^ T I N U USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT TIDYING UP THE GREEN Under the 1960 Rules, you may repair ball marks on the putting surface as well as clean the ball. What else is new in the Rules? With the season getting fully underway, you can tidy up your knowledge by testing your­ self with a Rules quiz—see page 8. Tom Paprocki, cartoonist for The Associated Press, an ardent golfer, drew the cover cartoon and others inside. USGA TURF MANAGEMENT Published by the United States Golf Association I960 by United States Golf Association. Permission to reprint articles or material in the USGA © Journal and Turf Management is granted to publishers of newspapers, periodicals and books (unless specifically noted otherwise), provided credit is given to the USGA and copyright protection is af­ forded. Neither articles ncr other material may be copied or used for any advertising, promotion or commercial purpose. VOL XIII, No. 1 April, 1960 Through the Green _______ ;___________________________________________ 1 New Course Rating System, Handicapping Aid________ Herman M. Freydberg 5 A Nine-Hole Round with the New Rules —_________ ____ __ Joseph C. Dey, Jr. 8 National Golf Day June 11, Target $100,000 __________ ___________________ 10 Curtis Cuppers in Britain____________ _______________ Sterling G. Slappey 11 Golf for Oklahoma and Vermont Youngsters ..... Mrs. Carl Hotz, Leslie W. Mercer 16 72 Qualifying Sites for Open Championship ______________________________ 19 The Referee: Decisions Under the Rules of Golf__________________________ 21 Turf Management: Introduction______________ __ ________ ________________ A. M. Radko 24 Water Distribution System _______ __ _________________E. R. Steiniger 25 Water Distribution System__________________________ Edward J. Casey 27 Comparison of Water Sources _______________________ Edmund B. Ault 29 Comparison of Water Sources ___ ____ ___________James M. Latham, Jr. 31 It’s Your Honor: Letters______________________________________________ 33 Published seven times a year in February. April, June, July, August. September and November by the UNITED STATES GOLF ASSOCIATION 40 EAST 38th ST.. NEW YORK 16, N. Y. Subscription: $2 a year. Single copies: 30c. Subscriptions, articles, photographs, and correspondence should be sent to the above address. Entered as Second-class Matter, March 3, 1950, at the Post Office at New York, N. Y„ under the Act of March 8, 1879. Additional entry at the Post Office in Pinehurst, N. C. Editor: Joseph C. Dey, Jr. Managing Editor: Sterling G. Slappey. AU articles voluntarUy contributed. USGA COMPETITIONS FOR 1960 Championship or Team Match Entries Close Qualifying Rounds Dates of Event Location Curtis Cup Matchtt — — May 20-21 Open May 4 Amateur Public Links •May 19 Local: May 23 Sectl: June 7** tJune 5-12 June 16-17-18 Lindrick G. C., Worksop, Notts., Eng. Cherry Hills C. C., Englewood, Colo. July 11-16 Ala Wai G. C., Honolulu, Hawaii Women’s Open July 6 None July 21-22-23 Junior Amateur June 29 July 19 Aug. 3-6 Americas Cup Match*** — Girls’ Junior July 29 Women’s Amateur Aug. 3 — None None Aug. 11-12 Aug. 15-19 Aug. 22-27 Amateur Aug. 10 Aug. 30 Sept. 12-17 Senior Amateur Aug. 24 Sept. 7 Sept. 19-24 Worcester C. C., Worcester, Mass. Milburn G. & C. C., Overland Park, Kans. Ottawa H. & G. Club, Ottawa, Canada The Oaks C. C., Tulsa, Okla. Tulsa C. C.» Tulsa, Okla. St. Louis C. C., Clayton, Mo. Oyster Harbors C., Osterville, Mass. World Amateur Team — — Sept. 28-Oct. 1 Merion G. C.» Ardmore, Pa. •• Open Championship: Sectional Qualifying Championships date may be changed to June 6 if local authority in charge deems advisable. Amateur Public Links Championship: • Entries close with each Sectional Qualifying Chairman. t Exact date in each Section to be fixed by Sectional Chairman tt Curtis Cup Match—Women’s amateur teams: British Isles vs. United States. ••• Americas Cup Match—Men’s amateur teams: Canada vs. Mexico vs. United States. An Ice Skating Golfer Loyalty Day — May 1 A golfer ice skated into the Olympic Stadium at Squaw Valley, Calif., last February, carrying the Olympic torch to the Winter Games. The ice skating golfer was Ken Henry, who serves as a professional at the West Bend Country Club, Wisconsin. He is a former Olympic speed skating champion. Pravda on Golf The exact origin of golf always has been confusing—who started it, where, when and how? Now the Soviet Union has further com­ plicated the picture. The Communist Party daily newspaper, Pravda, has recently filed a claim that golf was played “with enthusiasm almost 1,000 years ago” by Caucasian shepherds. Until Pravda came out with the claim, golf was not considered respectable by the comrades. It has been called in the Mos­ cow press, in Soviet encyclopedia and other publications “A bourgeois waste of time.” “Pravda” means “Truth” in the Rus­ sian language. Golfers to Wed Two of Britain’s best known young golfers have become engaged to be mar­ ried. They are Miss Veronica Anstey, a member of the 1956 Curtis Cup team, and John Beharrell, the 1956 British Amateur Champion. The Congress has designated and Presi­ dent Eisenhower has approved May 1 as Loyalty Day. The purpose of the Day is to rededicate and to reaffirm our loyalty to our Ameri­ can heritage. American organizations and associations are calling the attention of their member­ ship to Loyalty Day, and the USGA is pleased to take a part in this worthy ob­ servance. American Ball in Britain A two in one experiment is planned in British golf this summer. August traditionally is “Holiday Month” when everyone who can do so takes as long a trip as possible. Big golf tourna­ ments rarely are scheduled in the London area in August. But this year a new professional tour­ nament will be played August 18-20 at Wentworth Club in the suburbs of Lon­ don, and the American size ball will be used. The British size ball is 1.62 inches in minimum diameter and the American size is 1.68. Wentworth’s West Course, called “The Burma Road,” is a fine inland course— long and a thorough test. It was the site of the 1953 Ryder Cup Match and the 1956 Canada Cup event. The smaller Bri­ tish ball was used exclusively in each. USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: APRIL, 1960 1 USGA Officer Changes Clarence W. Benedict, of White Plains, N. Y., has been elected a Vice-President of the USGA to replace Emerson Carey, Jr., of Denver, who resigned in February due to personal business affairs. Mr. Benedict’s election to a Vice­ Presidency made va­ cant the office of Secretary. Wm. Ward Foshay, of New York, was ele­ vated from Treasur­ er to Secretary to fill that vacancy, and Bernard H. Rid­ der, Jr., of St. Paul Minn., was chosen Clarence W. Benedict Treasurer. The elections were made by the Executive Committee. Mr. Ridder is serving as an officer for the first time. John G. Clock of Long Beach, Calif., is President and John M. Winters, Jr., of Tulsa, Okla., is a Vice-President. Mr. Benedict is Chairman of the Imple­ ments and Ball and the Handicap Com­ mittees. He has been on the Executive Committee since 1956. Mr. Foshay is Chairman of the Bob Jones Award Com­ mittee. He joined the Executive Commit­ tee in 1958. Mr. Ridder is Chairman of the Cham­ pionship Committee and has been on the Executive Committee since 1958. Bernard H. Ridder, Jr. Wm. Ward Foshay Industrial Golf About 100 industries now have their own golf facilities for the use of their employees. One of the first to have its own course was Oneida, Ltd., of Oneida, N. Y., which opened its original nine-hole course in 1896. An excellent example of the growth of golf facilities within an industry is E. I. duPont de Nemours & Co., Inc. of Wilmington, Del., which opened a nine- hole, sand green facility in 1923 and now has 63 holes of industrial golf. Italia The Italians have taken a page from the American book—they’ve built a first class golf course just where you would not expect to find one. The Italian course is on The Lido, a low lying, sandy island near Venice. The Italian Open Championship will be there this summer. Thousands upon thousands of tons of top soil were gathered on the mainland, shipped across Venice Harbor to The Lido and spread thickly about. Soon grass was growing and now the course is one of Europe’s finest. 12-Year-Old Caddies The New York State Legislature has passed a bill lowering the minimum age for caddies from 14 to 12 years. If the bill becomes law, all 12 and 13- year old caddies would be restricted to carrying one bag of clubs and to 36 holes each day. The bill also would require the caddies to have written permission from their parents. Necrology It is with deep regret that we record the death of: Mrs. Temple Dobell, Wirral, England, who as Gladys Ravenscroft won the 1913 USGA Women’s Amateur Championship and the 1912 British Championship. Ray O’Brien, Miami, Fla., former PGA Tournament Director and recently director and rules chairman for television’s All- Star Golf matches. Udo Reinach, Scarsdale, N.Y., former Vice-President and Treasurer of the West­ chester County (N.Y.) Golf Association and co founder with William P. Turnesa of a fund for education of Westchester caddies. 2 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: APRIL, 1960 Wanted Golfer John William Meese, an avid golfer, is being sought by the FBI on the basis of a Federal warrant issued at Albuquerque, New Mexico, September 14, 1959, which charges that he violated conditions of his probation. If you receive any information con­ cerning the whereabouts of Meese, you are requested to immediately notify the nearest office of the FBI. Meese had been sentenced on June 6, 1957, at Albuquerque following his guilty plea to passing in­ terstate fraudulent checks. On March 25, 1958, he was re­ leased on probation from the Federal Correctional Institu­ tion, La Tuna, Texas He was last known to be in Albuquer­ que in August, 1959. Meese was born February 21, 1923, in Covington, Ken­ tucky. He is white; 6’ 3” tall; 225-240 pounds; large and heavy build; brown eyes; graying-brown hair which is slightly wavy; ruddy complexion. He has a scar on his right wrist; an op­ eration scar on the right side of his neck; a burn scar on the back of his left thumb; and a pitted scar on his right forearm. In the past he has worked as a salesman, truck driver and golf caddie. New Officers New officers have been elected by the Golf Course Superintendents Association of America and the Club Managers As­ sociation of America. James E. Thomas, course superin­ tendent at the Army-Navy Country Club, Arlington, Va., was elected President of the Superintendents Association. Officers to serve with Mr. Thomas are L. E. Lam­ bert, of the Prairie Dunes Country Club, Hutchinson, Kansas, Vice-President, and Sherwood A. Moore of the Winged Foot Golf Club, Mamaroneck, N. Y., Secretary- Treasurer. Kenneth Meisnest, manager