USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT VICTOR IN THE 5OTH STATE Smiling, lei-bedecked Verne Callison, 1960 Amateur Public Links Cham- pion, proudly displays his Trophies won at the Ala Wai Golf Course in Honolulu, Hawaii. Callison defeated Tyler Caplin, East Lansing, Mich., 7 and 6 for the Championship. USGA President John G. Clock is on the left and Charles C. Clare, Chairman of the Public Links Committee, and P. J. Boatwright, Jr., Assistant Director of the USGA, are on the right. USGA (ft JOURNAL TURF MANAGEMENT Published by the United States Golf Association 1960 by United States Golf Association. Permission to reprint articles or material in the USGA © Journal and Turf Management is granted to publishers of newspapers, periodicals and books (unless specifically noted otherwise), provided credit is given to the USGA and copyright protection is af­ forded. Neither articles nor other material may be copied or used for any advertising, promotion or commercial purpose. VOL. XIII, No. 4 AUGUST, 1960 Through the Green ___________________________________________________ 1 Teams of 33 Countries in World Golf at Merion ___________ Joseph C. Dey, Jr. 4 Do You Know Your Golf? _____________________ ..._ .________.....______ ____ 6?- Betsy Rawls Wins Open at Time Tested Worcester_________ Robert C. Renner 7 Californians Sweep Public Links Honors _______________ P. J. Boatwright, Jr. 10 Golfers From 26 Nations Play in Centenary British Open _______ John Farrow 13 Knowing Your Rights Under the Rules of Golf____________ Joseph C. Dey, Jr. 15 The Referee: Decisions Under the Rules of Golf _______ ___________________ 21 Turf Management: Personnel Management and Relationships D. M. Lilly 25 Overseeding With Bentgrass J. W. Dudley 31 It’s Your Honor: Letters _______________________________________________ 33 Published seven times a year in February, April, June, July, August, September and November by the UNITED STATES GOLF ASSOCIATION 40 EAST 38th ST., NEW YORK 16, N. Y. Subscription: $2 a year. Single copies: 30c. Subscriptions, articles, photographs, and correspondence should be sent to the above address. Entered as Second-class Matter, March 3, 1950, at the Post Office at New York, N. Y., under the Act of March 8, 1879. Additional entry at the Post Office in Pinehurst, N. C. Editor: Joseph C. Dey, Jr. Managing Editor: Sterling G. Slappey. All articles voluntarily contributed. USGA COMPETITIONS FOR 1960 Championship or Team Match Entries Close Qualifying Rounds Dates of Event Location Amateur Closed Aug. 30 Sept. 12-17 Senior Amateur Aug. 24 Sept. 7 Sept. 19-24 St. Louis C. C„ Clayton, Mo. Oyster Harbors C. OsterviUe, Mass. World Amateur Team , —— Sept. 28-Oct. 1 Merion G. C., Ardmore, Pa. Golf and Golf Writing—1897 The Chicago Tribune greeted the third playing of the USGA Amateur Cham­ pionship in 1897 with this description: “A little pile of sand, cleverly erected; a little hard rubber ball, corrugated and checkered; stout, gracefully fashioned clubs. All of these and a man of athletic stature and picturesque garb upon a green grass plot, and, behind him, an urchin carrying a canvas bag, full of various fashioned clubs. All of these things are the features which will greet the eye of the observers today at Wheaton where the great national golf tournament gets under way.” The winner was Henry James Whig­ ham after an 8-and-6 victory over W. Ros­ siter Betts, a young Yale student. Whig­ ham was a son-in-law of Charles B. Mac­ donald, one of the great figures of early American golf, who also competed. Whigham was a rarity in golf in that he covered his own victory, thereby be­ coming a newspaperman-golf writer who won a National Championship. Whigham was the drama and music critic for the Chicago Tribune. Each day he would play his matches, then go into his office and write two or three very modest paragraphs about himself and the other players. The 1897 Amateur Championship at the Chicago Golf Club, Wheaton, Ill., was played on September 14, 15, 16 and 18. The Open Championship, then merely a sideline to the Amateur, was fitted in on September 17. Whigham rounded out his big week by becoming low amateur in the Open, which was won by Joe Lloyd, an English­ man who worked at the Essex County Club, Manchester, Mass., in the summer and at a course at Pau, France, in the winter. The Open Championship that year was over 36 holes. It was completed in one day by 35 players. The Amateur Championship was de­ cided in four rounds after 36 hole qualify­ ing. Sixteen players competed for the Championship. Scholarships The number of Evans Caddie Scholar­ ships has now passed the 1,000 mark. Dave Williams, 17-year old caddie from the Butterfield Country Club, Hinsdale, Ill., was the 1,000th. He plans to enter Northwestern University. In 1959, more than 32,000 contributors, throughout the nation, donated to the Evans Scholarship Fund through the $5 bag-tag program. The fund is named for Charles (Chick) Evans, Jr., of Chicago. Club Directory The Greater Cincinnati Golfers’ League has published its 1960 directory of clubs, various officials, tournaments, fees, staff salaries and dues. The booklet would be a fine example for others to follow. The directory gives, besides pertinent information on each club, a partial break­ down on membership fees, caddie fees, club employee salaries and general infor­ mation on golf carts. USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: AUGUST, 1960 1 Americas Cup Team The United States won the Americas Cup, for the fifth time, against teams from Mexico and Canada at the Ottawa Hunt and Golf Club, Ottawa, Canada on August 11 and 12. Six veterans oi earlier Americas Cup or Walker Cup matches and one new­ comer to international golf comprised the United States Team. Team members were: William Hyndman, HI, Captain, of Huntingdon Valley, Pa. Member, 1958 Team; member 1957 and 1959 Walkei’ Cup Teams and World Amateur Team in 1958. Deane R. Beman, Silver Spring, Md. Member, 1959 Walker Cup Team. Donald R. Cherry, Wichita Falls, Texas. Member, 1954 Team; 1953 and 1955 Walker Cup Teams. Charles R. Coe., Oklahoma City, Okla. Captain of First Americas Cup Team in 1952 and member of 1954 and 1958 Teams; playing Captain, 1959 Walker Cup Team; non-playing Captain, 1957 and member, 1949, 1951 and 1953 Teams; member, World Amateur Team in 1958. John Konsek, Buffalo, N. Y. He is the newcomer to International golf. He re­ placed Richard B. Crawford who under­ went an appendectomy two weeks before the Match. Jack W. Nicklaus, Columbus, Ohio. He is the Amateur Champion; member, 1959 Walker Cup Team. Dr. Frank M. Taylor, Jr., Pomona, Calif. Member, 1958 Team; 1957 and 1959 Wal­ ker Cup Teams; World Amateur Team in 1958. Anniversary Salute The USGA and the 150 players in the 60th National Ope n Championship saluted the 100th Anniversary British Open Championship with a handsome en­ grossed declaration which was rushed to St. Andrews, Scotland, from Cherry Hills Country Club, Denver, Colo. The declaration was signed by every player and by members of the Executive Committee of the USGA. The inscription said: “Golfers gathered for the United States Open Champion­ ship are reminded that formal open com­ petition originated with the first holding of the British Open Championship in 1860. “Now in this year of the 100th An­ niversary of the British Open Champion­ ship we send warmest greetings to our fellow golfers in Great Britain. The seed which was sowed a century ago has pro­ duced rich fruits for man’s benefit. The good which sprang from your first Open Championship is beyond measure in health-giving recreation, in sportsmanship and in friendship among men of many nations. “We salute the Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St. Andrews for its boundless work in the welfare of the game. “Congratulations to you all!” The names of three former winners of British Open Championships were on the declaration—Sam Snead, the 1916 British Champion; Ben Hogan, winner in 1953, and Gary Player, the 1959 Champion. Lorraine Rhoads A Little Junior Miss Ten year old Lorraine Rhoads has won the Los Angeles City Junior Champion­ ship’s “10 and Under” Division title for three years in a row. Her three most recent nine-hole tournament scores were 48-44-39 at Griffith Park. Lorraine did not compete in the 13 and 14 age group but hei' score was low enough to have also won in that class. She is a member of Los Angeles Country Club. 2 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: AUGUST, 1960 Permanent Trophies Books Reviewed New Angles on Putting and Chip Shots, by Robert Cromie (Reilly and Lee Co., $2.50). A 10 inch by 13 inch, paperback