay around $35,000. Mr. Hallowell: I think Mr. Bertoni and Mr. Bretzlaff have touched on some­ thing rather obvious, that the life of the same piece of equipment will vary con­ siderably from one part of the country to the other. One approach to determining the life of equipment ‘s to keep your own records of cost and maintenance and to develop these data for your own particular course. Mr. Harris: I’m glad you mentioned that about different parts of the country. On my own course in Florida we have a replacement budget of $5000 a year. Here USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: APRIL, 1958 31 in the Midwest we get by on about half that amount. Question: Do the members of the panel find that cheap labor plays havoc with equipment? Is cheap labor harder on equipment than good labor? Mr. Bretzlaff: Labor has a lot to do with the maintenance of equipment. I have two tractors, one of which is twenty three- years old and has been repaired once. The other one, operated by a different man, is repaired quite often. Question: I’d like to have Mr. Harris discuss surface drainage of greens in rela­ tion to reduction of maintenance costs. Mr. Harris: I really should have dis­ cussed that in my talk because it is a very important thing. One common fault in the Midwest is that greens may have a low area where the cup is often set near a high area or mound that needs a great deal of water. The low area gets soaked because the water all drains to the center. Greens of this kind are susceptible to diseases and to Poa annua. So the central area of the green should not be the lowest area. It is good to have the drainage going to the side in several places. Question: Mr. Harris, what is the cost of a green in this area today? Mr. Harris: I hardly ever figure the cost that way. In the trade, we figure by the hole and it is seldom we make an 18- hole course for less than $200,000. That would be a very modest golf course. Most of the courses we have been building, if they have a fairway watering system, will average around $300,000 to $325,000. I believe that is around $15,000 to $16,000 a hole. Mr. Bretzlaff: I thing he is trying to get the cost of rebuilding a green that is in poor condition. How much will that cost? Mr. Harris: It depends on how much is to be done. If you do the green right from the start it would probably run bet­ ter than half the cost of the hole. QUESTION: Mr. Harris, what has the golf architect or the USGA done in the past ten years that represents a valuable contribution to the effort of economical operation? Mr. Harris: I can't speak for the USGA but I can speak for myself and what I believe in. I believe that everything on a modern golf course should be streamlined. There shouldn’t be any sharp slopes or angles because you cannot operate on such areas with big machinery. I believe in large greens that are well drained, bunkers being the width of the fairway mowers away from the putting surface. Sandtraps should be built above ground so you can see them, so they will drain naturally and slopes should be such that they can be main­ tained with fairway units. Tees should be large and should be suitable for mowing with fairway mowers. Bunkers should not be placed to penalize the beginner or poor player. Make the course a real test for the low-handicap player but a pleasant place for the beginner. That’s my own code but I don’t know if it is that of the USGA. Mr. Radko: Speaking for the staff of the USGA Green Section, it is our think­ ing that modernization practices to eli­ minate things which increase maintenance costs should be encouraged. Question: This question is about sand. I’d like your opinion on the kind of sand for bunkers. Member: I am from Westchester, in New York. We have used silica which comes from the glass processing business. It is extremely white and is of very regular texture. It presents a problem because of glare and it tends to slide under the feet of the golfer. Mr. Bretzlaff: Silica is a very pure grade of sand. Some clubs in this area use it but it is very expensive. Whether sand is suitable depends upon the physical con­ dition of the sand particles. Mr. Harris, what kind of sand do you use? Mr. Harris: We always try to choose a sand that will not blow and will not pack. I cannot state just what size it is. Dr. Watson: I’d like to comment on the question of what has contributed most to efficiency of operation in the last 10 years. It can be said in one word—knowl­ edge. Knowledge gained through the ex­ change of ideas at meetings such as this will help us to be more efficient than we are today. 