of the Washington Athletic Club, Seattle, Wash., was elected President of the Club Man­ agers. Officers to serve with Mr. Meisnest are John T. Brennan, manager of the Birmingham Country Club, Birmingham, Mich., Vice-President, and John W. Ben­ nett, manager of the San Francisco Com­ mercial Club, San Francisco, Calif., Secre­ tary-Treasurer. Anniversary Year This summer brings anniversaries for two of the most notable amateur players in American golf—Bob Jones and Chick Evans. Thirty years ago Bob Jones compiled his Grand Slam. Chick Evans was born 70 years ago on July 18th. Mr. Jones’s Slam was put together with these victories in these places: British Amateur Championship, St. Andrews, Scotland, May 26-31. British Open Championship, Hoylake, Cheshire, England, June 18-20. U. S. Open Championship, Interlachen Country Club, Minneapolis, July 10-12. U. S. Amateur Championship, Merion Cricket Club, Ardmore, Pa., Sept. 22-27. Mr. Jones was only 28 on Grand Slam year—30 years ago. Mr. Evans won the U. S. Amatur Cham­ pionships in 1916 and 1920 and the U. S. Open Championship also in 1916. Cherry Hills Painting The final hole at Cherry Hills, site of the 60th Open Championship, was the subject of the most recent oil painting given to “Golf House.” The donor was the MacGregor Co., of Cincinnati, Ohio, and the artist was Ralph C. Reynolds. The painting was used by the MacGregor Company on its Christmas Cards and, as tradition dictated, it was presented to the USGA to continue the series of oils of holes where Open Cham­ pionships were played. Seven oils are in the series and each now hangs in “Golf House.” Mr. Reynolds is a well known landscape artist. He is a native of Richmond, Ind., and has studied and worked in Cincinnati, Chicago, Detroit and Dayton. USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: APRIL, 1960 3 KEEPING BALL AND COURSE RELATED The new USGA ball testing machine measures “coefficient of Restitution”—a scien­ tific way of saying, Resilience. In a half century the length of champion­ ship golf courses in many cases has increased by one-sixth—17 per cent. In 1910 the Philadelphia Cricket Club’s 5,956-yard course was adequate for hold­ ing the Open Championship. This year the 7,004-yard course of the Cherry Hills Country Club at Denver will be the site of the Open. The expensive lengthening of courses has been made necessary primarily by the increased liveliness of the ball. Many courses which once were considered fine tests, are today inadequate. Thus the lengthening of the game has had several undesirable effects: (1) the relation of the ball to the course has been distorted; (2) the cost of golf has in­ creased as courses have been stretched, for this has required more land, more taxes, more maintenance; (3) the game has been slowed as the time required for a round has increased. The USGA has long been concerned with limiting the distance qualities of the golf ball, as one element to control. Since 1942 the USGA Rules have specified not only size and weight restrictions but also maxi­ mum velocity at impact. A test machine in “Golf House” measures velocity. Now the USGA has a new device for testing the resiliency of balls. It is the re­ sult of several years of research by Arthur D. Little Inc., scientific con­ sultants in Cambridge, Mass.; Dr. William E. Gordon headed the team which de­ signed the new machine. The machine gives basic data on the re­ silience properties of the golf ball. The device acts very much like a golf stroke in certain important respects. However, it functions in reverse: the “club,” instead of moving, is initially stationary, and the ball is shot against it from an air gun. The ball’s speed before it hits the “club” (or target) is clocked by an electric-eye device; then, when it bounces back through the same set of light beams, its speed is clocked again. The ratio of the two speeds is used to calculate the so-called “coefficient of restitution,” the scientific term for resili­ ence. A unique feature of the new device is the cancellation of errors; no calibrations are needed, and the result can always be relied upon. The USGA has not yet determined a change in Rule based on tests possible with the new device. 4 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: APRIL, 1960 NEW COURSE RATING SYSTEM AN AID IN HANDICAPPING By Herman M. Freydberg Chairman, Handicap Procedure Committee Joe picked up his ball after holing out on the 16th green, and remarked with disgust to his friend Frank: “That’s the fourth time you’ve beaten me even though I’ve played well. Some­ thing is wrong—why do we have the same handicap?” Joe was dead right. Something indeed was very wrong. Let’s try to find out what it was, and whether anything could be done about it. Each man played to a 14 handicap, but Joe came from a district in which the course raters were liberal-minded. His home course was rated at 73, and the best 10 of his last 25 scores averaged 89, giv­ ing him a USGA handicap of 14. Frank came from a neighboring district in which the course raters were severe; although his home course was comparable to Joe’s, the course rating was 70. Frank’s best 10 of his last 25 scores averaged 86 and he also received a 14 handicap. The trouble is clearly apparent—all golf courses must have course ratings based on the same set of values, or else handicaps will not be in line. The USGA Handicap System has been functioning well since its adoption, but district golf associations have been aware for some time that course ratings estab­ lished by their own course rating com­ mittees might be quite different from the course ratings set up in neighboring dis­ tricts by other course rating committees, whose interpretation of values might be at variance. Consequently, the USGA last year appointed a special committee to study this problem and try to refine the USGA Course Rating System so as to pro­ mote further uniformity and equity in ratings throughout the country. The com­ mittee was headed by William 0. Blaney of Boston, then Chairman of the Handi­ cap Procedure Committee, whose vast ex­ perience and wide knowledge of the sub­ ject made him uniquely qualified to co­ ordinate and to evaluate all the facts which had to be assembled. His committee Herman M. Freydberg consisted of men from various sections who had experience as well as sound theory in all phases of handicapping. Simplicity Necessary The first point was obvious. The sys­ tem had to be simple and yet thorough, so it was necessary to establish a pre­ liminary yardstick so that all course rating committees would start with the same basis. For some time two schools of thought had existed. The Massachusetts Golf As­ sociation had sponsored the idea of the theoretical scratch golfer against whose performance all courses were to be rated. The Chicago District Golf Association had developed the fractional par method of rating courses based on actual perform­ USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: APRIL, 1960 5 ances recorded for individual holes. Both methods had certain merit, so now those two ideas have been blended together in the new USGA Course Rating System. The principal change is that there is a new starting point based purely on the yardage of a hole. Length valuations were established for drives, second shots and shots to greens—all based on the con­ cept of the present-day scratch golfer. From this was developed a Yardage Rating Chart which took into considera­ tion adjusted values for the so-called “easy par” hole as well as the “hard par” holes. As a starting point, each hole is con­ sequently assigned a preliminary yardage rating in fractional figures, based on .05- of-a-stroke step-ups. Of course, measure­ ments must be accurate so that these ratings are a true reflection of the dis­ tances involved. This is STEP 1. Rating Factors Next, since all golf holes present dif­ ferent playing problems, a standard of values had to be set up. What was the reasonable width of a fairway, clear of all obstacles and hazards, at the point where the ideal drive would land? How wide should a green be for a fair target shot of 200 yards—150 yards—100 yards? What about slopes—character of rough—num­ ber of traps—dog-legs—proximity of out of bounds—texture of turf—“short” play­ ing holes—“long” playing holes—smooth­ ness of putting surfaces, etc.? So the committee, after examining records and consulting golf course archi­ tects, set up a standard of values for all these RATING FACTORS. Adjustments for these factors in .05-of-a-stroke over and under the standards are then applied to the original yardage rating for each hole. The result is called the HOLE RATING. This is STEP 2. Now, after the 18 HOLE RATINGS are totalled, another element must be con­ sidered. Some courses are wide open and permit a golfer to “let out,” whereas others are tight and compel him to play more cautiously and perhaps “steer” his shot. Some courses are splendidly con­ ditioned and lies are excellent, whereas others are not well kept and frequently give poor lies. Still others have many out of bounds close to the playing area or an unusual number of water hazards or ex- NEW MEMBERS OF THE USGA REGULAR Pinehurst Country Club Fitzgerald Country Club Bureau Valley Country Club Iberia Golf & Country Club Colonial Golf Club Ocean City Golf & Yacht Club Brentwood Country Club Wayne Hills Country Club Springfield Country Club Cactus Heights Country Club Jolly Acres Country Club Beaver Brook Golf & Country Club El Lago Country Club Shady Oaks Country Club ASSOCIATE Marin Golf Club Mount Plymouth Country Club Maui Municipal Golf Course Fairway Club Smallwood Golf Course Devil's Elbow Golf Club Colo. Ga. III. La. Md. Md. N. Y. N. Y. Ore. S. D. S. D. Tenn. Texas Texas Calif. Fla. Hawaii Ky. N. Y. Va. ceptionally heavy rough, while some courses have few penalty areas and light rough. To allow for these variations, a final overall adjustment is made to the total of the 18 hole ratings, and this produces the COURSE RATING. Since this figure is almost always fractional, the course rating is then rounded out to nearest whole number. This is STEP 3. These three steps—yardage rating— hole rating—course rating—are the basis of the new USGA Course Rating System. Rating Committee Individual clubs should not do their own rating; this is the function of the lating committee of the district, sectional or state golf association. The members of this committee should be experienced low handicap golfers who, throughout the pro­ cess of rating, must keep the image of the theoretical scratch golfer in mind. In the opinion of men who have had considera­ ble experience with this complex sub­ ject, the new USGA Course Rating Sys­ tem should give each golf course a rating uniformly arrived at and equitably com­ parable to every other. Then, when the USGA Handicap System is applied (the use of the