book of 48 pages, it is illustrated with close-ups and full length pictures of lead­ ing players. Quotes by former Champions which relate to putting are re-printed. Much of the instruction material is based on the principles of the late Mark G. Harris. How I Play Inside Golf, by Doug Ford (Prentice Hall, Inc., $3.95). An instruc­ tional book by one of the most success­ ful touring professionals. Pro Pointers and Stroke Savers, edited by Charles Price, editor of Golf Magazine (Harper and Brothers, $4.95). Instruction is given both in illustration and written form by leading players. Gene Sarazen, Jimmy Demaret and Louise Suggs served as instruction editors. Necrology It is with deep regret that we record the deaths of: Miss Charlotte Dod, Bournemouth, England, famed sports champion of the late 1800’s and early 1900’s, who won the Wimbledon tennis championship five times, the British Women’s Golf Cham­ pionship in 1904 and was co-medalist in the USGA Women’s Amateur Champion­ ship the same year. She also was one of England’s leading skating, field hockey and archery champions. She was 88 at the time of death. Eugene G. Grace, Bethlehem, Pa., a fine amateur golfer and a good friend of golf. He was the author of the article “Amateurism is in the Heart.” Mr. Grace was former president and honorary chair­ man of the board of the Bethlehem Steel Corp. James Jay Secor, Perrysburg Town­ ship, Ohio, stockbroker and sportsman. In 1957, Mr. Secor was general chairman of the USGA Open Championship held at the Inverness Club, Toledo. He won the Ohio Senior Golf Tournament in 1950 and the Seminole Pro-Amateur Tourna­ ment of Florida in 1953. The winner of each USGA Championship, with the exception of the Girls’ Junior Championship, will now receive for permanent possession, a silver trophy, as shown. The trophy stands 12 inches high on a black wooden base and engraved across the front will be the name of the Champion, the Championship, and the year. The USGA seal is affixed. Previ­ ously, USGA Champions were presented with gold medals. Winners of the Girls’ Junior Championship will continue to re­ ceive silver replicas of the Glenna Collett Vare Trophy. Fully Recovered For some time Eric Webb, a 52-year old English golf devotee, had been para­ lyzed. He had undergone 29 operations and finally his health had been restored. To celebrate his recovery, and to prove it complete, Mr. Webb resumed golf. He played for 17 hours in one day, taking off only a few minutes for lunch. His per­ formance included 101 holes and the last one had to be finished with the aid of auto headlights. All the golf was on the Cirencester Course in the West of England. USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: AUGUST, 1960 3 TEAMS OF 33 COUNTRIES IN WORLD GOLF AT MERION By JOSEPH C. DEY, JR. USGA Executive Director All golfing roads have a way of con­ verging periodically on the - East Course of the Merion Golf Club at Ard­ more, Pa., just outside Philadelphia. Ten times USGA championships and interna­ tional matches have been played at Merion’s courses, starting in the days when golf was part of the Merion Cricket Club. The highways of golf come together again at Merion next month, but this time with a distinctive difference. This time they’re mostly airways, flung far over the world. This time the occasion is the second Amateur Team Championship of the World Amateur Golf Council, with the Eisenhower Trophy at stake. The World Amateur Golf Council was organized in Washington in May, 1958. In October of that year it held its first World Team Championship at the most appropriate of places—the Old Course at St. Andrews, Scotland. Twenty-nine coun­ tries sent teams, and it was perhaps as auspicious a launching as any interna­ tional sporting project has had. Aus­ tralia’s four players tied with the United States after four rounds of stroke play; in an 18-hole play-off Australia won. Now, for the second holding of the Eisenhower Trophy event, thirty-three countries have entered. The Champion­ ship is to be played from Wednesday, September 28 through Saturday, October 1. The form of play in the Championship is unique. Each team is composed of three or four players; almost all countries will send four. All play all four rounds of stroke play. A team’s three lowest scores each day constitute the team’s total. The country with the lowest four- day aggregate is tne winner. A Great Golfing Ground A great golfing event such as this merits a great golfing ground. Merion’s East Course meets that qualification fully. During his play-off victory in the 1950 Open there Ben Hogan confessed, “I have never known a course to keep me so constantly on the defensive.” Hogan had tied at 287 with Lloyd Mangrum and George Fazio, and he had 69 in the play­ off. Yet in that same tournament the lowest single round ever holed in the Open was a 64 by Lee Mackey, Jr., six under par. Merion evokes wonderful golfing memories. Bob Jones, as a boy of 14, played in his first national championship there, the Amateur of 1916, which Chick Evans won. Bob Jones won the last trick of his Grand Slam there in 1930, the Amateur. For a country as young in golf as the United States, we have unusual richness of tradition, and this is due mainly to Merion and other clubs of its sort. ■ - Our visitors next month should have fine fun golfwise and otherwise. Merion’s committees, under General Chairman Dean Hill, Jr., have hospitality as their watchword. For example, they have ar­ ranged private housing for all visiting players who desire it. They have created a fund, composed of contribitions by several large American business com­ panies and by USGA member clubs, and with it they will provide caddie fees, local transportation and lunches for all the 132 contestants. Caddie fees alone will cost about $8,500 for the eight days in­ volving practice and the tournament. A flag-raising ceremony is scheduled for 5 P. M. on September 24, the first day of practice, followed by a cocktail party at Merion. The USGA will enter­ tain at dinner in honor of players and officials on September 26 at the Phila­ delphia Country Club. The Delegates and Duffers Cup 36-hole competition will be held September 24 arid 26 at the Gulph Mills Golf Club, for delegates to the World Council’s biennial meeting, non-playing captains, USGA officials and guests. Visiting officials and their wives will be guests of Charles Grace and Philip Strubing for cocktails at Gulph 4 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: AUGUST, 1960 GOLF OFFICIALS AROUND THE WORLD John G. Clock Henry H. Turcan Eduardo H. Maglione Shun Nomura T. F. lianike T. C. Harvey Bernard H. Ridder, Jr. Joseph C. Dey, Jr. Mills on Septem­ ber 28. Finally, on October 3 the Pine Valley Golf Club will make its world - renowned course available for all players and captains for an in­ formal round. Francesco Ruspoli Heffelfinger U. S. Captain Members of the United States team will be selected immediately after our National Amateur Championship at the St. Louis Country Club next month. Totten P. Heffelfinger, of Minneapolis, is the non-playing Captain. He is a for­ mer President of the USGA. The World Amateur Golf Council con­ sists of 41 national amateur golf govern­ ing bodies. All subscribe to the world­ wide Rules of Golf promulgated by the Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St. (Picture of committeeman Douglas O. Whyte unavailable.) Andrews and the USGA; all subscribe to the Rules of Amateur Status of either the R&A or the USGA. The Team Championship is held every other year and is rotated among three geographical zones, in the following or­ der: 1. European-African Zone—Countries of Europe, Africa and the Middle East. 2. American Zone—Countries of North America, Caribbean America and South America. 3. Australasian Zone—Countries of Asia, Australia, New Zealand and Oceania. The motto of the World Amateur Golf Council is “Friendship-Sportsmanship.” That is reason enough for the golfing roads of the world to converge at Merion next month. Teams in 1960 Championship Following are the 33 countries which have entered teams for the 1960 Cham­ pionship: USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: AUGUST, 1960 5 Argentina Australia Austria Belgium Bermuda Brazil ; Canada j Ceylon ; China, Republic of i Denmark Finland France > Germany Great Britain and Ire­ I i ' land L ! India Italy Japan Malaya Mexico ■ Netherlands New Zealand Norway • Peru Philippines Portugal Rhodesia and Nyasa- land, Federation of South Africa Spain Sweden Switzerland United Arab Republic- Egyptian Region United States Venezuela Administrative Committee of World Council John G. Clock, United States, Joint Henry H. Turcan, Great Britain, Joint Chairman Chairman T. F. Hantke, Australia T. C. Harvey, Great Britain Eduardo H. Maglione, Argentina Shun Nomura, Japan ' Bernard H. Ridder, Jr., United States Francesco Ruspoli Duca di Morignana, Douglas O. Whyte, New Zealand Secretary—Joseph C. Dey, Jr., United Italy States DO YOU KNOW YOUR GOLF? J Here is a golf] competition in which there is no Waiting on the first tee, you play as you sit, use a pencil instead of clubs, and a roumjl can be played indoors at night. i But you need tq know something about the Rules of Golf, etiquette, definitions, history and records of the game. The answers for the questions are given on Page 20. 