USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT RECORD-BREAKING CHAMPION Miss Mickey Wright receives the Women’s Open Championship Trophy from Mrs. Henri Prunaret, center, Chairman of the USGA Women’s Com­ mittee, and Clarence W. Benedict, Secretary of the United States Golf Association. Miss Wright is the first in successive years to win the Open and to break the scoring record. AUGUST, 1959 use A JOURNAL AIO TURF MANAGEMENT Published by the United States Golf Association 1959 by United States Golf Association. Permission to reprint articles or material in the USGA © Journal and Turf Management is granted to publishers of newspapers, periodicals and books (unless specifically noted otherwise), provided credit is given to the USGA and copyright protection is af­ forded. Neither articles nor other material may be copied or used for any advertising, promotion or commercial purpose. VOL. XII, No. 4 AUGUST, 1959 Through the Green --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 Lightning Casualties are Preventable ______________________________ 5 Miss Mickey Wright Repeats With Record 287 __________ Joseph C. Dey, Jr. 6 Local Rules Change but Game’s the Same ___________________________ 9 What are Your Rights in the Water Hazard Rule_______________________ 10 Bill Wright Breaks Through in Public Links _____________ John P. English 12 Congressional Entertains Women’s Amateur __________________________ 16 Current Trends in Club Operating Costs ________________ John D. Lesure 17 Ladies’ Commonwealth at St. Andrews ______________________________ 20 East Aurora Junior Invitation Tournament __________________________ 21 The Referee: Decisions under the Rules of Golf _______________________ 22 Turf Management: Trends in Management Practices in the Southeast___ James M. Latham, Jr. 25 Getting Your Money’s Worth ________________ William H. Bengeyfield 30 Another Look at Financing the Building Program ________ James Wilson 31 Bee Stings Can be Dangerous ________________________________ 32 It’s Your Honor: Letters ________________________________________ 33 Published seven times a year in February, April, June, July, August, September and November by the UNITED STATES GOLF ASSOCIATION 40 EAST 38th ST., NEW YORK 16, N. Y. Subscription: $2 a year. Single copies: 30c. Subscriptions, articles, photographs, and correspondence should be sent to the above address. Entered as Second-class Matter, March 3, 1950, at the Post Office at New York, N. Y„ under the Act of March 8, 1879. Additional entry at the Post Office in Pinehurst, N. C. Edited by Joseph C. Dey, Jr., and John P. English. All articles voluntarily contributed. USGA COMPETITIONS FOR 1959 Championship or Team Match Entries Close Sectional Qualifying Rounds Dates of Event Location Girls' Junior Closed None Aug. 17-21 Women's Amateur Closed None Aug. 24-29 Amateur Closed Sept. 1 Sept. 14-19 Senior Amateur Sept. 2 Sept. 22 Oct. 5-10 Manor Country Club, Norbeck, Md. Congressional C. C., Washington, D. C. Broadmoor Golf Club, Colorado Springs, Colo. Memphis Country Club, Memphis, Tenn. No Comment “I only play to practice self-control.” “Then you ought to be a caddie.” Gratitude The golf course superintendent is not always the forgotten man of golf, nor do the good deeds of golf clubs always lie hidden under the proverbial bushel. August Hillmer, the devoted superin­ tendent of the Interlaken Golf Club, Fairmont, Minn., since 1936, has made a trip to Germany with Mrs. Hillmer to visit his four brothers and sisters, and the whole thing was a gift from grate­ ful club members who recognized long hours and faithful service. British Open Gary Player, the 23 year old South African, starting the final 36 holes eight strokes off the lead, won the British Open la,st month to become the youngest winner in the modern history of the event. Player’s 284 over the rugged course of the Honorable Company of Edinburgh Golfers, Muirfield, Scotland, site of the Walker Cup Match in mid-May, gave him a two stroke margin over Fred Bullock of England, the second round leader, and Flory Von Donck of Belgium, who tied for second place. For the first time since World War II an American did not survive the cut for the final day’s play, and only four of the thirteen who entered could qualify for the Championship proper. The four quali­ fiers were: Willie Goggin, the PGA Senior Champion from San Jose, Cal.; Bob Sweeny of Palm Beach, Fla., the 1937 British Amateur Champion; Bob Watson, professional from Ardsley-on-Hudson, N. Y., and John Garrett of Houston, Tex­ as, now stationed with the Armed Forces in Germany. Stanford Course The juniors arriving at Stanford Uni­ versity for the USGA Junior Amateur Championship this month found them­ selves in the position of the man who walked into the tiger’s cage. For the Stan­ ford University Golf Course is one of the “tigers” of the West Coast. Constructed by the late Billy Bell in 1929, it was opened for play on January 1, 1930. As the juniors played it, it measured 6,665 yards, carried a par of 71 and called for all the shots. As one of the preeminent examinations in golf, it has entertained the National Collegiate Athletic Association cham­ pionship (in 1948), sectional qualifying competitions for several USGA Cham­ pionships and a variety of collegiate and Northern California events. The competi­ tive record is 64, shared by Charles (Bud) Finger, the Stanford golf coach, and E. Harvie Ward, Jr., twice USGA Amateur Champion. It has been played informally in 63 by Bud Brownell and Frank Zack. USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: AUGUST, 1959 1 Golf in Colleges Golf ranks tenth in popularity among 59 different intramural sports featured at nation’s colleges, according to the recent NCAA survey of its members. And, al­ though tenth in actual number of stu­ dents participating, golf ranks seventh in the number of schools offering intra­ mural golf, nosing out bowling, swim­ ming and tennis in this respect. The survey showed that 15,417 male students in 241 colleges participate in intramural golf programs, an average of 64 per school. Carts in Washington According to a survey made by Merrell Whittlesey, of the Washington, D. C., Evening Star, twelve golf courses of the twenty-nine located within the Washing­ ton metropolitan area have a total of 145 carts in operation this season. Fees vary from $6 to $8 for two people and some clubs require that riders hire one caddie. The clubs with carts and the number at each are: Argyle—10; Bethesda Naval— 5; Burning Tree—10; Brooke Manor—15; Court House—6; Goose Creek—8; Indian Spring—20; Manor—12; Norbeck—16; Prince Georges—10; Westbriar—8; Wood­ mont—15. PGA Hole-in-One Event The annual PGA National Hole-in-One Contest is scheduled for Labor Day, Sept. 7. On the last two Labor Days, some 250,- 000 golfers at 1,450 clubs and courses competed. The 1957 winner was Dr. Fred W. Whittaker, who aced the 196-yard six-, teenth at Penobscot Valley Golf Club in Bangor, Me. John Allen won in 1958 when he made a hole-in-one on the 215- yard seventh at Tascosa Country Club, Amarillo, Texas. Eleven other golfers al­ so made holes-in-one, all of them on shorter holes, in 1957. Six other players scored aces in 1958. Where no actual hole-in one was made, the player whose drive stopped closest to the hole was de­ clared the winner at his club. All golfers at clubs and courses em­ ploying PGA professionals are eligible to enter. There is no individual entry fee. The professional enters his club and all its members by filing an official entry form and paying the $5 fee. The entry deadline is July 31. A “contest hole” of not less than 150 yards is established at each participating club. Each player will be permitted one shot at it during a regular 18-hole or nine-hole round. Eagle-Birdie-Ace Tony Manero looked like the Open Champion of old recently when he scored 2-3-1, an eagle, a birdie and an ace, on consecutive holes at the High Ridge Coun­ try Club, Poundridge, N.Y. An eagle 2 on the eighth hole was followed by a birdie on the par-4 ninth and a hole-in- one on the 145 yard tenth. Manero won the 1936 Open Champion­ ship at Baltusrol. His 282 was a record score to that date. Origin of the Swing Conte Giuseppe Sabini, Secretary of the Italian Golf Association has sent us what he believes to be the first golf swing of this world. The above photo­ graph of a detail of the gate of the Ca­ thedral of Loreto in Italy shows Cain slaying his brother Abel. If the older son of Adam and Eve actually used the grace­ ful swing attributed to him by the artist, we should perhaps wonder why more of us are not natural-born swingers. 2 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: AUGUST, 1959 Houston Again It’s a remarkable record the University of Houston has compiled in intercollegiate golf. The team has now won the National Collegiate Athletic Association Cham­ pionship four years in a row, having com­ piled a four-man score for 36 holes of 561 at the Eugene Country Club, Eugene, Ore. This broke the record by nine strokes. The co-medalists were two boys from Houston, Bob Pratt and Jack Cupit. Pratt scored 70-66—136 and Cupit 69-67—136. Then Richard Crawford, a sophomore from Jacksonville, Ark., gave the Uni­ versity of Houston its third successive in­ dividual title by defeating Jack Luceti, of San Jose State, in the final, 7 and 6. Patty Berg's First Ace One might have thought that Patty Berg had won the USGA Women’s Open last month judging from the way she re­ quested her third round card for perma­ nent possession. “That ace on the seventh was the only one I’ve ever had,” she explained. It was made with a No. 5 iron on the 170 yard hole at Churchill Valley in Pittsburgh. Twenty-four years ago Patty played in her first USGA event. A 17-year-old schoolgirl, she was runner-up to Mrs. Glenna Collett Vare in the Women’s Ama­ teur. The same spark that was so evident then has never diminished. A great com­ petitor, a great sportswoman is Patty Berg. Golf is richer for her presence. Aftermath of the Open Westchester County, N. Y., which was the scene of the recent Open Champion­ ship, is sometimes referred to as a wealthy county and a stronghold of capi­ talists, but apparently there are some other fellows there who play on the county’s five public courses. On the Fourth of July week-end follow­ ing the Open, play on these courses was the heaviest on record and, as one fellow said, “They were knocking theii- divots into each other’s hip pockets.” The total play on Friday was 2,221 golfers. The total play for the three days was 5,738 golfers. “When they get around to accepting nominations for the 1959 Ben Hogan Award (for golfers who play under a handicap),” wrote Guido Cribari in the White Plains (N.Y.) Reporter Dispatch, “we will submit the names of all 5,738.” Southern California Juniors Southern California junior golfers, girls as well as boys, lead the country in national junior tournaments, according to the Junior Golf Association of South­ ern California, an interested party in the compilation. There are three national junior tourna­ ments for boys: the USGA Junior Ama­ teur Championship, started in 1948; and the Junior Chamber of Commerce and Hearst tournaments, both instituted in 1946. In these events Southern California boys have won fourteen first and thirteen second places, more than the juniors from any other districts or states. The total first and second places won in the three national tournaments by leading sections is: 1st 2nd S. California _________ 14 13 N. California _________ 1 3 Washington __________ 4 2 Texas _____________ 3 4 Georgia _____________ 3 — In every year except 1957 Southern California juniors have won at least one first or second place. In 1954 they made a clean sweep, winning first and second places in all three events. The only national junior girls’ tourna­ ment is the USGA event, which was in­ stituted in 1949. Southern California’s junior girls’ record is as impressive as the boys’. They have won exactly half of the tournaments. The record of first and second places: 1st 2nd 1 S. California --------------- 5 Washington __________ 2 Tennessee ___________ 2 Oregon_____________ 1 Ohio _______________ 2 The record of the Southern California juniors is, of course, largely the result of the junior golf program in that area which makes it possible for juniors who are interested to learn and to play. Those who qualify for a national championship have been through many, many tourna­ ments and are able to stand up under fire. USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: AUGUST, 1959 3 Something in Common The USGA Open and Women’s Open Champions of 1959 are not only Cali­ fornians, but both are from San Diego. —Bill Casper and Miss Mickey Wright— ford, Conn., who won his club’s title six­ teen times in nineteen efforts, and Stephen W. Berrien, of the Upper Mont­ clair Country Club, Upper Montclair, N. J., who won the club’s title nine times over a span of thirty-five years. Unbeatable Club Champion Necrology From time to time we learn of some outstanding golf records which we take pleasure in publishing. The latest to come to our attention is that of Mrs. Julia T. Siler of the Paramount Golf Club, St. Louis, Mo., who has won her club’s cham­ pionship for twenty-seven consecutive years, 1931 through 1957. We have previously mentiond the fine records of Joe E. Bernoflo, Jr., who won the club championship at The Country Club, Salt Lake City, Utah thirteen times in thirteen attempts; Frank D. Ross of Wampanoag Country Club, West Hart­ It is with deep regret that we record the deaths of: W. Willis Mackenzie, Edinburgh, Scot­ land, member of the first British Walker Cup Team in 1922, and again in 1923, and Amateur Champion of Scotland in 1924 and 1928. C. K. Robinson, Pittsburgh, Pa., co­ founder of the Pennsylvania Golf As­ sociation’s Caddie Scholarship Program. Robert White, Myrtle Beach, S. C., first president of the Professional Golf­ ers’ Association of America. THE INTRIGUING TWELFTH AT STANFORD This twelfth hole on the Stanford University Golf Course is one of the most chal­ lenging on the West Coast, and perhaps anywhere. Viewed here from the tee, it measures 450 yards and plays as a par 4. The generous fairway is not only guarded right and left but divided in dead center by two spreading trees, so that the driver has to choose his route