. t i n j a U G -A. JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT HONORING AN OLD-TIME SCOT -N. Y. Herald Tribune Photo Findlay S. Douglas (left), an 84-year-old Scot who settled in New York six decades ago and greatly enriched the game here, received the Bob Jones Award for distinguished sportsmanship in a sentimental highlight of the USGA’s Annual Meeting. Holding the plaque and extending his congratulations is John D. Ames, President of the United States Golf Association. UARY 1959 US6A JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT Published by the United States Golf Association (el 1959 bv United States Golf Association. Permission to reprint articles or material in the USGA Journal and Turf Management is granted to publishers of newspapers, periodicals and books (unless specifically noted otherwise), provided credit is given to the USGA and copyright protection is af­ forded Neither articles nor other material may be copied or used for any advertising, promotion or commercial purpose. VOL. XI, No. 7_____________________ Through the Green ---------------------------------------- USGA Honors an Old-Time Scot------------------------- U. S. Golf Courses Approaching New High------------ Two Films Premiered at Annual Meeting ------------ Clubhead Speed Revised Down -------------------------- An Appeal for Uniform Rules -------------------------- Honolulu Housewife Heads Public Golfers ------------ Sinkersock ---------------------------------------------------- What It Takes to Be a Pro ------------------------------- Do Rules of Golf Apply to Women? -------------------- The Referee: Decisions under the Rules of Golf — Turf Management: Nematode Investigations on Putting Green Turf Sole Shoes Tests to Be Broadened Annual Index ----------------------------- It‘s Your Honor: Letters --------------- FEBRUARY, 1959 John P. English William B. Langford ___ Harold Sargent __ James P. Anglin 1 5 8 9 10 11 13 15 16 19 21 24 29 31 33 Gene C. Nutter and J. R. Christie Marvin H. Ferguson Published seven times a year in February, April, June, July, August, September and November by the UNITED STATES GOLF ASSOCIATION 40 EAST 38th ST., NEW YORK 16, N. Y. Subscription- $2 a year. Single copies: 30c. Subscriptions, articles, photographs, and correspondence should be sent to the above address. Entered as Second-class Matter March 3, 1950, at the Post Office at New York, N. Y., under the Act of March 8, 1879. Additional entry at Post Office in Pinehurst, N. C. Edited by Joseph C. Dey, Jr., and John P. English. AH articles voluntarily contributed. USGA COMPETITIONS FOR 1959 Championship or Team Match Entries Close Sectional Qualifying Rounds Dates of Event Location <•> Walker Cup March - - May 15-16 H^^Comgajy o. Muirfield, Scotland Open April 29 (b) May 18 June 11-12-13 (c) June 1 Women's Open June 11 None June 25-26-27 Winged Foot Golf Club, Mamaroneck, N. Y. Churchill Valley C. C. Pittsburgh, Pa. Amateur Public Links *June 4 (June 21-28 July 13-18 Wellshire Golf Course, Denver, Colo. Junior Amateur July 1 July 21 Aug. 5-8 Girls' Junior July 31 None Aug. 17-21 Women's Amateur Aug. 6 None Aug. 24-29 Amateur Aug 12 Sept. 1 Sept. 14-19 Stanford University G. C. Palo Alto, Cal. Manor Country Club, Norbeck, Md. Congressional C. C. Washington, D. C. Broadmoor Golf Club Colorado Springs, Colo. Senior Amateur Sept. 2 Sept. 22 Oct. 5-10 Memphis Country Club, Memphis, Tenn. Dates entries close mean last dates for applications to reach USGA office, except in the case of the Amateur Public Links Championship. For possible exceptions in dates of Sectional Qualifying Rounds, see entry forms. Re Amateur Public Links Championship: *—Entries close with Sectional Qualifying Chairmen. t—Exact date in each Section to be fixed by Sectional Chairmen. (a) Walker Cup match: Men’s amateur teams—Great Britain vs. United States. (b) Local Qualifying Rounds; (c) Sectional Qualifying Championships. Space Age When the Soviet Union revealed that its first shot at the moon had missed by about 5,000 miles, Jack Mara of the Winged Foot Golf Club, Mamaroneck, N. Y., commented: “Just like one of my putts!” Golf Writers' Awards Charles R. Coe, of Oklahoma City, the Amateur Champion, was given the Gold Tee at the seventh annual dinner of the Metropolitan Golf Writers’ Association and responded before the customary as­ semblage of 600 at this feature of the winter golf season in New York. The Gold Tee is given annually to the person deemed to have done the most for the sport during the year. Previous winners of the Gold Tee award have been Eugene Grace, of Bethlehem, Pa., Robert T. “Bob” Jones, of Atlanta, Billy Joe Patton, of Morganton, N. C., E. Harvie Ward, Jr., of San Francisco, the late John Jay Hopkins and Sam Snead, of White Sulphur Springs, W. Va. Charles Boswell, former Alabama foot­ ball player who lost his sight in the Battle of the Bulge, was given the Ben Hogan Trophy for handicapped golfers. Boswell, one of the most popular men in sports, has won the national blind golfers’ cham­ pionship ten times, including the past season. Previous winners of the Hogan Trophy have been the late Mrs. Mildred “Babe” Zaharias, Ed Furgol, President Eisenhow­ er, Clinton F.. Russell and Dale R. Bouris- seau. “I have read with great interest the story of Mr. Charles Boswell,” President Eisenhower said in a congratulatory tele­ gram. “It is a superb testimony to the unconquerable spirit of a brave man and a strong encouragement to everyone who has tried to become proficient in the game of golf.” The award was inspiringly p. esented by Earl (Red) Blaik, retiring Army football coach and part-time golf fan. Golf celebrities came from far and wide, and among others at the head table were Harry Bradshaw and Christy O’Con­ nor, who won the Canada Cup for Ire­ land last fall; Tommy Bolt, the Open Champion, who came from California; Dow Finsterwald, of Jupiter, Fla., the PGA Champion; Cary Middlecoff, of Hollywood, Fla.; Robert T. Jones, Jr., of Atlanta, Ga., captain of the United States World Amateur Team; John D. Ames, of Chicago, president of the USGA; Harold Sargent, of Atlanta, president of the PGA; Thomas C. Robbins, of Pinehurst, N. C.; Mrs. Harrison F. Flippin, of Ard­ more, Pa.; Dick Chapman, of Pinehurst, N. C.; Sen. Harrison Williams, Jr., of New Jersey; and champions of the Metropoli­ tan New York area. Lincoln A. Werden, of the New York Times, was toastmaster. Women's Amateur The starting field in the Women’s Ama­ teur Championship at the Congressional Country Club, Washington, D. C., this year will be limited to 128 players. For the 1958 Championship there were 195 entries. The Championship will remain entirely USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: FEBRUARY, 1959 1 at match play. It will consist of seven rounds, instead of eight as in 1958. Two rounds will be played the third day and one round on each of the five other days, all at 18 holes except for the 36-hole final. Heretofore the only limiting factor on the number of entries has been a require­ ment of a USGA handicap not exceeding six strokes. Starting this year, the field will con­ sist of the 128 entrants who have the low­ est USGA handicaps, up to a limit of six. Should there not be enough places for all applicants in the highest handicap class, a blind draw by the USGA will determine the acceptable entrants. A list of alter­ nates will be established by lot to whom any later vacancies in the field will be offered. The Women’s Amateur Champion is Miss Anne Quast, of Marysville, Wash., a senior at Stanford University. Vote in Favor In support of the USGA Golf Handi­ cap System, the Hon. Neal D. Fitzgerald, chairman of the handicap committee of the Detroit District Golf Association, had this to say in his annual report: “The past year marked the beginning of a conflict in handicapping procedures between the USGA and a Chicago-Los Angeles combination. The two districts mentioned believe it is necessary to adopt what they call Equitable Stroke Control to arrive at a fair handicap. This is nothing more than a limitation on the number of strokes over par on any one hole that may be counted for handicap­ ping purposes. The limitation depends on the player's handicap. A scratch golfer, for instance, may never exceed one over par on any hole. The USGA does not agree. “The Detroit District has elected to fol­ low the USGA. “First of all, we are convinced that the USGA system is completely adequate for normal club play. Handicapping is not now, nor ever will be, an exact science. “Secondly, we believe that a more comt pi.cated system would be impractical, much too difficult to administer. For ex­ ample, every handicap chairman at each club would have to check every score-card to see that the very bad holes were scored properly. It is difficult enough to get scores in, much less scorecards. “Thirdly, we know that the Chicago District and presumably the Southern California District have paid handicap chairmen who devote their entire time to directing their more complicated systems. We cannot afford this. “Furthermore, we feel that the estab­ lishment of a uniform national system of handicapping is rightfully the prerogative of the national body. Any group that dis­ agrees with the system adopted, may and should, in our opinion, attempt to per­ suade the USGA committee to make changes by pointing out the advantages. Failing this, they should bow to the will of the controlling authority, rather than adopt their own individual system. Other­ wise the ultimate objective, which is to have one single system covering the whole country, must fail. We think this objective is highly desirable and should not be frustrated by a few dissident groups.” Mexican Dates The periods for Mexico’s principal men’s championships have been changed. The Mexican Amateur, usually played in the autumn, will now be held February 24-March 1, 1959, at the Mexico City Coun­ try Club. The Mexican Open will be play­ ed in the autumn, probably November 5-8, at the Chapultepec Golf Club, Mexico City. New Zealand Visitors The members of the New Zealand World Amateur Team visited the Cypress Point Club and the Pebble Beach links, in California, on their way back to New Zealand from St. Andrews, Scotland, where they finished fourth. Robert Hanna, of the Northern California Golf Associa­ tion, who accompanied them to Pebble Beach, now considers that Bob Charles must be the greatest left-hander in golf. He shot as easy a 68 as has ever been seen at Cypress Point. They all hit the famed sixteenth green, incidentally. Charles was even 4s through the thir­ teenth at Pebble Beach, took 6 on the fourteenth and then gave everyone a thrill on the eighteenth. As it happened, there were hundreds of people at the Lodge for a sports car showing and many of them watched the groups as they 2 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: FEBRUARY, 1959 finished. Charles hit two fine shots down eighteen and then pounded a No. 9 iron one foot from the hole. The pin was leaning forward and toward the ocean. The ball landed in the bottom of the cup on the first bounce and came right back out to hang on the lip. The almost-eagle gave him 73. “It was a wonderful experience to meet and play golf with these fellows and to hear of their experiences in Scotland,” Hanna concluded. Future Championships The USGA has accepted three addi­ tional invitations for Championships as follows: 1960 Women’s Amateur Champion­ ship: Tulsa Country Club, Tulsa, Okla., Aug. 22-27. 1960 Girls’ Junior Championship: The Oaks Country Club, Tulsa, Okla., Aug. 15-19. 1961 Women’s Amateur Champion­ ship: Tacoma Country and Golf Club, Tacoma, Wash., Aug. 21-26. Dates for the 1960 Men’s Amateur Championship have been fixed as Sept. 12-17. As previously announced, the Championship is scheduled for the St. Louis Country Club, Clayton, Mo. It has also been previously announced that the: 1960 Open Championship will be held at the Cherry Hills Country Club, Denver, Colo., June 16-18. 1960 Amateur Public Links Cham­ pionship will be played in Honolulu, T.. H. 1960 Junior Amateur Champion­ ship will be held at the Milburn Golf and Country Club, Overland Park, Kan. 1960 World Amateur Team Cham­ pionship will be played at the Merion Golf Club, Ardmore, Pa., Sept. 28-Oct. 1. It's Come to This! Dow Finsterwald had 50 tournament rounds in the 60s last year ... Jay Hebert was under par in 76 rounds . . . Finsterwald, Don January and Fred Hawkins all had rounds which included ten birdies . . . There were fourteen holes in one in competition . . . Jim Ferree, Gene Littler, Cary Middlecoff, Tom Reed (an amateur) and Ed Wysowski played SPORTSMAN'S CORNER “Roy Benjamin wins championship of Fairview Country Club, Elmsford, N. Y., for sixth time,” was the record­ ing of the feat last summer. No details, just the simple fact that Benjamin had played his usual fine golf. But the victory took on special sig­ nificance in November when Benjamin underwent an eye operation. The startling fact is that he had played so well in spite of cataracts which left him with no vision in one eye and only slight vision in the other—and that he had asked no sympathy or special con­ sideration on this account. In the championship he could not see the ball clearly when he addressed it, could not see the flagstick from more than a few feet away, could not follow the flight of the ball. Without depth perception, he could not gauge putts and had to be pointed towards the hole by his caddie. Nevertheless, he played only slightly below his usual game and was in the 70s regularly. His courageous deter­ mination was something rare. One eye has now been operated on and the other will be done in the spring or summer. That’s Roy Benjamin, a champion in every sense of the expression. nine holes in 29 . . . Jim Ferree scored a 61 for eighteen holes . . . Ben Hogan, Littler and John McMullin all went thirty- six holes in 129 . . . Hogan, Middlecoff and Sam Snead had scores of 197 for fifty-four holes . . . Mike Souchak did seventy-two holes in 263, which was twen­ ty-three under par . . . They are human, too ... Al Balding had consecutive rounds of 67-84; Arnold Palmer once shot 65-77 and Don Fairfield ran off 71-69-68-80! Western Affairs Leadership of two of the oldest golf as­ sociations continues to rest in Chicago with the reelection of Harold A. Moore as president of the Western Golf Association and of John D. Ames as president of the USGA. Mr. Moore also has been elected a new member of the USGA Executive Committee. USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: FEBRUARY, 1959 3 Progress reported during the WGA’s sixtieth annual meeting included: A record of 373 Evans Scholars now in college, including 322 at the seven mid­ western universities where the foundation has chapter houses. A record income of more than $260,000 to the scholarship fund, received from ap­ proximately 30,000 contributors. Release of a new caddie-training film '“Your Caddie, Sir,” narrated by Bing Crosby. Elected with Moore as 1959 officers were: Vice Presidents, Cameron Eddy, Chicago, Frank H. Hoy, Milwaukee, James M. Royer, Chicago, George K. Whyte, St. Louis, Walter W. Cruttenden, Chicago and William F. Souder, Jr., Chi­ cago; Secretary, Ralph A. L. Bogan, Jr., Chicago; Treasurer, Norman G. Copland, Evanston, Ill.; General Counsel, Lynford Lardner, Jr., Milwaukee. , Entries for British Amateur The British naturally like to have their Amateur Championship cup stay at home, but they are enlarging the opportunities of Americans through their generosity in exemptions from Regional Qualifying Rounds. Thirteen Americans will be au­ tomatically eligible for the Championship proper this year. The exemptions will go to the nine members of the Walker Cup Team and four other American entrants whom the Royal and Ancient Golf Club