1. Is it permissable to attempt to play a ball lodged in a tree? 2. Who was th0 oldest winner of the Amateur Championship? 3. Name the foilr courses where Robert T. Jones, Jr., scored his Grand Slam in 1930? ) 4. What happeris if the ball falls out of the tree while the player is trying to climb up to it? 5. What is the penalty if the player shakes the ball out of the tree? 6. Who and from what country was the most reqent foreign winner of the Amateur Championship? 7. Name the player who won both the Open and Amateur Championships in recent years. 8. Name two-time winners of the Ama­ teur Championship? 9. Is a caddie permitted to hold an um­ brella over a player while the player is putting? 10. May a player have two caddies if he wishes? 11. Have two players from the same city ever faced each other in the finals of the Amateur Championship? 12. Have two players from the same club ever faced each other in the finals of the Women’s Amateur Championship? 13. A player adds weight to his putter during a round by taping a coin to the back of it. Is this permissable under the Rules? 14. When dropping a ball may a player put spin on it? 15. What is the penalty in match and in ■ stroke play for playing out of turn? 16. Who was the first to complete “The Double” in Women’s golf—winning both the United States and British Women’s Championships? 17. Which national championship an­ nually draws the largest number of entrants? 18. What is the oldest international team competition in golf? 4 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: AUGUST, 1960 BETSY RAWLS WINS OPEN AT TIME TESTED WORCESTER By ROBERT C. RENNER USGA Tournament Relations Manager Only once have America’s men and women played the National Open Championships on the same course. The course—Worcester Country Club, Wor­ cester, Mass. The men’s Open Championship was held there in 1925 and the 72-hole result was a tie between Willie Macfarlane and Bob Jones. Twice Macfarlane and Jones went around the Worcester course, in the only double play-off in Open history, and in the end Willie Macfarlane won by one stroke. Now, 35 years later the women have had their turn at 'Worcester and the re­ sult this time was a down-to-the-last-putt battle. Miss Betsy Rawls, of Spartanburg, S. C., was the winner with 292 strokes—• one better than Miss Joyce Ziske of Waterford, Wis. ■ Willie Macfarlane’s defeat of Bob Jones was a surprise and came after Jones called a penalty stroke on himself when, his ball turned as he addressed it. But Miss Rawls’ winning of the Women’s Open Championship was not a surprise at all. She has won four times, a superb record in itself. She won her first Open in 1951 before the tournament became part of the USGA Championship schedule. She won her first USGA Open Champion­ ship in 1953, her second, in 1957 and her third, this year at Worcester. To win at Worcester is especially nota­ ble because the course is one of the fine ones. Donald Ross laid out the hilly 18 and like nearly all of his courses it has stood up well over the years. Some golf courses are like American automobiles— they tend to go out of date. But not Donald Ross’ courses. Several times at Worcester, Miss Rawls might have given up, had she been less of a person or a golfer. She was tied for 11th after the first round and seven strokes back after 36. Then, she was paired with her good friend Miss Mickey Wright for the last 36 holes. Miss Wright not only had won the 1958 and 1959 Women’s National Opens but she also was the leader going into the last day at Worcester. Instead of surrendering a little, Miss Rawls shot a 68 in the third round and overtook Miss Wright at 217. After lunching together, Miss Rawls and Miss Wright both found trouble aplenty on the outgoing nine of the final round. Miss Wright had the worst of it and faded quickly out of the Champion­ ship picture. Miss Wright took a six on the first hole of the final round and she never recovered. She was bothered by an ailing left knee but she claimed it was her putting that cost her the round. She had six three-putt greens in scoring her final 82. Miss Rawls had so much trouble early in the final round that Miss Ziske passed her and went into a two-stroke lead at the 63rd hole. After making the final turn, Miss Rawls played like a Champion. She came home in 35—two under par, and then stood in the USGA tent by the 18th green to wait for Miss Ziske to finish. Miss Rawls had some anxious moments as she saw Miss Ziske hit her No. 6 iron second shot over the 18th green and into the rough. Miss Ziske’s third shot stop­ ped four feet below the cup.. She missed coming back and Miss Rawls’ nervous­ ness was over, she had won. Miss Ziske said she thought she needed only the four-foot putt for a clear cut victory. She had not been aware that Miss Rawls had scored a birdie four on the 71st hole and she left the 72nd tee confident a par would win. After think­ ing she had tied for the title, Miss Ziske was somewhat shaken when she learned she had finished second by one stroke. After she had signed her scorecard she became aware of Miss Rawls discussing her victory in a radio interview by the tent at the 18th green. Before that final hole the tournament spotlight first shone on Miss Wright who USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: AUGUST, IMO 7 set the early pace with her pair of 71’s. The president of the Ladies’ PGA, Miss Marilynn Smith, was just two strokes back with two 72’s. Miss Ziske and Miss Rawls were both seven strokes out of the lead at the halfway point with 149’s. It was here that both began their drives for the top. Miss Rawls fired her 68 (which included six birdies) to tie the Women’s Open single round scoring record set by Fay Crocker in 1958 at the Forest Lake Country Club, Bloomfield Hills, Mich. This brought her into the tie for the lead, after 54 holes, with Miss Wright, while Miss Ziske assumed third spot, after a fine 71. It was on the 62nd and 63rd holes that Miss Ziske took the lead and looked as if she was starting to pull the Champion­ ship away from Miss Rawls’ reach. The only times Miss Rawls pulled even was on the 69th and 71st holes. Miss Ziske went ahead again on the 70th as she gained a par while Miss Rawls missed her five-footer. This set the stage for the rousing 72nd hole finale. Miss Rawls was on in two, left the first putt three and one-half feet short and dropped that for her 292. Then Miss Ziske missed her four-footer which cost her the Championship. With her victory, Miss Rawls earned first money of $1,800 while Miss Ziske netted $1,200. Mrs. Marlene Bauer Hagge and Miss Mary Lena Faulk were tied for third at 298 and earned $725 each; Miss Wright, fifth with 299, worth $500. Total prize money was $7,200. Miss Judy Torluemke, 15 years old, of St. Louis, Mo., became the youngest player in Women’s Open history to win the amateur honors with her 326 finish, good for 24th place. Miss Torluemke may also be the smallest, weighing but 99 Miss Betsy Rawls won the Women’s Open Championship at the Worcester Country Club, Worcester, Mass., in a down-to-the-last-hole struggle. She took first money, two trophies and many congratulations. Mrs. Henri Prunaret, on the left, is the Chairman of the USGA Women’s Committee; Clarence W. Benedict, on the right, is a USGA Vice-President. 8 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: AUGUST, 1960 pounds. Second amateur was Miss Sally Carroll, Wheeling, W. Va., with 329; Miss Claudette A. LaBonte, Taunton, Mass., third, with 330. Only one Curtis Cup player competed this year—Miss Joanne Goodwin of near­ by Haverhill, Mass. A heavy program of golf, including Curtis Cup matches. The British Womens’ Championship and Women’s National Amateur Champion­ ship had forced many fine amateurs to miss the National Open. The Worcester Country Club did a magnificent job of tournament prepara­ tion. There were fine galleries. While final official attendance figures are not complete, an estimate of daily ticket sales shows that approximately 367 tickets were sold on Thursday; 486 ton Friday and 1,246 on Saturday. Estimated season tickets sold totaled approximately 1,025, an excellent showing. The Worcester Country Club did every­ thing in its power to make the girls feel at home, thanks to the wonderful treat­ ment accorded all contestants by Duncan. H. Dewar, Jr., the General Chairman; Harry Midgely, President of the Wor­ cester Country Club and all the com­ mitteemen. HOW THE LEADERS STOOD AFTER EACH ROUND 18 Holes Miss Mickgy Wright _______ ____ . 