with the greatest care and execute it with the greatest courage. A normal drive down the middle will carry the first tree, but the second shot will be blocked by the second tree. There is a smart way to play the hole, and in the recent USGA Junior Championship the smart juniors found it. 4 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: AUGUST, 1959 LIGHTNING CASUALTIES ARE PREVENTABLE Guides for Personal Safety Have you been struck by lightning re­ cently? Good! We trust you never are and that your escape will result from lated clubhouse and the open course,, should not wait for rain and thunder be­ fore seeking shelter. proper precautions and not from chance. Available statistics show that approxi­ mately 300 fatalities and an estimated 1,500 injuries occur every year from lightning. The statistics also indicate that about nine-tenths of these casualties oc­ cur in rural areas, particularly in iso­ lated buildings, and vacant and open land. Although lightning usually strikes an isolated object on high ground, it does not always strike the highest object in the area. It takes a path of least re­ sistance, and after making an initial con­ tact the bolt may flash sideways or it may run along the ground in an unpre­ dictable trail of destruction. Lightning is a hazard both day and night, but the largest concentration of fatal injuries occur in the afternoon, with fewest deaths in the morning hours. Cause of Lightning In its latest data sheet, Safe Conduct in Electrical Storms, the National Safety Council briefly describes lightning as a high potential of electricity stored in storm clouds as they gather before a storm. The electrical charge is made up of electrified particles, either all positive or all negative. On the ground, an equal number of positive and negative charges swarm over each other, climb structures, and gather on the highest points of those structures, in an effort to reach opposite charges in an approaching storm cloud. Whenever the pressure becomes too great, the charges jump the gap and cause a lightning flash or flashes be­ tween the earth and cloud. Proper Precautions The period of greatest danger occurs before the rainstorm breaks, when the air “feels” charged. Persons in the open, especially golfers who so often find them­ selves in those hazardous areas, the iso­ The Rules of Golf allow for the danger of lightning. Rule 37-6, Discontinuance of Play states in part: “Players shall not discontinue play on account of bad weather or for any other reason, unless. a. They consider that there be danger from lightning, . . .” The following guides for personal safety have been suggested by the Na­ tional Bureau of Standards: (a) Do not go out of doors or re­ main out during thunderstorms un­ less it is necessary. Stay inside of a building where it is dry, preferably away from fireplaces, stoves and other metal objects. (b) If there is any choice of shel­ ter, choose in the following order: 1. Large metal or metal-frame buildings. 2. Dwellings or other build­ ings which are protected against lightning. 3. Large unprotected build­ ings. 4. Small unprotected build­ ings. (c) If remaining out of doors is unavoidable, keep away from: 1. Small sheds and shelters if in an exposed location. 2. Isolated trees. 3. Wire fences. 4. Hilltops and wide open spaces. (d) Seek shelter in: 1. A cave. 2. A depression in the ground. 3. A deep valley or canyon. 4. The foot of a steep or over­ hanging cliff. 5. Dense woods. 6. A grove of trees. USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: AUGUST, 1959 5 MISS MICKEY WRIGHT REPEATS WITH RECORD 287 BY JOSEPH C. DEY, JR. USGA Executive Director The gentle art of what Bernard Darwin calls “boiling three strokes into two” is apt to be decisive in major champion­ ships today. Without the right touch on and around the putting greens, the soundest player from tee to green is not likely to win. That was why Miss Mickey Wright was a rather perturbed young lady on the eve of defending the USGA Women’s Open Championship last month. She simply wasn’t putting. A few weeks before, she had consulted Paul Runyan by telephone to his pro­ fessional shop at the La Jolla Country Club in California, and Paul had helped straighten things in conversation and by letter. But now, just before the National Open at the Churchill Valley Country Club in Pittsburgh, Miss Wright was in need of help beyond her own. So she ’phoned Paul Runyan, then did it again during the tournament. It would be stretching things to say that a telephonic-correspondence course in putting made Miss Wright the Open Champion again, but when she received the Championship trophy for the second year in a row she stressed the help she had received from Paul. Paul Runyan—“Little Poison.” That’s what they used to call him when he was PGA Champion in 1934 (1 up in a 38-hole final against Craig Wood) and 1938 (8 and 7 in the final over Sam Snead). He was the shortest of the good players, but he certainly could “boil three strokes into two.” Miss Wright, conversely, is perhaps the longest hitter among the lady profes­ sional golfers. Now 24, she has had a wonderful record and apparently faces a long future of high success. She re­ mains the sweet and lovely young lady who has been winning USGA prizes since 1950, when she was runner-up in the USGA Girls’ Junior Championship. She later won the Girls’ Championship and in 1954 was both low amateur in the Open and runner-up in the Women’s Amateur Championship. Then she de­ cided to become a professional golfer rather than to embark on a career in medicine. Now she has fulfilled Connie Mack’s definition of a true champion—one who can repeat—even though there’s more to repeating in a trying individual game Miss Mickey Wright, a long hitter among the lady professionals, attributed her second straight win of the Open to her putting. 6 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: AUGUST, 1959 such as golf, with many opponents, than in a team sport like baseball, which was Mr. Mack’s philosophical subject. Mickey Wright has not only become the first person to win the USGA Open twice in succession but she has broken the scoring record each time. Last year her 290 was one stroke better than the rec­ ord set in 1954 by the late Mrs. George (Babe Didrikson) Zaharias. Now, at Churchill Valley last month, Miss Wright has brought it down three more strokes to 287. That’s a great score for anybody; even though Churchill Valley played at 6,104 yards with a par of 70, it is an exact­ ing test, and its last six holes would try anybody. Miss Wright’s rounds were 72- 75-69-71. At the finish she was two strokes ahead of Miss Louise Suggs, who closed with a brilliant 69. Miss Suggs’ 289 also broke the former USGA record. She twice won the Open when it was spon­ sored by the women professionals’ own organization, and in one victory scored 284 on a short course. At Churcmil Valley Miss Suggs con- Runner-up, Miss Louise Suggs, the 36- hole leader, closed with a brilliant 69 after faltering with a 75 in the morning round. Miss Anne Quast, Women’s Amateur Champion, repeated as low amateur, and became the first amateur to break 300. fessed to being a little tired of receiving the silver runner-up medal behind Miss Wright, for this was the second year in a row. As a matter of fact, all three main prize-winners of 1958 repeated, for Miss Anne Quast, of Marysville, Wash., again won low amateur honors. Miss Quast, the reigning Women’s Amateur Champion, who had just been graduated from Stan­ ford, scored 299 and became the first amateur to break 300 in the Champion­ ship’s history. The best amateur show­ ing ever made, however, was by Miss Bar­ bara McIntire, formerly of Toledo, when she tied for the Championship in 1956 and lost a play-off to Mrs. Kathy Cor­ nelius. This year Miss McIntire tied for second amateur honors with Miss Joanne Goodwin, of Haverhill, Mass., who had two remarkable last rounds—72 and 73. Little Miss Goodwin did a most unusual thing in the third round in playing all four par 3 holes in 2 each. They are par­ ticularly testing holes, and the range from 161 to 184 yards by no means tells the full story. The Championship was largely a con­ test among Miss Wright, Miss Suggs, Mrs. Marlene Bauer Hagge and Miss Patty Berg. After 18 holes the lead was shared at 71 by Miss Suggs and Mrs. Hagge, USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: AUGUST, 1959 7 with Miss Wright and Miss Berg one stroke behind. At 36 holes Miss Suggs led by two strokes with 145, to 147 for Miss Wright, Mrs. Hagge and Miss Berg. The last two rounds of the USGA Open are played in one day, and here Miss Wright proved her superiority. Her third round 69 for a total of 216 vaulted her to a four-stroke lead over Miss Suggs, Mrs. Hagge and Miss Joyce Ziske. The Cham­ pion closed with a 71, and Miss Suggs’ 69 couldn’t quite bridge the gap. It was a great last-day performance by Miss Wright—69-71, against par of 70. Her victory earned prize money of $1,800; a total of $7,200 was awarded to profes­ sionals. As one male spectator said, “I’m think­ ing of giving up golf. It makes me sick to watch these girls.” Churchill Valley has entertained a num­ ber of tournaments for the lady profes­ sionals, and the USGA Open had the benefit of a smooth club organization, a finely-conditioned course, and a hand­ some, large new clubhouse. The ladies seem to feel at home there, thanks to the hospitable atmosphere inspired by M. O. Fabiani, the Club’s Tournament Director; Samuel Merriman, President, and their good team. MISS WRIGHT’S RECORD 287 Hole 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Out 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 In Yards 397 373 170 502 293 349 170 355 477 — ■ 3,086 373 369 370 184 395 388 161 373 405 3,018 ■ Totals 6,104 8 Par 4 4 3 5 4 4 3 4 5 —. 36 4 4 4 3 4 4 3 4 4 — 34 — 70 1st 4 5 3 5 4 3 3 4 4 2nd 4 5 3 5 5 4 3 5 5 —— — 35 39 3 4 5 5 4 4 3 4 5 4 4 4 5 3 4 4 4 4 37 72 36 75 3rd 4th 4 3 4 4 4 3 3 4 4 3 4 4 5 4 4 3 5 4 —— 36 4 3 4 3 3 4 4 5 5 35 71 33 5 3 4 3 5 5 2 4 5 36 69 HOW THE LEADERS STOOD AFTER EACH ROUND 18 Holes Miss Louise Suggs____________ 71 Mrs. Marlene Hagge __________ 71 Miss Patty Berg ____________ 72 Miss Mickey Wright __________ 72 "Miss Anne Quast ____________ 75 *Miss Betty Kerby ____________ 75 Miss Ruth Jessen ____________ 75 Mrs. Kathy Cornelius _________ 75 Miss Joyce Ziske ___________ 75 Miss Wanda Sanches _________ 75 36 Holes Miss Louise Suggs __________ 145 Miss Mickey Wright_________ 147 Mrs. Marlene Hagge _________ 147 Miss Patty Berg 147 Miss Joyce Ziske ____________ 148 Miss Wanda Sanches _________ 148 Miss Betsy Rawls ___________ 149 Miss Ruth Jessen __________ 149 Miss Marilynn Smith _________ 150 *Miss Anne Quast___________ 151 Miss Fay Crocker ___________ 151 Miss Betty Jameson _________ 151 Miss Jo Ann Prentice ________ 151 54 Holes Miss Mickey Wright_________ 216 Miss Joyce Ziske____________ 220 Miss Louise Suggs___________ 220 Mrs. Marlene Hagge _________ 220 Miss Ruth Jessen ________ 221 Miss Betsy Rawls ___________ 221 Miss Patty Berg ___________ 222 Miss Wanda Sanches _________ 225 Miss Fay Crocker ___________ 226 *Miss Anne Quast___________ 226 *Miss Barbara McIntire _______ 227 Miss Murle MacKenzie _______ 227 72 Holes Miss Mickey Wright_________ 287 Miss Louise Suggs ------------------- 289 Mrs. Marlene Hagge ---------------- 292 Miss Ruth Jessen ___________ 292 Miss Joyce Ziske ___________ 292 Miss Patty Berg ___________ 296 Miss Betsy Rawls __________ 297 Miss Murle MacKenzie _______ 298 "Miss Anne Quast __________ 299 Miss Jo Ann Prentice ________ 302 *Miss Babara McIntire ________ 303 *Miss Joanne Goodwin_________ 303 * Denotes Amateur. USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: AUGUST, 1959 LOCAL RULES CHANGE Odd Rules BUT GAME’S THE SAME from Odd Places I’Tnder the heading “The local rules U change from course to course, but the game’s the same all over the world,” Time magazine has assembled in a bro­ chure the weirdest collection of local rules from remote lands which has come to our attention. For example: Bombay Presidency Golf Club, Ltd., Bombay, India: “The area known as The Elephant Pit is a water hazard whether or not it con­ tains water . . . The usual ‘fee’ for a ball returned by an outside chokra is two an­ nas. Members are requested not to en­ courage these chokras onto the course to hand over balls, but to collect these personally or through their caddies at the course boundaries.” Nyanza Club, Kisumu, Kenya, British East Africa: “If a ball comes to rest in dangerous proximity to a hippopotamus or crocodile, another ball may be dropped, at a safe distance, no nearer the hole, without penalty.” Darwin Golf Club, Australia: “Ball may be lifted and dropped with­ out penalty . . . from Wallaby and Bandi­ coot Scrapes, Crab Holes, Stone Out­ crops, Tractor Marks and Genuine Earth Cracks.” Also, please note: (1) Early morning golfers are cautioned that they may fre­ quently be joined by wallabies and kangaroos; (2) huge mangrove crabs in­ vade the Darwin course from adjacent tidal swamps, and burrow holes big enough to swallow a golf ball; (3) balls are often stolen by hawks and crows; (4) Darwin club members can only play for ,six months of the year, spend the re­ maining time forming working bees to get the course back into shape after monsoonal rains flood it and send spear grass shooting eight feet high; (5) deter­ mined golfers at Alice Springs and Ten­ nant Creek frequently play in dust­ storms. Fore! Regal Golf Club, Calgary, Alberta, Canada: “A bad played into a gopher hole must be recovered or treated as a lost ball. If recovered in gopher hole, it may be lifted and dropped without penalty.” Unzen Public Golf Course Nagasaki, Kyushu, Japan: “Replay is permitted when ball is snatched away by birds.” Ornithological note: Birds are the big­ gest hazard at this course. Big crows nest in the vicinity, and it is quite common for the crows to sweep suddenly on a ball in flight, catch it and fly off. At other times, alert birds descend to the ball on the ground, snatch it up and take off. Caddies have to be alert to frustrate the birds and scare them off. Caddies hold periodic searches of the woods for the nests, and have found as many as 20 balls in one nest. Bolarum Golf Club, Hyderabad, India: “(Hazards) Stones which obstruct a stroke in hazards (usually