will select on past performances. American entries must be submitted through the USGA. Players who wish to be considered for exemption must also furnish their competitive records for the last three yeans. Forms of entry are avail­ able from the USGA. Entries must be sent in time to allow for handling and for transmission to St. Andrews, Scot­ land, where the closing deadline is April 17. The handicap limit is five strokes. Regional Qualifying, at 36 holes, will be played May 9 at 15 courses, as follows: Scotland—St. Andrews (New Course), Troon, Luffness; England—Seaton Carew, Lindrick, Formby, Sutton Coldfield, Broadstone (Dorset), Aldeburgh, Sandy Lodge, Royal Cinque Ports, Wentworth; Wales — Southerndown; Ireland — Royal Portrush, Royal Dublin. N. C. Selway, Chairman of the R & A Championship Committee, points out that competitors may choose their qualifying locations. For Americans who enter Re­ gional Qualifying, he outlines an attrac­ tive possible itinerary: May 9—Amateur Championship Regional Qualifying at St. Andrews (New Course), or Troon (20 minutes from Prestwick Airport), or Luffness (ad­ joining Muirfield). May 15-16—Watch Walker Cup Match at Muirfield, near Edinburgh. May 21-22—Annual St. George’s Vase 36- hole event at Sandwich, England. May 23-24—Annual 36-hole event at Prince’s and Royal Cinque Ports, Deal. May 25-30—British Amateur Champion­ ship, Royal St. George’s Golf Club, Sandwich, Kent, England. Necrology It is with deep regret that we record the deaths of: Jerome P. Bowes, Chicago, Ill., donor of The Americas Cup, a member of the LSGA Bob Jones Award Committee, a former president of the Western Golf As­ sociation and a trustee of the Evans Scho­ lars Foundation. Joseph Esherick, Philadelphia, Pa., for­ mer president of the Golf Association of Philadelphia. Mrs. Pauline Mackay Johnson, Nan­ tucket, Mass., the 1905 Women’s Amateur Champion. Bert Prather, Atlanta, Ga., golf writer for the Atlanta Constitution. James D. Preston, Washington, D. C., member of the USGA Public Links Com­ mittee from 1929 through 1932 and na­ tionally known as supervisor of the United States Senate press gallery and aide to the Senate librarian. Hon. Michael Scott, Channel Islands, winner of the British Amateur in 1933 at the age of 55, also winner of the Austra­ lian and French Championships and mem­ ber of the 1924 and captain of the 1934 British Walker Cup Teams. Mrs. Willard P. Sullivan, Ashland Va., member of the USGA Women’s Commit­ tee from 1932-1938 and chairman in 1937. Mrs. Caroline Painter Wilson, Cincin­ nati, Ohio, the 1911 and 1912 Women’s Western Amateur Champion. 4 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: FEBRUARY, 1959 USGA HONORS AN OLD-TIME SCOT BY JOHN P. ENGLISH USGA Assistant Executive Director Honors spread across three generations as the United States Golf Association returned to New York for its 65th Annual Meeting. Findlay S. Douglas, of New York, 84 years old last November, was presented the Bob Jones Award for distinguished sportsmanship in golf. Four collegians ranging in age from 19 to 23 were among the nine amateur golfers selected to represent the United States against Great Britain in the Wal­ ker Cup Match at Muirfield, Scotland, next May. The Walker Cup Team will comprise: Charles R. Coe, Oklahoma City, Okla., Captain Thomas D. Aaron, Gainesville, Ga. Deane R. Beman, Silver Spring, Md. William Hyndman, III, Abington, Pa. Jack Nicklaus, Columbus, Ohio William J. Patton, Morganton, N. C. Dr. Frank M. Taylor, Jr.., Pomona, Calif. E. Harvie Ward, Jr., San Francisco, Cal. Ii. Ward Wettlaufer, Buffalo, N. Y. While five of these are familiar vet­ erans of international matches, Aaron is 21 and a student at Florida; Beman is 20 and attends Maryland; Nicklaus is 19 and goes to Ohio State and Wettlaufer is 23 and a June graduate of Hamilton. Ames Re elected The meeting in the Hotel Biltmore also developed the re-election of John D. Ames, of Chicago, for a second term as president of the Association. John G. Clock, of Long Beach, Cal., was re-elected a vice-president and John M. Winters, Jr., of Tulsa, Okla., was elected ihe other vice-president, succeeding Charles L. Peirson, of Boston. Clarence W. Benedict, of White Plains, N. Y., was elected secretary, succeeding Mr. Winters. Emerson Carey, Jr., of Denver, Colo., was elected treasurer, succeeding J. Fred­ eric Byers, Jr., who has been elected an honorary member. Philip H. Strubing, of Philadelphia, NEW MEMBERS OF THE USGA REGULAR Belleview Golf and Country Club Beth Hills Golf Club Crestview Country Club James Connally AFB Golf Assn. DACO Golf Association Edna Country Club El Rivino Country Club Lake Success Golf Club Lincoln Golf and Country Club Montaup Country Club Oneonta Country Club Pine Meadows Golf Club Valley Golf Club Association Yorba Linda Ranch & Country Club Cal. La. N.Y. Mass. Texas Texas Texas Cal. N.Y. Mich. R.L N.Y. Fla. Ariz. ASSOCIATE Forest Hills Golf Course LakeHurst Golf Course Lake Park Hills Golf Course Vernon Hills Country Club Worthington Golf Club Ore. N.J. Ohio III. W. Va. was elected General Counsel, succeeding Wm. Ward Foshay, of New York, who was elected to the Executive Committee. New members elected to the Executive Committee were Fred Brand, Jr., of Pitts­ burgh, Charles C. Clare, of New Haven, Conn., Harry L. Givan, of Seattle, Wash., and Harold A. Moore, of Chicago. Those re-elected to the Executive Com­ mittee were William C. Chapin, of Roches­ ter, N. Y., Richmond Gray, of Richmond, Va., Hord W. Hardin, of St Louis, Mo., William McWane, of Birmingham, Ala., and Bernard H. Ridder, Jr., of St Paul, Minn. While the election and several of the committee reports had cast their shadows before them, there were real elements of surprise for the one hundred sixty per­ sons in attendance in the announcements of the Bob Jones Award and of the Wal­ ker Cup Team. Mr. Douglas has had a career notable not only for his dedication to the game but also for his skill at playing it. Born and educated in St. Andrews, Scotland, he came to this country at the age of 22 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: FEBRUARY, 1959 5 and won the fourth Amateur Champion­ ship one year later, in 1898. He became President of the United States Golf As­ sociation in 1929-1930. Subsequently he won the Championship of the United States Seniors’ Golf Association in 1932 and was president of that association from 1937 through 1941. He was a founder cf both the National Golf Links of Ameri­ ca, at Southampton, N. Y., and the Blind Brook Club, at Port Chester, N. Y. However, as Mr. Foshay, the Chairman of the Bob Jones Award Committee, pointed out in making the presentation: “All this is a matter of record, but only part of the record. “The things that are not of record count for more. We all know that, not only in matters pertaining to golf but also in his business and life generally, Findlay Eouglas has demonstrated throughout nothing but the qualities of the gentle­ man and the true golfer . . . “One time I had the pleasure of play­ ing in a four-ball with Findlay. He pulled his approach into a bunker to the left of the seventeenth green. The ball lodged high on the side of the bunker, and it required gymnastics of a high order for him to gain a stance. “While he was working at it, one of the ethers said to me: ‘That’s a tough one, but I guess he’s had to play about every pos­ sible shot.’ Well, Findlay came out of the bunker and got his par. And that has been true of his life—he has had to play every shot and he has played them as they should be played.” Previous winners of the Bob Jones Award have been Francis D. Ouimet, Wil­ liam C. Campbell, the late Mrs. Mildred Didrikson Zaharias and Miss Margaret Curtis. The Award bears the inscription: “In recognition of distinguished sports­ manship in golf. Presented by the United States Golf Association to commemorate the vast contributions to the cause of fair play made by Robert Tyre Jones, Jr.” Bob Jones, who made his “Grand Slam” while Mr. Douglas was President of the USGA, attended the meeting as a delegate from the Peachtree Golf Club, in Atlanta, and took the occasion to say from the floor that he felt the USGA had honored him in honoring Findlay Douglas. While the presence of four youngsters lends a special fillip to the Walker Cup Team, even Jack Nicklaus, who only re­ cently turned 19, is not the youngest ever so honored. Roland MacKenzie was only 17 when he played for the Walker Cup in 1926 at St. Andrews. The Team plans to leave New York by jet aircraft on Thursday, May 7. The Match will be held at Muirfield, Scotland, on Friday and Saturday, May 15 and 16. It is likely that most of the players will remain abroad to compete in the British Amateur at the Royal St. George’s Golf Club, in Sandwich, England, from May 25 through 30. They are exempt from the sectional qualifying on May 9 for that event. If any player selected finds he is un­ able to accept the invitation to join the Team, an invitation will be issued to one of the following alternates in order: 1. William C. Campbell, Huntington, W. Va. 2. Charles R. Kocsis, Royal Oak, Mich. 3. Richard D. Chapman, Pinehurst, N. C. Other News A number of other announcements re­ sulted from the four days of sub-commit­ tee and Executive Committee meetings in “Golf House” prior to the Annual Meet­ ing. Prize money for professionals in the 1959 Open Championship has been in­ creased by $5,000 to a new record total of $40,000.. First prize will be $10,000, an increase of $2,000. Provision is made for 50 professional prizes, as heretofore. This is the third consecutive year in which the total prize money has been raised $5,000. The Open Championship will be played at the Winged Foot Golf Club, Mamaro­ neck, N. Y., June 11 through 13. Exemptions from qualifying because of performances as amateurs will be granted henceforth only if the players concerned are still amateurs. There will be no handicap limit for en­ trants in the Senior Amateur Champion­ ship, as a trial in 1959. Heretofore en­ tries were accepted only from players whose USGA handicaps did not exceed 10 strokes. The Championship will be held at the Memphis Country Club, Memphis, Tenn., from October 5 through 10. The Association’s next Annual Meeting 6 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: FEBRUARY, 1959 will be held Saturday, January 30, 1960, in New York. The Green Section’s mid­ winter Educational Program will be held the previous day, also in New York. The USGA representatives to the Ad­ ministrative Committee of the World Amateur Golf Council will be the Presi­ dent, Mr. Ames, and the Chairman of the Championship Committee, Mr. Ridder. Nearly 200 green committee chairmen and golf course superintendents, a sur­ prising number of them from beyond the Metropolitan New York area, attended the third mid-winter Educational Program sponsored by the Green Section at the Hotel Biltmore on the day before the An­ nual Meeting. Individual experts and panels discus­ sed various aspects of golf course re­ building and remodeling in morning and afternoon sessions. Among those partici­ pating were William C. Chapin, of Roches­ ter, N. Y., chairman of the Green Section Committee; Edwin Hoyt, of New Canaan, Conn., chairman of the Northeastern Dis­ trict of the Green Section Committee; seven agronomists from the Green Sec­ tion staff; and Dr. Ralph E. Engel, of Rutgers University; Prof. H. B. Musser, of Pennsylvania State University; Robert Trent Jones and William F. Gordon, golf course architects; and Dr. Andrew P. Virtuoso, president of the Whippoorwill Club, Armonk, N. Y. The next edition of the USGA Journal will contain a sum­ mary of the discussions. In the course of the Annual Meeting, the chairmen of the various sub-commit- tees of the Executive Committee reported cn their special fields of activity, and their reports indicate the increasingly wide scope of USGA operations. Mr. Winters reviewed the work of the Pules of Golf Committee in preparing for the conference with representatives of the Royal and Ancient Golf Club, at St. Andrews, Scotland, in May on proposals for changes in the code. The proposals cover a wide range, including such mat­ ters as balls lost, out of bounds, unplay­ able and in water hazards. The USGA representatives will be Mr. Winters, Wm. Ward Foshay, Isaac B. Grainger, Richard S. Tufts and Joseph C. Dey, Jr. Mr. Ridder, chairman designate, re­ ported on the successful events conducted by the Championship Committee during 1958 when a World Amateur Team Cham­ pionship was instituted, Charles R. Coe, of Oklahoma City, was leading amateur in the Open and won the Amateur Cham­ pionship, Tommy Bolt won the Open Championship over a record entry of 2,132 players and the United States de­ fended the Americas Cup against Canada and Mexico. Mr. Hardin, speaking for the chairman of the Amateur Status and Conduct Com­ mittee, reported that some commercial agencies had offered to waive charges for rooms and meals to induce amateur golfers to compete in tournaments, often in ignorance of the Rules of Amateur Status. Amateurs who accept such offers forfeit their amateur status, and as a matter of practice when such offers come to USGA attention, the sponsors are in­ formed of the Rules. As Chairman of the Membership Com­ mittee, Mr. Hardin pointed with pride to the net increase of 123 clubs and courses during the year and to a new record membership of 2,289 clubs and courses at the close of the fiscal year on Novem­ ber 30, 1958. Mr. Chapin drew attention to the in­ creasing number of courses served by the Green Section Visiting Service (formerly the Regional Turf Service) and to the in­ tangible benefits accruing to all golf clubs as a result of Green Section work. Mr. Benedict described the scientific i esearch being carried out under the direction of the Association to improve its control over the velocity of the ball and to assist it in evaluating other mat­ ters such as the backspin effect of varying degrees of markings and finishes on the faces of iron clubs. Mr. Carey, as treasurer designate, re­ viewed the Accountants’ Report which re­ vealed a net income of $14,056 for the fiscal year ended November 30, 1958, against $38,232 in 1957 and $40,405 in 1956. He pointed out that only a few direct expenses were charged against the income from championships, although an important part of the total effort of the New York office staff was devoted to championship work. He pointed out, further, that none of indirect benefits of the work of the Green Section, in which all clubs shared, were reflected in the net expense incurred by that department. USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: FEBRUARY, 1959 7 V. S. GOLF COURSES APPROACHING NEW HIGH Foundation Reports Continued Gains The record number of golf courses achieved in the booming Thirties may be exceeded this year if construction p±ans materialize on schedule. There are now 5,745 golf courses in the United States, according to the National Golf Foundation which conducts surveys on such matters. Some 300 more are un­ der construction. The present peak is represented by the 5,856 courses in existence back in 1930. The depression and the war subsequently cut back the number’ of courses to a low of 4,809 in 1946. Since the latter year, the trend has been steadily upward again, on balance, in spite of some losses each year to new real estate subdivisions, superhighways and suburban shopping centers. The 192 new courses which came into existence in 1958 was the highest increment since the World War IL Of the 5,745 courses now in existence, 2,986 are private clubs, representing a gain of 99 during the year; 1,904 are op­ erated with a profit motive, a gain of 72; and 855 are tax-supported, a gain of 21. These courses may be broken down again into 3,308 nine-hole