71 Miss Marilynn Smith ____________ 72 Mrs. Marlene Bauer Hagge ______ _ 74 Miss Fay Crocker _______________ 74 Miss Joyce Ziske _______________ 75 Miss Mary Lena Faulk ....________ 75 Miss Wiffi Smith _______________ 75 Miss Beverly Hanson____________ 75 Miss Kathy Whitworth ___________ 75 Miss Murle MacKenzie __________ 75 Miss Betsy Rawls ______________ 76 Miss Ruth Jessen _____________ .... 76 36 Holes Miss Mickey Wright. _____________ 142 Miss Marilynn Smith ____________ 144 Miss Mary Lena Faulk _____ _____ 147 Miss Kathy Whitworth __________ 148 Mrs. Marlene Bauer Hagge_______ 148 Miss Betsy Rawls _____ _________ 149 Miss Joyce Ziske _____ __________ 149 Miss Fay Crocker _________ .___ _ 150 Miss Wiffi Smith _______________ 151 Miss Beverly Hanson ____________ 152 Miss Betty Jameson _____________ 152 72 Holes Miss Betsy Rawls ___ ..____ ____ __ 292 Miss Joyce Ziske __________......__ 293- Mrs. Marlene Bauer Hagge ____ ___ 298 Miss Mary Lena Faulk __________ 298 Miss Mickey Wright ......__....______ 299 Miss Wiffi Smith _______________ 300 Miss Beverly Hanson __ _________ 301 Miss Fay Crocker______ _____ ___ 302 Miss Louise Suggs ______________ 304 Miss Marilynn Smith _______ _____ 304 Miss Kathy Whitworth _____ _____ 304 SEVEN STEPS TO GOLFING SUCCESS Now first you check your grip To be sure that there’s no slip, And then a casual glance To verify your stance; A little forward press Completes the golf address. Now bring the club back slow And also keep it low, 54 Holes Miss Mickey Wright _______ ____... 217 Miss Betsy Rawls _______________ 217 Miss Joyce Ziske ____________ ..... 220 Miss Mary Lena Faulk __________ 223 Mrs. Marlene Bauer Hagge ___ ___ 223 Miss Wiffi Smith ________ ______ 224 Miss Fay Crocker ______________ 226 Miss Marilynn Smith __ __________ 227 Miss Louise Suggs ______________ 227 Miss Kathy Whitworth __________ _ 228 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: AUGUST, 1960 Just keep your left arm straight And let your hips rotate. Remember at the top To momentarily stop; Then all you have to do Is swing that club head through —JAMES THAMES Birmingham, Ala. 9 CALIFORNIANS SWEEP ” PUBLIC LINKS HONORS P. J. BOATWRIGHT, JR. Ina match play golf championship, those who fail to qualify are usually on their way home before the first match begins. This was not the case, however, in the 35th Amateur Public Links Cham­ pionship, held at the Ala Wai Golf Course, Honolulu, Hawaii, on July 11-16. Most players who failed to shoot or bet­ ter 156—the 36 hole score needed to gain a spot in the match play draw—spent the remainder of the week playing golf at the other clubs on beautiful Oahu Island; touring the islands; attempting the sport of surf-boarding on Waikiki Beach; and participating in numerous activities avail­ able in our 50th state. Proof of this was the Sayonora Dinner (a Japanese farewell dinner) given by our hosts on the evening after the final match. Practically the entire starting field was still around and attended this dinner. Players and officials were entertained royally during the Week of the Cham­ pionship. In addition to the Sayonora Dinner, there was a nine-course Chinese dinner, a Hawaiian luau feast, and the annual Player’s Dinner. The luau was attended by Hawaii’s Governor, William Quinn. Prior to the tournament, there was talk that the Ala Wai Golf Course was not in Championship condition. This proved to be untrue. The course was in good shape except for a rather large area in the eighteenth fairway, which unfortunately had been invaded by sea water from the Ala Wai Canal. The course, in addition to being in. Championship condition was of Cham­ pionship calibre, as witness the qualify­ ing scores. The lowest score returned in the 36 hole qualifying test was 146, four over par. This figure was attained by three players: Harlan Stevenson, Long Beach, California, the 1956 Junior Cham­ pion; Richard Hopwood, Phoenix, Ari­ zona, and 0. T. Douglass, Jr., Honolulu. There were several reasons for the high qualifying scores. First, trade winds almost always blow strongly across the course. Secondly, Ala Wai has Bermuda grass greens which at their best—and they were at their best—are not in a class with bent grass greens. Finally, the greens were small and surrounded, ex­ cept for a three foot collar, by tough three inch-high Bermuda grass. This final factor, in the opinion of most of the players, was the primary reason for the high scores. Any player who was slightly off target with his approaches usually found himself in this rough, and generally this meant a score of one over par for the hole. It was interesting to note as the days went by that surviving players, especially the eventual winner, Verne Callison of Sacramento, Calif., became adept at ex­ tricating the ball from this fringe rough. Callison’s play in this area was a thing of beauty in the late matches. He played the shot much in the manner of a sand explosion shot, with a long slow back- swing, and complete follow-through. His adeptness drew praise from the fine gal­ leries, as time after time he managed a par by lofting beautiful pitch shots from this rough to within a few feet of the hole. Defending champion, Bill Wright of Seattle, Wash., who admittedly was off his game, qualified with a score of 156. This had put him in a play-off, with thir­ teen other players for the last ten spots in the draw. Wright got into the Cham­ pionship via the play-off, but his hopes for a second title vanished in the first round when he was defeated 3 and 2 by 0. T.'Douglass, Jr., one of the co­ medalists. Douglass, the Hawaiian Open Champion, was defeated in the second round by another Honolulu player, Hung Soo- Ahn. The two other co-medalists had no more luck than Douglass. Both lost to Mike Andonian, Pontiac, Mich., school­ teacher. Andonian defeated Hopwood, in io USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: AUGUST, 1960 John G. Clock, USGA President, looks on as a Public Links player blasts out of a sand trap on a scenic hole of the Ala Wai Golf Course, Honolulu, Hawaii. This year’s Ama­ teur Public Links Championship was the first USGA tournament to be played out­ side the Continental United States. the second round and eliminated Steven­ son in the third round. Surviving to the semi-finals were three Michigan players and Callison. The three Michigan players were Andonian, Tyler Caplin, East Lansing, a member of the Michigan State golf team; and Bob Mc­ Masters, Royal Oak. In gaining the fourth round, Andonian, in addition to defeating two of the co­ medalists, eliminated Charles J. McKay, Kailua, Hawaii in the first round, and Felix G. Claveran, Stockton, Calif., in the quarter-finals. Claveran had beaten Don Essig, III, of Indianapolis, Ind., the 1957 Champion in the third round. Caplin’s opponents were: Robert Muel­ ler, Greendale, Wis.; Julio Campagni, Highwood. Ill.; John Carson, Atlanta, All- American end at the University of Georgia and formerly with the Washing­ ton Redskins; and Floyd E. Dixon, Mem­ phis, Tenn. McMasters defeated Eugene Lake, To­ ledo, Ohio; Chet Latawiec, Minneapolis, Minn.; Dr. Sam Valuck, Denver, Colo.; and Toshio Santoki, one of the local Honolulu representatives. Callison, however, was the real villain insofar as the local contingent was con­ cerned. After defeating Gene Hanson of Minneapolis, Minn., in the first round, he defeated in order Masa Kaya, Hung Soo Ahn, and Tom Takiguchi. All are from Honolulu. In the semi-final matches it was Cap­ lin versus McMasters and Callison versus Andonian. Caplin got off to an early lead over McMasters. Throughout most of the morning he was three or four up. Mc­ Masters, however, battled back on the first nine of the afternoon round to square matters after 27 holes. The out­ come of the match was probably settled on the par 5 tenth hole, the 28th hole of the match. Caplin, visibly shaken by Mc­ Masters onrush, pulled himself together and holed a ten-foot putt for a birdie. McMasters missed his eight foot birdie putt and his gallant bid for the match was over as Caplin swept the next four holes for a 5 and 4 