thrown there by herdsmen accompanying cattle grazing over the course, and children playing in and around bunkers) may be removed Lee of penalty, and in this case treated as Loose Impediment under Rule 18. “ . . . (Free Picks) A ball lying on any of the footpaths, cutcha roads, cattle and cart tracks, in runnels adjoining them, in hoof marks or dung on the course, may be lifted and dropped without penalty.” Eeverly Park Golf Course, Kogarah, New South Wales, Australia: “Dress of intending players shall be supervised by starters. Where shorts are worn, long hose and shoes shall also be worn. No suspenders (Aussie form for garters) are to be showing. If jeans are worn, they are to be worn full length and not rolled.” USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: AUGUST, 1959 9 WHAT ARE YOUR RIGHTS IN THE WATER HAZARD RULE Some of the Fine Points for Relief Under Rule 33 What choices does a player have as to procedure when his ball enters a lateral water hazard? A series of excellent questions has been submitted to the USGA Rules of Golf Committee by Naval Comdr. N. A. Mac­ Kinnon, of Patuxent River, Md. The USGA Decision follows: Q: A question has come up as to the interpretation of Rule 33. When a ball USGA 59-20 R. 33 D. 14 has been hit into a lateral water hazard, the local practice is to drop a ball, under penalty of one stroke, anywhere along the line of flight of the ball that was hit into the hazard. This is justified as being in accordance with Note 3 under Rule 33. A ball has been hit into a lateral water hazard as shown in the accompanying sketch: 1. Is it a breach of the Rules to drop a ball at point E? 2. Is it in accordance with the Rules LEGEND: A — Spot from which original ball was played B — Spot at which original ball came to rest in lateral water hazard. C — Spot at which the ball last crossed the margin of the water hazard D — Point behind the hazard such that the spot at which the ball last crossed the margin of the water hazard is between the point and the hole. There is no limit to how far behind the hazard the point is located. E — Point along the line of flight of the original ball that came to rest in the hazard. This point is more than two club-lengths from C. F — Spot opposite the point where the original ball last crossed the hazard margin (zz—Spot opposite the point where the original ball last crossed the hazard mar­ gin—USGA) io USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: AUGUST, 1959 either to play the ball as it lies or, un­ der penalty of one stroke, to: (a) drop a ball at point A. (b) drop a ball at point D. (c) drop a ball within two club-lengths of points C or F so that the ball comes to rest not nearer the hole. 3. Is there any course of action open to the player other than those listed in 2, above? Questions by: N. A. MacKinnon Commander, U. S. Navy Naval Air Test Center Patuxent River, Md. A: 1. Yes, it is a breach. The expression “line of flight” is not used in Rule 33. The so called “line of flight” is not of it­ self a proper line along which to drop a ball under Rule 33-2a and 33-3a. 2. (a) Yes. See Rule 33-2b and 33-3a. (b) Yes. See Rule 33-2a and 33-3a. (c) Point C—yes; it is in accord­ ance with 33-3b. Point F—no; it is not in accordance with Rule 33-3b. If a ball is dropped on the same side of a lateral water hazard at the point where the ball last crossed the hazard margin, it must be dropped within two club­ lengths of that crossing point. If a ball is dropped on the other side of the hazard, the determining point is directly opposite the last crossing point on a line approximately at right angles to the general directional line of the hazard there. This determining point on the other side of the hazard has been in­ dicated by the USGA as zz in the sketch. In any case, a ball dropped must come to rest not nearer the hole than the point where the ball last crossed the hazard margin. 3. No. Note—as the water hazard nears the green, it would appear that its character changes from a lateral to a regular water hazard within the meaning of Definition 14b, c and d. USGA PUBLICATIONS OF GENERAL INTEREST THE RULES OF GOLF, as approved by the United States Golf Association and the Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St. Andrews, Scot­ land. Booklet, 25 cents (special rates for quan­ tity orders, more than 500). USGA GOLF HANDICAP SYSTEM FOR MEN, containing recommendations for computing USGA Handicap and for rating courses. Book­ let, 25 cents. USGA Slide Rule Handicapper, 25 cents. Poster, 10 cents. THE CONDUCT OF WOMEN'S GOLF, contain­ ing suggestions for guidance in the conduct of women's golf in clubs and associations, in­ cluding tournament procedure, handicapping and course rating. 25 cents. USGA Slide Rule Handicapper, 25 cents. Poster, 10 cents. HANDICAPPING THE UNHANDICAPPED, a reprint of a USGA Journal article explaining the Callaway System of automatic handicap­ ping for occasional players in a single tour­ nament. No charge. TOURNAMENTS FOR YOUR CLUB, a reprint of a USGA Journal article detailing various types of competitions. No charge. PREPARING THE COURSE FOR A COMPETI­ TION, a reprint of a USGA Journal article by John P. English. No charge. PROTECTION OF PERSONS AGAINST LIGHT­ NING ON GOLF COURSES, a poster. No charge. HOLE-IN-ONE AWARDS. No Charge. LETTER AND SPIRIT OF THE AMATEUR CODE, a reprint of a USGA Journal article by Joseph C. Dey, Jr. No charge. GAMBLING IN GOLF TOURNAMENTS, a re­ print of a USGA Journal article by Richard S. Tufts. No charge. WORK OF A CLUB GREEN COMMITTEE, a re­ print of panel discussions conducted by the USGA Green Section Committee. No Charge. HOW TO MEET RISING COSTS OF GOLF COURSE MAINTENANCE, .PARTS I & II, re­ prints of panel discussions conducted by the USGA Green Section Committee. No charge. GOLF COURSE REBUILDING AND REMODEL­ ING-FACTORS TO CONSIDER, a reprint of talks delivered at the 1959 Educational Pro­ gram conducted by the USGA Green Section Committee. No charge. MISTER CHAIRMAN, a reprint of a USGA Journal article outlining the duties of the Chairman of the Green Committee. No charge. ARE YOU A SLOW PLAYER? ARE YOU SURE? A reprint of a USGA Journal article by John D. Ames. No charge. A JUNIOR GOLF PROGRAM FOR YOUR CLUB AND DISTRICT, a 16-page booklet on organizing and developing jun’or golf programs at different levels by the USGA Junior Cham­ pionship Comm:ttee. No charge. TURF MANAGEMENT, by H. B. Musser (Me Graw-Hill Book Co., Inc.), the authoritative book on turf maintenance. S’. USGA CHAMPIONSHIP RECORD BOOK. De­ tailed results of all USGA competitions since their start in 1895. $2. USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT, a 33-page magazine published seven times a year. S2 a year. These publications are available on request to the United States Golf Association, 40 East 38th Street, New York 16, N. Y. Please send payment with your order. USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: AUGUST, 1959 11 BILL WRIGHT BREAKS THROUGH IN PUBLIC LINKS BY JOHN P. ENGLISH USGA Asst. Executive Director The new Amateur Public Links Cham­ pion of the United States Golf As­ sociation is William A. Wright, of Seat­ tle, Wash., a Negro and the first of his race to win a national championship in golf. The gallery of 2,000 which followed the final at the Wellshire Golf Course, Den­ ver, Colo., was favorably impressed by Bill Wright’s modest bearing and good sportsmanship—as well as his flaming putter—and the title clearly is in good hands. Bill was born in Kansas City, Mo., twenty-three years ago but now lives with his parents in Seattle and is a senior at Western Washington College of Educa­ tion, in Bellingham, Wash. He expects to become an elementary school teacher. All through high school and college Bill has been a basketball player of solid ability, and he has played on AAU bas­ ketball teams. About seven years ago, his father, an avid golfer, introduced him to golf and; with his natural grace and athletic background, he came easily by his present skill. He plays at the Jeffer­ son and West Seattle public courses, carrying the lightest and tiniest kind of a canvas bag and twelve clubs: two woods, nine irons and a putter. These simple tools, carried incongru­ ously by a caddie, were enough to en­ able Bill to dispose of Frank H. Camp­ bell, of Jacksonville, Fla., 3 and 2, in the 36-hole final. Bm won the first two holes and led all the way against his more ex­ perienced opponent, who was 33 and had been a professional in Alabama and Mississippi for four years until 1951, when he turned to the insurance busi­ ness. Time and again, Bill got down in two from the rough surrounding the greens to keep Campbell in check. The final produced a series of drama­ tic climaxes and was noteworthy, too, for the sportsmanship and personal consid­ eration each finalist displayed toward his opponent. NEW MEMBERS OF THE USGA REGULAR Coconino Country Club Arbuckle Golf Club Glendora Country Club Andrews Air Force Base Golf Course Key West Golf Club Green Hills Country Club Lincoln Greens Golf Club Elks Country Club Golf and Country Club Bridgton Highlands Golf Club Cedar Point Golf Course Cohasset Golf Club Mount Pleasant Country Club Cleveland Country Club Lake Mohawk Golf Club Mount Tabor Country Club Orchard Hills Country Club Bethlehem Management Club Mohawk Valley Country Club Montauk Downs Golf Club Spring Rock Country Club Tryon Country Club Arrowhead Country Club Corry Country Club Flourtown Country Club Canyon Creek Country Club Jacksboro Golf and Country Club ASSOCIATE Red Stone Arsenal Golf Course Poland Spring Golf Club Truth or Consequences Municipal Golf Course The Tides Inn Country Club Ariz. Cal. Cal. D. C. Fla. Ga. III. Iowa Iowa Me. Md. Mass. Mass. Miss. N. J. N. J. N. J. N. Y. N. Y. N. Y. N. Y. N. C. Ohio Pa. Pa. Pa. Texas Ala. Me. N. M. Va. Although as an athlete Wright is ac­ customed to tight competition, he has played in relatively few golf tournaments and appeared at times ill at ease because of his lack of familiarity with champion­ ship procedures. Nevertheless, his innate fairness always showed through. Good Sportsmanship On the sixth hole of his semi-final match against Don Essig, of Indianapolis, Ind., for example, Essig overshot the green and had to play back from a mean lie. A knot of thoughtless spectators walked behind Essig, intent on their con­ versations, as he was playing and he fluffed the stroke. Wright walked to the rear of the green and said politely to the gallery: 12 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: AUGUST, 1959 WINNER AND NEW CHAMPION . .. William A. Wright, of Seattle, Wash., the new USGA Amateur Public Links Cham­ pion, receives the trophy from Emerson Carey, Jr., Chairman of the USGA Public Links Committee, after the final at the Wellshire Golf Course, Denver, Colo. “Some of you folks bothered him on that shot. It was very unfair. Please give him a better break so he can play his regular game.” Wright edged into the final past Essig, the 1957 Champion and a 20-year-old senior at Louisiana State University, 1 up, after 36 holes. Wright’s chipping and putting were again the dominant factor throughout the match, which he also led all the way. Campbell joined him by outlasting Wil­ liam H. McCool, of San Francisco, Cal., a 39-year-old policeman who patrols a downtown beat in the vicinity of the St. Francis Hotel. The score was 3 and 1. USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: AUGUST, 1959 13 McCool, who was raised in Memphis and came to appreciate San Francisco during World War II, was playing for the fifth time and reached the fourth round in 1953. He was San Francisco City Cham­ pion in 1958. All four semi-finalists were invited, in accordance with USGA policy, to play in the Amateur Championship at the Broadmoor Golf Club, Colorado Springs, Colo., in September. Normally, filing an entry for the Amateur Public Links Championship renders the player ineligi­ ble for the Amateur Championship in the same year, but an exception is made for the four semi-finalists. The winner is ex­ empt from sectional qualifying; the other three must qualify sectionally. Additionally, of course, Wright and Campbell by gaining the final earned the highly prized exemptions from sectional qualifying for the 1960 Amateur Public Links Championship at the Ala Wai Golf Course; Honolulu, Hawaii, next July. Sikes Medalist The only previous winner in the tour­ nament, in addition to Essig, was Daniel D. Sikes, Jr., also of Jacksonville, Fla., the defending champion. A 28-year-old .senior at the University of Florida Law School, Sikes opened his defense by winning the medal with a 69- 68—137, five under par. It was the third lowest qualifying score in the history of the Championship. James C. Clark, Jr., of Long Beach, Cal., now a professional, scored 64-70—134 in the first Champion­ ship at Wellshire in 1946 after having done 135 in the previous Championship at the Indian Canyon Golf Course, Spokane, Wash., in 1941. The finish of the qualifying was thrill­ ing. Sikes’ playing companions were Dr. Donald J. Keith, of San Diego, Cal., a dentist, and Rick Casabella, 18, of Louis­ ville, Ky. As they approached the finish, they bore the knowledge that Mat Pala­ cio, Jr., of San Rafael, Cal., an automobile salesman, had posted 69-69—138 and was in the lead. Casabella, fresh out of high school and junior golf, holed out from 200 yards with his No. 2 iron for a double-eagle 2 on the 477-yard finishing hole to com­ plete a 69-69—138. Casabella had also birdied the thirty-fifth, so that his finish was 3-2 where par is 4-5. Dr. Keith got down in a par 5 for a 67-71—138. Sikes then ran in a solid 10-foot putt for a birdie 4, a score of 137 and the medal by one stroke. It was the second year in succession that the defending champion won the medal. Essig did the same thing last year at the Silver Lake Golf Club, Or­ land, Park, Ill., but lost to Sikes in the third round. Sikes suffered a like fate, losing to Leonard Pietras, of Toledo, Ohio, once national caddie champion, 2 down, in the third round. After the four leaders came two at 139: Gene V. Dahlbender, Jr., of Atlanta, Ga., and Hal McCommas of Dallas, Texas. Essig and Gene Dixon, of Memphis, Tenn., were 141. Raymond H. Patak, of Dallas, Texas; Donald Stickney, of Columbus, Ohio; Rolf Deming, of Minneapolis, Minn., and Alvin Benefiel, of Denver, Colo., were 