courses, utiliz­ ing 201,788 acres, and 2,437 eighteen-or- more-hole courses, using 348,491 acres. Total investment approximates $1,325- 000,000. Municipal courses, representing about 15 per cent of the total receive about 40 per cent of the total play. Semi-private courses, 33 per cent of the total, enjoy about 28 per cent of the play. Private courses, 52 per cent, get about 32 per cent of the play. Recent trends in golf facilities include increased emphasis on the family-type recreation centers, and an increasing number of golf-real estate developments (about 10 per cent of all new construc­ tion projects are of this type). Par-3 courses continue to gain in popu­ larity. The opening of 38 new par-3 courses in 1958 brings the total now in e HOW IT’S DONE IN VIRGINIA A group of officials of the Virginia Golf Association assembled in Rich­ mond for a meeting at the end of last season and, appropriately enough, started things off with a game of golf. Bob Scott, Chairman of the Handi­ cap Committee, scored a hole-in-one on the 196-yard seventeenth at the Coun­ try Club of Virginia. “Let’s make it one, two, three, four,” said Harry Easterly and placed one near the hole for an easy deuce. Jose Davlia made the green and was down in two putts for his three. George Ful­ ton’s drive was bad but he was down in four. play to 256. This is more than twice the number listed in 1955. Thirty-two more are now under construction, 124 more in planning. With more than 300 new courses under construction and another 900 in planning, 1959 should be the biggest year for ex­ pansion of golf facilities. However, there will be a continued shortage of golf play­ ing facilities for some time. At present there is an average of one golf course in the United States for every 30,461 peo­ ple. In 1930 there was one for every 20,- 833. Population growth and continued in­ crease in play will demand more and more golf-course construction in the years ahead. Increased week-day play, with con­ tinued increases in women and junior play, contributed to 1958’s total play of approximately 75 million rounds. This is an increase of 5.7 per cent over the previ­ ous year when play was 71 million rounds. An estimated 3,970,000 men, women and juniors played at least ten rounds of golf during 1958, an increase of 290,000 regular golfers over 1957. USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: FEBRUARY, 1959 TWO FILMS PREMIERED AT ANNUAL MEETING World Championship, St. Andrews Movies Released Delegates and guests at the Annual Meeting of the USGA attended the premiere of two new USGA films, one en­ titled “St. Andrews, Cradle of Golf” and the other “First World Amateur Team Championship for Eisenhower Trophy.” Ek th were enthusiastically received, the first as a colorful travelogue of the Mec­ ca of Golf, the second as a vivid record of golf’s outstanding international event in 1958. These additions to the “Golf House” Film Library, produced for the USGA by National Educational Films, Inc., are on 16 m.m. color film with sound and run 14 minutes each. The narrator is Lindsey Nelson, assistant sports director of the National Broadcasting Company. Both films are now available for show­ ing at golf clubs. “St. Andrews, Cradle of Golf” starts with a tour of the charming, seaside town in Scotland and includes views of historic buildings and century-old golf shops. The camera then proceeds through the Royal and Ancient Golf Club’s clubhouse and o er the uncompromising terrain of the famous Old course. “First World Amateur Team Champion­ ship for Eisenhower Trophy” recreates the warmth and friendliness of this new­ est international competition in its first playing at St. Andrews last fall. Much of the play is filmed against the striking background of the town’s gray spires, the near-by sea and the Scottish linksland. Many of the players on the teams repre­ senting 29 countries are shown. The “Golf House” Film Library, es­ tablished in 1954, now contains seven educational and entertaining productions which are available to clubs and other groups on a rental basis. The order form below may be used for ordering prints. Direct arrangements may be made with National Educational Films, Inc., 165 West 46th Street, New York 36, N. Y. UNITED STATES GOLF ASSOCIATION 40 EAST 38TH STREET NEW YORK 16, N. Y. Please ship film in accordance with instructions as checked below to: Name ___________________________________________________ Address __________________________________________________ City and State _____________________________________________ Date of Showing _____________________________________________ (Allow at least four weeks) Enclosed is check for $____ _____________ to cover rental. FILMS □ St. Andrews, Cradle of Golf □ First World Amateur Team Champion­ ship for Eisenhower Trophy □ On the Green □ Golf’s Longest Hour □ Play Them As They Lie □ Great Moments In Golf □ The Rules of Golf—Etiquette PRICES □ One film ___ ..... $20.00 □ Two films ___ $35.00 □ Three films__ ..... $50.00 □ Four films __ _ $60.00 □ Five films __ ..... $70.00 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: FEBRUARY , 1959 9 CLUBHEAD SPEED REVISED DOWN In September, 1957 during the Amateur Championship at The Country Club, Brookline, Mass., Arthur D. Little, Inc., made high-speed (stroboscopic) motion pictures of several golf drives. Measure­ ments from these films were published in the USGA Journal of February, 1958. The figures reported were club velocity, ball velocity, carry, loft and contact time. For Tim Holland, one of the performers, the average club speed was given as 212 feet per second. Len Elliott, sports editor of the New­ ark (N.J.) Evening News, pointed out that Bob Jones’ club speed had been giv­ en by Professor Edgerton, of Massachu­ setts Institute of Tecnology, at about 166 feet per second and questioned the ac­ curacy of the measurement. Mr. Elliott also obtained figures of about this magnitude with a photo-electric timing device. Subsequently, he employed the so-called Time-A-Swing of the Kay Electric Co., Pine Ridge, N. J., to make further measurements for several golfers, among them Holland. The hard hitters in the test group averaged in the 160s and Holland’s peak was 168 feet per second. As a result of tests, Arthur D. Little, Inc., concluded that the Time-A-Swing measurements are substantially correct. Top values were in the 160s. A serious error in the Brookline work due to parallax had previously been noted. Arthur D. Little, Inc., discovered that it had failed to take account of the fact that the inch scale had been some distance behind the ball and not coinci­ dent with the ball itself. The parallax error, however, still failed by a wide margin to account for the error in clubhead speeds. It appeared that after correction for parallax the club speeds were still in error by 12 per cent. The major error in the clubhead-speed measurements, it developed, came about because, for want of a better marker, Arthur D. Little, Inc., had used a high­ light in the photograph, which, instead of being an actual point on the club, was a reflected beam of light that shifted as the club approached the ball. USGA PUBLICATIONS OF GENERAL INTEREST THE RULES OF GOLF, as approved by the United States Golf Association and the Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St. Andrews, Scot­ land. Booklet, 25 cents (special rates for quan­ tity orders, more than 500). USGA GOLF HANDICAP SYSTEM FOR MEN, containing recommendations for computing USGA Handicap and for rating courses. Book­ let, 25 cents. USGA Slide Rule Handicapper, 25 cents. Poster, 10 cents. THE CONDUCT OF WOMEN'S GOLF, contain­ ing suggestions for guidance in the conduct of women's golf in clubs and associations, in­ cluding tournament procedure, handicapping and course rating. 25 cents. USGA Slide Rule Handicapper, 25 cents. Poster, 10 cents. HANDICAPPING THE UNHANDICAPPED, a reprint of a USGA Journal article explaining the Callaway System of automatic handicap­ ping for occasional players in a single tour­ nament. No charge. TOURNAMENTS FOR YOUR CLUB, a reprint of a USGA Journal article detailing various types of competitions. No charge. PREPARING THE COURSE FOR A COMPETI­ TION, a reprint of a USGA Journal article by John P. English. No charge. LETTER AND SPIRIT OF THE AMATEUR CODE, a reprint of a USGA Journal article by Joseph C. Dey, Jr. No charge. PROTECTION OF PERSONS AGAINST LIGHT­ NING ON GOLF COURSES, a poster. No charge. HOLE-IN-ONE AWARDS. No Charge. GAMBLING IN GOLF TOURNAMENTS, a re­ print of a USGA Journal article by Richard S. Tufts. No charge. WORK OF A CLUB GREEN COMMITTEE, a re­ print of panel discussions conducted by the USGA Green Section Committee. No Charge. HOW TO MEET RISING COSTS OF GOLF COURSE MAINTENANCE, PARTS I & II, re­ prints of panel discussions conducted by the USGA Green Section Committee. No charge. MISTER CHAIRMAN, a reprint of a USGA Journal article outlining the duties of the Chairman of the Green Committee. No charge. ARE YOU A SLOW PLAYER? ARE YOU SURE? A reprint of a USGA Journal article by John D. Ames. No charge. A JUNIOR GOLF PROGRAM FOR YOUR CLUB AND DISTRICT, a 16-page booklet con­ taining details in organizing and developing junior golf programs at different levels. No charge. TURF MANAGEMENT, by H. B. Musser (Me Graw-Hill Book Co., Inc.), the authoritative book on turf maintenance. $7. USGA CHAMPIONSHIP RECORD BOOK. De­ tailed results of all USGA competitions since their start in 1895. $2. USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT, a 33-page magazine published seven times a year. $2 a year. These publications are available on request to the United States Golf Association, 40 East 38th Street, New York 16, N. Y. Please send payment with your order. 10 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: FEBRUARY, 1959 AN APPEAL FOR UNIFORM RULES Delegates Applaud USGA Statement Question has arisen in Southern Cali­ fornia as to whether or not golfers want uniform rules to govern play throughout the United States, and the United States Golf Association has pre­ sented the case for the affirmative. If the reaction of delegates to the 65th Annual Meeting is any criterion, the USGA has the popular support of the vast majority of its 2,308 member clubs and courses, in this matter. Fortunately, uniformity in the rules throughout the world is not in question. The representatives of thirty-five coun­ tries who met in Washington, D. C., last spring to form the World Amateur Golf Council reported without exception that their countries played by the United States Golf Association-Royal and An­ cient Golf Club code and wanted no other. This greatly facilitated the institution of the World Amateur Team Championship in which twenty-nine countries partici­ pated at St. Andrews, Scotland, last fall. What Might Be! Imagine, if you will for a moment, where the game would be if some groups permitted free lifts from water hazards and other did not, if some used 6-inch and others 414 inch holes, if some used heavier and faster golf balls than others, if some played the stymie and some did not, if the penalty for a lost ball were two strokes in some places, one stroke in others and distance only in still others. Actually, individual clubs have in two notable periods written their own Rules of Golf unilaterally.----------------- The oldest of these periods ended when the leading golf clubs in Great Britain pressed the Royal and Ancient Golf Club to establish a Rules of Golf Committee in 1897 to formulate and interpret a uni­ form code for them all. The other end­ ed when leading golf clubs in the United States met in 1894 and established the United States Golf Association “to adopt, enforce and interpret rules for the play­ ing of the game” and “in general to act as an authoritative national body.” In neither situation had anarchy in lules been satisfactory. This world-wide phalanx of uniformity was broken when the Southern California Golf Association announced last month that it would conduct its own events un­ der a code which contained several basic deviations from the established Rules of Golf. In an effort to restore uniformity and to state the case for it, the USGA has sent the following letter to the SCGA and released copies to all member clubs and regional associations: Mr. Donald W. Spry, President Southern California Golf Association Dear Mr. Spry: The United States Golf Association respectfully requests the Southern Cali­ fornia Golf Association to rescind the local rules which your Association an­ nounced on January 15, 1959. It is best for golf that the game be play­ ed under a uniform code throughout the country, simply to insure that we all play 1he same game. Most of your Association’s special rules depart so far from the Rules of Golf as to be dangerous to the best in­ terests of the game. Golf obviously would be harmed if dif­ ferent sections were to have different codes—if, for example, the South used six-inch cups in the putting greens, if the Pacific Northwest authorized play with 20 clubs, if the Northeast required a largeubaHy and if the Middle West restor­ ed the old stymie rule; Early in American various clubs realized better for them to act together, rather than individually, in certain matters. They therefore created the United States Golf Association. The 2,308 present Mem­ ber Clubs of the USGA, in subscribing to the Constitution, agreed that the USGA is “to adopt, enforce and interpret rules USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: FEBRUARY, 1959 11 for the playing of the game” and “ In gen­ eral to act as an authoritative national body.” It is desirable for golf to have a com­ mon code not only nationally but through­ out the world. This was emphasized last year when 29 countries competed in the first World Amateur Team Championship for the Eisenhower Trophy and 32 coun­ tries were represented in the Canada Cup event for professionals. All 40 countries in the new World Amateur Golf Council play by the established Rules of Golf, as promulgated jointly by the USGA and the Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St. Andrews, Scotland. The ideal of a world code does not mean that all golfers agree with every part of the code. The Rules of Golf have evolved as the game has evolved. The present Rules were codified in 1951 by the USGA and the R & A in con­ cert. The two organizations are literally always at work and in consultation with each other. Every four years their repre­ sentatives meet formally to consider sug­ gestions for changes; more frequent changes of substance could unduly disturb golfers’ understanding of the Rules. The 1951 code was amended in 1955. In May of this year there will be another quadrennial conference. In July of 1958 the President of your Association, then Mr. John C. McHose very kindly informed the USGA of a poll of golfers on some points of the Rules. Mr. McHose said in part: “This informa­ tion is submitted to you merely for your consideration and you may assign it to whatever value you think appropriate. A similar letter and the enclosures are also being sent to The Royal and Ancient Golf Club in St. Andrews, Scotland.” On December 28, 1958 the USGA an­ nounced plans for the conference in the coming May and stated: “Recently the USGA has drafted proposals for refine­ ments. The subjects cover a width range, including suchmatters as balls lost, out of bounds;' unplayable and in water hazards.” This announcement was made through the press and directly to golf as­ sociations, including the Southern Cali­ fornia Golf Association. Your announcement of January 15, 1959 stated in part: “Players who intend to play in USGA events must keep a handi­ cap in accordance with USGA rules.” It Women's Ratings from Men's Tees Handicap Decision 59-1 References: Men: Sect. 5-1,6; 18-1 Women: Sect. 15-1; 16; 27-1 Handicap Decision 58-4 Q: A small number of our women mem­ bers are playing from men’s tees on week­ ends. Should these scores be used for computing handicaps when we have no V/omen’s rating from men’s tees? You recommend a separate rating from men’s tees. With 47 courses involved, ccmmittee could not rerate them for team play which is already underway. Could you recommend a temporary solution? Could the difference between men’s and women’s par be used in any way for a temporary rating? Question by: Mrs. Harry Winters Inglewood, Cal. A: Women’s scores made from men’s tees from which there is no women’s course rating cannot be used equitably in computing handicaps. Until a women’s rating is available, it is recommended that such scores be eliminated from handicap computations. A USGA handicap is computed from a player’s handicap differentials, and a handicap differential requires the exist­ ence of a course rating for the course on which the scores are made, including each separate set of tee markers on the course. Without a rating, a score is valueless for handicap purposes. would not be possible for golfers in your section to play under the Rules of Golf and your special rules simultaneously, and their eligibility for USGA events could be open to question. Aside from this, your statement quoted above indi­ cated your Association’s recognition of ihe_4esirability of a national code.