victory. The Callison-Andonian match went right down to the wire. Callison led by two after 27 holes, but Andonian swept the next three holes to go one up with USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: AUGUST, 1960 11 only six holes to play. Callison played par golf from thereon except for the thirty­ sixth hole where he went one over. This was good enough to earn him a one up victory as Andonian lost ..a stroke to par on the 32nd, 34th and 36th holes. In the final match’s first hole, Caplin took four to get down, allowing Callison to win with a five. Caplin never seemed to regain his composure and his putting often left him wanting. Five down after the morning round, Caplin whittled Callison’s lead to three holes after the 25th. But he lost the 26th and 27th. The end came when Caplin hooked his drive on the 30th and took four strokes to reach the green. Callison was on in two and two-putted to win. The new Champion is a 41 year old tavern owner. He is the present California Amateur Champion, and has long been one of California’s outstanding amateurs. Twenty-six teams entered the Sectional Team Championship, which is played in conjunction with the qualifying rounds. The Warren G. Harding Trophy, awarded to the winning team each year, was cap­ tured by Pasadena, California, with a three-man, 36-hole score of 453, four strokes better than second-place Hono­ lulu. The three players representing Pasadena were: Harlan Stevenson, with 74.72—146; Richard Clover, with 75-75— 150; and Ray Swedo, Jr., with 84-73—157. The defending Championship team, Dal­ las, Texas, tied for 16th place with 476. Eleven members of the USGA Public Links Committee attended the Champion­ ship. They were: Charles C. Clare, Chair­ man, who is also a member of the Execu­ tive Committee; Thomas A. T. Ching, the host Committeeman; W. Gordon Young, Ralph Ghioto, Ray 0. Fischer, Henry J. Sawicki, Earl Shock, John W. Riggle, Lloyd P. Del Nore, Mark A. Greer, Sr., and Judge John L. Niblack. Also in attendance was USGA Presi­ dent John G. Clock, who awarded the prizes, and Fred Brand and Edwin R. Foley, members of the Executive Com­ mittee. All contributed greatly to the success of the Championship, as did Hideo Uchida, General Chairman, and all the members of his Committees. USGA FILM LIBRARY "Famous Golf Courses: Scotland," is a 18- minute film in full color. Famous holes were photographed at Troon, Prestwick, Carnous­ tie, St. Andrews, North Berwick and Mulr- field. "Walker Cup Highlights," is a 16-minute film tracing the early history and play for the first international golf trophy. Bob Jones, Francis Ouimet and other Walker Cup stars are shown. The latter half of the film is in color. "St. Andrews, Cradle Of Golf," is a 14- minute, full color, 16mm travelogue of his­ toric St. Andrews, Scotland, its Old Course and the Royal and Ancient Golf Club club­ house. "First World Amateur Team Champion­ ship for Eisenhower Trophy," is a 14-minute, full color, 16mm film of the first World Ama­ teur Team Championship at St. Andrews. Twenty-nine countries compete for the Eisenhower Trophy. "On the Green," a 17-minute, full color, 16mm presentation filmed at the Mid-Ocean Club, Bermuda, illustrates correct procedures under the Rules of Golf governing situations arising on the putting green. "Golf's Longest Hour," a 16mm full color production of 17Vi minutes, depicts the clos­ ing stages of the 1956 Open Championship. Filmed at the beautiful Oak Hill Country Club, Rochester, N.Y., it shows the eventual winner, Cary Middlecoff, set a target at which Ben Hogan, Julius Boros and Ted Kroll strive in vain to beat. "Play Them As They Lie," a 16mm color production of 16Va minutes in which Johnny Farrell, Open Champion of 1928, acts as in­ termediary between Wilbur Mulligan, a be­ ginner of unimpeachable integrity, and Joshua P. Slve, a past master in the art of breaking the Rules. The film was made at the Baltusrol Golf Club, Springfield, N. J., where Farrell is professional. "Great Moments in Golf," lets the viewer see the many interesting exhibits in "Golf House," USGA headquarters in New York, and re-live golf triumphs of the past with many of the game's immortals. The film is a 16mm black and white production and runs 28 minutes. "The Rules of Golf—Etiquette" stresses the importance of etiquette by portrayal of various violations of the code in the course of a family four-ball match. Ben Hogan ap­ pears in several scenes, and Robert T. Jones, Jr., makes the introductory state­ ment. A 16mm color production of 17Vi minutes. The distribution of prints is handled by National Educational Films, inc., 165 West 46th Street, New York 36, N. Y., which pro­ duced the films in cooperation with the USGA. The rental is $20 per film; $35 for two; $50 for three; $60 for four and $70 for five, in combination at the same time. In­ cluding the cost of shipping prints to the renter. 12 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: AUGUST, I960 GOLFERS FROM 26 NATIONS PLAY IN CENTENARY BRITISH OPEN By JOHN FARROW, Associated Press, London, England Kel Nagle, a brawny 39-year-old Aus­ tralian, won the British Open Golf Championship in a driving finish against the United States’ Arnold Palmer and then swapped a thousand handshakes with his left hand. The British thought 'the left-handed shake might be a peculiar Australian cus­ tom. Nagle knew better. The husky Aus­ tralian collected the Centenary playing of the British Open virtually one-handed. Throughout a week’s play at St. Andrews, Scotland, the cradle of golf, Nagle was troubled by a tendon injury to the little finger of his right hand. Doctors told him to rest and forget golf. Nagle laughed it all off, received constant treatment for the painful and nagging irritation and played on to win. But, at the end, he still had to exchange handshakes .the left-handed way. His right hand was too painful. Nagle won with a four-round total of 69-67-71-71—278. Arnold Palmer, the 30- year-old reigning United States Open and Masters Champion, finished one stroke behind with 70-71-70-68—279. It was a finish worthy of the 100th Bri­ tish Open in every way with Palmer main­ taining his reputation as a last-round fighter. Palmer, his white cap pulled low over his eyes and chain-smoking his way around the 6,996-yard Old Course on the edge of the North Sea, started the last two rounds seven strokes behind pace­ setter Roberto de Vicenzo of Argentina. That was a familiar spot. He had started the last round in the United States Open exactly seven strokes behind, but went on to win. Palmer started his desperate drive in the third round. He cut the lead to four strokes. Now, Kel Nagle had moved ahead of de Vicenzo. Nagle had a three- round total of 207, de Vicenzo had 209 and Palmer 211. Then an awesome thunderstorm broke over St. Andrews. Water even filled the Valley of Sin—a five foot depression in front of the 18th green. British officials decided that the links of St. Andrews could not soak up all that water in a few hours, so play was called off for the day. The last rounds due to be played on Friday afternoon, was postponed until Saturday. Lots of people argued this was the move that robbed the tough, athletic Palmer of victory. He was all charged up and ready to go in the afternoon. A night’s rest was to the advantage of Nagle, argued the ex­ perts. So it turned out—but only after a nerve-tingling finish that had a crowd of about 20,000 describing the end as the finest in history. Nine holes from the end, the fight was between Nagle, Palmer and de Vicenzo. All other challengers had faded. All three covered the first nine holes in 34—two under par. The fight was still on. De Vicenzo failed to get his par at the short 11th. Now it was between Palmer and Nagle. Palmer went to the famous Road Hole— the 17th-—only two strokes down on Nagle. He had three putted it in each of the three previous rounds. This time Palmer tamed the Road Hole. He sent his second shot over the green and into deep grass on the edge of the road. He pulled out his putter, bravely stroked the ball through the grass and up a three-foot rise to the green. The ball finished four feet from the hole. Palmer sank the putt for a birdie four. Then came the 18th. Palmer hit a booming 300-yard drive. He pitched to about six feet and got his birdie three. Cheers echoed over the course. And Nagle, now under pressure of the type he had never known before, was prepar­ ing to tackle a difficult eight-footer on the 17th. He sank it and came to the last hole needing a four to win. He had a fine drive and then sent his second sailing over the Valley of Sin to within three USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: AUGUST, 1960 13 feet of the- pin. That almost perfect nine- iron practically won him the Champion­ ship. He missed the first putt with a nervous nudge,, then calmly potted the nine-incher for the title. So the title went to the husky Aus­ tralian who first learned to play his golf shots in the bush of his native land. Golf balls lay around his farmhouse home in New South Wales—but there were no clubs. Nagle, only seven years old, fashioned his own clubs from tree roots. Willie Park, -winner of the first Bri­ tish Open a century ago at Prestwick, would have been proud of Nagle. Park and the other pioneers came up the hard way, so did Nagle. The Championship was a fitting cente­ nary anniversary. Nearly 400 golfers from 26 nations came to St. Andrews to do homage. Twenty-two Americans were among them. Gene Sarazen, the dark-haired 58-year- old from Germantown, N. Y., was one of the gallery favorites. Gene led the Ameri­ can qualifiers with a two-round score of 141—one stroke better than Palmer. Gary Player of South Africa led the 74 quali­ fiers with a total of 135. Gene took an 83 in the first round of the Championship and then announced: “My feet are too heavy. I must with­ draw.” Everybody sympathized with him, and loved him for his last fling. - Sarazen, winner of the title in 1932, was one of several older champions who played at St. Andrews. Jock Hutchison, now 76 years old and the first American to win the title, was there. So was Henry Cotton, 52-year-old maestro of British golf and three-time winner of the title; Peter Thomson, the Australian who has won the crown four times; and Player, winner in 1959. Bill Johnston, the only American be­ sides Palmer to reach the last two rounds, finished with a score of 75-74-71-73—291 —well down the field. USGA PUBLICATIONS THE RULES OF GOLF, as approved by the United States Golf Association and the Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St. Andrews, Scot­ land. Booklet 25 cents (special rates for quan­ tity orders, more than 500). USGA GOLF HANDICAP SYSTEM FOR MEN, containing recommendations for computing USGA Handicap and for rating courses. Book­ let 25 cents. USGA Slide Rule Handicapper, 25 cents. Poster 15 cents. THE CONDUCT OF WOMEN’S GOLF, contain­ ing suggestions for guidance in the conduct of women’s golf in clubs and associations, in­ cluding tournament procedure, handicapping and course rating. 35 cents. USGA Slide Rule Handicapper, 25 sents. Poster 15 cents. COURSE RATING REPORT, a form for rating a course hole by hole; for association use, size 414 x 7 inches. 10 cents, $7.50 per 100. COURSE RATING POSTER for certifying hole by hole ratings to a club; for association use, size 8% x 11 inches. 5 cents. $3.50 per 100. HANDICAPPING THE UNHANDICAPPED, a reprint of a USGA Journal article explaining the Callaway System of automatic handicap­ ping for occasional players in a single tour­ nament. No charge. TOURNAMENTS FOR YOUR CLUB, a reprint of a USGA Journal article detailing various types of competitions. No charge. PREPARING THE COURSE FOR A COMPETI­ TION, a reprint of a USGA Journal article. No charge. FIRE PROTECTION—GOLF CLUB PROPER­ TIES, reprint of a USGA Journal article by T. Seddon Duke. No charge. PROTECTION OF PERSONS AGAINST LIGHT­ NING ON GOLF COURSES, a poster. No charge. HOLE-IN-ONE Awards. No charge. LETTER AND SPIRIT OF THE AMATEUR OF GENERAL INTEREST CODE, a reprint of a USGA Journal article by Joseph C. Dey, Jr. No charge, GAMBLING IN GOLF TOURNAMENTS, a re­ print of a USGA Journal article by Richard S. Tufts. No charge. WORK OF A CLUB GREEN COMMITTEE, a re­ print of panel discussions conducted by the USGA Green Section Committee. No charge. HOW TO MEET RISING COSTS OF GOLF COURSE MAINTENANCE, PARTS I & II, re­ prints of panel discussions conducted by the USGA Green Section Committee. No charge. GOLF COURSE REBUILDING AND REMODEL­ ING-FACTORS TO CONSIDER, a reprint of talks delivered at the 1959 Educational Pro­ gram conducted by the USGA Green Section Committee. No charge. MISTER CHAIRMAN, a reprint of a USGA Journal article outlining the duties of the Chairman of the Green. Committee. No charge. ARE YOU A SLOW PLAYER? ARE YOU SURE? A reprint of a USGA Journal article by John D. Ames. No charge. A JUNIOR GOLF PROGRAM FOR YOUR CLUB AND DISTRICT, a 16-page booklet on organizing and developing junior golf programs at different levels by the USGA Junior Cham­ pionship Committee. No charge. TURF MANAGEMENT, by H. B. Musser (Mc­ Graw-Hill Book Co., Inc.), the authoritative book on turf maintenance. $7. USGA CHAMPIONSHIP RECORD BOOK. De­ tailed results of all USGA competitions since their start in 1895. $2. USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT, a 33-page magazine published seven times a year. $2 a year. These publications are available on request to the United States Golf Association, 40 East 38th Street, New York 16, N, Y. Please send payment with your order. 14 USGA JOURNAL. AND TURF MANAGEMENT: AUGUST, 1960 KNOWING YOUR RIGHTS UNDER THE RULES OF GOLF By JOSEPH C. DEY, JR. USGA Executive Director (Based on an. article in Sports Illustrated) The mail brings a number of odd ques­ tions about the Rules of Golf to the United States Golf Association’s head­ quarters in “Golf House,” New York. This unusual one came in last year: “We have lots of rainy days but we hold our tournaments regardless of the weather. When playing on a rainy and wet course, is it legal for a player to go barefooted?” The writer was not Sam Snead or Dyna­ mite Goodloe. His name is Al Kobata, and he lives in Hawaii. Can there be more to the question than the question itself? Does it imply that many golfers have a rather fearful view of the Rules of Golf? Do they think the code is a jumble of don’ts and can’ts and prohibitions and technicalities? Sadly enough, this is a fairly common estimate of the Rules. Many golfers who haven’t studied them regard them as a sort of Spartan strait-jacket. Of course, there is that side to them. But there is another side, a positive side. The Rules contain rights and privi­ leges, just as much as they contain pro­ hibitions. They carry many legitimate, sporting advantages for the knowing golfer. Jack Nicklaus was talking about this during the National Amateur Champion­ ship last September at Colorado Springs. In the midst of a tight match near the end of the tournament, Jack asked an official a series of questions about Rules which proved Jack’s intimate knowledge of them; and he wound up by remarking “It certainly pays to know the Rules.” That is the testimony of the precocious 20-year-old Ohio State student who is now the National Champion. Do you know all your rights under the Rules? There are surprisingly many. In a cursory exploration of the Rules book I found more than 75 examples of rights, of positive privileges, as distinguished from negative can’t-do-thats. And there are more. Now you can’t hit a ball with a Rules book, but you can add to your golfing pleasures if you have a sense of the true idea of the Rules. As some one said about sports codes in general, “What’s the use of playing the game if you don’t know where the goal posts are?” The Boundary that Wasn’t There Let’s start on the teeing ground. Sup­ pose you are the National Amateur Cham­ pion. Suppose you find yourself matched in the first round against a tenacious op­ ponent. It is a 36-hole match, and your opponent holds you all square after 36 holes, and again after 37 holes, and still square after 38 holes. You go to the 39th. And there you win the match without hitting a single stroke. No, your opponent does not expire—he is just so keen and eager that he overlooks a point in the Rules and customs of the game. This happened in the 1920 National Amateur at the Engineers’ Country Club at Roslyn on Long Island. The defending Champion was S. Davidson Herron, of Pittsburgh, who the year before had de­ feated Bob Jones in the final. At Engineers’, Herron was drawn in the first round of match play against young Peter Harmon, of the Scottish- American Golf Club, Van Cortlandt Park, New York City. (Peter is now a member of Claude Harmon’s professional staff at Winged Foot but is not a relative of Claude’s.) Herron and Harmon were all even after 38 holes. The third extra hole was a dog-leg to the left, with out of bounds near by. Har­ mon had the honor. He drove deep into woods at the angle of the hole. Thinking the ball was probably out of bounds, he immediately teed up another, and drove it also far into the angle. Again he teed a ball—his third—and USGA JOURNAL AND 'TURF MANAGEMENT: AUGUST, 1960 15 from an overnight leak in a water sys­ tem. But note that