142, even par. The qualifying deadline for the sixty- four places in match play fell on eight players tied for the last four places at 150, the second lowest cut-off on record. There was a playoff at 149 at the Rack­ ham Golf Course, Detroit, Mich., in 1940. Scores up to 152 made the play-off at Wellshire in 1946. It took five holes to resolve the play­ off. Jack E. Zimmerman, of Dayton, Ohio, and Hugh Farmer, of Toledo, Ohio, got in on the first hole, a 510-yard par 5, with birdie 4s. Harold Kotwitz, of Janesville, Wis., made it by playing the first three holes in par, 5-3-4. Manuel Palos, of Beth­ lehem, Pa., took the fourth and last place from Willard L. Todd, of Austell, Ga., on the fifth green in light which was fading so fast it would have been impos­ sible to play another hole. He played the five in one over par, 5-3-5-4-4. The remain­ ing three players had been dropped off at the second hole, where they could not make their par 3s. Zimmerman, still only 31, i,s the only man who qualified at Wellshire in 1946 and again this year. Dallas Team Winner Dallas, employing three tiny Texans, won the sectional team championship and the Warren G. Harding Cup for the sec­ ond time with a three-man, 36-hole score of 425, an all-time record. Their margin 14 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: AUGUST, 1959 PUBLIC LINKS TEAM CHAMPIONS Dallas, Texas, won the sectional team championship and the Warren G. Harding Trophy in the Amateur Public Links Championship with an all-time-record score of 425 at the Wellshire Golf Course, Denver, Colo. Contrary to Texas tradition, all three were little men who spoke softly, but they carried great big golf clubs. Left to right, they are: Hal McCommas, Raymond H. Patak and Gene Towry. was six strokes over San Francisco and twelve strokes over Jacksonville and Louisville, which tied for third at 437. The previous low in this form of compe­ tition was 431, compiled by Long Beach, Cal., at Wellshire in 1946 and by Atlanta, Ga., at the Meadowbrook Golf Club, Minneapolis, Minn., in 1947. There were thirty teams in the competition, which is held in conjunction with the qualifying. The three tiny Texans representing Dallas were McCommas, with 67-72—139; Patak, a member of the Notre Dame golf team, with 68-74—142; and Gene Towry, the runner-up in 1957, with 72-72—144. In the qualifying rounds, where all putts had to be in the hole, the best rounds were 67s by Dr. Keith and Mc­ Commas. They shared the first-day lead at that figure. There were, all told, fif­ teen scores in the sixties, and eight men were under par for the 36 holes. This was a reflection both of good play on the part of the golfers, well-condi­ tioned fairways and greens and a disposi­ tion of the USGA not to set up the course too rigorously. Wellshire is attractive to the eye, interesting to play and a very fair test for a championship. The players obviouslv enjoyed it and the tournament a(s a whole. Members of the USGA Public Links Committee, attended, eighteen strong, and conducted the competition with effi­ ciency and tact, in cooperation with the Denver Department of Parks and Recrea­ tion, a most able and experienced or­ ganization, and the local committee. USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: AUGUST, 1959 15 CONGRESSIONAL ENTERTAINS WOMEN’S AMATEUR Natural setting for a true Championship event Prospects are high that the 59th Women’s Amateur Championship being played at the Congressional Country Club in Washington, D. C., this month will pro­ vide a good competition and a friendly gathering. For the first time in the history of the event, the field has been limited to 128 players, chosen from entries with the lowest handicaps, not exceeding six strokes. Miss Anne Quast of Marysville, Wash., the current Champion, will be defending the national title which she won last August at the Wee Burn Country Club in Darien, Conn., by defeating Miss Barbara Romack of Sacramento, Cal. 3 and 2 in the 36 hole final. Beyond the defense of her title, Miss Quast will be seeking to duplicate her “double” of 1958, when she was also low amateur scorer in the Women’s Open. She already has the first leg of the coveted honor by repeating as low amateur in last month’s Open at the Churchill Valley Country Club in Pitts­ burgh. The international flavor will be pro­ vided by Miss Elizabeth Price of Eng­ land, the British Ladies’ Champion and member of five British Isles Curtis Cup Teams, Mrs. A. D. Spearman of England, a reserve on the 1958 British Isles Curtis Cup Team, Miss Sandra Clifford of Mexi­ co, the Spanish Champion and recent win­ ner of the German Women’s Champion­ ship, and a big group of Canadians head­ ed by Mrs. J. Douglas Streit (Marlene Stewart) the 1956 USGA Amateur Cham­ pion and perennial winner of the Cana­ dian Ladies’ Open and Close Champion­ ships. For the American contestants, the pos­ sibility of selection to the 1960 Curtis Cup Team should add to the air of excite­ ment. The Team will be selected next January, and although general overall record is considered, performance in the Women’s Amateur is given much weight, for it is at this event that practically all the leading players convene. Miss Anne Quast, the current Champion, holds the Women’s Amateur Champion­ ship trophy which has bee'1 continuously played for since 1896. The Congressional Country Club is situated near the Potomac River among hills and trees, a natural setting for a friendly gathering. The Club was founded in 1921 by a small group of Congressmen. During the early years of its existence, it listed as members an abridged Who’s Who in America and fulfilled the dreams of the founders who felt the need for a club where members of Congress could meet socially with business and professional men, and with members of the communi­ ty. In 1943 is was leased to the govern­ ment for training the OSS, the famed World War II group that specialized in espionage, sabotage and raids behind enemy lines. After the war Congressional was completely transformed from its original purpose, and gradually evolved into a club with attractions for all mem­ bers of the family. 16 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: AUGUST, 1959 CURRENT TRENDS IN CLUB OPERATING COSTS By JOHN D. LESURE, C.P.A. Member of the Firm of Horwath & Horwath In the past five years, revenue from all sources in clubs has risen between 25 per cent and 30 per cent, or 5 per cent-6 per cent annually. During the same period, operating costs have kept pace with this rise, and, in many instances, they have exceeded it. As a result, an­ nual membership dues have been steadily increased in order to meet the increased costs of operation. In addition, increases in the fixed costs of doing business — rent, taxes, insurance and interest on borrowed funds — have forced many clubs to make use of special assessments in order to maintain club property. For purposes of discussion we will ex­ clude these fixed costs since they are, to a large extent, beyond your control. The remaining expenses, categorized as “operating costs,” can be separated into two definite areas common to all clubs: (1) the cost of recreational activities; and (2) the cost of clubhouse operation and upkeep. The terminology I will use is taken from the “Uniform System of Accounts for Clubs,” which system serves as the basis for the annual studies of clubs made by my firm. Essentially, the allocation of expenses recommended for clubs en­ ables you to determine the direct operating costs of income-producing de­ partments, and the relation of operating costs to membership dues, the common basis of measurement in all clubs. Encouraging Signs In country clubs, the cost of recrea­ tional activity absorbs 34c of the mem­ bership dues dollar. Five years ago, these costs were 10 per cent-15 per cent lower. However, in that time, annual dues have increased by 30 per cent-35 per cent, more than enough to offset the rising costs. The portion of dues allocated to recreational activities is determined to some extent by the interest of the mem­ bers in the various sports facilities of the club. The rises in those allocations may be indicative of increased membership participation in the sports programs, a very encouraging sign. It is also en­ couraging to note that green and grounds expense, the principal component of country club outside-activities cost, has risen only about 10 per cent in the last five years. A great deal of emphasis has been placed upon this cost in the annual studies of country club operations. The extent to which a seemingly inevitable rise has been controlled in recent years indicates the value of this type of study. By far the largest portion of the club dues dollar goes to the operation and up­ keep of the clubhouse. In country clubs, this cost absorbs 39 per cent of member­ ship dues. These amounts are net of revenue from operated departments such as rooms, restaurants, bars and other in­ come-producing facilities. Operating costs are usually separated into three general categories: (1) co,st of merchandise purchased for resale; (2) payroll and related expenses; (3) other expenses, composed of the services and supplies purchased by the club in order to serve its members. On the basis of an analysis of our an­ nual club studies for the past five years, I would like to commend club managers on the way in which the costs per dollar sale of food and beverages have been maintained at an even level. Average food costs have risen less than one cent per dollar .sale in five years. Average beverage costs have actually been re­ duced about three cents per dollar sale in the same period. Trends in Payroll The principal item of operating cost is payroll. Over 50 per cent of total revenue in country clubs goes to employees in salaries, wages and related expenses. Pay­ rolls in country clubs are up 25 per cent over 1953. What many people don’t realize USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: AUGUST, 1959 17 is that expenses related directly to pay­ roll add from 10 per cent-12 per cent to the total of salaries and wages. These include room and board of employees, Social Security taxes, workmen’s compen­ sation and group insurance and a variety of other associated costs. Some idea of the extent to which operating costs are affected by these fringe benefits can be obtained from an analysis I made of a typical city club. In five years in this club, taxes on payroll doubled in amount although payroll rose only 12 per cent. At that, clubs can consider themselves fortunate; in some industries fringe bene­ fits add as much as 25 per cent to pay­ roll costs. In spite of the steady increases in the size of weekly payrolls you have all ex­ perienced, salaries, wages and related ex­ penses account for only slightly more of the total revenue dollar than they did five years ago. In fact, analysis of the operating statements of many clubs re­ veals a slight reduction of payroll in re­ lation to total revenue. This rather startling phenomenon can, I believe, be traced to the steady increase in the an­ nual membership dues in most clubs. It can also be due to what I assume is a national trend — the increasing use of all club facilities by the members. By this I do not mean to detract in any way from the efforts of club managers in con­ trolling payroll. However, payroll con­ trol in a club is not as easy as in a com­ mercial enterprise. How many times have you planned for 200 and had 50 at a din­ ner? In all too many clubs this is a rather frequent occurrence. A Weak Spot So far, the trends in cost of sales and payroll that we have discussed have been encouraging. I believe they indicate, on the whole, commendable efforts towards efficiency and economy within the some­ what limited areas available to the club manager. However, in the category of services and supplies purchased by clubs, costs are rising at a rather alarming rate. In order to analyze these costs more precisely, I have examined what we con­ sider to be a fairly typical country club of medium size. This club is located in the Midwest. Supporting the trends previously discussed, the cost of sales and payroll expenses have shown very little change in relation to total revenue since 1953. In fact, the payroll and related ex­ penses were only 51 per cent of total revenue in 1958, down 5 points from 1953. Other expenses, however, have shown decided increases. Revenue rose 33 per cent, and other expenses increased nearly 40 per cent. I separated the cost of services and supplies into the following items: 1. Utilities and other services pur­ chased. 2. Supplies, sub-categories: (a) member supplies; (b) operating supplies; and (c)maintenance supplies. 