best 10 of the last 25 scores), the result should be a fair handicap for the golfer regardless of what district he comes from. New System At Work Let’s get back to our two friends, Joe and Frank. How does the new USGA 6 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: APRIL, 1960 Course Rating System affect them? Since the course raters who had set up 73 for Joe’s home course had been too liberal, the new system changes the rating to 71. Therefore, Joe’s average of 89 for the best 10 of his last 25 scores now gives him a 15 handicap. In Frank’s case, the course raters had been too severe and the new course rating now moves from 70 to 71 (both courses being comparable, the ratings are alike). Frank’s average of 86 for the best 10 of his last 25 scores now gives him a 13 handicap. From this point on, Joe receives two handicap strokes from Frank whenever and wherever they play, and the result will undoubtedly be more equitable. The new USGA Course Rating System applies to women as well as men. The principles remain the same except for two points. First, there are separate Yardage Rating Charts which reflect reasonable differ­ ences between the length of men’s and women’s shots. For example: The men’s Yardage Rating Chart at key points shows exactly 220 yards as the difference for one full stroke of rating, whereas the same key points in the women’s Yardage Rating Chart shows exactly 185 yards as the difference for one full stroke of rating. Here is a compari­ son of these key points: YARDAGE RATING CHART Rating 3.00 3.50 4.00 4.50 5.00 Men 155 -165 yards 256 - 265 375 - 385 476 - 485 595 - 605 Women 133-141 yards 218-225 318-326 403 - 410 503-511 The second difference between Course Rating for women and for men is in the category of Rating Factors. Here the recommended areas for approach shots for women is set up as 4.00 yards of green width for every 25 yards of distance, whereas the basis for men is 3.50 yards of green width area for every 25 yards of distance. Complete information is avail­ able in the new USGA booklets which have just been printed. * Naturally, the task of measuring and rerating golf courses throughout the United States cannot be done overnight. Therefore the USGA has set a two-year period for district golf associations to un­ dertake this program. Present course ratings will be valid until each district golf association has completed the re­ rating of all courses within its jurisdic­ tion or until the end of 1961, whichever is earlier. ■USGA GOLF HANDICAP SYSTEM FOR MEN with USGA Course Rating System, 48 page booklet, 25

and songs for the entertain­ ment of th„±r parents at the banquet, and the mothers and daddies wouldn’t miss it for the world. This tournament requires a great many workers, and we have had wonderful co­ operation from not only the mothers of the girls but all golfers in this area. In fact, our best supporters are women without children, as they really have more time than the busy mothers. We use around 50 to 60 women each day to score these children, and feel very gratified when they leave their air-conditioned homes to tramp around the golf course in our 95 to 105-degree weather. We have had excellent cooperation from the pros around the state, and feel we are still growing. Most of the pros at our country clubs conduct a six-week lesson class following the close of school; quite a number of them give this instruction free to the children of club members. In addition, for our own club, The Oaks, in Tulsa, we make arrangements with the assistant pro to meet with a large group of girls two nights a week at a public driving range to give a series of ten lessons for $5, which gets the girls started during April and May. Our method of handling the Junior State Tournament has been worked out by a trial-and-error method over a period of ten years, with many mistakes and im­ provements each year. We have seen the tournament grow from an entry of 19 the first year to 158 in 1959. For 1960, we are planning on having the Pee-Wee flights play on a separate par-three course, as the number of players (45) precludes scheduling them on the same course with the rest of the tournament. Vermont, cont’d. School. In turn this committee named a representative at each club in the state and it was his duty to work with the local high school principal and obtain a com­ petent instructor if the high school coach was not acquainted with the sport. The country clubs throughout the state voted to allow all high school boys and girls to practice and compete on their courses without charge until school closed and then again in the fall. Golf profes­ sionals have cooperated and given as­ sistance to these youngsters in developing their games. While there has been no planned schedule of inter-school team matches on a statewide basis as yet, the USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: APRIL, 1960 17 athletic associations of some schools have included golf in their sports activities. In the fall of 1956 the first Interscho­ lastic Championship for both boys and girls, and a Team Championship for boys, were held with more than 100 players participating. Each year the entry has grown so that now it is necessary to have northern and southern championships, with a play-off for the state title. Girls and boys play on different courses be­ cause of the number of entries. Much credit for the success of interscholastic golf in Vermont goes to John McDonough, Executive Secretary of the Vermont State Golf Association, who has acted as tour­ nament director. We know that teamwork has made this program a success, with the Headmasters Association in control, as it is a school athletic project, and the Vermont State Golf Association in the background as guiding hands. That this program is now paying off is shown by the increase in memberships in the various clubs through­ out the state, and some of these young people are serious threats in the men’s and women’s state amateur champion­ ships and other tournaments. HANDICAP DECISION SCORES UNACCEPTABLE: NOT UNDER RULES USGA Handicap Decision 60-1 References: Men: Sections 4-1 and 13-1 Women: Sections 14-1 and 22-1 Q: A foursome participated in a tour­ nament and inadvertently played “improv­ ing your lies” instead of “as they lie” and they were disqualified from the tourna­ ment. Since the foursome was disqualified from the tournament, should their scores for that particular round be considered in determining their future handicap? Question by: A. J. Cristadoro New Orleans, La. A: No. Scores for handicapping must be made in accordance with the Rules of Golf unless conditions are so bad generally that the local committee frames a local rule permitting preferred lies. (See Sec­ tions 4-1 and 13-1 of USGA Golf Handi­ cap System for Men.) In the case you cite, since there was no such local rule in effect at the time, the scores should not be accepted for use in handicapping. USGA FILM LIBRARY "Famous Golf Courses: Scotland," is a 18- minute film in full color. Famous holes were photographed at Troon, Prestwick, Carnous­ tie, St. Andrews, North Berwick and Muir- field. "Walker Cup Highlights," is a 16-minute film tracing the early history and play for the first international golf trophy. Bob Jones, Francis Ouimet and other Walker Cup stars are shown. The latter half of the film is in color. "St. Andrews, Cradle Of Golf," is a 14- minute, full color, 16mm travelogue of his­ toric St. Andrews, Scotland, its Old Course and the Royal and Ancient Golf Club club­ house. "First World Amateur Team Champion­ ship for Eisenhower Trophy," is a 14-minute, full color, 16mm film of the first World Ama­ teur Team Championship at St. Andrews. Twenty-nine countries compete for the Eisenhower Trophy. "On the Green," a 17-minute, full color, 16mm presentation filmed at the Mid-Ocean Club, Bermuda, illustrates correct procedures under the Rules of Golf governing situations arising on the putting green. "Golf's Longest Hour," a 16mm full color production of U’/a minutes, depicts the clos­ ing stages of the 1956 Open Championship. Filmed at the beautiful Oak Hill Country Club, Rochester, N.Y., it shows the eventual winner, Cary Middlecoff, set a target at which Ben Hogan, Julius Boros and Ted Kroll strive in vain to beat. "Play Them As They Lie," a 16mm color production of I6V2 minutes in which Johnny Farrell, Open Champion of 1928, acts as in­ termediary between Wilbur Mulligan, a be­ ginner of unimpeachable integrity, and Joshua P. Slve, a past master in the art of breaking the Rules. The film was made at the Baltusrol Golf Club, Springfield, N. J., where Farrell is professional. "Great Moments in Golf," lets the viewer see the many interesting exhibits in "Golf House," USGA headquarters in New York, and re-live golf triumphs of the past with many of the game's immortals. The film is a 16mm black and white production and runs 28 minutes. "The Rules of Golf—Etiquette" stresses the importance of etiquette by portrayal of various violations of the code in the course of a family four-ball match. Ben Hogan ap­ pears in several scenes, and Robert T. Jones, Jr., makes the introductory state­ ment. A Hmm color production of 17Vz minutes. The distribution of prints is handled by National Educational Films, Inc., 165 West 46th Street, New York 36, N. Y., which pro­ duced the films in cooperation with the USGA. The rental is $20 per film; $35 for two; $50 for three; $60 for four and $70 for five, in combination at the san*e time, in­ cluding the cost of shipping prints to the renter. 18 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: APRIL, 19(0 72 QUALIFYING EVENTS « To Play at TO DETERMINE OPEN FIELD Che"yH"ls The qualifying process to determine the 150 players who will compete in the 60th National Open Championship begins May 23. Local Qualifying Rounds will be played at 59 sites on May 23 and 24 and Sectional Qualifying Championships at 13 sites on June 6 and 7. This will be the second year of double qualifying. All rounds will be over 36 holes in one day at each location. About 20 percent of entrants in Local Qualifying will advance to the Sectional Qualifying stage; and about 30 percent of entrants in Sectional Qualifying will become part of the 150-player field at Cherry Hills Country Club, Denver, Colo., for play June 16-18. Of the 150, only 50 and ties compete the last day over the final 36 holes of the Open Championship. Entries for the Open must be received at the USGA office, 40 East 38th St., New York 16, N. Y., on official forms no later than May 4. Exemptions There are seven categories of exemp­ tions from both rounds of qualifying and nine categories of exemptions from Local Qualifying. Players who are exempt from all quali­ fying and their categories are: 1. Last five individuals to win Open Championships—Jack Fleck, Cary Mid- dlecoff, Dick Mayer, Tommy Bolt and Bill Casper, Jr. 2. 