an official must make the decision—if every player decided it for himself, things could be chaotic. Five Minutes, or 255 Seconds? A commonplace but important point about rights in the Rules arose in the 1956 National Amateur Championship at Knollwood, near Chicago. It involved the five-minute time limit for looking for a lost ball. It arose in a fourth-round match between two former Southern Amateur Champions from Georgia—Arnold Blum, a Walker Cup player, three years ago, and Charlie Harrison. They were all even after 17 holes when darkness stopped the match. Next morning when they resumed, on the 18th, Arnold Blum cut his tee shot toward a boundary, and played a pro­ visional ball. He looked and looked in the rough on both sides of the boundary. At last, after what he thought was a reason­ able length of time, he was ready to give up the first ball as either out of bounds or lost, because of the five-minute limit on searching. “I guess my time is about up,” he said to a USGA official, Clarence W. Benedict. But Arnold did not know that Benedict had been timing the search with a watch, and he was told he had 45 more seconds to look. Believe it or not, but Arnold’s ball was found in bounds by a spectator a few seconds later. Arnold won the hole and the match. He went on to the quarter-finals, and the next year was a member of the Walker Cup Team. So five minutes means 300 seconds, not 255, and you’re entitled to use all 300 in looking for a lost ball; as a matter of fact, it’s obligatory under the 1960 trial rule. Protection from Officials You can’t always rely on officials to be as efficient as Mr. Benedict was. In point of fact, sometimes you have to know the Rules just to protect yourself from offi­ cials. Take the case of Bill Wright in the 1959 USGA Amateur Public Links Cham­ pionship in Denver. In one of his matches Bill putted to the lip of the hole and then knocked the ball into the hole. Technically, he played out of turn. But the referee called the hole against him, probably in the belief that Bill should have been penalized for purposely touch­ S. Davidson Herron once more he drove it into the woods. That was enough for Mr. Harmon. He extended his hand in congratulation and conceded the match to Dave Herron. Herron had not played a stroke on the 39th hole. The next morning Harmon went search­ ing for the three balls he struck off the 39th tee. He found all three—and they all were in bounds. The Rule today (12-2), and the cus­ tom then, provides that if a player has to play a second ball from the tee, he shall do so after the opponent or the fel­ low-competitor has played his first stroke. Harmon didn't do this, and Herron politely didn’t interrupt him. Ground Under Repair Now suppose you get one safely off the tee right down the middle of the fairway. But the night before some young hot- rodders had taken their souped-up auto on that fairway and tested its brakes. Your drive comes to rest in a deeply rut­ ted bare patch made overnight right in the fairway, and the ball is practically unplayable. Do you get any free relief? In a tournament you could appeal to the committee to declare the rutted area to be ground under repair. Ideally, ground under repair should be marked in advance; but here is an emergency case. The definition of ground under repair covers it—it is any portion of the course so marked by the committee or “so de­ clared by its authorized representative.” A referee in a match or a committee may classify serious fresh damage to the course as ground under repair—such as a chopped-up muddy area developing 16 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: AUGUST, 1960 ing his ball before it was holed. Wright accepted the decision without protest. But the referee was wrong. There is no penalty for putting out of turn. In match play the opponent has the right to recall the stroke, though he isn’t obliged to do so. In stroke play the ball is played as it lies. Arnold Palmer in the Masters Arnold Palmer’s knowledge of his rights was a key point in his victory in the 1958 Masters tournament at Augusta National. Wet conditions in the final round brought about a local rule allowing a free lift for a ball embedded “through the green”—which means the whole course except teeing ground and putting green of the hole being played and all hazards on the course. Playing the twelfth hole, a par 3, Pal­ mer’s ball came to rest in the side of a mound near a bunker, above the green. As the ball was embedded “through the green,” Palmer knew that he was en­ titled to a free lift. A nearby committee- man thought the special permission to lift an embedded ball applied in the fair­ way only. (The word “fairway” does not appear in the Rules of Golf). Palmer quite properly decided to in­ voke another Rule which applies in stroke play only, not match play—a Rule (11-5) which enables a player, when there is doubt about his rights or procedure, to play two balls and keep going so as to be sure to have a legal score: he may play out the hole with the ball as it lies and, at the same time, complete the hole with a second ball, provided he announces to his -marker which ball he wants to score with if the Rules permit. Palmer; played his ball as it lay, and took 5 on the par 3 hole. Then, under the temporary rule for an embedded ball, he played another ball near the place where the first one had lain, and scored 3. He immediately submitted the case to the tournament committee. When Palmer was playing the fifteenth hole he was told that-the committee had decided he had been within his rights and that his 3 had been accepted as his score for the twelfth hole. Here was a difference of two strokes— a 3 or a 5. Palmer won the Masters by one stroke over Doug Ford. A Sequence of Rulings for Boros The Masters tournament several years ago was the occasion for an unusual se­ quence of rulings involving Julius Boros. On the 13th hole he faded his second shot into a brook at the right of the green. His ball lay in the water hazard in about an inch of water, in an almost impossible cuppy position. Running across the hazard was a metal water pipe which would have interfered with Boros* back- swing if he had tried to make a stroke. He probably could not have played a suc­ cessful stroke, even if the pipe had not been there, but no matter—the Rules en­ titled him to relief from the pipe, which was artificial and therefore technically known as an obstruction for Rules pur­ poses. Even though the ball lay in a hazard, he had the right to seek such re­ lief as he could get from the pipe. As luck would have it, there was a flat little patch of grass nearby in the water hazard, and it was within two club-lengths of the nearest point of the obstruction. Boros asked an official whether he might drop the ball on the grass in the hazard, and was assured that it would be proper to do so. “But what if the ball rolls into the water and becomes unplayable?” Boros wanted to know. “Where would I drop outside the hazard for a stroke penalty?” The official told him that he then could invoke the water hazard Rule and drop a ball outside the hazard, under a stroke penalty, so as to keep the spot where his second shot had last crossed the hazard margin between himself and the hole. In other words, the free lift away from the pipe was merely an extension—the completion—of the second shot which ori­ ginally sent the ball into the hazard. Boros did not have to decide whether to invoke the water hazard Rule and take its one-stroke penalty until he had seen the result of the free drop ensuing from the second shot. So he dropped the ball successfully on the patch of grass within the water haz­ ard, and got a playable lie as well as re­ lief from the pipe. But that was not all. The ball came to rest against his heel. Question then arose whether there would be a penalty if the ball should move as Boros took his foot away. The official ruled that there would be no penalty; today you’ll find this point USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: AUGUST, 1960 IT spelled out in the Rules as a result of this case. Boros played the ball successfully out of the hazard in 3. It pays to find out your rights. When Is An Obstruction? Note from the Boros case that relief may be had from an obstruction even in a hazard. The Rule about obstructions is not fully appreciated by many golfers. The first thing to know is what an obstruc- Julius Boros tion is. It is anything artificial, whether erected, placed or left on the course (but not stakes and 1 ences defining out of bounds, artificial roads and paths, and construction which is an integral part of the course, such as retaining walls of