------ The larger interests of golf in respect of uniformity are, in the long run, more important than any one detail of Rules. There is a well-established procedure for considering amendments. Support of this procedure, rather than making local rules unilaterally, makes the better contribu­ te on to the welfare of the game. Yours sincerely, John D. Ames President 12 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: FEBRUARY, 1959 HONOLULU HOUSEWIFE HEADS PUBLIC GOLFERS Men Have Chosen A Lady to Lead Mrs. Violet H. Goo, a little Honolulu housewife, has become an important cog in the future plans of the USGA be­ cause the Amateur Public Links Golf Championship will be held in Honolulu in 1960. Mrs. Goo is barely five feet in her high heels, and she weighs only 95 pounds. She holds an 18 handicap and shoots in the 90s. Certainly she is not another Mrs. Jackie Pung. However, she happens to be President of the Hawaii Public Links Golf Associa­ tion, the organization which wooed and won the 1960 Championship for the Is­ lands. She is the only women to head a predominantly male public links as­ sociation, as far a,s the records of the USGA disclose. The Hawaii Public Links Association is an active organization founded by Thomas A. T. Ching ten years ago, with thirteen clubs as its original membership. Today it boasts sixty-three clubs and a member­ ship of 3,500 golfers of all nationalities and walks of life. Its headquarters is the Ala Wai Golf Course, where the Amateur Public Links Championship will be held in 1960. It is a mere chip shot from Waikiki Beach. Mrs. Goo took up golf ten years ago, squeezing it in among her other activities which included running a household, be­ ing a wife and mother, volunteer com­ munity work and business and club leader­ ship. A natural talent for management soon earned her the secretaryship of the H. P. L. G. A. and later the position of treasurer. She was awarded the presi­ dency early last year. Heading large organizations is not a new experience for Mrs. Goo, who gives credence to the saying that dynamite sometimes comes in small packages. She was in 1953 the second woman to be presi­ dent of the 10,000-member Hawaii Chinese Civic Association. That organization has been in existence thirty-two years. She Mrs. Violet H. Goo has also served as president of a finance company, the Chinese Women’s Club, the YWCA Business Girls’ Federation and a director of the YWCA. In between these activities, Mrs. Goo does her own cooking and sewing and most of the housework. A frequent commuter to the mainland, Mrs. Goo attended the Amateur Public Links Championship in Chicago last sum­ mer and she watched the Hawaiian team in the Harding Cup competition. The decision by the USGA to accept the invitation from Hawaii culminated a campaign originated by the Islanders in 1954. Hawaii’s champions are by no means strangers to Amateur Public Links Cham­ pionships. Hawaii has been represented in every Championship since 1933. In 1934, at Pittsburgh, Arthur Arm­ strong, of Honolulu, went into the final. USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: FEBRUARY, 1959 13 MRS. MILDRED D. ZAHARIAS TREE An oak tree on the Hill of Fame at the Oak Hill Country Club, Rochester, N. ¥., was dedicated last summer to the honor and memory of Mrs. Mildred Didrikson Zaharias during a ceremony in which Oscar D. Guilfoil, president of the New York Seniors, William C. Chapin, of the USGA Executive Committee, Martin T. Gullen, president of the Club, and Dr. John T. Williams, chairman of the Hill of Fame Committee, participated. The plaque on the tree reads: “Mildred D. Zaharias, woman athlete supreme, exemplar of high courage.” Other trees on the Hill of Fame have been dedicated, among others, to Francis Ouimet, Ben Hogan and Charles R. Coe. Several Hawaiians have reached the quar­ ter-finals and one gained the semi-finals in the years following. The Hawaiian Team won the Harding Cup in 1957. Before the HPLGA was born, the Terri­ tory’s municipal golf champions either paid their own way to the Amateur Pub­ lic Links Championship or were sent by friends, but since 1948 the HPLGA has been able to provide all expenses for its representatives with funds raised locally. Ching and Mrs. Goo realize that send­ ing a team away to compete is child’s play compared to entertaining an Ama­ teur Public Links Championship. They have already started the machinery for the 1960 Championship. Ching, incidental­ ly, is a member of the USGA Public Links Committee. Books Received LIFE WITH PAR, by Morie Morrison (Doubleday & Co., Inc., $1.50) is a book of cartoons on golf. GOLFING AMERICA, edited by Ed­ ward A. Hamilton and Charles Preston, text by Al Laney (Doubleday & Co., Inc., $5.95) is a collection of photographs (some in color) of outstanding golf courses in this country. Mr. Laney’s text points out interesting features about each photograph. GOLF ON MY PILLOW, by George Houghton, (Stanley Paul & Co. Ltd., Lon­ don, 12s6d.) This is an illustrated volume of humorous letters on golf, from the author, an addict, to a son. 14 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: FEBRUARY, 1959 SINKERSOCK Dinna fash yoursel, bairn, Gin your gowf gangs aglee, Just gie it a clout And gard the ba’ flee. SINK SOCK Now your swing may be swell But what ice does it cut, If you always pay off To the lad who can putt? You may drive it a mile, Sock it dead to the pin, But you’ll still lose the match If you can’t knock it in. Since the scraps ’round the flag Need no muscle, just grit, And are won by the boy Who refuses to quit. With a head that is cool And a putter that’s hot, You can make it a match Though outdriven a lot. So, launch an attack That will drive a foe nuts From pressure built up By your chips and your putts. Concentrate and relax, Stroke it firmly, hit clean With the magic of confidence Win on the green. Don’t let Fortune’s caprice Unsettle your poise; Reverses are tests Sorting men from the boys. Scan each problem with care, But, for Pete’s sake, don’t stall. When you can’t see them fast, You won’t see them at all. Only think of the stroke, Put the score out of mind. Lose yourself in your play, And the Fates will be kind. For, in Golf, as in Life, You will find the best plan Is to finish the job— Put the ball in the can. Sure, some fellows can roll The ball into the hole, And so mark down a par as their score, But I want to swing And hark to it sing— No sensation can satisfy more. A long arching flight Is a beautiful sight, And requires no herculean stroke. Don’t jump at the job, Or wobble your knob. Smooth precision puts punch in the poke. Let the hands build up speed— It’s not body you need— Only freedom from tension and haste. No sway, just a turn, The trick you must learn To deliver a peach of a paste. Though you’re right in the groove It’s quite easy to prove You must still stroke with confident care. Don’t try for too much, And lose that fine touch— It takes timing to get anywhere. To outwit the old jinx Who holds sway on the links Keeps one busy from tee plate to pin. The men you oppose Are not your real foes— Master course and yourself for a win. Plan ahead with your play— Don’t just wallop away. Spot each shot so the next is set up. Why make the game tough? There’s trouble enough On that hazardous trip to the cup. Well I know when I rock To the synchronized sock That will send the ball whistling away, I’m not going to fret Because of some bet— Fll pay off for a drive any day. WILLIAM BOICE LANGFORD USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: FEBRUARY, 1959 15 WHAT IT TAKES TO BE A PRO BY HAROLD SARGENT President, Professional Golfers’ Association of America “Turning pro” sounds easy. It is easy. However, there’s a vast difference be­ tween “turning pro” and becoming a qualified golf professional and a member of the Professional Golfers’ Association of America. The PGA of America and I personally receive many letters from young fellows who say they’re interested in “turning pro.” Every time I receive one of those in­ quiries, I always ask the writer one ques­ tion, “Why do you want to become a golf professional?” Almost invariably the answer is, “Be­ cause I love to play golf.” When any good amateur golfer tells me that, I advise him to remain an ama­ teur. The fact is that most golf profes­ sionals, the successful ones, at any rate, are too busy to play much golf. The man who loves to play golf is better off if he remains an amateur and goes into some sort of work which per­ mits him to play a lot of golf and in which the ability to play a good game is an asset. Playing ability is important to a golf professional, but there are many things which are far more important. It takes a long time to become a golf professional because the man who is learning to be one must master not one job but many of them. The golf professional-to-be can learn the business on the job, in the traditional way, by working for a PGA member. Or, today, he can learn many phases of his work in schools, colleges and universities. There is no one specific course in the golf profession, but the study of such sub­ jects as business administration, sales­ manship, turf management, public rela­ tions and others will be most helpful. Such subjects can be taken in the regu­ lar course of schooling or in short courses. However, any way you go about it, it takes as long to learn the golf pro­ fession as it does any other profession. In the long run, the best “school” for the golf professional is the PGA of America. After he is elected to member­ ship, all facilities of the association are open to him. His “post-graduate course” is the Teach­ ing Program and Educational Program and the other programs established and maintained by the Association for its membership. To help the apprentices learn the busi­ ness faster and better, the PGA also con­ ducts the PGA Training School each winter. Professionals Must Be Versatile First of all, the golf professional must be a good professional instructor. He must know the fundamentals and me­ chanics of the golf swing and he must know how to teach them to his members. Second, the golf professional must be a good merchandiser. He’s in the business of selling, just like the merchants down town. He must learn that business well if he is to be successful. A golf professional must be a good salesman, but not too good a salesman. He will be criticized if he is too good or if he is not good enough. His system must be suggestive selling rather than pressure selling. Pressure selling simply doesn’t work in the golf shop. One vital part of the business of mer­ chandising in the golf shop is display. Big department stores have their display experts, but the golf professional must learn to be his own display expert. Third, the golf professional must be familiar with every phase of golf activi­ ty at his club. He must understand tour­ nament operations, handicapping, the Rules of Golf and many, many other things. Fourth, the golf professional must be, at least in some degree, a public rela­ tions man for his club. Quite often, he is Reproduced from the 40th PGA National Cham­ pionship Program. ns USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: FEBRUARY, 1959 the liaison man between his club and the press, the golf associations and so on. In addition, he must know how to meet and solve problems in his own personal public relations. Public relations in the golf shop, on the practice tee and else­ where can be the difference between suc­ cess and failure. Fifth, the golf professional must have a knowledge of the golf course and the many problems connected with it. Many of our members of the PGA of America are superintendents as well as golf professionals. Those who aren’t in­ variably work closely with the superin­ tendents at their golf courses. Sixth, the golf professional must un­ derstand the problems of the club man­ ager, so that he can assist when neces­ sary, in working out those problems. Here again some of our golf profes­ sionals “double in brass.” Some members of the PGA of America serve as club managers as well as golf professionals. Last, but near the top of the list in importance, the golf professional must be an executive, an organizer in his shop. The bigger the shop, the bigger this problem becomes. His Duties are Various The golf professional must plan his own work and the work of his teaching assistants, his shop assistants and all the other members of his staff. That sounds like a full-time job, and it is. It’s more than that for the golf pro­ fessional, for that’s only the start of his responsibilities. In addition to the many phases of his work at his own club, the golf profes­ sional who wants to be successful must be prepared to devote much time to civic enterprises and various worthwhile causes. The average PGA member puts in con­ siderable time, even during his busy sea­ son, to the promotion of Junior golf, to golf clinics, and mass instruction pro­ grams, to the work of civic clubs and so on. The golf professional occupies a unique position at his club. He must be friendly with his members without being a mem­ ber himself and without acting like a member. Although he must be friendly, he must always keep everything on a business basis. Needless to say, that isn’t easy to do. Sometimes it’s unusually difficult, but nevertheless it must be done. It is essential that the golf professional dress, conduct himself and maintain a manner of life which is in keeping with his position. As a professional man, he must dress and conduct himself like a professional man. Must Maintain his Position Golf professionals of the past have done a tremendous job in building the profes­ sion up to the high level that it enjoys today. We, the golf professionals of today, must continue that important work. Naturally, there are drawbacks to the golf profession, just as there are to any job. I always make the point of explain­ ing these to the amateur who is interested in “turning pro.” There are the long hard hours during the busy season. There is the fact that you must work hardest on Saturdays, Sun­ days and holidays, when other people are out having fun. One disadvantage is that, as a golf pro­ fessional, you will probably never get to play as much golf as you’d like to play. However, the biggest disadvantage is that it takes a long time to become a golf professional. That can’t be