1959 National Amateur Champion— Jack W. Nicklaus. 3. 1959 Champion of the PGA—Robert R. Rosburg. Player. 4. 1959 British Open Champion—Gary 5. 1959 British Amateur Champion— 6. Head Professional at Cherry Hills— Deane R. Beman. Ralph Arnold. 7. In 1959 Open, 10 lowest scorers and any tying for 10th place, excluding any of the last five individuals to win— Bill Casper, Jr., Robert R. Rosburg, By A. P. Herbert for the 1959 American Walker Cup Team Luncheon in London given by the Sportsman’s Club. "My ball is in a bunch of fern, A jolly place to be; An angry man is close astern— He waves his club at me. Well, let him wave—the sky is blue; Go on, old ball, we are but two— We MAY be down in three. Or nine—or ten—or twenty-five— It matters not; to be alive Is good enough for me. "How like the happy sheep we pass At random through the green, For ever in the longest grass, But never in between! There is a madness in the air; There is a damsel over there, Her ball is in the brook. Ahl what a shot—a dream, a dream! You think it finished in the stream? Well, well, we'll go and look. "Who IS this hot and hasty man That shouteth 'Fore!' and 'Fore!'? We move as quickly as we can— Can anyone do more? Cheer up, sweet air, enjoy the view; I'd take a seat if I were you, And light your pipe again: In quiet thought possess your soul. For John is down a rabbit hole, And I am down a drain." This is the kind of golf I knew When I was young and gay: There is another point of view When Walker fellows play. The game is hard, the faces grim: I trust that in the interim They have a LITTLE fun. Good luck, dear guests and may you do The very longest holes in two— The Englishman in one! Claude Harmon, Mike Souchak, Doug Ford, Ernie Vossler, Arnold D. Pal­ mer, Ben Hogan, Sam Snead, Dick Knight, Ted Kroll, Gene A. Littler, Fred E. Hawkins and Dow Finsterwald. Local Exemptions Players who are exempt from Local Qualifying and their categories are: 1. All former Open Champions. 2. All former National Amateur Cham­ pions. 3. All former PGA Champions. 4. All former British Open Champions. 5. Members of the 1959 Walker Cup team. 6. Members of the 1959 Ryder Cup Team. 7. In 1959 Open, 20 lowest scorers and any tying for 20th place. USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: APRIL, 1960 19 8. In 1959 PGA Championship, 20 lowest scorers and any tying for 20th place. 9. 20 leading money-winners and any ty­ ing for 20th place in PGA official list for current PGA tour to date of closing entries. Prize Money Approximately $50,000 will be distri­ buted in prize money among professionals w’ho return 72-hole scores. First prize will be $12,000; 2nd, $6,000; 3rd, $4,000; 4th, $3,000; 5th, $2,500; 6th, $2,250; 7th, $2,000; 8th, $1,750; 9th, $1,500, and 10th, $1,250. Other prize money will be scaled down to $200 each for players finishing from 46th to 50th. ALA. ARIZ. ARK. CALIF. COLO. CONN. D. C. FLA. GA. HAWAII ILL. LOCAL QUALIFYING ROUNDS MONDAY, MAY 23, 1960 Birmingham Phoenix Little Rock La Jolla Los Angeles Denver New Haven Washington Miami Beach Ponte Vedra Beach Tampa Atlanta Honolulu Chicago Springfield Cedar Rapids Wichita Louisville New Orleans Baltimore Boston Detroit Grand Rapids Duluth St. Paul Jackson Kansas City St. Louis Lincoln Oradell Albuquerque Albany Glen Cove Rochester Westchester Co. Greensboro Fargo Cmcinnati Canton Columbus IOWA KANS. KY. LA. MD. MASS. MICH. MINN. MISS. MO. NEB. N.J. N. M. N. Y. N. C. N. D. OHIO OKLA. ORE. PA. TENN. TEXAS UTAH VA. WASH. W. VA. WIS. CALIF. IND. Oklahoma City Tulsa Portland Harrisburg Philadelphia Pittsburgh Memphis Nashville Fort Worth Houston Odessa Salt Lake City Richmond Spokane Tacoma Huntington Milwaukee TUESDAY, MAY 24, 1960 San Francisco Indianapolis SECTIONAL QUALIFYING MONDAY, JUNE 6, 1960 COLO. N. Y. OHIO WASH. CALIF. D. C. GA. ILL. MICH. MO. N. Y. OKLA. TEXAS Denver Mamaroneck Cincinnati Seattle TUESDAY, JUNE 7, 1960 San Francisco Washington Atlanta Chicago Detroit St. Louis Rochester Oklahoma City Dallas ANSWERS TO RULES QUIZ ON PAGE 8 1. A. — Z. Rule 33-2. B. — X. Rule 29-1. C. — X. Rule 29-1. D. — Z. Rule 29-2b. 9 C Ruin QSL1H 3. A. and B. Rules 29-3 and 30-1. 4. B. Definition 20c. (Rule 31-2 does not apply.) 5. C. and G. Rule 35-lc. 6 A. Rule 35-lb. 7 A. — No. B. — No. Rule 34-1. 8. B. Rule 22-2c. 9. A. — Yes. Rule 22-4a. B. — Yes. Rule 22-4b. C. — No. Rule 22-4. 20 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: APRIL, 1960 THE REFEREE Decisions by the Rules of Golf Committees Example of Symbols: “USGA” indicates decision by the United States Golf Association. “R & A” indi­ cates decision by the Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St. Andrews, Scotland. “60-1” means the first decision issued in 1960. "D” means definition. “R. 37-7” refers to Section 7 of Rule 37 in the 1960 Rules of Golf. BALL HOLED—IN RAISED CUP LINER Revised: USGA 59-39 R. 26-1, 26-3b, 34-1, 35-lh. D. 10, 22 Note: This supersedes Decision 59-39 dated October 29, 1959 Q: After a rather heavy rain A and B were playing a somewhat soggy course. B, about to make an approach shot, asked A not to remove the flag. However, after B hit the ball, it appeared from A’s posi­ tion that it was heading directly for the hole, so A decided to remove the flag. When he tried to lift it out, it stuck in the cup. When he gave it a second rather harder yank not only the flag but the cup as well came out of the ground. At pre­ cisely the second when the cup was an inch or so above the green B’s ball bounced into it. This appears to be a unique and once-in-a-lifetime happening. Could it be considered, under the circum­ stances, a sunk shot? Question by: E. Crenshaw Carmel, Calif. A: Stroke play: Yes. A fellow-competi­ tor is an outside agency (Definitions 10 and 22). Should he attend the flagstick without authority and should the compe­ titor’s ball strike the flagstick or cup liner (which is an extension of the flag­ stick), it is a rub of the green and the ball shall be played as it lies—see Rule 26-1 and Rule 26 3b. Since the ball went into the cup liner, it must be considered as holed. (Note: In the 1960 Rules, this is covered specifically in Rule 34-2b.) Match play: A lost the hole for viola­ tion of Rules 34-1 and 35-lh. B was en­ titled to have the flagstick unattended and to play for it. Rule 34-1 provides that the flagstick may be attended “only on the authority of the player.” A, the op­ ponent, breached that Rule and also Rule 35-lh, which prohibits taking “any action tc influence . . . the movement of the ball.” (Note: In the 1960 Rules this is covered specifically in Rule 34-2a.) AID IN GRIPPING: BALL IN HAND USGA 59-42 R. 2-2f Q: A player putts with a golf ball held in his left hand against the putter. The object is to apply the pressure on the ball and transmit this pressure to the club and therefore he gets help in this way. Is that considered to break the sec­ ond part of Rule 2-2f? Question by: Rodolfo Patron Mexico, D. F. A: Yes. USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: APRIL, 1960 21 OBSTRUCTIONS: SECOND RELIEF AFTER DROP USGA 59-43 D. 20 R. 31-2 Q: A ball came to rest within the con­ fines of an open walled shelter house. There was a concrete water fountain near the shelter (sketch enclosed). Where may the player drop his ball in conform­ ance with Rule 31-2? Question by: Norman Butler Dayton, Ohio Ball X in shelter house may be dropped within two club-lengths of Point A anywhere inside arc BC. B is a point of maximum relief under Rule 31-2 as it is exactly the same distance from the hole as Point X. After dropping at Point B, which is within two club lengths of Point F, player's backswing is interfered with by the water foun­ tain and he is entitled to further relief within arc BDE. A: As the ball lay within the confines of the shelter, Rule 31-2 permits the play­ er to lift the ball without penalty and to drop it within two club-lengths of that point on the outside of the obstruction nearest which the ball originally lay; the ball must come to rest not nearer the hole than its original position. If the concrete water fountain inter­ fered with the player’s stance, stroke or backswing either before or after the play­ er took relief from the shelter, the play er was entitled to further relief from the fountain, under Rule 31-2. The word “outside” as used in Rule 31-2 means, with respect to an obstruc* tion such as an open shelter, the vertical plane formed by a downward projection of the outer limits such as the roof edge. See Definition 20 regarding obstruc­ tions. PLACED BALL ROLLING INTO HOLE 1. WHEN HOLED 2. WHEN CANNOT BE REPLACED USGA 59-45 D. 5; R. 22-4, 11-4 Q: Two players participating in a stroke competition on a windy day arrive at the sixth green with A’s ball at rest lying 3 on a knoll on the putting surface about 8 feet above the cup. B requests A to mark his ball as it is in B’s line of play and then B proceeds to play out. Then A when replacing his ball and before ad­ dressing it sees it roll down the slope in­ to the cup. A claims to have holed out on the previous shot (3) and if this is not so, then to have holed out on his next shot (4). Subsequent replacements indi­ cated that the ball rolled down to the cup either in or close to the hole. A pointed out that he could not replace the ball on the putting surface and make it remain stationary unless he forced the ball into the surface of the putting green. B maintains that if A could not replace the ball properly it was his duty to place the ball on a more level surface equi­ distant from the hole. QI: If A’s ball rolled into the cup after replacement and before address, did he hole out on previous shot, scoring 3? Al: Yes. It is understood that the ball had actually been replaced and was at rest. A ball when placed is in play and shall not be replaced—see Rule 22-36 and Definition 5. (Note—It is emphasized that this answer is predicated upon the ball being actually replaced and at rest.) Q2: Under these circumstances, did A hole out for a 4? A2: No. See answer 1 above. Q3: If the ball cannot be replaced with­ out rolling nearer to or into the cup, should A replace his ball in another spot equidistant from the hole? A3: Yes. In equity under Rule 11-4, if 22 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: APRIL, 1960 the ball could not be replaced to be at rest, A should replace it as near as possi­ ble to the spot from which it was lifted but not nearer the hole. Q4: Would the ruling be different if the circumstances as described took place in match play? A4: No. Could not the competitor, whose ball was in a hazard within 20 yards of the hole, legally request the fellow-competitor to replace his ball and leave it or play it at his pleasure? Question by: Garland R. James Portsmouth, Va. A: No, unless the local rule expressly Questions by: Herman Freydberg New York, N. Y. permitted. BALL LIFTED: WHEN TO REPLACE ON PUTTING GREEN USGA 59-50 R. 35-3b; LR Q: In a stroke competition in 1959 (not four-ball) a local rule allowed lifting and cleaning of the ball on the putting green. In the absence of a local rule, nothing in Rule 35-1 or 35-3 allows a fellow-competi­ tor to mark his ball on the putting green in lieu of playing it except upon request of the competitor. A comparable local rule recommended by the USGA when conditions warrant cleaning the ball provides that “in match play, the ball must be replaced im­ mediately if the opponent so requests,” but there is no such provision in stroke play. (This provision is contained in the 1260 Rules of Golf, under Rule 35-ld.) It is a basic principle of stroke play that one ball shall not assist another. In the case described, we cannot see why the competitor would have any justifiable interest in having the fellow-competitor replace his ball. USGA PUBLICATIONS OF GENERAL INTEREST THE RULES OF GOLF, as approved by the United States Golf Association and the Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St. Andrews, Scot­ land. Booklet 25 cents (special rates for quan­ tity orders, more than 500). USGA GOLF HANDICAP SYSTEM FOR MEN, containing recommendations for computing USGA Handicap and for rating courses. Book­ let 25 cents. USGA Slide Rule Handicapper, 25 cents. Poster 15 cents. THE CONDUCT OF WOMEN’S GOLF, contain­ ing suggestions for guidance in the conduct of women’s golf in clubs and associations, in­ cluding tournament procedure, handicapping and course rating. 