32 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: APRIL, 1958 IT’S YOUR HONOR Stroke and Unfair Distance! To The USGA: Within the past two years I’ve: a. had my first experience in man­ aging a city having a municipal golf course. b. made a sustained attempt to get 'a little skill in playing golf. To me, as to all hackers, the appre­ ciation of reasons for several of golf’s rules has come slowly and only in personal encounter with situations in which they make sense. By this tortu­ ous process I’ve become resigned to— even a protagonist of—the wisdom on which most of them rest. I would have you know, however, of my dismal failure to perceive the logic (if there is any) which produces respectability for your drastic out-of-bounds penalty. This rule seems repugnant to logic and equity on two counts: a. the penalty is disproportionate to the fault, in contrast with penal­ ties which a player sustains for com­ parable faults in similar situations, within the same game. A poor putt, pitch or chip need result in adding only one stroke to score—or none, if the recovery is one which I achieve as often as I win the Irish sweepstakes. With an out-of-bounds banana or hook, however, I’m thrice lacerated. I lose my stroke, lose my distance, whatever it may have been, and must prostrate my self-respect and score before the double-jeopardy of having to use another stroke, just to gamble on regaining the distance already travelled! Now comes the most galling in­ sult, added to an already grinding injury. I’m denied the chance to belt out a moral-building recovery. What more conclusive testimony to the human spirit’s instinctive rejection of this hideous "stroke-and-distance” sadism can be conjured than Porky Oliver’s poignant and tragic flailing during his Gethsemene on the 16th at Cypress? Except for the sheer happenstance of position, what dif­ ference is there between the banana ball which floats, horrifyingly, over a boundary fence and one which floats gracefully into a little old one- stroke-penalty water hazard? I claim there’s no difference except your capricious rule. b. The penalty is inequitable be­ tween courses. The difference of two or three strokes in course ratings isn’t remotely commensurate with the contrast between the jeopardy to out-of-bounds penalty of one course, when it’s compared with an­ other. The course on which I play most frequently, for example, offers such risk on its third, fourth, fifth, sixth, twelfth, thirteenth, fourteenth (both sides) fifteenth, and sixteenth holes. (I’ve been out-of-bounds on all of them—sometimes twice). I’ve played on courses with about the same rating, on which you’d need the assistance of a rugged carrier- pigeon to get your ball out-of- bounds. In bowling, the player doesn’t lose a couple of pins, or his right to roll another ball, because he hooks his first one into the gutter. Loss of what he could have done with the first ball is considered sufficient penalty. In ten­ nis, the server gets a second chance, if his first serve is out. I’m not sug­ gesting "mulligans,” but I submit that the viewpoint merits emulation. I know you’ll find this comparison odi­ ous; but I find only "crapping out” in a dice game attended by so severe a penalty as is imposed on the down­ trodden duffer who innocently slices at the wrong time. Lohn R. Ficklin Vallejo, Cal. USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: APRIL, 1958 33 USGA OFFICERS, EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE AND COMMITTEE CHAIRMEN PRESIDENT John D. Ames, Chicago, III. VICE-PRESIDENTS John G. Clock, Long Beach, Cal. Charles L. Peirson, Boston, Mass. SECRETARY John M. Winters, Jr., Tulsa, Okla. TREASURER J. Frederic Byers, Jr., Pittsburgh, Pa. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE The above officers and: C. W. Benedict, White Plains, N. Y. Emerson Carey, Jr., Denver, Colo. William C. Chapin, Rochester, N. Y. Richmond Gray, Richmond, Va. Hord W. Hardin, St. Louis, Mo. Stuart A. Heatley, San Francisco, Cal. Gordon E. Kummer, Milwaukee, Wis. William McWane, Birmingham, Ala. F. Warren Munro, Portland, Ore. Bernard H. Ridder, Jr., Duluth, Minn. GENERAL COUNSEL Wm. Ward Foshay, New York, N. Y. COMMITTEE CHAIRMEN RULES OF GOLF: John M. Winters, Jr., Tulsa, Okla. CHAMPIONSHIP: Charles L. Peirson, Boston, Mass. AMATEUR STATUS AND CONDUCT: John G. Clock, Long Beach, Cal. IMPLEMENTS AND BALL: C. W. Benedict, White Plains, N. Y. MEMBERSHIP: Gordon E. Kummer, Milwaukee, Wis. GREEN SECTION: William C. Chapin, Rochester, N. Y. WOMEN'S: Mrs. Charles Dennehy, Lake Forest, III. SECTIONAL AFFAIRS: F. Warren Munro, Portland, Ore. PUBLIC LINKS: Emerson Carey, Jr., Denver, Colo. HANDICAP: Richmond Gray, Richmond, Va. Handicap Procedure: William O. Blaney, Boston, Mass. JUNIOR CHAMPIONSHIP: J. Frederic Byers, Jr., Pittsburgh, Pa. SENIOR CHAMPIONSHIP: William McWane, Birmingham, Ala. GIRLS' JUNIOR: Mrs. John Pennington, Buffalo, N. Y. MUSEUM: C. W. Benedict, White Plains, N. Y. BOB JONES AWARD: Wm. Ward Foshay, New York, N. Y. FINANCE: Charles L. Peirson, Boston, Mass. USGA HEADQUARTERS "Golf House", 40 East 38th Street, New York 16, N. Y. Joseph C. Dey, Jr., Executive Director John P. English, Assistant Executive Director USGA GREEN SECTION EASTERN REGION Northeastern Office: Rutgers University, New Brunswick, N. J. Alexander M. Radko, Director, Eastern Region T. T. Taylor, Northeastern Agronomist Mid-Atlantic Office: South Building, Plant Industry Station, Beltsville, Md. Charles K. Hallowell, Mid-Atlantic Director Southeastern Office: Connor Hall, University of Georgia, Athens, Ga. James M. Latham, Jr., Southeastern Agronomist MID-CONTINENT REGION Southwestern Office: Texas A. and M. College, College Station, Texas Dr. Marvin H. Ferguson, Director, Mid-Continent Region and National Research Coordinator James B. Moncrief, Southwestern Agronomist Mid-Western Office: Room 241, LaSalle Hotel, Chicago 2, III. James L. Holmes, Mid-Western Agronomist WESTERN REGION Western Office: P.O. Box 567, Garden Grove, Cal. William H. Bengeyfield, Director, Western Region