helped. There is no short­ cut, no easy way to get there. There are so many things to learn that it’s bound to take a long time to learn them all. The only way to learn all the things which will make you a successful pro­ fessional is through experience gained by working under a qualified golf pro­ fessional. One other disadvantage, which may be the biggest one of all, is that at most clubs there is no retirement plan for the golf professional. Therefore, in addition to all of the other things he must do, the golf profes­ sional must work out and maintain his own retirement plan. As I stated at the outset, “turning pro” is easy. To do it, all an amateur has to do is declare his intention of “turning pro,” or secure employment as an assistant, a “shop boy” or any one of several other jobs. The amateur desirous of ‘turning pro can do it by engaging in any one of several other acts which constitute pro­ fessionalism under the amateur code laid USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: FEBRUARY, 1959 17 down in the Rules of Golf by the United States Golf Association. The Necessary Qualifications However, to be eligible for member­ ship of the PGA of America, the would- be golf professional must have certain professional experience, together with certain other qualifications. To be eligible for membership, the ap­ plicant must have completed five years as: (1) A head professional at a club, (2) An approved tournament player, under an agreement with the PGA, playing in a minimum of 25 tournaments a year, or (3) An assistant to a head profes­ sional. An applicant can also qualify by having a total of five years of experience in any combination of these various phases. Under certain circumstances, the Con­ stitution and By-Laws of the PGA of America permits an assistant with less than five years of experience to become affiliated with the PGA as a Class H Ap­ prentice. The golf professional who has com­ pleted his five years of apprenticeship and who desires to become a member of the PGA of America must make formal application to the Association. Every applicant must appear before the Officers or the Membership Com­ mittee of his local PGA Section, for oral examination. After that, his application is investi­ gated by the Association’s National Board of Control and published for 30 days for the consideration of all members of the Association and their sections. If he meets all the requirements and if his examination by the local PGA Sec­ tion is satisfactory, he is then elected to membership in the PGA of America. The approved tournament player classi­ fication is a relatively new one, dating back little more than 10 years to shortly after the end of World War II. It opened a whole new avenue of ex­ perience to the man who wants to play golf as a career and to the man who wants to use his playing experience to help him become a club professional. The PGA made regular membership available to approved tournament players of five years standing because there was the feeling that experience on the tour and association with golf professionals Superintendents Meet Some 1,000 golf-course superin­ tendents met in Chicago for five days this winter to increase and share again their specialized knowl­ edge concerning the factors that will make turfgrass grow even under the abuse of golf players. As an agrono­ mist once said: “We would have no trouble maintaining golf courses if it weren’t for the golfers!” The occasion was the 30th National Turfgrass Conference and Show of the Golf Course Superintendents’ Association of America. The health and maintenance of the golf course were discussed from every angle— economic, climatic, mechanical and chemical—by panels headed by green committee chairmen, agronomists, golf-course architects, professionals, club managers and publishers and editors. Among topics on the agenda were: “Warm and Cool Season Main­ tenance,” “Are You a Good Boss?,” “The Professional’s Appreciation of the Superintendent,” “Clubhouse Area Landscaping,” “Speeding Up Play,” “Planning the Service Build­ ing” and “Living With Golf Carts.” would help a man to learn the things he would need to know to become a good golf professional. A man who becomes an approved tour­ nament player merely because he loves to play golf soon learns that there is a tremendous amount of work involved in being a successful circuit player. The steps to be followed in becoming an approved tournament player corre­ spond somewhat to tho,se to be followed in becoming a PGA member. It isn’t easy to become either. It isn’t supposed to be. At the end of five years, of course, the approved tournament player must go through the regular channels in order to become a regular PGA member. The road to recognition as a golf pro­ fessional and a member of the PGA of America is a long and difficult one. How­ ever, take it from me and from the more than 4,000 PGA members, it’s worth all the time and effort. The golf profession is an old and honor­ able one. None of us would be interested in trading with anyone. 18 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: FEBRUARY, 1959 DO RULES OF GOLF APPLY TO WOMEN? By JAMES P. ANGLIN Former President, Royal Canadian Golf Association Mr. Anglin delivered the following entertain­ ing remarks at a dinner following the Ross Memorial mixed competition at the Royal Montreal Golf Club, P.Q., Canada. Ladies and Gentlemen: The subject with which I propose to deal is a somewhat embarrassing one, and one which has been troubling my conscience for a considerable time. For reasons which you will appreciate in a moment or two, I have deliberately with­ held mention of it until this afternoon’s enjoyable play had been concluded. How­ ever, the By-laws of the club permit me to remain silent no longer, as they im­ pose certain duties upon the Match and Handicap Committee, and on the Captain as its Chairman. By-law 55 says, and I quote: “The game of golf shall be played according to the rules from time to time adopted by The Royal Canadian Golf Association.” By­ law 35 further says that: “The Match and Handicap Committee shall have power (and, by necessary implication, the duty as well) to interpret and enforce the Rules of Golf.” Now, there is a remarkable feature of the Rules of Golf which has, I think, un­ til now completely escaped notice. I have scrutinized them attentively many times, and I have found that they employ the word “he” seventy-eight times, the word “his” one hundred sixty-nine times and the words “him” and “himself” twenty times. But the extraordinary thing is this: While these masculine pronouns appear to total two hundred sixty-seven times, nowhere, not even once, is a feminine pronoun used. The words “she,” “her” and “herself” have been completely omitted! Of course you see at once my problem: Do the Rules of Golf apply to women? What Courts Hold My legal training led me at once to examine the definitions of a “competitor” and a “partner,” the only participants in the game known to the Rules. They only added to my worst suspicions. For exam­ ple, Definition 10 says: “A competitor is a player in a stroke competition.” So far so good. But wait, the second paragraph goes on: Tn stroke play four-ball and foursome competitions, where the con­ text so admits, the word competition or fellow competitor shall be held to in­ clude his partner.” Those of you who are familiar with the methods of the honorable profession to which I belong will understand the zeal with which I then searched for help­ ful decisions of our courts. A leading case is that of Henrietta Ed­ wards vs. the Attorney-General for Cana­ da, popularly known as the “Persons Case.” In it the Supreme Court of Canada had to decide in 1928 whether the word “persons” in the British North America Act included female persons, and as a consequence whether women were quali­ fied to be members of the Canadian Sen­ ate. The court held, by five judges to none, that a woman is not a person! The case was appealed to the Privy Council in London, and in 1930 its judg­ ment was rendered by Lord Sankey. He happily held that the word “persons” in­ cludes members of both male and female sex and that women were consequently eligible for appointment to the Senate. That is why we have women Senators to­ day. Unfortunately, a. close examination of that decision reveals the specious reason­ ing which Lord Sankey employed. For example, at page 138 of his judgment, he said: “To those who ask why the word (persons) should include females, the obvious answer is why should it not?” You sense at once the prejudice of the court in favor of the ladies, which be­ comes quite apparent in the following passage. “Their Lordships . . . desire ... to give (the BN A Act) a large and liberal interpretation so that the Do­ minion to a great extent . . . may be mistress of her own house, as the Pro­ USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: FEBRUARY, 1959 19 vinces to a great extent . . . are mis­ tresses in theirs.” It is evident that their Lordships’ views were so colored, for some unexplained reason, that even the Dominion and the Provinces took on feminine attributes! They could just as well have used the word “master” instead of “mistress.” The ladies may be inter­ ested, however, in Lord Sankey’s aside that, “in the Province of Quebec, as in England, there can be found cases of ex­ ceptional women and exceptional cir­ cumstances!” No, this decision is inapplicable to my problem for three reasons: (1) it is obviously biased, (2) appeals to the Privy Council have .since been abolished, and (3, the Rules of Golf do not use the word “persons,” but rather “competi­ tors,” “partners” and “players.” I turned then to the famous, mislead­ ing case of Fardell v,s. Potts. In that case the appellant was a Mrs. Fardell, a woman, who, while navigating a motor­ launch on the River Thames, collided with the respondent, Potts, who was navigating a punt, as a result of which the respondent was immersed and caught cold. The respondent brought an action for damages alleging negligent naviga­ tion of the appellant, and the trial court decided in his favor and awarded him 250 pounds damages. In the Court of Appeal this decision was reversed by Lord Justice Marrow af­ ter an exhaustive examination into the Common Law of England and the juris­ prudence which has been laboriously built about that mythical figure, “the reasonable man.” He is the ideal or standard by comparison with whom all negligence cases are determined. He is always thinking of others, invariably looks where he is going, neither star­ gazes nor is lost in meditation when ap­ proaching trap-doors, scrupulously sub­ stitutes the word “order” for “bearer” on checks, registers every letter, informs himself of the history and habits of a dog before administering a caress, con­ templates his fellow-merchants and their goods with that degree of suspicion which the law deems admirable and never drives his ball until those in front have vacated the putting green. But in all the mass of authorities Lord Marrow was unable to find a single men­ tion of a reasonable woman. He therefore properly concluded that, legally at least, there is no reasonable woman and dis­ missed the case on the ground that Mrs. Fardell’s conduct was only what was to be expected of a woman, as such! The Sad Decision I therefore must decide, with great regret but in the exercise of the clear duty imposed upon me, that women are unknown to golfing law and are not sub­ ject to the Rules of Golf! This shattering decision may, perhaps, bring some comfort to the Lady Captain seated at my right, who will no longer have to decide in the Tuesday competi­ tions whether or not to disqualify a lady whose caddie walks with her into a bunker. But insofar as today’s play is concerned I have no alternative but to rule that all the ladies are disqualified. As the matches this afternoon were played as foursomes, each “side” con­ sisting of a lady and a gentleman partner playing one ball and striking alternately, I had still to decide whether the gentle­ men are disqualified as well. Fortunately, the answer to this is sim­ ple. Definition 27 applies. It reads: “A rub of the green occurs when a ball in motion is stopped or deflected by any out­ side agency.” As the ladies are not con­ templated by the Rules of Golf they can only be regarded as “outside agencies,” and any strokes they played were merely “rubs of the green.” It follows from my ruling that the prizes which I am about to present must be given only to the gentlemen, and it will be in the sole discretion of each win­ ner whether he wishes to condescend to hand ovei' to his partner the prize which our Secretary-Treasurer had, in the ab­ sence of any fore-warning of my deci­ sion, provided for her. However, the ladies may be consoled in the knowledge that they had a part in the remarkable performance which has also resulted from my decision. When the scores returned this afternoon have been revised in accordance with my ruling, it will be found that every gentleman who competed has broken the official record for the South Course, and that the win­ ner has reduced it by no fewer than twenty-eight strokes! 20 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT; FEBRUARY, 1959 THE REFEREE Decisions by the Rules of Golf Committees Example of Symbols: "USGA” indicates decjsion by tne United Siaces Golf Association. “R & A” indi­ cates decision by the Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St. Andrews, Scotland. “59-1” means the first decision issued in 1959. “D” means definition. “R. 37-7” refers to Section 7 of Rule 37 in the 1959 Rules of Golf. Ball "Lost" in Ground Under Repair USGA 58-35 D. 5, R. 21-2, 3; 32-3 Q: Player drives ball from tee which seems headed for ground under repair. After a brief search, player drops an­ other ball in a designated drop area, without penalty under a local rule. After playing the second ball, a fellow-player finds the original ball well beyond area where it had been believed to be. Should original ball be continued in play? May the second ball be continued in play with­ out penalty? Question by: Johnny Morgan Vero Beach, Fla. A: As the player’s original ball was in play (Definition 5), he incurred a pen­ alty of loss of hole in match play for playing a wrong ball, under Rule 21-2. If the incident occurred in a stroke competition, the player would have been obliged to continue play with his ori­ ginal ball and would be penalized two strokes for playing a wrong ball under Rule 21-3. These answers assume that the wrong ball was not played from a hazard. It is a question of fact whether a ball is lost in ground under repair. When the fact cannot be positively determined, the mere possibility that the ball may be in ground under repair is not sufficient; there must be preponderance of evidence to that effect. Even if the weight of evi­ dence be to that effect and there yet re­ mains the possibility that the ball is not in ground under repair, the player must strengthen the evidence by searching five minutes for the ball. In the absence of strong evidence that the ball is in ground under repair, the ball must be treated as lost, and Rule 29-1 must be applied. See Rule 32-3, second paragraph. Referee May Not Waive Rule USGA 58-36 R. 11-1 and 2, 35-ld QI: Ball on putting green was moved to avoid casual water. Player, before putt­ ing, placed full hand on green near ball to test green. Referee ruled that, due to mitigating circumstances of wet green, Rule on testing could be waived. Can referee waive this Rule or does the play­ er lose hole? Al: Referee has no authority to waive any Rule, including Rule 35-ld, which ap­ plies in present case. However, referee’s USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: FEBRUARY, 1959 21 decision is final under Rule 11-2. Q2: Where referee has no authority to waive Rule and does, can protest be re­ ferred to Committee? A2: Protest of referee’s decision may be referred to Committee only if referee is willing and if claim is made within time limit specified in Rule 11-1. Both players are entitled to know status of match at all times, and therefore referee’s decision is final. Questions by: James Pillet New York, N. Y. Tee Markers May Not Be Lifted USGA 58-37 D 32; R.5 Q: Is a player allowed to tee his ball up close to one of the markers, then re­ move the marker while he plays his shot and replace it again afterward? Question by: Kenneth T. Gordon Essex Fells, N. J. A: No. The markers must always re­ main in place for all players. Rule 5 is pertinent, and the penalty for breach is loss of hole in match play or two strokes in stroke play. Ball Splits in Two, Half Remains in Bounds USGA 58-38 D. 21; R. 28 Q: A man hitting from the men’s tee drove a ball that struck a marker on the women’s tee and was split exactly in half. One half went out of bounds, the other half bounced back toward the man. What is the ruling? Question by: William F. Fox, Jr. Indianapolis, Ind. A: The ball being unfit for play, the player was entitled to replace it as pro­ vided for in Rule 28, using the half of the ball that remained in bounds as the part being replaced. The ball was not out of bounds as all of it did not lie out of bounds—see Defini­ tion 21. Caddie Need Not Carry Player's Clubs Q: A rides a cart which carries his clubs. A hires a boy who is called a spot­ USGA 58-39 D. 7, R. 37-2 ter. This boy does not carry the clubs; all he does is find A’s ball. B claims this is in violation of the Rules and quotes Definition 7. Where carts are permitted in tourna­ ment play, can a player hire a caddie to find his ball and not carry his clubs? Question by: James D. Fogertey Sappington, Mo. A: Yes. A boy who does not carry the player’s clubs but performs the other normal duties of a caddie is considered to be a caddie as the term is used in the Rules of Golf. Definition 7 and Rule 37-2 were in­ tended to prohibit the employment by a player of two “caddies.” The USGA prohibits the use of automo­ tive transportation by players in its cham­ pionships. Ball Has " Moved" When It Sinks Down USGA 58-40 D. 3 Q: A player drives his ball to deep and thick grass and it rests on the top of the grass. The player takes up a trial stance before addressing and then the ball sinks down, the lie becoming very much worse than the original position; in other words, the ball moves down vertically, but not horizontally. Is this ball deemed to have moved as it changes its position vertically though not horizontally? When a ball oscillates and comes back to its original position, the ball has not moved. Is this interpretation applicable to the vertical movement of a ball up or down? Question by: S. Takahata Osaka, Japan A: The ball in question is deemed to have moved, within the meaning of Defi­ nition 3. The direction of movement is immaterial. Ties in Stroke Play Should Be Played Off USGA 58-42 R. 36-3 Q: In a recent best ball of four tour­ nament there were several ties. The win­ ner was decided by matching of cards starting from the 18th hole and work­ ing backwards. The committee in charge 22 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: FEBRUARY, 1959 of the tournament stated that this was in accordance with USGA Rules. Is this proper procedure? Question by: Johnny Vasco Allentown, Pa. A: Rule 36-3 empowers the Committee to determine how ties shall be decided. A tie in stroke play shall not be decided by a match. In handicap stroke play, the USGA recommends a playoff; see 1958 Rules of Golf booklet, page 60. The USGA considers that matching cards against each other or against the course par is not a proper way to decide a tie. If two players return scores of the same total in stroke play, they have finished the test originally set. To de­ cide their tie, it would not seem fair to go back arbitrarily to any individual part of the original test, for that test was on a total-score basis. Any such method is artificial. Stroke play and match play are two different games. Therefore, a new test should be provided for settling a tie. Sacrificing Stroke to Assist Partner USGA 58-31 (49-220) R. 5,11-4 Q: A and B are partners against C and D in a better-ball match. All four are on the green, A’s ball farthest away. A seem­ ingly deliberately putts so as to get slightly farther away than B and on a line to the cup so that when he, A, makes his second putt, it will give his partner an opportunity to see the line and the roll. In other words, A deliberately sacrifices his own score in the hope of aiding his partner on the better-ball score. Is such procedure against the Rules? Is such procedure barred by ethics or sportsmanship. What would you suggest as the chairman’s ruling on the question? Will you visualize the same perform­ ance on an approach shot and let me have your opinion? Question submitted in 1949 by: Milton A. Jentes White Plains, N. Y. A: The Rules of Golf have been writ­ ten upon the premise that players hole out in the least number of strokes and that in order to do so the game be play­ ed towards the hole whenever possible or practicable. A’s action is so contrary to the intent of the Rules, to the customs of the game, to sportsmanship, and to the rule of equi­ ty that A and B should be declared to have lost the hole; see Rule 11-4 and Rule 5. The foregoing applies to any stroke played in the manner and for the pur­ pose employed by A. STATEMENT REQUIRED BY THE ACT OF AUGUST 24, 1912, AMENDED BY THE ACTS OF MARCH 3, 1933, AND JULY 2, 1946 (TITLE 39, UNITED STATES CODE, SECTION 233) SHOWING THE OWNERSHIP, MANAGEMENT AND CIRCU­ LATION OF USGA Journal and Turf Management, published seven times a year at New York, N. Y., for October 1, 1958. 1. The names and addresses of the publisher, editor, managing editor, and business managers are: Publisher, United States Golf Association, 40 East 38th St.. New York 16, N. Y.; Editors, Joseph C. Dey, Jr., and John P. English, 40 East 38th St., New York 16, N. Y.; Managing Editor, none; Business Manager, none. 2. The owner is: (If owned by a corporation, its name and address must be stated and also im­ mediately thereunder the names and addresses of stockholders owning or holding 1 percent or more of total amount of stock. If not owned by a cor­ poration, the names and addresses of the indi­ vidual owners must be given. If owned by a part­ nership or other unincorporated firm, its name and address, as well as that of each individua member, must be given.) United States Golf As­ sociation, 40 East 38th St., New York 16, N. Y. President, John D. Ames, 40 East 38th St., New York 16, N. Y. Vice President, John G. Clock, 40 East 38th St., New York 16, N. Y. Vice President, Charles L. Peirson, 40 East 38th St., New York 16, N. Y. Secretary, John M. Winters, Jr., 40 East 38th St., New York 16, N. Y. Treasurer, J. Fred­ eric Byers, Jr., 40 East 38th St., New York 16, N. Y. 3. The known bondholders, mortgagees, and other security holders owning or holding 1 per­ cent or more of total amount of bonds, mortgages, or other securities are: (If there are none, so state.) None. 4. Paragraphs 2 and 3 include, in cases where the stockholder or security holder appears upon the books of the company as trustee or in any other fiduciary relation, the name of the person or cor­ poration for whom such trustee is acting; also the statements in the two paragraphs show the affiant's full knowledge and belief as to the cir­ cumstances under which stockholders and security holders who do not appear upon the books.of the company as trustees, hold stock and securities in a capacity other than that of a bona fide owner. 5. The average number of copies of each is­ sue of this publication sold or distributed, through the mails or otherwise, to paid subscribers during the 12 months preceding the date shown above was: (This information is required from daily, weekly, semiweekly, and triweekly newspapers only.) John P. English, Editor Sworn to and subscribed before me this 15th day of September, 1958. (signed) Gotfred Pearson, Notary Public, S*ate of New York (My commission expires March 30, 1960). USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: FEBRUARY, 1959 23 Better Turf for Better Golf :: ■ . ■ • ■ TURF MANAGEMENT V from the USGA Green Section Nematode Investigations On Putting Green Turf BY GENE C. NUTTER AND J. R. CHRISTIE Associate Turf Technologist and Nematologist, respectively University of Florida, Agricultural Experiment Station, Gainesville, Fla. Nematodes have been recognized as parasites on turf grasses only within the past decade. While these pests have been investigated for many years on other crops, it was not until 1951 that Tarjan and Fergusdn~(8) reported the first as^ sociatidri of nematodes~with turf decline? This report” involved the stunt nematode (Tylenchorhynchus sp.) on bentgrass and was described as “yellow tuft” disease. In a recent paper Nutter (5) reviews de­ velopment of the nematode problem in turf on a national scale. In Florida, Prof. Erdman West, of Gainesville, and Dr. J. R. Christie, of San­ ford (unpublished accounts) were among the first to suspect nematode damage on turf grasses. Kelsheimer and Overman (2) reported several nematodes associated with~c[eclihing Bermuda and St Xugus- iTrie grasses_Jji the Tampa Bay area in T953TChristie et al (1) summarized quanti­ tative and qualitative aspects of nema­ tode samples collected throughout the state. Experiments by Overman (6) indi- A paper presented at the 1958 meetings of the Florida State Horticultural Society, Clearwater, Fla., Nov. 6, 1958. Acknowledgment and appreciation are due Messrs. R. A. Lagasse, Turf Research Field Fore­ man, and W. H. Thames, Jr., Instructor in Soils (Nematology), University of Florida, for able assistance in this work. 1 This study partially conducted on grants from the USGA Green Section and the E. I. duPont de Nemours Company. cated the possibility of controlling cer­ tain species of nematodes in established turf without serious injury to the grass. Nutter et al (3) reported results of con­ trol experiments involving three nematode species on St. Augustine grass. Work was initiated in 1956 by Nutter and Whitton (4) to investigate the biological relation­ ship between certain species of parasitic nematodes and four major turf grasses. This paper reports nematodes popula­ tion trends and results of nematocide treatments on an experimental putting green at the Florida Agricultural Experi­ ment Station turf research nurseries dur­ ing 1957 and 1958. Experimental Procedure The experimental green was built in the spring of 1955 to study the inter­ action of nitrogen source and thatch con­ trol on five putting green varieties of Bermudagrass. Activated sewerage sludge (A.S.), ammonium nitrate (A.N.) and urea-formaldehyde (U.F.) forms of nitro­ gen were applied in a factorial arrange­ ment involving different rate-frequency combinations, all totaling 36 pounds of nitrogen per 1,000 square feet per year. A blanket application of an 0-12-12 ferti­ lizer was made every four months at the rate of 500 pounds per acre. The turf was uniformly maintained under putting green conditions regarding mowing, irri­ 24 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: FEBRUARY, 1959 gation and pest control measures. Fer­ tility treatments were initiated in the Fall of 1956 after the grass had become uniformly established.1 Table 1 The Population Trend from 1957 to 1958 of Four Species of Nematodes on an Ex­ perimental Bermudagrass Green. 1957 Treatment: Early in the summer of 1957 decline in vigor and general chlorosis ‘became pronounced on the green in a pattern not apparently as­ sociated with fertility treatments. Pre­ liminary inspection indicated the pres­ ence of parasitic nematodes. All plots were sampled in early August and nema­ tode analyses were conducted using the Baermann technique as modified by Christie. Nematode counts were made on an aliquot sample basis. After sampling, the entire green was ? aerified and treated with 0-2-4-dichloro- phenyl o, o-diethyl phosphorothioate (VC-13) at the rate of 20 gallons per acre using a spray boom which delivered approximately 50 gallons per acre of total liquid. Following treatment the green was irrigated with one acre-inch of water as a sealing agent. Some phytotoxicity was observed following treatment but the grass recovered and the condition of the green improved until the approach of the unusually cool winter when occasional frost damage occurred. 1958 Treatment: By mid-summer of 1958 turf decline and chlorosis again be- Tame evident. Nematode analyses were” Nematode Average Nematode Count 1 Species August 1957 August 1958 lance ring - sting awl Average 71 26 27 19 36 223 106 65 33 107 % Increase 1957-1958 213% 316% 145% 76% 200% 1 Based on average sample counts (150 cc. sam­ ple) from 32 randomly selected plots. conducted in early August. On August 22, the green was aerified and half of every plot treated with l,2-dibromo-3- chloropropane (Nemagon) at five gallons per acre (active). Application was with a hose attachment sprayer which applied approximately 2,200 gallons of solution per acre. A second workman followed im­ mediately after the sprayman applying a water seal until no odor of the chemical could be detected. After this treatment, another half-inch of water was applied through the irrigation system. Nematode counts were determined on both treated and untreated halves of 32 randomly selected plots three and eight Table 2 The Effect of Three Nitrogen Sourses on the Population of Four Nematode Species on an Experimental Bermudagrass Green from August 1957 to August 1958 v Ammonium Nitrate Activated Sludge Nitrogen Source Urea-Form Nematode Species lance ring sting awl Overall Average Nematode Count % 1957 106 38 34 80 1958 398 149 106 124 Increase 1957-1958 276% 293% 213% 57% 64 195 202% Overall Average Minus awl 60 218 261% Nematode Count % Nematode Count % 1957 1958 39 49 39 0.5 111 88 52 9 Increase 1957-1958 185% 77% 33% 1700% 1957 77 8 10 0.6 1958 135 21 32 0 Increase 1957-1958 75% 152% 415% -500% 32 43 65 632% 24 47 36% 84 98% 32 62 214% 1/ Based on average nematode sample counts (150 c.c. sample) from eight randomly chosen repli­ cates of each nitrogen source. USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: FEBRUARY, 1959 25 weeks after treatment. Turf quality evalu­ ations (separate color and density ratings) vzere made after eight weeks. Results and Discussion The nematode population on the ex- perimentalgreen showed~an overall 200 per cent increase fr6m~~August, 1957 to August7~1958 (Table 1), despite the nema;_ tocide application in August, 1957 and the unusually cool winter which Followed. Among the four principal specie^ present, ring nematodes (Criconemoides spp.) showed the greatest increase—316 per cent; followed in order by lance (Hoplo- laimus tylenchiformis)—213 per cent; sting (Belonolaimus longicaudatus) — 145 per cent; and awl (Dolicodorus sp.)