35 cents. USGA Slide Rule Handicapper, 25 cents. Poster 15 cents. COURSE RATING REPORT, a form for rating a course hole by hole; for association use, size 4'4 x 7 inches. 10 cents, $7.50 per 100. COURSE RATING POSTER for certifying hole by hole ratings to a club; for association use, size 8Vi x 11 inches. 5 cents. $3.50 per 100. HANDICAPPING THE UNHANDICAPPED, a reprint of a USGA Journal article explaining the Callaway System of automatic handicap­ ping for occasional players in a single tour­ nament. No charge. TOURNAMENTS FOR YOUR CLUB, a reprint of a USGA Journal article detailing various types of competitions. No charge. PREPARING THE COURSE FOR A COMPETI­ TION, a reprint of a USGA Journal article. No charge. FIRE PROTECTION—GOLF CLUB PROPER­ TIES, reprint of a USGA Journal article by T. Seddon Duke. No charge. PROTECTION OF PERSONS AGAINST LIGHT­ NING ON GOLF COURSES, a poster. No charge. HOLE-IN-ONE Awards. No charge. LETTER AND SPIRIT OF THE AMATEUR CODE, a reprint of a USGA Journal article by Joseph C. Dey, Jr. No charge. GAMBLING IN GOLF TOURNAMENTS, a re­ print of a USGA Journal article by Richard S. Tufts. No charge. WORK OF A CLUB GREEN COMMITTEE, a re­ print of panel discussions conducted by the USGA Green Section Committee. No charge. HOW TO MEET RISING COSTS OF GOLF COURSE MAINTENANCE, PARTS I & II, re­ prints of panel discussions conducted by the USGA Green Section Committee. No charge. GOLF COURSE REBUILDING AND REMODEL­ ING-FACTORS TO CONSIDER, a reprint of talks delivered at the 1959 Educational Pro­ gram conducted by the USGA Green Section Committee. No charge. MISTER CHAIRMAN, a reprint of a USGA Journal article outlining the duties of the Chairman of the Green Committee. No charge. ARE YOU A SLOW PLAYER? ARE YOU SURE? A reprint of a USGA Journal article by John D. Ames. No charge. A JUNIOR GOLF PROGRAM FOR YOUR CLUB AND DISTRICT, a 16-page booklet on organizing and developing junior golf programs at different levels by the USGA Junior Cham­ pionship Committee. No charge. TURF MANAGEMENT, by H. B. Musser (Mc­ Graw-Hill Book Co., Inc.), the authoritative book on turf maintenance. $7. USGA CHAMPIONSHIP RECORD BOOK. De­ tailed results of aU USGA competitions since their start in 1895. $2. USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT, a 33-page magazine published seven times a year. $2 a year. These publications are available on request to the United States Golf Association, 40 East 38th Street, New York 16, N. Y. Please send payment with your order. USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: APRIL, I960 23 Water Use On The Golf Course The USGA Green Section conducted its fourth annual Educational Program at the Biltmore Hotel, New York, January 29, 1960. The Chairman was William C. Chapin, Chairman of the USGA Green Section Committee. The Vice-Chairman was Edwin Hoyt, Northeastern District Chairman of the USGA Green Section Committee. Moderators were Alexander M. Radke, Eastern Director, USGA Green Section, and William H. Bengeyfield, Western Director, USGA Green Section. Also partici­ pating were James L. Holmes, Mid-Western Agronomist, USGA Green Section, and Charles K. Hallowell, Mid-Atlantic Director, USGA Green Section. The morning session was devoted to the topic, “The Mechanics of Applying Water.” The afternoon session was devoted to the topic, “Water Requirements of the Golf Course.” The talks will be summarized in the June issue of the USGA Journal and Turf Management. The following papers summarize talks delivered during the morning session. Introduction By ALEXANDER M. RADKO Eastern Director, USGA Green Section Recently we came across a reference to some startling information in the “Water Newsletter.” It reports that “the National Cash Register Company has been successful in producing powdered water for industrial use and now moves the reference to powdered water from the level of a TV and radio joke to the real thing. The powder is manufactured by coating tiny particles of water with gelatin. Although dry to the touch, the powder can easily be crushed or dis­ solved to a liquid state. The producer is adapting the technique to coat bank de­ posit slips and other forms—so that car­ bon copies may be made without the use of carbon paper.” It is not beyond the realm of possibility, therefore, that some day we may be watering our golf courses with powdered water in the same manner that we now apply limestone, fertilizer, insecticides, or other dry materials. This would be truly efficient use of water—treating only those areas that need it in the exact quantities desired. This, however, is projecting far beyond the realm of this discussion. We are concerned here with the use of water in the liquid state, as we know it, and its use on the golf course. What are the requirements for your course and how do you go about deter­ mining this factor? The first logical step is to check the rainfall records for your 24 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: APRIL, 1960 locale. These can be obtained from your local Weather Bureau. New York City, for example, in its 75 years history, re­ ports that the average rainfall for the 22- week period from April 1 through Sep­ tember 30 was 18.53 inches. Based on the “rule of thumb” assumption that grasses normally require one inch of water per week, theoretically, to span this critical 22-week period, we need only to supple­ ment with 3.47 inches of artifical water to satisfy our requirement. Actually, be­ cause of the usual erratic distribution of rainfall, we should allow for at least double this amount, according to most irrigation specialists, in order to be on the safe side. What does this mean in gallons? The average golf course has approximately 45 acres in fairways. It takes approximately 1V4 million gallons to provide one acre inch of water to 45 acres. To satisfy our requirement of applying 3.47 inches it would take approximately 4% million gal­ lons of water. To be on the safe side, therefore, it would be necessary to have approximately 8% million gallons of water for irrigation purposes for an av­ erage golf course in or around the New York Metropolitan Area. This is the av­ erage situation; actually, there are courses in this area that use less water yearly, and there are courses that use more. From Weather Bureau records available each of us could work out the require­ ment for any specific area in the nation. Water is one of our most precious natural resources. With the increase in population and growing industrial uses, there is growing concern that as a nation we are running out of water, and many states are closely re-examining their water policies with an eye toward new and adequate legislation on this problem. There is no room for water waste as a nation, nor is there room for waste on the golf course. Water Distribution Systems By E. R. STEINIGER Member, USGA Green Section Committee, and Golf Course Superintendent, Pine Valley Golf Club, Pine Valley, N. J. Fundaments and standards have been developed for water distribution sys­ tems. However, the application of these standards will vary with the use made of the systems. For turf development and maintenance this variation is obvious. Differences in soil, terrain, type of grasses grown, degree of maintenance, all affect the system used. The watering practice for any course must be adapted to meet local conditions, otherwise the watering system can become a liability instead of an asset. Several items will be covered by my remarks on our experience with water systems at Pine Valley. Many of you know that our course is built on very sandy soil. Without an ade­ quate supply of water it would be im­ possible to produce good golfing turf. Fortunately, we are blessed with an abundant supply of good water at all times. This water comes from several spring-fed lakes on the course. In 1912 when our first holes were built, a temporary water system was installed. The water was supplied from three lakes at different locations on the course. The power for the chain-driven pumps came from huge water wheels. The water wheels in turn got their power from the overflow of the dams. Two of the old water wheels are still on the course—just for rustic effect. In 1920 when the course was completed, a permanent watering system for fairways and greens was installed. (As a matter of fact, this layout was the most up-to date system at that time.) In this system all the mains ran parallel to the fairways with hose outlets, spaced every 80 feet, located in sunken wooden boxes flush with the ground. There were over 300 outlets of this type, and 25,000 feet of hose was needed to water the course. This system held up well for nearly 40 years. Although it offered much flexibility in that you could put the water where it was needed and in the quantities needed, it did have many limitations. The pressure loss was great. A system of this type re­ quires 150 to 200 feet of hose from out­ let to edge of fairway, and it is interest­ ing to note that a sprinkler producing 10 gallons per minute, traveling through % inch water hose will lose 14 pounds of pressure for each 100 feet traveled. USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: APRIL, I960 25 Maintenance and replacement cost for hose and sprinklers, and rising cost and availability of labor to operate the