3. Miscellaneous expenses. The cost of supplies rose 73 per cent; operating supplies alone were up 155 per cent over 1953. Apparently, these are the items upon which closer control can be exercised: All operating supplies, including, but not limited to, tableware and linen, uten­ sils, cleaning supplies, printing and stationery, electric bulbs and office sup­ plies. All utilities, including electric current, fuel, water and telephone, and other pur­ chased services such as laundry and dry cleaning. What can you do to alleviate this situa­ tion and reverse the apparent trend to­ ward ever higher operating costs? Cost Control There are several approaches to the problem: First, you should follow sound procedures and exercise close control over the purchasing, receiving, storing and issuing of various supplies. You should watch constantly all items of op­ erating expense. Even if one class of ex­ pense totals only $500 a year, it will still be too high if a little attention could have resulted in a reduction of $100. Secondly, you should adopt some of the methods of economizing which have been used successfully by hotels, restau- ants and other commercial enterprises. In a profit-making enterprise every leak must be stopped, and operating equip­ ment and supplies are rigidly controlled. The trade magazines and other publica­ tions of the hotel and restaurant industry are filled with valuable information con­ cerning methods of cutting operating costs. Thirdly, you should make your em­ 18 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: AUGUST, 1959 ployees aware of the problems of in­ creased costs and show them how “pen­ nies saved can mean dollars earned.” Fourthly, you should make continuous studies of the procedures followed and the types and quantities of supplies used for various purposes and try to find a better way of doing the daily chores. Often a mechanical means can be a sav­ ing — not only in supplies used but also in labor cost. For example, I recently saw a demonstration of a power-driven floor cleaner that saves many man-hours of labor in schools and other institutions and substantially reduces the amount of cleaning agents used by controlling the washing solution and the amount applied. On the subject of mechanization, addi­ tional emphasis is probably advisable. Many industries have made long strides in mechanization because management groups put continuous pressure on sup­ pliers to develop new and better equip­ ment. In the area of green and ground maintenance, clubs have available the best of equipment, but are you as modern in the clubhouse? Lastly you should discuss cost-control problems as frequently as possible with your associates. Perhaps one of your neighbors has found a solution to your most pressing problem. In general in the last five years, the trend of operating costs, although up­ ward, has been controlled. Just how long inetficiency in operation can be met with increases in annual dues is a question, however. If dues become too high, mem­ bership will decrease. Continued losses not met by special assessments can seri­ ously handicap services and result only in deterioration of plant and equipment. Rather than leave you on this dis­ heartening note, I would like to illustrate what can be done. The club I picked as an example was faced in the five-year period with substantial increases in op­ erating costs, particularly in fixed charges. However, it managed to under­ take a one-half million dollar improve­ ment program in the five years and showed a 10 per cent rise in membership over 1953. I am sure that many of you can report similar achievements, and in this era of more time for recreation and steadily rising incomes, country clubs should fill an ever-increasing need as centers of social activity. USGA FILM LIBRARY "St. Andrews, Cradle Of Golf," a 14- minute, full color, 16m.m. travelogue of his­ toric St. Andrews, Scotland, its Old Course and the Royal and Ancient Golf Club club­ house. "First World Amateur Team Champion­ ship for Eisenhower Trophy," a 14-minute, full color, 16m.m. film of the first World Amateur Team Championship at St. Andrews, Scotland. Twenty-nine countries compete for the Eisenhower Trophy. "On the Green," a 17-minute, full color, 16 m.m. presentation filmed at the Mid-Ocean Club, Bermuda, illustrating correct pro­ cedures under the Rules of Golf governing situations arising on the putting green. "Golf's Longest Hour," a 16 m.m. full color production, running for 1714 minutes, depict­ ing the closing stages of the 1956 Open Championship. Filmed at the beautiful Oak Hill Country Club, Rochester, N.Y., it shows the eventual winner, Cary Middlecoff, set a target at which Ben Hogan, Julius Boros and Ted Kroll strive in vain to beat. "Play Them As They Lie," a 16 m.m. color production, running for I6V2 entertaining minutes, in which Johnny Farrell, the Open Champion of 1928, acts as intermediary be­ tween Wilbur Mulligan, a beginner of un­ impeachable integrity, and Joshua P. Slye, a past master in the art of breaking the Rules. The film was made at the Baltusrol Golf Club, Springfield, N. J„ where Farrell is professional. "Great Moments In Golf," gives the viewer an opportunity to see the many interesting ex­ hibits in "Golf House," USGA headquarters in New York, and to re-live golf triumphs of the past with many of the game's immortals. The film is a 16 m.m. black and white pro­ duction and runs 28 minutes. "The Rules of Golf—Etiquette" also has proved popular. The film stresses the im­ portance of etiquette by portrayal of vari­ ous violations of the code in the course of a family four-ball match. Ben Hogan ap­ pears in several scenes, and Robert T. Jones, Jr., makes the introductory statement. A 16 m.m. color production, the film has a running time of 171/2 minutes. The distribution of all seven prints is handled by National Educational Films, Inc., 165 West 46th Street, New York 36, N. Y., which produced the films in cooperation with the USGA. The rental is $20 per film; $35 for two; $50 for three, $60 for four and $70 for five, in combination at the same time, including the cost of shipping prints to the renter. USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: AUGUST, 1959 19 LADIES’ COMMONWEALTH AT ST. ANDREWS Recalls ether major women’s events held there The first quadrennial Ladies’ Common­ wealth Golf Tournament, played on the Old Course at St. Andrews, Scotland, from June 2 through 6, was a memorable occasion for the teams of Australia, Canada, Great Britain, New Zealand and South Africa. It helped to cement Commonwealth relations, which was its chief purpose, and provided an opportunity for the Com­ monwealth representatives to form last­ ing friendships. It also moved Great Bri­ tain, winner of the Tournament, to the head of affairs in the women’s world of amateur golf—the British hold the Curtis Cup, which they won in 1956 and retain by virtue of a tie in the 1958 Match. Beyond all this, however, the Tourna­ ment marked the playing of another major women’s event at St. Andrews, which recalls that its famous links have not been used for a major championship on very many occasions. Only five Championships of the Scot­ tish Ladies’ Golf Association have been held there, in 1903-11-22-28-50. The British Ladies’ Championship was not played at St. Andrews until 1908, fifteen years af­ ter it was inaugurated. It returned only once, in 1929. Both were memorable events. In 1908 history was made, for that year Miss Cecil Leitch made her debut in serious compe­ tition, and with her arrival came new ideals of power and precision for the fair sex. The Championship was won by Miss M. Titterton who defeated Miss Dorothy Campbell on the nineteenth hole. Miss Titterton’s victory was soon overshadow­ ed, however, by her two famous contem­ poraries. Within six years, Miss Camp­ bell added the USGA, British and Cana­ dian Championships to her Scottish title. By that time too, Miss Leitch had won the first of her four British titles—three were won in succession. In the 1929 event, Miss Joyce Wethered, lured out of retirement by the prospect of playing a championship on the his­ toric course, contested what many con­ sider the finest final ever played between two women, when she met Miss Glenna Collett (Mrs. Edwin H. Vare, Jr.), the first American to reach the finals, in thirty-five holes of peerless and dramatic golf. When Miss Collett arrived at St. An­ drews in May, she had won the USGA Women’s Amateur Championship three times, and was the outstanding woman golfer in America. Miss Wethered was a three-time winner of the Ladies’ Cham­ pionship, and her overall record equalled Miss Collett’s. The two piayers had previously met only once, in the 1925 Ladies’ Champion­ ship when Miss Wethered eliminated Miss Collett in the third round. The clash be­ tween these golfing giantesses was ex­ pected to produce something exceptional, and it did. Miss Collett took an early lead, going 5 up on the first nine. She had scored a remarkable 34. Miss Wethered had a 39, with four three-putt greens. At the end of the morning round, however, Miss Col­ lett’s margin had been cut to 2 up, as Miss Wethered settled down and played the incoming nine in 36. Miss Collett fal­ tered to a 41. When they resumed play in the after­ noon, Miss Wethered went out in 35 to take a commanding lead of 4 up. Miss Collett staged one rally after the other on the incoming nine and kept the match in suspense until the thirty-fifth hole, which Miss Wethered won for a 3 and 1 victory. For the seventeen holes played in the afternoon round, Miss Collett’s score was 78, Miss Wethered’s 73. Neither play­ er strayed from a fairway with their drives, a remarkable feat considering that they were using hickory shafted clubs which placed a much higher premium on accuracy than that required by modern steel shafted clubs. Both had only one bad hole, the par-5 fourteenth which Miss Collett won with a seven. 20 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: AUGUST, 1959 East Aurora Junior Invitation Tournament Ron Righter, of Cheverly, Md., center, was medalist and winner of the Seventh An­ nual East Aurora, N. ¥., Junior Invitation Tournament. George Stokes, St. Catherines, Ontario, Canada, right, was runner-up and tied for second lowest qualifying score with Brownie Kopra, Jr., of Buffalo, N. ¥., shown on the left. In our issue of November, 1954 we de­ scribed the three day Junior Invita­ tion Tournament which the Junior Com­ mittee of the East Aurora Country Club, East Aurora, N. Y., had inaugurated in 1953 to promote Junior Golf. Starting with a $100 contribution from the Club, the committee raised enough money to run the tournament the first year and to start a small account for fu­ ture tournaments. Invitations were ex­ tended to boys from the surrounding area. With the all-out backing of the Buf­ falo newspapers and the full cooperation and efforts of the junior and adult Club members the annual tournament got off to a good start. Now in its seventh year its growth and success are assured. The seventh annual tournament was held recently with a field of sixty-four, invited from distant Pittsburgh, Cleveland, Washington, D. C., and Ontario, Canada, as well as from the nearby area. Transportation, lodging and entertainment were no problem — all were provided by the enthusiastic Club members at no charge to the youngsters. The tournament was again successful and provided a real atmosphere for the promotion of good sportsmanship and good golf. Ron Righter, the Maryland Junior Champion from Cheverly was the tournament winner, defeating George Stokes of St. Catherines, Ontario, Canada, 3 and 2. Righter was also medalist with a one over par 73. Defeated in the semi-final round was Leon Kantor of Utica, N. Y., the 1958 New York State Junior Champion. Doug Lindsay, Bethesda, Md., runner-up in the 1958 USGA Junior Championship was winner of the first flight. The East Aurora event has been a step­ ping stone for at least two of its previ­ ous winners: Ward Wettlaufer, Buffalo, N. Y., the first winner, was a member of the 1959 Walker Cup Team; John Kon- sek, Buffalo, N. Y., winner in 1954-55-57 lecently won the New York State Ama­ teur Championship for the second suc­ cessive year. USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: AUGUST, 1959 21 THE REFEREE Decisions by the Rules of Golf Committees Example of Symbols: ,rUSGA” indicates decision by the United States Golf Association. "R & A” indi- caies decision by the Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St. Andrews, Scotland. "59-1” means the first decision issued in 1959. “D” means definition. "R. 37-7” refers to Section 7 of Rule 37 in the 1959 Rules of Golf. Removing Sand USGA 59-13 R. 33-le Q: When a ball is imbedded in soft bunker sand and out of sight, how should one go about brushing the surface or pawing about to find its location? Question by: Harry Maxwell, Jr. Philadelphia 3, Pa. A: Rule 33-le provides specifically that, if the ball be covered by sand, the player “may remove as much thereof as will enable him to see the top of the ball; if the ball be moved in such removal, no penalty shall be incurred, and the ball shall be replaced.” In proceeding under this Rule, a player is expected to act with restraint in re­ moving sand so that he will be unlikely to expose the entire ball or move it. Green May Be Brushed USGA 59-14 R. 35-la Q: Small watermelon-seed-like leaves lie on putting surface and are difficult to remove by any method. Palm of hand placed on putting green in line of putt and about one dozen reciprocating strokes are taken in brushing action. The gentleman was called by his opponent for breach of Rule 35-la. Question by: R. W. Bratschi Chicago, Ill. A: Rule 35-la expressly provides that loose impediments on the putting green may be removed by brushing, either with the hand or a club. However, the Rule al­ so states that nothing may be pressed down in brushing. Further, the putting green may not be tested by roughening or scraping its surface. (Rule 35-ld). "Interference" Defined USGA 59-15 R.31-2 Q: An out of bounds fence borders three golf holes. At the ground level from one to three inches inside of the fence is an exposed water pipe. We as­ sume this is an immovable obstruction under the rules. This out of bounds fence is located on the left-hand side of the fairways. The pipe would not interfere with a player’s stance, stroke or backward movement of his club if he were left-handed, but would definitely interfere with his stance and stroke if he attempted to play the ball 22 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: AUGUST, 1959 right-handed in the direction of his choice. The rule specifically states, “interfer­ ence with the line of play is not of itself interference under this Rule.” Would a right-handed golfer be obliged to play the ball backward, or, to be more ex­ plicit, in the opposite direction of the green, since the pipe would not interfere at all with a stroke in this direction? Question by: Thomas G. McMahon Los Angeles, Cal. A: Player entitled to relief when ex­ posed water pipe is within two club­ lengths of ball and interferes with stance, stroke or backswing for stroke in direc­ tion he wishes to play. Provision that interference with line of play is not of itself interference under Rule 31-2 does not refer to stance, stroke or backswing but to route desired for ball after stroke. Claim Must Be Made Before Players Drive USGA 59-16 R.ll-1, 40 3f Q: A and B are partners against C and D in a four-ball match. On the fourth hole, a par 3, A drove to the left of the green, B drove on the green, C drove to the left and declared the possibility that his ball was out of bounds, D drove to the right. A located a ball, played his second shot onto the green and sank his putt for a 3. His partner, B, had played his second shot, but when A sank his 3, B picked up his ball. C declared his ball out of bounds and did not play the hole out. D made a 4. The players then proceeded to the fifth tee and after