— 76 per cent. The lance species exhibited the highest average sample count in 1958 followed in order by ring, sting and awl nematodes. Figure 1 shows a typical nema­ tode count increase on one of the A.N. plots. Table 2 summarizes the effect of nitro­ gen source upon the population behavior of the four species of nematodes involved. In this test complex interactions are evi­ dent between nitrogen source and nema­ tode species. Disregarding awl nematode because of the low count—particularly on the A.S. and U.F. plots—the overall nema­ tode population increase was notably less ~ cn the A.S. than on the A.N. or U.F. plots Fan average 6F98 as compared to 261 and 214 per cent respectively). In contrast, turf quality was highest on the A.S. plots (Table 4). Perhaps the activated sewerage sludge created soil conditions which were~~ more Favorable to the development of predators; thereby^ holding the build-up bT parasitic neffratode.s more iri check than in the casFbFothernitrogensources. Apparently~The~sbil ehvirbhmeht created hy the ^continuous apphcation of the three nitrogen jources differentially af-. fected population behavior "both-within and among nematode species. Results of the 1958 Nemagon treatment on nematode population are given in Table 3. The figures show per cent nema­ tode count reduction in treated versus un­ treated halves of the involved plots. Typical increase in total nematode count and species distribution from August 1957 to August 1958. The Bermudagrass variety is Everglades; the fertility treatment ammonium nitrate. 26 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: FEBRUARY, 1959 Table 3 The Population Status of Five Species of Nematodes on Untreated Versus Plots Treated with Nemagon at Five Gallons Per Acre, Three and Eight Weeks After Treatment Nematode Three Weeks after Treatment Eight Weeks after Treatment Species Untreated Treated % Reduction Untreated Treated % Reduction Average Nematode Count v lance ring sting awl stubby-root Overall Average Overall Av. Minus stubby-root 107 79 57 48 15 61 73 8 4 8 1— 8 6 5 1237% 1875% 613% 6718% 88% 2106% 188 278 151 49 5 134 6 11 2 1— 103 25 3033% 2427% 7450% 6323% —1960% 3455% 2611% 167 5 4808% 1/ Based on average nematode sample counts (150 c.c. sample) from treated and untreated halves of fifteen randomly chosen plots. 'T'hree weeks after treatment the reduc­ tion in nematode count was pronounced. Results were even more marked at the end of eight weeks. At this time, count reduction was greatest with sting nema­ todes, followed in order by awl, lance and ring nematodes. .The, one striking exception to the excel- lent control involved stubby-root nema- tode (Tncliodorus sp.). This species was not' observed oh the„ green until the, sampling three weeks after treatment. The rapid builcT-up of this species follow­ ing nematocidal treatment has been ob­ served in several cases. Perry (7) re­ ported such a build-up following fumiga­ tion with D.D. in vegetable beds. Nutter and Whitton (4) encountered the same behavior following sterilization with methyl bromide. Apparently, residual control of this nematode is not possible with the presently available materials. Eight weeks after application of the nematocide, turf quality was improved to a marked degree on treated versus un­ treated areas. There was, however, an obvious interaction with nitrogen source as indicated in Table 4. The Nemagon treatment resulted in an average overall improvement in turf quality of 44 per cent on A.N. and U.F. plots compared to only a 12 per cent improvement on A.S. plots. However, it should also be noted from Table 4 that the turf on the A.S. plots was in better condition prior to the nematocide treatment than was the case with the other nitrogen sources. This fact may be associated with the slower rate of nematode build-up on the A.S. plots as discussed above. Turf color im­ proved more rapidly following treatment than turf density. Both are combined in Table 4 to indicate overall turf quality improvement. Summary 1. Nematode control studies were con­ ducted in 1957 and 1958 on an experi- TURF MANAGEMENT The book "Turf Management," sponsored by the United States Golf Association and edited by Prof. H. B. Musser, is a complete and authoritative guide in the practical de­ velopment of golf-course turfs. This 354-page volume is available through the USGA, 40 East 38th Street, New York 16, N. Y„ the USGA Green Section Regional Offices, the McGraw-Hill Book Co., 350 West 42nd Street, New York 36, N. Y., or local bookstores. The cost is $7. USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: FEBRUARY, 1959 27 Table 4 The Effect of Nematicide Treatment and Nitrogen Source on Turf Quality of an Experimental Bermudagrass Green Eight Weeks After Treatment with Nemagon at the Rate of Five Gallons per Acre (Active) Average Turf Quality V Nitrogen Source Untreated Treated Improvement Untreated Treated Improvement (Color-)-Den.) -?2 Color % Density % % Overall Improvement Ammonium Nitrate Activated Sludge Urea- Form Average 1.44 2.34 62.5% 2.43 3.06 25.9% 44.2% 2.87 3.37 17.4% 3.81 4.06 6.6% 1.41 1.91 2.25 2.66 59.6% 46.5% 2.31 2.85 3.00 3.71 29.9% 20.8% 12.0% 44.8% 33.7% 1/ Turf Quality ratings: 1 — very poor 2 — poor 3 — fair 4 — good 5 — very good 6 — excellent mental putting green at the Florida Ag­ ricultural Experiment Station turf re­ search nurseries. Nematode counts were taken before treatment in the fall of 1957 and before and after treatment in 1958. Turf quality was also evaluated. : 2.> Populations of sting, ring, lance and awl nematodes showed an average overall increase of approximately 200 per cent from August 1957 to August 1958 despite the 1957 nematocide treatment. . 3.. Under the conditions of this ex­ periment nematode population behavior was influenced by nitrogen source, both vdthin and among species. 4. In the 1958 test, Nemagon at five gallons per acre produced outstanding reduction in the overall nematode popu­ lation eight weeks after treatment. The striking exception was stubby-root nema­ tode which demonstrated rapid and severe population build-up following treat­ ment. (^5?) Turf quality improved following treatment, but was influenced by nitro­ gen source. 6. The authors believe that close mow­ ing, soil aeration, high gallonage applica­ tion and an immediate water seal are es­ sential techniques for successful nema­ tocide treatment to established turf. The soil should be moist prior to application. 1. Much research is needed on both lhe ecological factors affecting nematode population behavior and aspects of eco­ nomic control of principal species of nematodes parasitic to turf. References (1.) Christie, J. R., J. M. Good, Jr., and G. C. Nutter. Nematodes associated with injury to turf. Proc. Fla. Soil Sc. Soc. 14:167-169. 1954. (2.) Kelsheimer, E. G. and A. J. Over­ man. Notes on some ectoparasitic nematodes found attacking lawns in the Tampa Bay area. Proc. Fla. Hort. Soc. 66:301-3. 1953. (3.) Nutter, Gene C., J. M. Good, Jr., and J. R. Christie. Nematode inves­ tigations on Florida turf. Proc. Univ, of Fla. Turf Man. Conf. 3:133- 41. 1955. <4.) ------------------------and G. M. Whit­ ton. Nematode investigations on turf grasses. Fla. Agricultural Exp. Sta. Ann. Rep’t. :121-22. 1957. (5.) ----------------Nematode problems in turf. Golf Course Reporter 26 (7) 5-9. 1958. (6.) Overman, A. J. Use of nematocides on established turf. Proc. Fla. Soil Sc. Soc. 14:170-73. 1954. (7.) Perry, V. G. Return of nematodes following fumigation of Florida soils. Proc. Fla. St. Hort. Soc. 66: 112-14. 1953. (8.) Tarj an, A. C. and M. H. Ferguson. Observation of nematodes in yellow turf of bentgrass. USGA Journal 4(2):28-30. 1951. 28 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: FEBRUARY, 1959 Shoe Sole Tests to be Broadened BY MARVIN H. FERGUSON National Research Coordinator, USGA Green Section An article in the USGA Journal for November, 1958 described the results of experiments at Texas A. & M. College designed to measure the relative damage to turf caused by various types of shoe soles. The last sentence of that article reads, “The results of this experiment indicate that, according to these techni­ ques and under these conditions, there is no basis for discriminating against ripple sole shoes.” These emphasized words and phrases are standard equipment for the experimenter. This is true because few experiments can be expected to yield con­ clusions that will hold true under all con­ ditions. The matter of shoe-sole types is a con­ troversial one. Opinions about the ripple­ sole shoe especially, whether for or against, appear to be very definite. Ex­ periments reported in the USGA Journal article were designed to find some factual basis for answering questions about the damage caused by ripple sole shoes. Briefly stated, these experiments sought to determine turf damage resulting from the use of various type soles and to deter­ mine the effect of ripple sole footprints on the course of a rolling golf ball. Traffic damage to turf was measured by determining the amount of turf worn out (evaluated by visual ratings and the dou­ ble quadrat technique) and the degree and pattern of soil surface deformation. These measurements indicated that spikes and cleated sole shoes both did more dam­ age than ripple soles. In putting tests, a ball was rolled across the turf by means of a specially construct­ ed device that rolled the ball at a con­ stant speed and in the same direction. It could not be demonstrated that footprints in the path of the ball produced any ef­ fect upon the point at which it came to rest. Challenges to the validity of these con­ clusions were almost certain to be forth­ coming. Ripple-sole shoes have been barred from some clubs. The clubs which have taken this step are almost certain to have weighed the matter carefully before arriving at a decision to do so. Unfortunately, experimenters do not always anticipate the ways in which golf- COMING EVENTS February 20 Tri-State Turf Conference Knoxville, Tenn. February 23-24 Southern Turfgrass Conference Ridgeway Country Club Memphis, Tenn. Reg Perry, P. O. Box 2057 DeSoto Sta­ tion, Memphis, Tenn. February 25-27 Minnesota Golf Course Superintendents Association Turf Conference Lowry Hotel. St. Paul, Minn. March 2-4 Midwest Regional Turf Conference Memorial Center, Purdue University Lafayette, Ind. Dr. William H. Daniel March 5-6 The University of Massachusetts Annual Turf Conference University of Massachusetts Amherst, Mass. Dr. Eliot C. Roberts March 12-13 Annual Michigan Turfgrass Conference Michigan State University East Lansing, Michigan Prof. James Tyson Tentative April 6-7-8 13th Annual Southern Turfgrass Conference Tifton, Ga. Dr. Glenn W. Burton ers will use equipment. These experi­ ments measured the effects of traffic re­ sulting from walking. The walkers did not execute turns which would produce a tearing action, nor did they practice the application of body English with feet firmly planted. The tests were made on (nly one kind of grass, Seaside bent. They were done during only one season, spring and early summer. They were made at only one location, College Sta­ tion, Texas. They were carried out on only putting green turf. At any rate, comments concerning the work reported are such that it seems necessary to continue experiments along this line. As mentioned, one of the criti­ cisms has been that the tests failed to consider turning action by the players. This has been stated very well by Mr. Richards S. Tufts, of Pinehurst, N. C., who says: “The difficulty is that the soles cause no trouble when people walk on them as USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: FEBRUARY, 1959 29 vas done in the tests, but they literally tear the turf whenever there is any turn­ ing action whatever. This naturally cre­ ates a great deal of damage on the tees and unfortunately this twisting action is quite common on the greens, either in the application of body English, in turn­ ing, or in lifting balls from the cup. “The universal opinion of all I have talked to has been that the tests which were made were inconclusive because of their failure to take into account the ef­ fects of any turning action.” The kind of experimentation that would provide answers to problems of traffic and turf wear would appear to be in­ creasingly important. A greater amount of play, higher standards of maintenance and the growing popularity of motorized golf carts are all factors contributing to traffic effects on turf. Relatively little attention has been given to a study of the traffic problem as such, even though other turf research efforts have recognized that traffic is an important consideration. An example is the research done on putt­ ing green soils which attempts to discover ways to offset the compactive effects of traffic on wet greens. Observations of the distribution of Poa annua on putting greens suggest that the incidence of this grass may be related to the wear inflicted or to the compactive effects of traffic. This also appears to be true in the case of disease incidence. Research of this kind is difficult for several reasons. There are many vari- SUBSCRIBERS TO U.S.G.A. GREEN SECTION RESEARCH AND EDUCATION FUND, INC. Augusta National Golf Augusta, Ga. Club, Catto & Putty, Floyd Farley, Georgia Florida Turf Association, Lionel MacDuff, Metropolitan Golf Writers' Association, National Golf Fund, Inc., New England Golf Association, San Antonio, Oklahoma City, Tex. Okla. Winter Park, Fla. Lynn, Mass. Manhasset, N. Y. Dunedin, Fla. Boston, Mass. Association Connecticut State Golf Maine State Golf Association Massachusetts State Golf Association New England Golf Association New Hampshire State Golf Association Rhode Island State Golf Association Vermont State Golf Association Bernard H. Ridder, Jr., J. H. Watson, Duluth, Minn. Marietta, Ohio ables that contribute to traffic damage. Among them are soil type, soil moisture content, kind of grass in the turf, height of mowing, frequency of traffic, kind of traffic, pounds of force exerted, shearing action present, etc. Adding to these difficulties are those attendant to the measurement of damage. Damage resulting from traffic does not follow a straight line relationship to the amount of traffic imposed. As an exam­ ple, in the foot traffic tests previously described, there appeared to be little damage to the paths during the first two weeks, but during the third week the paths subjected to traffic from spiked shoes deteriorated almost to the vanish­ ing point. Criteria other than visual evaluation are needed for accurate reporting of ex­ perimental results. The application of turf quality evaluation systems to the problem of traffic damage is a matter that has been given very little attention. The matters which have been discussed in these paragraphs bespeak a need for continued research in the area of traffic damage in general and of shoe sole types in particular. Questions of shoe sole dam­ age have by no means been settled and a study of golf cart tire damage has not even begun. Research along this line is a prerequisite to intelligent regulation of traffic which may damage turf. Golf Course Climates The north slope and the south slope of a putting green may be 120 feet apart and subjected to a difference in climate that would be expected to occur over a distance of several hundred miles. Dr. Ray Keen, of Kansas State College, made this observation in a recent turf confer­ ence talk. A Kansas putting green with a north slope, tilted so that the sun strikes at a low angle, has fewer frost-free days, the temperature is lower, the evaporation and transpiration rate is lower and cool-season grasses are likely to thrive. The south slope of the putting green catches the sun’s rays more directly, its growing sea­ son is longer, the temperatures are high, the soil dries out rapidly and cool-season grasses suffer. 