hose system, caused us to consider a change. Daytime watering interfered with golfers’ play, while nighttime watering was not possible due to the unavailability of labor. Since 1957 we have been in the pro­ cess of modernizing our system by install­ ing underground, quick coupling valves through the center of the fairways. We completed five or six fairways each win­ ter, and hope to finish the installation by this spring. In the 1920 system very good planning was used in that large mains (9 inches) were installed. These mains have proven to be adequate for all changes which we have made. All the laterals for our quick coupling system are connected to the old mains. It is of interest to note that after 40 years of use the galvanized mains show little or no corrosion from the water. Be­ cause of this we have used galvanized pipe throughout our present program. We pump our water from a four acre lake. A 9 inch suction pipe carries the water from the filter to the pumphouse. The pumphouse is located below the dam and the water level of the lake. This filter is boxlike, made of logs-and stone. The outside wall or fence is 12 by 12 feet and the inside wall is 6 by 6 feet. The area between these walls is filled with crushed stone. This type filter has proven to be very effective in screening out all kinds of debris such as weeds from the lake, leaves, fish and fishing gear, and turtles. We have two electrically driven centri­ fugal pumps—A 500 gallon-per-minute and a 1,000 gallon-per-minute pump. The small pump furnishes enough water for five or six fairways and greens. When more water is needed or the pressure drops to a certain point the large pump starts automatically. The water is pumped directly into a 9 inch main which is reduced to smaller mains. Four inch mains are the smallest size used on the course. Galvanized pipe (2% or 3 inch) is used for laterals in the fairways for the quick coupling valve sys­ tem. Wherever possible the laterals are looped back into the mains in order to give more pressure and volume to the sprinkler. Facilities for drainage and shut-offs have been included in all fair­ way installations. The sprinkler valves have been so located that all turfed areas can be reached. The nozzle size varies according to area to be covered, and pressure and volume of water at the location. If for some reason some areas in the fairways— high hard-spots—need additional water, this can be supplied with a length of hose and sprinkler attached to a quick coupling valve and swivel system. Our new system provides a better dis­ tribution of outlets with a higher pres­ sure at the outlet. The snap on valves are placed slightly below the surface of the turf. A 5 inch steel sleeve approximately 16 inches long is placed around the valves and risers to keep the grass (Bermudagrass) from growing over. We feel that our change to the more modern system has shown the following advantages: 1. One man can water half of the course in one night. Prior to this, up to five men were sometimes used. 2. The yearly maintenance cost has been reduced as there is no more hose to buy. 3. Unsightly hose and valve boxes along the fairways have been eli­ minated. Equipment can be op­ erated with much greater ease, and there is no interference with golf play from these obstacles. SUBSCRIBERS TO U.S.G.A. GREEN SECTION RESEARCH AND EDUCATION FUND, INC. Augusta National Golf Club, Augusta, Ga. Catto & Putty, Clapper Co., Bob Dunning, Floyd Farley, Donald Harradine, Lionel MacDuff, Metropolitan Golf Writers' Association, National Golf Fund, Inc., New England Golf Association, San Antonio, Tex. West Newton 65, Mass. Tulsa, Okla. Oklahoma City, Okla. Magliaso Tessin, Switzerland Lynn, Mass. Manhasset, N. Y. Dunedin, Fla. Boston, Mass. Golf Association Connecticut State Maine State Golf Association Massachusetts State Golf Association New England Golf Association New Hampshire State Golf Association Rhode Island State Golf Association Vermont State Golf Association Bernard H. Ridder, Jr., St. Paul, Minn. J. H. Watson, Marietta, Ohio 26 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: APRIL, 1960 Water Distribution Systems By EDWARD J. CASEY Member. USGA Green Section Committee, and Golf Course Superintendent. Baltusrol Golf Club, Springfield, N. J. Since the first days of golf in America, at St. Andrew’s Golf Club, Hastings- on-Hudson, N. Y., golf course development has reached a fantastic rate of develop­ ment. Paralleling this growth has been the progress in golf course maintenance— standards, quality, and utility. Irrigation is but one of the important components of golf course maintenance; it has pro­ gressed from practically nothing to the critically engineered design, pressure­ volume, full coverage systems we have today. Whether an irrigation system is to be of pressure-volume, full coverage, or to be one of lesser extent, the funda­ mentals determining its workload and its accomplishments remain the same in each case. However familiar these supporting fun­ damentals may be, there is some value ac­ companying a review of the important ones, in the order of their importance. Water Supply Propulsion Transmission Objective From Origin to Objective Lakes Rivers Wells Vertical Turbine pump adaptable to water sources Well Test for static level; Drawdown Pumping level at 140 Pump stages at 150 feet deep feet deep Pump into Pressure Tank at 100 lbs. pressure Discharge Head = 150 feet Pressure Head = 231 feet Total Pump Head = 381 feet 4 inch pipe - Costs per foot Cast iron per M ft. $1.56 ” ” ” $1.14 ** ” ” $1.75 ” ” ’’ $1.53 Transite Plastic Steel Cost influences design; Design influences costs. Design is critical in Performance Work Load Friction Head Through Work Sheet determine: 1. Routing of lines 2. Precipitation rate 3. Pressure 4. Pipe sizes 5. Friction Head 6, Final Design Estimated Work Load 90 head feet 18 holes - greens, tees, and fairways - 46 acres 1 acre inch per week = 1.25 million gallons 1 trip over requires 21 hours @ 500 g.p.m. = 630,000 gallons 2 trips over requires 42 hours @ 500 g.p.m. = 1,260,000 gallons rate is adjustable Use rate of 500 g.p.m. should be provided for. Pump Head 381 feet + Est. Work Load 90 feet = Total System Head 471 Head feet. 471 Head feet @ 500 g.p.m = Work Load. System Head and Power Requirements 500 G.P.M. x 471 Hd. ft. == Work load 500 x 8.337 = 4168.5 lbs. per minute 4168.5 x 471 = 1,963,363.5 foot lbs. per minute 1 H.P. = 550 ft. lbs. per second or 33,000 foot lbs. per minute 1,963,363.5 = 59.4 horsepower 33,000 required If the pump operates at 70 per cent efficiency, then 59.4 x 1.43 ~ 85 per cent horsepower. This theoretic example of system head and power requirements indicates the sys­ tem head or workload is too high for eco­ nomical and practical operations. The ex­ ample shows higher values are found at low head and large discharge; lower values at high head and small discharge. Design is critical. Efficient distribution of water assures irrigation in Depth (wet­ ting the soil) at precipitation rates ad­ justed to the intake characteristics of the soil. Mechanical manipulation of the sys­ tem should remain very close to design specifications regarding system opera­ tion. USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: APRIL, 1960 27 Commentary 1. Objective An efficient system. 2. Water Supply Good balance in these two factors is necessary: Water supply at 300 G.P.M. to 500 G.P.M. is adaptable to system operation; total elapsed time precipi­ tating one inch per acre is the varia­ ble factor. 3. Transmission Pipeline design, pipe size, non-corro­ sive, smooth inside wall and minimum number of fittings are important fac­ tors in avoiding build up of friction head. Correct size piping for efficiency and economy. 4. Propulsion Pumps—Motors. Estimated System Head and Live Dis­ charge, plus other pertinent informa­ tion regarding proposed system opera­ tion and heavy load periods are the facts upon which pump manufacturers decide the type and capacity equipment necessary for the work to be done and to guarantee performance. Water Distribution Systems By WILLIAM RILEY Golf Course Superintendent, Essex Fells Country Club, Essex Fells, N. J. Our club is located in a poor water area and our watering system is designed to take advantage of all possible natural and waste water available on our property to supplement our 50 gallon-per-minute well. We like to think of our system as a “holding system” for the summer months of July and August primarily, and it is therefore designed for conservative use; it is used to irrigate the ten fairways at our course which normally are dry in summer because of their natural elevation and hilly terrain. We designed our system so that we cap­ ture all the run-off from rainfall from our parking area, from the clubhouse leaders, and from the deck of our newly con­ structed swimming pool. In addition, we trap all water from the following areas of our swimming pool: a. From the pool deck, which is washed down daily for sanitary reasons—estimated 1,000 gallons per day. b. From rinse shower, which runs continuously—estimated 2,500 gal­ lons per day. c. From the wading pool, emptied daily—estimated 6,000 gallons per day. d. From pool gutter overflow, which is created by circulating system for water sterilization—estimated 13,000 gallons per day. All this trapped waste water feeds by gravity flow through Orangeburg pipe to our reinforced concrete storage tank of 72,000 gallons capacity (60 feet x 20 feet x 8 feet) situated beneath one of our fair­ ways. In turn, the water from the tank flows by gravity to our distribution pump through six-inch transite pipe. Our dis­ tribution pump capacity is 300 gallons per minute at 100 pounds pressure. Our mains consist of 3 inch and 4 inch (PVC) plastic pipe and our laterals are 2 inch and 3 inch sizes in the same pipe, which we installed by ourselves. We uti­ lize quick coupling, rotary type sprinkler heads which operate at 70 to 90 pounds pressure distributing 40 gallons per minute. This is our system, designed for the conservative use of water in a poor water area, and it fully meets our irrigation re­ quirements for ten fairways during periods of water stress. TURF MANAGEMENT The book "Turf Management," sponsored by the United States Golf Association and edited by Prof. H. B. Musser, is a complete and authoritative guide in the practical de­ velopment of golf-course turfs. This 354-page volume is available through the USGA, 40 East 38th Street, New York 16, N. Y., the USGA Green Section Regional Offices, the McGraw-Hill Book Co., 350 West 42nd Street, New York 36, N. Y„ or local bookstores. The cost is $7. 