driving found a ball in front of the tee which turned out to belong to A. What was the result of the fourth hole? Question by: David H. Halle Eccleston, Md. A: A and B won the hole with A’s 3 even though it was made in part with a vzrong ball. Rule 11-1 prevented C and D from making a valid claim under Rule 40-3f. Penalty Not Noted; Competitor Disqualified USGA 59-17 R. 21-3, 36-5, 38-2,3 Q: (Embodied in answer) Question by: Bill Gressick Catskill, N. Y. A: Competitor who played wrong ball outside hazard sustained two-stroke pen­ alty under Rule 21-3. Failure to include penalty resulted in return of score for hole lower than actually played and com­ petitor thus disqualified himself under Rule 38-3. Failure of competitor to coun­ tersign his card also entailed disqualifica­ tion under Rule 38-2, Circumstances de­ scribed in telephone conversation would not warrant committee waiving or modi­ fying disqualification penalty under Rule 36-5. "Rough" Not Hazard USGA 59-18 D. 14, D. 34, R. 21-2 Q: In making a decision on a contro­ versial matter in our East-Central Wis­ consin golf tournament, it was my opinion that “rough” was not a hazard, as stated in Rule 21-2. Two different times contestants play­ ed wrong balls and then immediately dis­ covered their mistakes and played their own ball. Some claimed that “long grass” was a hazard. Question by: R. A. Aspinwall, Sec’y East-Central Wis. Golf Ass’n. Fort Atkinson, Wis. A: “Rough” is not a hazard. A wrong ball played from “rough” is not covered by the exception in Rule 21-2. The term “rough” is not used in the Rules of Golf. “Rough” is part of “through the green” (see Definition 34). Hazards are defined in Definition 14. Claim Not Valid USGA 59-21 R. 4, 11-1, 11-3, 23-1, 37-2 Q: Player A hits ball into rough. A spectator insists to A’s caddie that ball which caddie has found does not belong to A. While A knows nothing about actions USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: AUGUST, 1959 23 of young caddie, A’s caddie (aged 14) picks up ball of A to identify same for above mentioned spectator. The caddie called out to A, asking him the name and number of his ball for purpose of con­ firming the ball which the caddie posi­ tively knew was A’s ball. A identified same correctly, shouting, “My ball is a First Flight 90.” Caddie of A replaced ball exactly where he found it. B, who like A, was about 15 yards away from A’s ball at the time, yelled, “90, I never heard of 90” but grumblingly accepted the fact that said identified ball was A’s ball. A won hole from B by one stroke, thus concluding a “sudden death” play-off on the 30th green and winning the tourna­ ment. When a photographer was about to take pictures of the presentation of the trophy to A (about 15 minutes after leav­ ing the green), the spectator who earlier questioned the identity of A’s ball in­ formed B that there was a possibility of a Rules infraction. B then decided to call this infraction on the grounds that when the caddie pick­ ed up the ball, A had automatically lost the match, according to Rule 23-1, which states that the ball may be lifted for pur­ poses of identification provided he lifts and replaces it on the spot from which it was lifted in the presence of his oppon­ ent in match play. Not wishing to further the dispute, A, ignorant of Rule 11-1, conceded the match to player B. Who is the rightful winner? Question by: Dr. Chas. A. Spera Jamestown, N. Y. A: A won the match but then con­ ceded it. If the local committee made a ruling, it was final, whether right or wrong (see Rule 11-3). B’s claim that A violated Rule 23-1 was not valid, as it was not made before the players left the putting green of the last (30th) hole, as required by Rule 11-1. Had B made the claim within the time limit specified in Rule 11-1, it would have been valid, as A was subject to a penalty of loss of hole under Rule 23-1 because his caddie, in lifting and replacing his ball, did not do so in the presence of the opponent, B (the player is responsible for the acts of his caddie; Rule 37-2). A purpose of Rule 23-1 is to assure the opponent of adequate protection against improper lifting and replacement of a ball. B appears to have been satisfied on this point at the time. The facts do not show any agreement between the players to waive rules and penalties, and Rule 4 therefore would not have been applica­ ble. Left-Handed Stroke USGA 59-19 Def. 30, R. 19-1 Q: Is it permissible to play a left­ handed stroke with the back of a right- handed club? Question by: C. R. Ault Birmingham, Ala. A: There is nothing in the Rules to prohibit playing a left-handed stroke with the back of a right-handed club pro­ vided the club satisfies the requirements of Rule 2-2 and the stroke conforms with Definition 30 and Rule 19-1. "False Handicap" R&A 58/85/61 R. 36-1, 37-4 Q: Some time after the final of a com­ petition was played, it was discovered that one of the finalists had been play­ ing off a false handicap which was to her advantage. Should we now disqualify this player as the cup has not yet been presented? A: If the term “false handicap” means that the player gave wrong information to the committee in connection with the fixing of the handicap, she is liable to disqualification by your committee. If, however, a correct official list of handicaps was published by the commit­ tee, and the phrase implies that the player stated her handicap incorrectly to her opponent, the result of the match should stand as played. Under Rule 37-4 each player in match play is responsible for informing himself of the hole at which strokes are given or taken. If at any hole a handicap is wrongly taken or not taken, this cannot be adjusted after any player has played from the next tee or in the case of the last hole after all players have left the putting green. 24 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: AUGUST, 1959 Trends in Management Practices in the Southeast BY JAMES M. LATHAM, JR. Southeastern Agronomist, USGA Green Section In any form of activity a trend is usually caused by the pressure of desire for improvement. In the case of management practices on golf courses, the pressure is being brought about by golfers over the country who are constantly demanding a better quality golf course with less ex­ penditure. There is a constant demand for economy in operation while at the same time Joe Blow wants to know why the second green is still lousy. This causes the never-ending “battle of the budget” which all golf course superintendents must face. Consequently, superintendents are constantly searching for better and better ways of doing things cheaper. The pressure by golfers to improve the golf course, and the superintendents’ striving tc keep abreast of new developments in the field, establishes a trend which is now bringing about quality golf courses in the Southeast—in fact, at present, golf courses in this area are better than they ever have been. Soils Many trends are being established at this time in all phases of golf course management. Let us start at the bottom— that is, with the soil. Recent research in soil physics has shown that the classic mixtures of former days are not the most effective media in which grass may be grown. In the last couple of years the old one-third sand, one-third soil, one-third peat formula has been pretty well dis­ carded in favor of a mixture with a high sand content. One reason for the failure of the old mixture is that more golf is being played than ever before and the greens are having to demonstrate more resistance to compaction than ever thought necessary. Soils work done in Texas and California has indicated that, generally speaking, a good soil mixture should contain in the neighborhood of 60 to 75 per cent sand, 10 to 15 per cent topsoil, and the re­ mainder, peat or some other source of organic material. Such a mixture is de­ signed to give resilience, maximum re­ sistance to compaction, and adequate water holding capacity, while still pro­ viding a porous media which will not hold excessive amounts of water. It is easy to make a mistake in such mixtures. Soils materials, when properly mixed, make a good, non-compacting green. The same materials, when mixed in improper quantities, will make a good brick substitute. Wherever possible,those considering new greens construction should have the soil analyzed in a laboratory which can recommend the best mixture of materials to provide the desired putting green topsoil mixture. At present there is at least one com­ mercial laboratory in the United States which does this type of work. The cost of USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: AUGUST, 1959 25 analysis is relatively small when one con­ siders the terrific expense of building a green that should last permanently. In connection with the matter of pro­ per soil mixtures, one rather disturbing trend is becoming more and more evi­ dent as new golf courses are being built and others are in a rebuilding program. That is a tendency in many instances for the soil components, while in the proper proportions, to be very poorly mixed. Three or four golf clubs in the South­ east have spent several thousand dollars rebuilding greens and two have .spent a couple of hundred thousand dollars building new greens, only to face the reality of finding it necessary to rebuild all greens. In all these cases there was to be an “in place” mixture of the soil. That is, putting on the required sand, soil and peat, then mixing with a rototiller or disc. In none of these cases has this method succeeded. The end product was a layered condition which cannot be re­ garded as anything but trouble in the fu­ ture. On one such course, when the cup is changed the bottom of the hole must be dipped out with a spoon. It is nothing but pure sand. All the peat and topsoil are in the upper two inches. This layered condition will eventually stop adequate water penetration and root growth. This kind of layer is usually deeper than an aeration tool will penetrate. For a number of years experiment sta­ tions which have studied this problem have recommended that soils be mixed off the site and trucked onto the area, or at least mixed off the green before laying in place. This appears to be the only method which will assure the pro­ per mixture of the topsoil components. Grasses Next on the list of trends come the grasses. The South is blessed with Ber­ mudagrass, a well adapted species, which has many variations and lends itself very easily to fine turf production. To say that there are a number of new grasses avail­ able for putting green use does not near­ ly tell the story it did a few years ago. All progressive golf courses have made some movement toward the use of fine textured Bermudagrass for greens. In Florida the Gene Tift selection is still being used in many cases, although many superintendents feel that the Ever­ glades variety is giving a better surface Good Housekeeping! No, I’m not selling magazines, but would like to make a few choice re­ marks about equipment buildings and shops. All of us have seen shop build­ ings that were neat, clean, and order­ ly, with a place for everything and everything in its place. Almost in­ variably, when we leave such a shop to inspect the golf course, we find well maintained grounds. Conversely a dirty, cluttered shop full of dirty equipment frequently is a good indi­ cation that we will see areas that are not well maintained. Good equipment, at best, is expen­ sive and deserves proper maintenance, care, and protection. We all know that well maintained equipment is the cheapest route regardless of its ini­ tial cost. Our equipment, whether new or old, inexpensive or expensive, de­ serves the best of care. It all starts with GOOD HOUSEKEEPING. From Turf News of Texas and is equally as easy or easier to main­ tain. Tifgreen Bermudagrass has been used throughout the southern and south­ western United States, and its use is con­ tinuing to grow. This phase of fine turf production is now only one-third of the story. The improved Bermudagrasses are be­ ing increasingly used on fairway and tee turf, and their popularity probably will continue to grow. Ormond Bermudagrass is being introduced into many golf course fairways and tees in Florida. It is un­ fortunate that this grass has not demon­ strated sufficient winter hardiness for use in the upper South. In many areas of the upper South, U-3 Bermudagrass is being used to re­ place bluegrass and fescuegrass which have not withstood the hot summers. At present, in the mountains of North Caro­ lina and Tennessee programs have been set up to introduce Bermudagrass into weedy fairways to replace poor bluegrass turf. Tiffine and Tiflawn are finding a place on many golf course tees throughout the 26 USGA JOURNAL ANO TURF MANAGEMENT: AUGUST, 1959 Georgia, Alabama, and Carolinas area. They are tough enough to withstand the heavy traffic, but in these areas the sea­ son is short enough that they do not develop the extreme thatch that they do in the Florida area. Also worthy of mention is the trend in planting Bermudagrass. The planting of greens is quite an operation, and if the golf course crew is assigned the task, some phase of golf course maintenance usually suffers. This fact has brought about the contracting of planting jobs, which has, on the whole, been very suc­ cessful. Thus the golf course can be maintained up to the original standard without any interference. Contract plant­ ing is also faster since machines have been developed to rapidly broadcast plant the greens. A machine for the vegetative planting of fairways has been developed in Mis­ souri and it has proven very successful in the planting of Bermudagrass. This machine plants directly into sod and leaves no ridges or valleys to interfere with subsequent maintenance or with the lie of a golf ball. Such a machine was used in Athens to replant Bermudagrass in bare areas following the treatment for dallisgrass. On one area there was 100 per cent dallisgrass, and after it was eradicated no Bermudagrass was present. This machine was used to replant such areas, and an excellent stand of Bermuda­ grass resulted. In such areas where plow­ ing up or discing would be detrimental to the play of golf, these machines have a definite place of usefulness. With respect to grasses, there is an­ other trend in the Piedmont areas of