30 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: FEBRUARY, 1959 ANNUAL INDEX TO USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT Volume XI—April, 1958, Through February, 1959 Issue Page Issue Page 1 4 4 2 4 4 4 14 4 14 4 14 5 21 3 5 1 3 1 12 10 1 2 13 12 AMATEUR STATUS AND CONDUCT Policy On Gambling July Harvie Ward Reinstated _____________ June BOOKS Better Golf Through Better Practice ....Aug. Encyclopedia Of Golf Nov. Fun In The Rough _______ July Golf At A Glance ___________________July Golf For Industry July Golf On My Pillow Feb. Golfers At Law July Golfing America Feb. Golfing Technique In Pictures ______ July How To Teach Yourself The Expert Golf Swing July 4 How To Think And Swing Like A Golf Champion________ _________ Apr. 4 Life With Par Feb. 14 Swing To Better Golf ______________ June 4 Truth About Golf Addicts July 4 U.S. Golfer’s Annual Handbook _____ June 4 CADDIES Caddie Unemployment Tax Litigation__ Aug. 2 CHAMPIONSHIPS Charlie Coe Finds The Secret Again Control In The Open And Tommy Bolt Double Qualifying For Open Nov. ..July Championship Nov. Future Championships __ ______ Feb. Hazardous Job Of Telecasting The Open June 1960 Open In Denver ______ July Public Links-Private Ownership _____ July ______ June Record Open Entry Silver Lake’s Standard For The Public Links ______ Aug. Tough Test Awaits Amateurs At Olympic Aug. Watering Of "Open” Greens _________ Aug. CLUB OPERATIONS Club Operations Handbook __________ Apr. Country Club Operations In 1957 ___Sept. Excise Tax Technical Change Act ____Sept. Federal Tax Applies To Minimum Charges Nov. ..... 22 _______ Nov. 2 More Dollars Veteran Memberships And Club Dues Tax July 2 COURSES Preparing The Course For A Competition _.Apr. Statistics Prove Golf Boom __________July U. S. Golf Courses Approaching New High Feb. Vandals Trouble Oak Hill __________ July “GOLF HOUSE” AND GOLF MUSEUM Good Old Days He Turned To Golf Walter Hagen Portrait In June In Middle Age ___ Apr. “Golf House” ________________Sept. HANDICAPPING 11 2 8 2 4 14 2 All Scores Must Be Returned To All Clubs Concerned 18-Hole Handicaps Require 18-Hole Scores ___ Aug. 24 .... July 24 88 Golf Associations Adopt New USGA Handicap System __ July Eye Operation Warrants Temporary Physical Disability Clause ___ Aug. Nine-Hole Handicaps For Nine-Hole Players July Nine-Hole Handicaps On USGA Slide Rule July Scoring For Picked-up Holes ________ Aug. Status Of "Penalty” Handicaps ______July Waistlines And Handicaps _______ June 12 23 23 24 23 24 21 Why No Stroke Control In USGA Handicaps July Vote In Favor Women Playing Off Men’s Tees Require Feb. 10 2 July 24 16 Separate Rating Women’s Ratings From Men’s Tees___ Feb. HISTORICAL Beginner’s Ace ________________ _ Aug Eagle-Studded Golf _____________ Ar/ 852 Courses In 62 Countries ________ July He Scored His Age Aug Historic Golf Ball Mold Makes Unusual Trophy ____ July How Many Aces Can One Man Make? . Apr. Man Of A Thousand Golf Courses _ Aug Freddie McLeod—Fifty Years A Champion june IMPLEMENTS AND BALLS Clubhead Speed Revised Down _______ Feb. Small Ball Disapproved In United States July INTERNATIONAL British Golfers Set Precedent_________ Apr. Carr Takes Second Title __________ July Entries For British Amateur ________ Feb. Golfing Through South America ___ July Honor For All In The Americas Cup Nov. Bob Jones To Captain USGA First 1 i 3 2 15 20 14 19 10 4 3 4 4 19 17 World Team July 14 10 Bob Jones’ Report On World Match _ Nov. Merion’s World ________________ Nov. 1 New Zealand Visitors ______________ Feth 2 R. And A. Captain-Elect ________ __ July 1 35 Countries Organize World Amateur Golf _________ June 15 Two Films Premiered At Annual Meeting _________ Feb. Veterans Comprise Americas Cup Team _________ Aug. World Is Winner In Team Event ___ Nov. World Team Golf Draws Broad Field ... Sept. World Team Event Planned For Amateurs Apr. 9 5 4 17 8 JUNIORS Defender Repeats In Girl’s Championship Sept. 18 Florence Juniors Produce A Winner Golf For High Schools (Survey) Junior Golf Boom In National Capital Junior Golf Program (Booklet) ______ July Junior League Reorganized (Washington, D.C.) June Junior Program At A Club __________Aug. Juniors Accepted At Minnesota Course Question Of Seniority Nov. Scholarships For Junior Golfers _____Aug. What Makes A Golfer Sept. 2 17 July 18 2 4 3 Sept. 20 1 Sept. Apr. 18 2 MISCELLANEOUS Babe’s Memorial Fund _______________ July Dick Baxter ____________________ Apr. Color Corrections ____________ June 4 Wm. Ward Foshay Joins Executive 4 3 Committee July 2 Golf Writers’ Awards _______________ Feb. Hill Of Fame July Man Who Never Played June PGA Honors Two Centuries Of Golfing Fashions __ Apr. USGA Honors An Old-Time Scot_____ Feb. USGA Nominees For 1959 1 1 1 . ____ _ Nov. 3 15 5 ... Administration Nov. 12 Western Affairs . __________________ Feb. 3 What It Takes To Be A Pro ___ ;_____ Feb. 16 NECROLOGY Mrs. Ronald Barlow _____________ ...__ Sept. 4 Jerome P. Bowers Feb. 4 Joseph Esherick ____________________ Feb. 4 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: FEBRUARY, 1959 31 Issue Page Issue Page __________ Feb. Champions Sept. Dr. M. E. Husted ___________________ Nov. Mrs. Pauline Mackay Johnson Feb. Gordon Kummer _____________________June Harry Packham ______________________Apr. Harold W. Pierce Nov. Bert Prather Feb. James T. Preston Feb. Hon. Michael Scott Feb. Philip F. Scrutton Nov. Walter Stewart Nov. A. Herman Stump Sept. Mrs. Willard P. Sullivan ____________ Feb. Don Tait Mrs. Caroline Painter Wilson _______Feb. Frederick J. Wright ___Sept. 3 4 2 17 3 4 4 4 3 3 4 4 ______ ._____Nov. 3 4 2 . PLAY OF THE GAME Are You A Slow Player? Art You Sure? ------------------------------------------------June Calcuttas _______ Sept. Medical View Of Golfing _ _________ July More And More Golf _________________ Aug. No Tortoises Here _ ]_________________ Aug. Pace Of Play __________________ Aug. $60 Million For Golf I_________________June 11 3 16 1 2 4 2 RULES OF GOLF What’s New In Rules Nov. 12 RULES OF GOLF DECISIONS AnAppeal For Uniform Rules ___ Feb. Assigning Penalty With Double Caddie Attested Card May Not Be Altered __ Aug. Ball Has “Moved” When It Sinks . Nov. Down Ball Knocked In By Fellow 11 24 21 22 Competitor Must Be Replaced _____ Aug. 22 Ball “Lost” In Ground Under Repair ... Feb. 21 Ball Marked, Then Struck On Green_ June 22 Ball May Be Cleaned Only Once Per Stroke ____________ Nov. 24 Bird’s Nest An Immovable Obstruction ____________ Aug. Ball Should Not Be “Presumed” Lost In Water Hazard ________ Apr. Club Length Means Length Of Ball Splits In Two, Half Remains In Bounds ________ Feb. Caddie Need Not Carry Player’s Bag ----------------------------------------- Feb. Any Club ---------------------------- June Committee Responsible For Positioning Exempt Qualifier In Automatic Draw Concession Refused, Balls Remain Sept. In Play ________ Apr. Cuttings May Be Loose Impediments —.Nov. First Ball Abandoned When Provisional Played ________ June Free Drop From Artificial Road Unwarranted Aug. Greenkeeper’s Hole Defined ________Apr. Lifting And Dropping Constitute Extension Of Previous Stroke ____ Apr. Loose Impediment Outside Hazard May 21 Be Moved Sept. No Penalty For Ball Moved In Act Of Lifting June Opponent Affects Line Of Putt _____ Nov. “Placing” Off Green, “Dropping” On 22 23 22 22 23 23 22 24 23 24 22 23 22 23 Player At Liberty To Straighten Player Entitled To Change Club In Green Flagstick Hazard Player May Have Flagstick Attended At Any Time Player May Seek Relief From Mound Raised By Opponent Player Responsible For Caddie’s ______ Nov. _____Sept. 23 24 ... Aug. 22 Aug. 22 June 22 Action Playing Af Provisional Ball _____ Sept. “Plumb Line” Sighting Approved ___ June Referee May Not Waive Rule ___ Feb. Sacrificing Stroke To Assist Player Replacing Ball Wrongly Played__ __ Apr. Tee Markers May Not Be Lifted _____ Feb. I Aug. 22 24 24 21 23 22 22 Feb. 22 24 23 23 18 3 8 10 1 9 19 5 2 3 1 3 3 5 16 8 1 8 25 28 25 Testing Surface Or Knocking Ball Away? ..... .. .. _________ Nov. 24 Ties In Stroke Play Should Be Tournament Committee Must Interpret Played Off Local Rule Feb. June Two’s A Single, Three’s A Crowd __ June Vibration Not Considered Outside Agency ------------------------------------------June SENIORS Tom Robbins Again Leads Seniors __ Nov. Seniors Go West ___________________Sept. TOURNAMENTS League Of The Iroquois _____________ June National Golf Day—A Golfers Investment Apr. WOMEN African Visitor Nov. Curtis Cup Tie In The Finest Sense — Sept. Do Rules Of Golf Apply To Women? Feb. Honolulu Housewife Heads Public Golfers . _____Feb. 13 Miss Margaret Curtis, Gracious Yet Dynamic Apr. From Leng Skirts To Shorts ________ Aug. From Sand Greens To Champion _____ Sept. Iowa To Host Women’s Collegiate Tournament Apr. Irish View Of British Badge ______ Aug. New Forest Lake (Women’s Open) ___ June Miss Anne Quast Joins The Inspired Scottish Trophy For A USGA Title ___ Aug. Miss Mickey Wright Adds Open To PGA Title ________ Aug. Women’s Amateur Feb. Youth Versus Experience In Curtis Cup ..July TURF MANAGEMENT Changing Greens From Common Bermudagrass To Tifgreen ____ Sept. Disease Control Recommendations ___ Aug. Effects Of Golf-Sole Soles On Putting Green Turf ________ Nov. Fairway Renovation At Seattle Golf Club __________ Aug. 25 Golf Course Measurements . __ Aug. 31 Green Section Office Moves To Georgia ..Apr, 1 How To Meet Rising Costs Of Golf Course Maintenance: Adequate Equipment Contributes To Efficiency .Apr. 29 Agricultural Chemicals In Efficient Turf Management Apr. Architectural Matters Affect 27 Maintenance Costs Apr. 25 Budgeting And Accounting ______ June Labor Management And Daily Planning __ ._______ June 26 Planning (Long Range) __________ June Question And Answers Apr. June Questions And Answers Superintendent, Green Committee 28 25 31 32 Chairman, Membership: Working Together Technical Advances Which May June 30 Counteract Unnecessary Maintenance Costs Apr. Keeping Bentgrass Pure ___________ Aug. New Turfgrass Insect Pest? _____ July Nematode Investigations On Putting Green Turf Feb. Panels To Discuss Course Rebuilding Nov. Poison Information Centers _______ Aug. Nov. Seed Bank Shoe Sole Tests To Be Broadened __ ___Feb. So^e Effects Of Gibberllic Acid On 26 30 29 24 20 27 32 29 Turfgrasses ___ ... __ ..... July 25 Some Effects Of 2,4-D On Turfgrass Seedlings .... Nov. 29 Superintendents Award $1,900. From Scholarship And Research Fund ___ July 31 Turfgrass Course At Penn State _____ July 32 32 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: FEBRUARY, 1959 We think the finest thing that was ever done was what you fellows did, and that was to inaugurate one handi­ cap system. To The USGA: Not a Gripe Los Angeles, Cal. R. S. Ries I then typed up a “wanted” bulle­ tin and sent it to the minister, the grocery store and the postmistress with a short note. Several months later the postmistress picked up the man for me. I now had no record of the per­ sons I had played with and had no method of documenting the hole-in- one. I had only one clue. I remem­ bered that one of the players lived in Cummings, Iowa. Accordingly, I placed a long-distance call to a minis­ ter of the town and described the man—without luck. I repeated the call to the grocery store—again nega­ tive. I called the postmistress—again negative. 1 IT’S YOUR HONOR 360-Ya rd Ace I To The USGA: x You will note that what this boils f down to is “I made a hole-in-one on x 360-yard par-4 hole.” I haven’t had 4 much experience with holes-in-one, x this being my first. The circum- 4 stances involved could be of interest. X I return home from a two-week 4 trip to find my wife sick in bed. X Hardly noticing her condition, I 4 showed her a documented card of my 4 hole-in-one, whereon were listed the I names and addresses of the three players and the caddie. Later that night she went to the hospital. When she returned one week later, I asked her to give me the card so I could have it photostated. I wanted to send it to you and also have it hung in the trophy room. She informed me she thought ... it turned out the card had disappeared. It has worked so beautifully at x Siwanoy Country Club that in the $ past season, with a golf membership X of 325, we didn’t have one single gripe about our handicap system be- 1 4 ing unfair. William A. Dolan x Chairman, Golf Committee 1 Siwanoy Country Club x Bronxville, N. Y. Thanks from Down Under x To The USGA: | May I first of all, on behalf of all x Australian golfers, say congratula- tions to the United States Golf As- x sociation for the part it played in making the recent world golf team I championship such a great success. 4 The very conception of such a cham- X pionship is something of which those x responsible should be very proud of x indeed. However, to have had the x foresight and the organizing ability «» and the drive to allow such an idea x to become a reality is even more praiseworthy. The Australian Team X has been very forutnate to have par- 3> ticipated in the match and to have X met so many good fellows from many countries of the world. The United States players impress- t ed everybody by the golf they play- ed, the way they played it and the x way they took their defeat. I suspect 1 they did not play their best golf but X they went down fighting with never <| a word except of congratulations to X our team. 4 The presence of Mr. Bob Jones was possibly the main feature of the X event, and I only hope he is present 1 at the next championship in 1960 so x more Australians, in fact more golf- x ers of the world, may have the pleas- ure of meeting him. x Bob Stevens X Captain Australian Team x USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: FEBRUARY, 1959 33 USGA OFFICERS, EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE AND COMMITTEE CHAIRMEN PRESIDENT John D. Ames, Chicago, III. VICE-PRESIDENTS John G. Clock, Long Beach, Cal. John M. Winters, Jr., Tulsa, Okla. SECRETARY Clarence W. Benedict, White Plains, N. Y. TREASURER Emerson Carey, Jr., Denver, Colo. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE The above officers and: Fred Brand, Jr.. Pittsburgh, Pa. William C. Chapin, Rochester, N. Y. Charles C. Clare, New Haven, Conn. Wm. Ward Foshay, New York, N. Y. Harry L. Givan, Seattle, Wash. Richmond Gray, Richmond, Va. Hord W. Hardin, St. Louis, Mo. William McWane, Birmingham, Ala. Harold A. Moore, Chicago, III. Bernard H. Ridder, Jr., St. Paul, Minn. HONORARY MEMBER J. Frederic Byers, Jr., Pittsburgh, Pa. GENERAL COUNSEL Philip H. Strubing, Philadelphia, Pa. EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR Joseph C. Dey, Jr., New York, N. Y. John P. English, Assistant Executive Director USGA HEADQUARTERS "Golf House", 40 East 38th Street, New York 16, N. Y. COMMITTEE CHAIRMEN RULES OF GOLF: John M. Winters, Jr., Tulsa, Okla. CHAMPIONSHIP: B. H. Ridder, Jr., St. Paul, Minn. AMATEUR STATUS AND CONDUCT: John G. Clock, Long Beach, Cal. IMPLEMENTS AND BALL: Clarence W. Benedict, White Plains, N. Y. MEMBERSHIP: William McWane, Birmingham, Ala. GREEN SECTION: William C. Chapin, Rochester, N. Y. WOMEN'S: Mrs. Henri Prunaret, Natick, Mass. SECTIONAL AFFAIRS: Hord W. Hardin, St. Louis, Mo. PUBLIC LINKS: Emerson Carey, Jr., Denver, Colo. HANDICAP: Richmond Gray, Richmond, Va. Handicap Procedure: William O. Blaney, Boston, Mass JUNIOR CHAMPIONSHIP: Hord W. Hardin, St. Louis, Mo. SENIOR CHAMPIONSHIP: William McWane. Birmingham, Ala. GIRLS' JUNIOR: Mrs. John Pennington, Buffalo, N. Y. MUSEUM: Clarence W. Benedict, White Plains, N. Y. BOB JONES AWARD: Wm. Ward Foshay, New York, N. Y. FINANCE: Emerson Carey, Jr., Denver, Colo. USGA GREEN SECTION EASTERN REGION Northeastern Office: Rutgers University, New Brunswick, N. J. Alexander M. Radko, Director, Eastern Region T. T. Taylor, Northeastern Agronomist Mid-Atlantic Office: South Building, Plant Industry Station, Beltsville, Md. Charles K. Hallowell, Mid-Atlantic Director Southeastern Office: Conner Hall, University of Georgia, Athens, Ga. James M. Latham, Jr., Southeastern Agronomist MID-CONTINENT REGION Southwestern Office: Texas A. and M. College, College Station, Tex. Dr. Marvin H. Ferguson, Director, Mid-Continent Region and National Research Coordinator James B. Moncrief, Southwestern Agronomist Mid-Western Office: Room 241, LaSalle Hotel, Chicago 2, III. James L. Holmes, Mid-Western Agronomist Western Office: P. O. Box 567, Garden Grove, Cal. William H. Bengeyfield, Director, Western Region WESTERN REGION