28 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: APRIL, 1960 Comparison Of Water Sources By EDMUND B. AULT Member, USGA Green Section Committee, and Chairman, Green Committee, Indian Spring Country Club, Silver Spring, Md. Ido not believe there is anyone who does not recognize that the subject for this opening panel, “Water Sources,” is the very heart-throb for any successful, well- kept golf course. We may take a minute to note the possi­ ble different interests pertaining to our subject Water Sources. There could be those who may be associated with a group that is planning the development and construction of a new country club. On the other hand, there may be those who are presently associated with an existing country club whose source of water sup­ ply is either diminishing or has reached a dangerously low level. There could be a third group, and they would perhaps be in the minority, whose existing source of supply is either limited or restricted, which naturally prohibits the expansion, modernization and improvement of their club. In this group may be those who are served from a municipal water supply. In order to determine the source of supply to be accepted or developed for any country club in any section of the country, we must first determine from several accepted methods the volume of water which can be expected to be used at the club or course in question. For example, it is recognized that at an average 18-hole golf course in the Mid­ Atlantic area, having a conventional water system—and by conventional, I am referring to a system which has outlets at tees and greens only—a competent superintendent using such a system dur­ ing the recognized watering season in this area, namely from the middle of May into September, may on certain days water his greens once or twice. He may if neces­ sary syringe them off at several other times. The outlets on such a system gen­ erally deliver approximately 15 gallons per minute. If the superintendent has three men watering at a time and they in turn have four sprinkler heads open, we arrive at a simple mathematical cal­ culation such as: three men with four heads open each (12 heads) times 15 gal­ lons per minute = 180 gallons per minute. This multiplied by the time re­ quired for watering will naturally give the gallons per day; and by days will give gallons per week, etc. On courses with more elaborate water­ ing systems, such as a course with out­ lets at the tees, greens, landing areas and approaches, we would naturally extend this demand per minute to perhaps double, 360 gallons per minute. For golf courses which may have a com­ plete fairway watering system, although the number of outlets opened at one time may not increase, the size of the outlets may demand in excess of 500 gallons per minute. I realize that some of the explanation may overlap into following panels, but this point is important as we move along in our subject to developing a source of supply. The most recognized sources of water supply are rivers, lakes, wells, and muni­ cipal sources. The first, rivers, or large creeks or streams on which there has been a reason­ able amount of preliminary research, such as the proven flow and the estab­ lished fact that the water level does not diminish below a certain level during the dry season, are the best sources of water supply to have available. In recognizing the flow of the stream, we may refer back to the gallons per minute that may be de­ manded of the particular system in ques­ tion. If the flow of the stream exceeds the demand by 50 per cent, this percent­ age is accepted in most cases as being ade­ quate. Naturally, the country club fortu­ nate enough to have this source of supply has little or no problem. It has been found impractical when using this source of supply to place the intake from the pump directly into the flowing stream. In lieu of such a prac­ tice, an offset pond should be excavated from 30 to 50 feet back from the bank of the creek and dug to a depth of approxi­ mately six to eight feet below the mean USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: APRIL, 1960 29 low water level of the river. A channel four to six feet wide and at the same depth should be opened from the river into the pond. During heavy rains, when the stream may be carrying a consider­ able amount of debris and silt, a swift flow naturally would bypass the pond and eliminate a considerable amount of dam­ age. Where the stream is recognized as a boundary, the offset pond affords a means of protection from vandalism. The second most popular recognized source of supply is a lake or a series of ponds. Mr. Latham’s accompanying arti­ cle contains a discussion of some of the factors involved in reservoir construction and use. The third recognized source, wells, in certain sections of the country is the only source that can be developed. This source perhaps is more expensive than the two previously mentioned sources. The cost of wells in different sections of the coun­ try can vary widely. It has been recognized, where a well or wells are the exclusive source of water supply for the country club, that it is more practical and economical to have the two systems separated; that is, the system for the domestic supply and the system for the golf course. It is a costly operation to have the necessary power on a single well supplying the clubhouse and the golf course. Where the water sup­ ply for the golf course may be needed on an average of six months, and the sup­ ply to the clubhouse for 12 months, there is a considerable amount of idle power during the six months when the irrigation system for the course is not in service. The more practical and economical method is to have a single pump deliver water into a storage pond and a second pump set up to pump from the storage pond into the water system for the golf course. This storage pond may also prove a safety margin in the event of a pump breakdown. The pond location can also take advantage of runoff water and other natural sources. In the majority of cases the large motor required for a single operation will perhaps invoke a demand charge by the local utility company. This can be a 12-mor.th expense regardless of the time the pump is used. In certain areas expert and competent advice is needed before developing a well or sys­ tem of wells for source of supply. What may seem adequate at the time can diminish in a few years with constant pumping and the encroachment of housing developments and industry in the area. Industry and housing developments in seeking large volumes of water by well systems go to greater depths than the original wells for the country club. Thus in time they tap or drain the shallow sources being used for the golf course. The fourth, and perhaps the most ex­ pensive recognized source of water sup­ ply for the country club, is the municipal system. The most noted drawback from this source of supply is that at times a country club may be restricted or limited severely as to the volume it could use. Such a restriction naturally would come at the most critical dry season of the year. Restrictions also may be placed on the time at which the water may be used. There are certain mechanical draw­ backs which can be encountered in a municipal system such as pressures too high or too low. In one known case the pressure was too high and did consider­ able damage to a newly installed fairway watering system which used plastic pipe. Booster pumps in most cases have proved almost a necessity between the municipal system and the club system. Pressure changes and surges from the municipal system, if not controlled, at times make a very inefficient operation of certain large sprinkler heads. In summing up our subject, Water Sources, invariably the committee for the country club and the expert discussing the subject will reach a common point on one major issue, and that is: Shall a source of water supply be developed to meet the demand that may be required by the plans and specifications, or will the plans and specifications be adjusted to suit what is known to be an economical, permanent source of supply? Unless a sound, unlimited, economical source of supply is available, certain elaborate, costly watering systems should perhaps be limited and kept within reason for such a known source. To one who, though not an agronomist, is ever aware of the diminishing sources of water supply, it seems that more emphasis could be placed on the types of grasses, especially for fair­ ways and roughs, that do not require the quantity of water as do other grasses. 30 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: APRIL, 1960 Comparison Of Water Sources By JAMES M. LATHAM, JR. Former Southeastern Agronomist, USGA Green Section Any discussion of irrigation systems would be incomplete without a short discourse on water sources. Everyone is familiar with these, but some discussion should be given the merits and drawbacks of each source. The major source of the national water supply is from streamflow of surface water in our rivers and creeks. Lakes and ponds may be considered streamflow in storage. Surface water is of major interest in areas of higher rainfall where irriga­ tion is required only to supplement natural rainfall. Since there are many small permanent streams in the eastern portion of the United States, many golf courses have constructed dams to utilize this water as well as natural runoff of excess rainfall. Eastern irrigation systems are basically supplemental. Many of them fail, how­ ever, because they were not designed for use during periods of maximum water stress. Prolonged drought periods, being usually accompanied by higher tempera­ tures and evaporation rates, not only in­ crease water usage but also decrease the supply. This introduces several points to be considered when contemplating the use of surface water as a source of irri­ gation. First is the pattern of streamflow dur­ ing both wet and dry years. Are there periods when streamflow is substantially reduced or has ceased? Are there periods when the stream rises rapidly to flood stage and could possibly damage the in­ stallation? The state engineer or the U. S. Geological Survey may have this informa­ tion. Longtime residents of the area are a good source of general information. The rate of streamflow is as important as its permanence. If collection reservoirs are required, it is necessary to know the time required to replenish the water sup­ ply after an irrigation period. In many cases a legal problem arises. The right to use surface water may be challenged by another property, owner along the stream. Local water use laws must be considered. Water quality is a third major point to be considered when contemplating the use of surface water. On major rivers pollution by industrial wastes is always a possibility. The presence of injurious chemicals can be determined by analysis by a state or commercial laboratory. Silt and trash content should also be considered. Some silts are abrasive and will cause excessive wear on irrigation equipment unless removed from