Georgia, Alabama, and the Carolinas. For several years some clubs in the high alti­ tude areas of Tennessee and North Caro­ lina have been growing bentgrass for putting greens successfully. Charlie Dan­ ner in Nashville has proved that it could be done also at lower altitudes where the temperature and humidity remained fairly high all summer. In Chattanooga there are now three private clubs which have bentgrass greens. Recent cold winters followed by trou­ blesome transition periods in the At­ lanta area have caused many clubs to try bentgrass in that area. At present there is one 18-hole golf course on which Penncross bentgrass is being used on all greens. This past summer some difficulty was experienced but this was primarily because of poor construction. At any rate, the club will soon have 18 good greens. On the East Lake course in At­ lanta a program has been undertaken to change the east course entirely to bent­ grass. Mr. J. W. Dudley, Green Committee Chairman at the Athens Country Club, Athens, Georgia, has become interested in the possibilities of bentgrass. Mr. Dud­ ley’s interest and cooperation has per­ mitted the setting up of a controlled bentgrass experiment to ascertain which variety is best adapted to the conditions which exist in Athens. All major types of bentgrass, given the best possible soil in which to grow and maintained as well as our “know how” permits, will be evaluated. After several years we should know which grass will perform best un­ der the widest range of conditions. This same type test is being carried on in Birmingham under the supervision of B. P. Robinson and at Pinehurst under the supervision of Henson Maples. This distribution of test areas will also give us an idea of the possibilities of bent- grass throughout the upper South. In the first paragraph of this article, economy was mentioned. Now we speak of bentgrass. Are these two subjects com­ patible? In computing the cost of these grasses as a winter overseeding, it was found that it is usually no more expensive to grow bentgrass in the winter time than ryegrass—as a matter of fact, we figure on coming out with less expense in the long run. The high price per pound of bentgrass is balanced by the low seeding rate. When ryegrass costs about 12 cents per pound and is seeded at about 50 pounds per 1000 square feet the cost is about $6.00 per 1000 square feet. If bent­ grass costs $1.20 per pound and is seeded at four or five pounds per 1000 square feet, the total cost is no more than that of ryegrass. Another thing which favors bentgrass is its similarity in texture and growth to the fine leaf Bermudagrasses into which it is to be sown. One other factor should be considered. As the weather warms in the spring, the bentgrass will go out more slowly and give a much more gradual transition period than will ryegrass USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: AUGUST, 1959 27 which may be here today and gone tomor­ row. In Athens a test area was overseeded with Seaside bentgrass and some bent remained all summer in spots where Ber­ mudagrass was not present. Extremely cold weather caused severe damage to the Tiffine Bermudagrass greens and in this particular instance there were no bare spots in the test area at any time during the summer. It is thought that by judicious use of vertical mowers, to­ gether with proper fertilization in the spring, the Bermudagrass can be en­ couraged while enough bentgrass is maintained to provide good color and a good putting surface. Fertilizers Let us now leave the grass and discuss what makes it grow. The use of fertilizer continues to increase in all areas. It has been found, in the last few years, that as a result of maintaining a high fertility level throughout the golf course there are less weeds to fight, there is less dam­ age by dry weather, and the golfers are much happier because they see a dark green densely turfed golf course. Some of the fertilizers available are Standard materials that have been used for a long time. These are supplemented by many new materials which have vari­ ous qualities which give them an ad­ vantage. All of the fertilizer types are be­ ing used more effectively because there is a better understanding of their be­ havior. Without going into the pros and cons of the materials, it seems that all have a place in golf course maintenance as long as they are used in the manner in which they are supposed to be used. Pest and Disease Control In the field of turf management a great deal may be said about pest con­ trols. First, let us consider insect con­ trol. One of the chief characteristics of fine leaf Bermudagrass is its density, which readily discloses any damage done to the turf. Couple this with a soft and succulent type leaf and you have trouble with insects. Tifgreen Bermudagrass seems to be the leader in this category. Never in the annals of Bermudagrass turf has there been a grass so inviting to all types of worms. Sod webworms, cutworms, and army worms run rampant on this grass. Recently there has been a report from Arizona that rabbits, given free choice over all Bermudagrasses, pick Tifgreen three to one. Sod webworms and cut­ worms are by far the greatest enemies of Tifgreen, and they must be treated ac­ cordingly. The infestations have been so frequent that many superintendents feel they should spray all greens at least once a month from June to August or Septem­ ber as a preventive control of these pests. They are easily controlled, but the ma­ terial must be applied while they are ac­ tive. In disease control, Pythium still seems to be the major problem. This disease, which attacks the seedling winter grass, spares nothing and can encompass an en­ tire green overnight. Dr. Homer D. Wells at Tifton has probably done more re­ search work on this disease than anyone else, and so far has come up with no absolute answer although he is investi­ gating two new materials which show strong promise of control. At present the recommended treatment is one pound of Captan 50-W and the regular recom­ mended rate of Actidione per 1000 square feet at the time of planting. Subsequent treatments should contain only half this amount of Captan. In the area of pest control probably the greatest strides have been made in the control of weeds. Disodium methyl arsonate has proven to be one of the greatest herbicides for golf course weed control .since the discovery of 2,4-D. In fact, the combination of these two ma­ terials probably has done more toward cleaning up weedy golf courses than any other material since the game was in­ vented. This combination of materials has proven effective against almost all v'eeds found on golf courses including crowfoot. While disodium methyl arson­ ate is expensive, the improvement in play­ ing conditions justifies the expenditure. The cost of hand weeding is far greater than the cost of materials for chemical control. The most successful rate of application seems to be four pounds of anhydrous disodium methyl arsonate plus one pound of 2,4-D per acre applied twice at seven day intervals. This usually takes care of about 90 per cent of the weeds. The re­ mainder is usually taken care of with a follow-up spot spraying. Experience in­ dicates, however, that spot sprayings 28 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: AUGUST, 1959 usually result in application of excessive material, so the greatest damage to Ber­ mudagrass comes in the third treatment where more than the required amount is applied. Another observation of interest is this. It was found that Tifgreen Bermudagrass is more susceptible to 2,4-D damage than most other Bermudagrasses, and about cne-half ounce per 1000 square feet is all that should be applied at one time. The most desirable time to control weeds is at the time of their germination. An old favorite insecticide, chlordane, shows great promise in pre-emergence control of crowfoot. In experiments at Rutgers University, it has been found that heavy applications of chlordane would effectively control the germination of crowfoot seed. On a bentgrass green in Chattanooga it was found that the application of two pounds per 1000 square feet of actual chlordane controlled 95 per cent of all crowfoot seedlings. It is thought that under most circumstances one and one- half pounds per 1000 square feet will be adequate. Lead arsenate, when used at a rate of 10 pounds per 1000 square feet may increase this effectiveness. Because the activity of soil organisms decomposes chlordane and related compounds, the material should be applied shortly be­ fore the germination of crowfoot i.s ex­ pected. This application kills the seed as they germinate—so that few plants will ever be seen in the turf. The bentgrass was not. damaged at the two pound level and it may be assumed that no damage will be seen in Bermudagrass turf either. Knowledge The final and most encouraging trend to workers in experimentation and ex­ tension is that of increasing attendance at educational meetings. In the South­ east we now have five bona fide turf con­ ferences — Gainesville, Tifton, Memphis, Charlotte, and Knoxville. These are, of course, in addition to the regular meet­ ings of superintendents’ associations. The increasing attendance at all these meetings shows a desire for better man­ agement on the part of the superin­ tendents themselves. Through this type of self-education we can see no end other than the continued betterment of golf courses and playing conditions in the Southeast. COMING EVENTS August 4 U.S.D.A. Turf Field Day Plant Industry Station Beltsville, Md. Dr. Felix V. Juska August 6 Rutgers Turfgrass Field Day Rutgers University New Brunswick, N. J. Dr. Ralph E. Engel September 9 Penn State Turfgrass Field Day The Pennsylvania State University University Park, Pa. Dr. Joe Duich September 14-15 Midwest Regional Turf Foundation Field Day Purdue University Lafayette, Indiana Dr. William H. Daniel September 15-16-17 University of Florida Turfgrass Manage­ ment Conference Dan McCarty Hall, University of Florida Gainesville, Florida September 17 and 18 28th Annual Golf Course Superintendents' and Turfgrass F’eld Dav University of Rhode Island Kingston,, R. I. September 23-24-25 Northwest Turf Asociation Conference Washington State College Pullman, Washington Dr. J. K. Patterson September 28-29 Utah-Idaho Turf Conference Twin Falls, Idaho Mr. Jay Richardson September 29 St. Louis District Field Day Sponsored by St. Louis District Golf As­ sociation and Mississippi Valiev Golf Course Superintendents Association October 1-2 Arizona Turfgrass Conference University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona Mr. Joseph S. Folkner October 5-6 New Mexico Turfgrass Conference New Mexico A. & M. College State College, N. M. Prof. C. E. Watson October 8-9 Rocky Mountain Turf Conference Colorado State University Fort Collins, Colorado Prof. George A. Beach October 21-22-23 10th Central Plains Turfgrass Conference Kansas State College Manhattan, Kansas Dr. Ray A. Keen November 16-20 Fifty-Second Annual Meeting of American Society of Agronomy Netherlands-Hilton Hotel Cincinnati, Ohio USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: AUGUST, 1959 29 Getting Your Money’s Worth BY WILLIAM H. BENGEYFIELD Western Director, USGA Green Section About the only tool or piece of equip­ ment one can afford to buy these days and then not use, is a fire ex­ tinguisher. Few professional turfmen would think of buying a tractor, or any other useful tool, and just put it aside and not use it all year. When your club subscribed to the Green Section Visiting Service (GSVS) program, it bought an interest in main­ taining a golfing turfgrass advisory of­ fice in your region. Potentially, this of­ fice can be your most valuable turf maintenance tool. But, like any other tool, ii must be used if you are to benefit most. The more you use it, the more valuable it will become to you. Let’s look at this program and see how you may u,se it more effectively: How you may get more than your money’s worth. The Visit “Think Through — Then Follow Through” is good advice, whether ap­ plied to life, golf, checkers or turf. An important way to use your GSVS visit is as an aid to the “Thinking Through” process. One superintendent has called the visit “the best way I know of to keep my thinking on the right track.” Of course all of the discussions, suggestions and recommendations in the world are worthless unless they are actually put to use. If you never try a new idea, you’ll never know if it had value. The GSVS visit can greatly help with the “Thinking Through,” the “Follow Through” must be up to you. We believe every professional Golf Course Superintendent should have a definite program of turf improvement outlined for his course. If you have reached the point where no further im­ provement is possible, read no further. Chances are, however, you’re with most of us who are still struggling down the road toward the millennium of trouble free turf. In this struggle, nothing can be more defeating to you as a superin­ tendent or to your golf course’s future than by repeating “Last Year’s Mainte­ nance Program.” No one makes progress, either professionally or economically, by standing still. SUBSCRIBERS TO U.S.G.A. GREEN SECTION RESEARCH AND EDUCATION FUND, INC. Augusta National Golf Augusta, Ga. Club, Catto & Putty, Bob Dunning, Lionel MacDuff, Metropolitan Golf Writers' Association, National Golf Fund, Inc., New England Golf Association, San Antonio, Tex. Tulsa, Okla. Lynn, Mass. Manhasset, N. Y. Dunedin, Fla. Boston, Mass. Association Connecticut State G< Maine State Golf Association Massachusetts State Golf Association New England Golf Association New Hampshire State Golf Association Rhode Island State Golf Association Vermont State Golf Association Bernard H. Ridder, Jr., St. Paul, Minn. J. H. Watson, Marietta, Ohio Try a new approach this year: try dif­ ferent fertilization techniques; try raising the yearly nitrogen level; try light but frequent nitrogen summer feeding of greens; try new watering methods; try some of the better bentgrasses and Ber­ mudas; try iron applications for chloro­ sis; try lowering phosphorus levels on your greens. Try a new approach and use your GSVS visit in planning and discuss­ ing the new approach. We believe it will work! The visit is intended to be a consulta­ tion, not an inspection. One