the water. Trash and debris in stream water have an obvious effect on the system by clogging sprinklers and the intake pipe. Problems associated with these three points have been solved in some instances by the construction of a reservoir along­ side the stream. Water flows into the reservoir during periods of normal or above normal stream flow but does not interfere when the flow is reduced. In this way a source of water is provided when there is an ample supply of water and insurance is provided against dry periods. Such a reservoir also acts as a desilting basin. By reducing the velocity of water, the silt settles to the bottom and is eli­ minated. Properly constructed screens on the intake channel will help eliminate debris with a minimum of cleaning re­ quired. In some areas of the western states, streams continually pick up minerals as they flow. Concentration of these salts will vary with rate of flow. In such cases storage reservoirs should be filled during periods of high flow. Mixing stream water with well or spring water may also reduce the concentration. Springs and seepage areas are some­ times developed into reliable sources of irrigation water. Blastings, proper drain­ age trenching and excavation may pro­ vide a constant source of water, but a geologist should be consulted before going to great expense. Underground waters are a second major source for golf course irrigation. The advantages of this source include: USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: APRIL, 1960 31 1. Close proximity to the place where the water is to be used. 2. A source of water where streamflow is already appropriated. 3. Less fluctuation in yield. 4. More uniform temperature and solu­ ble minerals content, and generally free of turbidity and pollution. Here, too, a legal problem may be en­ countered, since some areas require well permits. About 60 per cent of all ground water used is for irrigation purposes. Usually, however, first costs of well sys­ tems are higher than for surface sources. Well water may flow directly into the ir­ rigation system, using one pump for both actions. A deep well of low capacity may require a storage reservoir. Such a sys­ tem is widely used since pumping capa­ city from the well is not a direct limiting factor. Storage or equalizing reservoirs al­ so enable the use of two pumps. A large pump will supply the entire requirements of the system. A small pump in addition to this will permit green and tee irriga­ tion without using the large pump. Such an arrangement can reduce considerably the cost of pumping. In the humid areas very shallow ground water may be successfully developed. Batteries of well points or cased wells can be used to tap drainage water where it is held up by an impervious layer un­ derneath. This method is seldom used, however, due to the adverse effect of drought conditions on the water supply. It may also be possible to buy water directly from an irrigation company or municipality. In determining the source of water, daily irrigation requirements must be calculated so that an adequate amount of water is available. When the availability of water imposes limitations on con­ tinuous supply, reservoirs must be uti­ lized. Reservoir construction requires careful consideration of the following points: 1. The amount of water required per irrigation period and the time required to refill the reservoir. 2. The storage capacity per foot of ef­ fective dam height. 3. The probable seepage and evapora­ tion losses. 4. The probability of flooding as a determinant of spillway size. 5. The silt load of water entering the reservior. A high silt content would fill a small reservoir in a short time. 6. Water quality, since salt concentra­ tion will increase as the water level drops due to evaporation. 7. The area to be used must be able to hold water. Surprisingly, a number of lakes have been built which will not hold water. Gravel or similar substrata will allow rapid seepage. 8. The amount of permissible “draw­ down” must be considered. A shallow pond which is lowered by as much as two feet may leave large areas of mud and these areas may be subject to weedy, un­ sightly growth. Combination input for reservoirs has often been quite helpful. Surface water, groundwater and municipal supplies are all discharged into a reservoir from which the irrigation system is fed. In choosing the most desirable source of water, reliability, cost and water quali­ ty must be balanced against each other. Cost is the most apparent factor, but un­ less the expenditure provides a reliable source of good water, it is obviously wasted. The primary requirement in an efficient irrigation system, then, is a thorough, point-by-point study of all phases of the system and weighing each factor entering into its operation. Allen Joins Green Section Staff W. Wayne Allen has been appointed to the USGA Green Section staff as Southwestern Agronomist. Mr. Allen is a graduate of Texas A. & M. and re­ cently completed work leading to the Master of Science degree in Agronomy. Mr. Allen’s research during his gradu­ ate study dealt primarily with weed control. Mr. Allen’s appointment fills a va­ cancy created by the resignation of James M. Latham, Jr., as Southeastern Agronomist and his replacement by James B. Moncrief, formerly South­ western Agronomist. Mr. Latham re­ signed to accept other employment but he will continue in the turfgrass field. Mr. Moncrief, who will make his headquarters in Athens, Ga., is well acquainted with the problems of turf in the southern states and he should be very much at home in that region. 32 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: APRIL, I960 Golf is getting popular more and more in Japan and new courses are being built on all available lands. It will not be long before we double the present number of courses, which is about 100. To The USGA: Boom in Japan John B. Coffee Houston, Texas We will appreciate your publicizing through your periodicals our desire to work out reciprocal arrangements with other clubs affiliated with your association. “A Non-Resident member of a Golf Club that belongs to the United States or the Texas Golf Associations shall have the cour­ tesies of the Club House ex­ tended to him upon satisfactory identification for forty-eight hours as a guest, his name and residence with the name and ad­ dress of his Country Club being entered on the visitors’ book. All bills contracted by such guest shall be sent direct to his Coun­ try Club for payment.” and “Members of Golf Clubs that be­ long to the United States or the Texas Golf Associations, shall have the courtesies of the course I extended upon satisfactory iden­ tification and by payment of the regular greens fees.” IT'S YOUR HONOR I All In The USGA Family To The USGA: We wish to advise that the Board of Directors of River Oaks Country Club has revised the guest rules per­ taining to Non-Resident Guests-Mem- bers of Golf Clubs as follows: I Presently our golf courses cannot accommodate all golfers and many new golfers go to driving ranges, which are also increasing very rapid­ ly. Some of them are elaborate. One newly opened accommodates 150 players at one time and the range is 250 yards. I notice in American golf magazines that a number of par-three courses have been built there. I thought we might start building some over here, too. This would certainly be better than driving ranges, and we may find land insufficient for regular courses but big enough for such courses. Shun Nomura Vice President Japan Golf Association To The USGA: Turf Boosters We (The Albuquerque Country I i & Club) are one of your best boosters $ for the Green Section’s Visiting Serv- <| ice. At the recommendation of Dr. x Marvin Ferguson, we are rebuilding the remaining 12 greens on our golf x course. Our members are thoroughly ® sold on this program. x B. K. Midtbon x Albuquerque, N. M. <1 Help A letter recently received: “Dear Sirs: My friends cheat. Please send me a copy of the Rules of Golf. Signed--------------------- ” USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: APRIL, 1960 33 USGA OFFICERS, EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE AND COMMITTEE CHAIRMEN PRESIDENT John G. Clock, Long Beach, Calif. VICE-PRESIDENTS Clarence W. Benedict, White Plains, N. Y. John M. Winters, Jr., Tulsa, Okla. SECRETARY Wm. Ward Foshay, New York, N. Y. TREASURER Bernard H. Ridder, Jr., St. Paul, Minn. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE The above officers and: Fred Brand, Jr.. Pittsburgh, Pa. William C. Chapin, Rochester, N. Y. Charles C. Clare, New Haven, Conn. Harry L. Givan, Seattle, Wash. Hord W. Hardin, St. Louis, Mo. Edwin R. Foley, Oakland, Calif. Harold A. Moore, Chicago, III. Henry H. Russell, South Miami, Fla. A. Vinton Stegeman, Jr., Ft. Thomas, Ky. HONORARY MEMBER J. Frederic Byers, Jr., Pittsburgh, Pa. GENERAL COUNSEL Philip H. Strubing, Philadelphia, Pa. EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR Joseph C. Dey, Jr., New York, N. Y. ASSISTANT DIRECTORS: P. J. Boatwright, Jr., and Sterling G. Slappey USGA HEADQUARTERS "Golf House", 40 East 38th Street, New York 16, N. Y. COMMITTEE CHAIRMEN RULES OF GOLF: John M. Winters, Jr., Tulsa, Okla. CHAMPIONSHIP: Bernard H. Ridder, Jr., St, Paul, Minn. AMATEUR STATUS AND CONDUCT: Charles C. Clare, New Haven, Conn. IMPLEMENTS AND BALL: Clarence W. Benedict, White Plains, N. Y. MEMBERSHIP: Edwin R. Foley, Oakland, Calif. GREEN SECTION: William C. Chapin, Rochester, N. Y. WOMEN'S: Mrs. Henri Prunaret, Natick, Mass. SECTIONAL AFFAIRS: Hord W. Hardin, St. Louis, Mo. PUBLIC LINKS: Charles C. Clare, New Haven, Conn. HANDICAP: Clarence W. Benedict, White Plains, N. Y. Handicap Procedure: Herman M. Freydberg, New York, N. Y. JUNIOR CHAMPIONSHIP: Harry L. Givan, Seattle, Wash. SENIOR CHAMPIONSHIP: Harold A. Moore, Chicago, HI. GIRLS' JUNIOR: Mrs. John Pennington, Buffalo, N. Y. MUSEUM: Harold A. Moore, Chicago, III. BOB JONES AWARD: Wm. Ward Foshay, New York, N. Y. FINANCE: Bernard H. Ridder, Jr., St. Paul, Minn. USGA GREEN SECTION EASTERN REGION Northeastern Office: Lipman Hall, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, N. J. Alexander M. Radko, Director, Eastern Region T. T. Taylor, Northeastern Agronomist Mid-Atlantic Office: 711 West Ave., Jenkintown, Pa. Charles K. Hallowell, Mid-Atlantic Director Southeastern Office: Conner HalL University of Georgia, Athens, Ga. James B. Moncrief, Southeastern Agronomist MID-CONTINENT REGION Southwestern Office: Texas A. and M. College, College Station, Tex. Dr. Marvin H. Ferguson, Director, Mid-Continent Region and National Research Coordinator W. Wayne Allen, Southwestern Agronomist Mid-Western Office: Room 241, LaSalle Hotel, Chicago 2, III. James L. Holmes, Mid-Western Agronomist Western Office: P. O. Box 567, Garden Grove, Cal. William H. Bengeyfield, Director, Western Region WESTERN REGION