way of get­ ting more out of each visit is by jotting down a list of questions on problems that, from time to time, have presented them­ selves. Such a list does not mean that you do not have the answers. It does mean that you are taking full advantage of us. Each year new scientific information sup­ plants or supplements the old; new methods and new practices should be adopted. Perhaps research has uncovered new information on the very problem that faced you. Keeping up to date on re­ search is also part of the GSVS visit. Visits cost money! They can be a valu­ able tool and should be used for all they are worth. They are the backbone of the Green Section Visiting Service. The Report Long have we wondered how often the “Report of the Visit” is read. Actually, 30 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: AUGUST, 1959 the report is important and can act as a permanent historical record of the prob­ lems and progress your course has made. Many times a report has strengthened the hand of a superintendent or a green committee chairman when he went be­ fore the board. In the report you have the cpinion of an authoritative, impartial, scientific agency that is constantly at work, solely in the interest of better golf­ ing turf. Research If “The Visit” is the backbone of GSVS, then “Research” is the heart. Be­ hind the program of direct visits to USGA courses stands research. Knowl­ edge flows from it unendingly. Through the U.S.G.A. Green Section Research and Education Fund, Inc., grants are made for research projects at various state insti­ tutions. These grants have supported studies on carbohydrate nutrition of bent­ grass, soil mixtures, goosegrass control, nematode studies, bentgrass selections and evaluations, irrigation studies, non- stoloniferous bent strains for fairway use and many general turf support programs. Each Regional Office is your store­ house of knowledge, gathered through years of research and practical experi­ ence. It is constantly being improved and continually ready to work for you. It is a part of an integrated national team of men and information that is ready to serve the golfing turf interest at all times. You own a share of GSVS—use it. The more you do, the more valuable it will become to you—and to golf. Another Look at Financing the Building Program BY JAMES WILSON Green Hills Country Club, Millbrae, Cal. Many of you have undoubtedly heard, as I have, members of your respec­ tive clubs say, “Let’s borrow a hundred thousand dollars and fix up our course.” They make it sound very simple and the implication is that all that is needed to have a perfect golf course is an unlimited supply of money. Money, of course, is important but there are other things, I believe, that are equally important, if not more so. Your golf course will not be rebuilt with money alone. There are three major requisites to preparation for rebuilding. These are: 1. Planning, 2. Budgeting, 3. Financing. The importance of proper advance planning cannot be over-emphasized. The changes to be made in the golf course and the work to be done should be de­ fined clearly so that everyone immediately concerned with the project is informed accurately as to the scope of the work. The planning group naturally would in­ clude the finance committee, the super­ intendent, and the green committee. Planning should take in all phases of the job. The necessity for making the im­ provement or change should be thought out carefully so that as many as possi­ ble of the advantages and the disad­ vantages of the change have been con­ sidered. Many times at this point of the planning stage the project will be drop­ ped, because what on the surface appear­ ed to be an improvement over existing conditions shows up to be of questionable value, and the existing situation is ac­ tually better than the suggested change. Let u.s assume that the planning has been carefully done and that the decision has been reached to carry out the pro­ jected improvement if financially possi­ ble. The next logical step is to estimate the cost of the job. This figure need not be binding but it should be accurate enough so that the finance committee can determine whether or not it is feasible to proceed with the final details. With the green light from the finance committee, the time has arrived when an accurate check should be made of all the materials needed and the amount of labor necessary to complete the job. Will you use the regular crew; will you augment the regular crew with extra men for the job; or will you bring in an independent contractor? These are important decisions—as in many cases time is of the essence. Let us say that the decision is made to use the regular crew with whatever additional help is needed. Your superintendent is going to boss the job. It will fall on his shoulders to have the labor and materials necessary to do the work, at the time and place when they are needed. This is where advance planning pays off. If the USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: AUGUST, 1959 31 materials and labor are not on hand when they should be, your labor “slip­ page” will be fantastic and your esti­ mated cost of the job will skyrocket. Any improvements made with the regu­ lar golf course crew will, of necessity, be of a relatively moderate nature. Such minor improvements as these ordinarily can be financed out of current income, provided there has been enough advance planning so that they can be included in the yearly budget. By careful budget analysis and long range planning, many jobs can be done with relatively little strain on the club’s pocket book. The federal government recently has ruled that assessments made on members of golf clubs and other recreational or­ ganizations shall be free of the 20 per cent federal tax that is levied on dues, provided that the money raised by such an assessment shall be put into a special fund for construction and reconstruction of the club’s facilities. This means that by careful advance budgeting, an assessment may be levied, in lieu of dues, that will increase the net revenue of the club without any increase in cost to the individual member. Taking advantage of this tax relief could very well mean an increase in the club’s ex­ pendable income from a few thousands to many thousands of dollars a year, de­ pending on the size of the membership and the dues structure of the club. Of course, the assessments so collected must be identified and an accounting of their expenditure made in such a man­ ner that the club will have proof (ac­ ceptable to the government) that the money was used for the purpose for which the assessment was made. Here, again, advance planning and careful budgeting is needed, for without both of these, the whole program could bog down. If a major program of rebuilding is contemplated outside financing will be necessary unless the club has a very fat bank account. There are many lending agencies and golf clubs generally are in better financial condition than they were not so many years ago. Therefore it is not too difficult to shop around and get an adequate loan for justified rebuilding of your golf course. However, the fact that money is available for minor or major rebuilding jobs does not mean that those rebuilding jobs will be justi­ fied, properly designed, or well executed, unless advance planning was carefully done and the jobs expertly supervised. Bee Stings Can Be Dangerous Golf courses are natural attractions for animal and insect life. One of the more economically important and perhaps the mast dangerous of in­ sects are those of the wasp and bee fami­ lies. To persons highly sensitive to bee venom, and this is a very small per cent of the population, their bite is extremely dangerous. Yet this small per cent adds up to an impressive figure according to Science Service. Bumble and honey bees kill more persons than all the poisonous reptiles combined. This is one of those strange phenomena of nature. Although bees do not possess the deadly poisons of the reptiles or the black widow spider, their lethal effects are felt by persons strongly allergic to bee venom. jection are very helpful. Those injections can be administered by your family phy­ sician. So far a.s first aid is concerned, if any golfer or worker on the golf course should suffer a reaction from a bite on the head, face or body, apply cold com­ presses or ice. If he is bitten on an ex­ tremity, a tourniquet should be applied in order to decrease the amount of absorp­ tion from the sting. In a serious-type reaction, get the patient to a doctor or hospital where adrenalin can be given as an emergency treatment. Bee or wasp stings can be dangerous— but only in rare cases. Fortunately, there is something that can be done for persons who suffer a bad reaction from a bee sting. Desensitization treatments through in­ We trust this information will be help­ ful if anyone at your club is included in this small percentage of persons highly sensitive or allergic to bee venom. 32 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: AUGUST, 1959 I will write a letter to Mr. Ames, Thank you very much for your let­ ter of June 17 with its attached news release covering the new rules for 1960 on out of bounds, lost and un­ playable lie. To The USGA: From Southern California St. Paul, Minn. Ken Murphy The Junior last year at the Uni­ versity of Minnesota was certainly one of my most enjoyable assign­ ments. How those juniors could play! This of course makes me happy. He plays about 80 on good courses and this is only the third year he has played. I am entering him in all junior events this year in this area and of course have hopes that in a year or so he might be playing in the USGA Championship. I am the golf writer of the St. Paul Pioneer Press, and I am enclosing an entry in your Junior Amateur Championship from my 15-year-old son, Larry, who has gone wild over golf. To The USGA: IT’S YOUR HONOR telling him of our appreciation for the action taken by the United States X Golf Association, and will be pleased I to report to him that your associa- 1 tion has so deservedly earned the 1 respect and cooperation of all golfers f in Southern California. Donald W. Spry 1 President x Southern California Golf Assn. $ USGA in Chile To The USGA: i I You might be interested to know 4 that most of the Chilian golf clubs X are using the USGA Golf Handicap X System and that the Chilian Golf X Federation has recommended that x all its members use this system. ¥ Jerman Edwards X Santiago, Chile x & Good News To The USGA: X | Inasmuch as I have had many in- x quiries regarding the condition of X our West Course, I thought you X would be interested to know it is at <|> present probably in the best condi- X tion it has ever been. There were, of course, only slightly 1 over 400 rounds of golf played dur- X ing the Open, with the spectators <1 confined to the rough areas and, X therefore, there was no more so-call- $ ed “damage” to the tees, fairways X and greens than we would have in x normal play on one week-end. I X might say also that the rough areas x are almost back to normal already. X Walter E. Kolb X President x Winged Foot Golf Club X Mamaroneck, N. Y. x Fairer Test X To The USGA: X During the two qualifiers for the x Open in this area, I decided to take a check as to how the contestants re- X acted to the double qualifying. All x were very much in favor of this pro- gram as they felt it to be a much fairer test of the golfer who should be playing in the Open proper. x X H. R. Merritt, Jr. East Aurora, N. Y. Junior Fan I USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: AUGUST, 1959 33 USGA OFFICERS, EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE AND COMMITTEE CHAIRMEN PRESIDENT John D. Ames, Chicago, III. VICE-PRESIDENTS John G. Clock, Long Beach, Cal. John M. Winters, Jr., Tulsa, Okla. SECRETARY Clarence W. Benedict, White Plains, N. Y. TREASURER Emerson Carey, Jr., Denver, Colo. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE The above officers and: Fred Brand, Jr.. Pittsburgh, Pa. William C. Chapin, Rochester, N. Y. Charles C. Clare, New Haven, Conn. Wm. Ward Foshay, New York, N. Y. Harry L. Givan, Seattle, Wash. Richmond Gray, Richmond, Va. Hord W. Hardin, St. Louis, Mo. William McWane, Birmingham, Ala. Harold A. Moore, Chicago, III. Bernard H. Ridder, Jr., St. Paul, Minn. HONORARY MEMBER J. Frederic Byers, Jr., Pittsburgh, Pa. GENERAL COUNSEL Philip H. Strubing, Philadelphia, Pa. EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR Joseph C. Dey, Jr., New York, N. Y. John P. English, Assistant Executive Director USGA HEADQUARTERS “Golf House", 40 East 38th Street,. New York 16, N. Y. COMMITTEE CHAIRMEN RULES OF GOLF: John M. Winters, Jr., Tulsa, Okla. CHAMPIONSHIP: Bernard H. Ridder, Jr., St. Paul, Minn. AMATEUR STATUS AND CONDUCT: John G. Clock, Long Beach, Cal. IMPLEMENTS AND BALL: Clarence W. Benedict, White Plains, N. Y. MEMBERSHIP: William McWane, Birmingham, Ala. GREEN SECTION: William C. Chapin, Rochester, N. Y. WOMEN'S: Mrs. Henri Prunaret, Natick, Mass. SECTIONAL AFFAIRS: Hord W. Hardin, St. Louis, Mo. PUBLIC LINKS: Emerson Carey, Jr., Denver, Colo. HANDICAP: Richmond Gray, Richmond, Va. Handicap Procedure: William O. Blaney, Boston, Mass. JUNIOR CHAMPIONSHIP: Hord W. Hardin, St. Louis, Mo. SENIOR CHAMPIONSHIP: William McWane. Birmingham, Ala. GIRLS' JUNIOR: Mrs. John Pennington, Buffalo, N. Y. MUSEUM: Clarence W. Benedict, White Plains, N. Y. BOB JONES AWARD: Wm. Ward Foshay, New York, N. Y. FINANCE: Emerson Carey, Jr., Denver, Colo. USGA GREEN SECTION EASTERN REGION Northeastern Office: Rutgers University, New Brunswick, N. J. Alexander M. Radko, Director, Eastern Region T. T. Taylor, Northeastern Agronomist Mid-Atlantic Office: 711 West Ave., Jenkintown, Pa. Charles K. Hallowell, Mid-Atlantic Director Southeastern Office: Conner Hall, University of Georgia, Athens, Ga. James M. Latham, Jr., Southeastern Agronomist MID-CONTINENT REGION Southwestern Office: Texas A. and M. College, College Station, Tex. Dr. Marvin H. Ferguson, Director, Mid-Continent Region and National Research Coordinator James B. Moncrief, Southwestern Agronomist Mid-Western Office: Room 241, LaSalle Hotel, Chicago 2, III. James L. Holmes, Mid-Western Agronomist Western Office: P. O. Box 567, Garden Grove, Cal. William H. Bengeyfield, Director, Western Region WESTERN REGION