hazards). Note the distinction between obstructions and loose impediments: loose impediments are natural objects not fixed or growing, such as pebbles, loose twigs and leaves: whereas obstructions are artificial, man-made objects, such as paper, cans, water hydrants, ball-washers. The conditions for obtaining relief from both movable and immovable ob­ structions are worth studying (see Rule 31). Free relief from obstructions is available everywhere on the course, in­ cluding hazards. Harry Bradshaw, of Dublin, lost a play­ off for the 1949 British Open Champion­ ship to Bobby Locke at Sandwich, Eng­ land, after they had tied at 283. There might have been a different outcome but for an incident involving Bradshaw and a beer bottle in the second Championship round. The incident is recounted as fol­ lows by Brig. Eric Brickman, Secretary of the Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St. Andrews: “Bradshaw led the qualifiers with 67-72 —139. In the first round of the Cham­ pionship he did 68 and led the field. “In his second round he started with four 4s. At the fifth hole he drove into the rough and found his ball inside a beer bottle with the neck and shoulder broken off and four sharp points sticking up. The bottle was standing and the ball had bounced into it. “Bradshaw thought that if he had treated the ball as in an unplayable lie, he might be involved in disqualification, and he therefore decided to play it where it lay. “With his blaster he smashed the bot­ tle and sent the ball about 30 yards. The hole, a par 4, cost him 6. Bradshaw had taken about 15 minutes to decide what he was to do. The flying splintered glass added to his discomfiture and he said it was six more holes before he recovered his composure. “Under the 1949 Code, which was then operative, the bottle was an obstruction, and under Rule 23 dealing with obstruc­ tions at that time, the player was en­ titled to move the obstruction. If the ball was moved in so doing, he was allowed to replace it without penalty.” A case in England brought out the true sporting instincts of golfers—and golf officials, too. It went to the Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St. Andrews for a decision. The question was this: “In a county championship, 36 holes stroke play, my ball came to rest in the heather touching a skylark’s nest containing four young birds. To have played my stroke would have meant smashing the nest and destroying the young birds, as the nest was in front of my ball in the line of play. Hu­ man nature does not permit of such a thing, and fortunately my golf that day had bearing on ultimate results. I picked up and dropped two club­ lengths behind in the heather but did not count any penalty strokes. I pointed out the circumstances to my fellow-competitor, who saw the lie. 18 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: AUGUST, 1960 I am fully aware of the unplay able- • ball Rule but considered the circum- : stances as not coming within this Rule. My ball was very much play­ able, in fact in a good lie, far better than I got from the drop. What is the correct action in these circum- , stances?” The Royal and Ancient replied as fol­ lows: “The Rules of Golf do not legislate specifically for the circumstances you describe. The Rules of Golf Commit­ tee are of opinion that the nest should be regarded as an immovable obstruction and the ball dropped un­ der Rule 31-2,” and that means there was no penalty. Joe Carr and the Broken Putter In the 1959 Walker Cup Match in Scot­ land, Joe Carr, then the British Amateur Champion, was playing a singles match against Charlie Coe, the American Cap­ tain and Amateur Champion. As Carr walked off the 27th green carrying his putter, the head of the club became en­ tangled in tall grass. A child in the large gallery accidentally bumped into the club and broke it. Joe finished the match putting with a No. 3 iron. He didn’t have to do this, of course. He knew his rights and knew that he could have sent back to the clubhouse for another putter, provided he did not delay play. Joe simply preferred to use the 3 iron—an old habit of his. You may replace a club which becomes unfit for play, but the Rule carefully qualifies it by saying that the club must have become unfit “in the normal course of play.” The Rules-writers, with tongue in cheek, thus took care of the boys who throw clubs or test them on trees—or is that normal for some golfers? Addressing the Ball A little-known right in the Bules was brought out in another international event not so long ago. In October, 1958, the first World Amateur Team Cham­ pionship of the new World Amateur Golf Council, with the Eisenhower Trophy at stake, was played at St. Andrews. It was a memorable event, with teams of four players from 29 countries playing four rounds of stroke play. It is a rare day when there is no wind at St. Andrews, and this time there was a very stiff wind, about 30 miles per hour. Moreover, the greens were fright­ fully fast, not unlike glass. Dr. Bud Taylor, of the United States Team, twice sustained a penalty stroke when his ball moved after he addressed it on the putting green. Once, the wind was so strong and the green so keen that, as he drew his putter back to start the stroke, the ball went with it and prac­ tically clung to the face of the putter. Note that the penalties were incurred after the ball had been addressed. What is the definition of “address?” It means taking your stance and grounding your club (except that in a hazard it means taking your stance only). On the putting green, if you have only taken your stance and have not grounded your club, you have not addressed the ball, and you cannot be penalized under, the Rule which applied to Bud Taylor. Of course, if you do anything else at all to cause the ball to move, you are subject to penalty; but if you don’t ground your club, you have not completed the act of addressing the ball and you cannot be deemed to have caused the ball to move under that Rule. It is worth remember­ ing when you are playing on a fast green on a windy day—or, for that matter, when your ball is in a precarious position any­ where. Discontinuance of Hay There is a general Rule prohibiting dis­ continuance of play, but when a player thinks he may be endangered by lightning he is the sole judge and may stop play. Personal.'Safety is, of course, far more important than orderly pro­ cedure of a golf tournament. Sudden ill­ ness can be another valid reason for dis­ continuing play if the committee con­ siders that you’re sick enough. Ball Resting Against Flagstick The USGA received a question about a lady whose tee shot on a par 3 hole came to rest on the green leaning against the flagstick. In her excitement, she pulled out the flagstick, and the ball came with it. Did she have ■ a hole in one? The answer is that her ball simply lay one and she had to replace it on the lip of the hole. Billy Joe Patton in the Masters a few years ago showed his knowledge of the applicable Rule when, on the sixth hole, his tee shot lodged between the rim of the hole and the flagstick. He very gin­ USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: AUGUST, 1960 19 gerly removed the stick, and the ball fell into the hole for a wonderful hole-in-one at a dramatic point in the tournament. Water Hazard Rights When your ball lies in a lateral water hazard, do you know that you have three choices of procedure, besides playing the balls as it lies? Look up Rule 33-3 some­ time. Playing the Ball as it Lies You wouldn’t think that you could over­ do the principle of playing the ball as it lies, for it is perhaps the fundamental Rule of Golf. But consider the case of Peter Wilding at Scarborough, England, in the spring of 1959. Mr. Wilding swung at a ball in the rough, and it hopped into his cuff. Mr. Wilding consulted his partner, who said —play the ball as it lies. Mr. Wilding took a mighty swipe. The ball flew clear, but he let out a yell and hobbled off look­ ing for a doctor to treat a chipped bone. Let’s draw a merciful veil over the fact that when Mr. Wilding stopped his own ball in his trousers cuff he was subject; to a penalty of loss of hole in match play of two strokes in stroke play. Let’s over­ look, too, the fact that in stroke play he was obliged to drop the ball out of his clothes without further penalty. Let’s just remember Peter Wilding as a man who plays the ball as it lies. Three Principles ■ Mr. Wilding’s ease is helpful in em­ phasizing one of the three tenets on which all Rules are founded. The three are: 1. Play the course as we find it. 2. Play the ball as it lies. 3. Fair play. The Rules are admittedly complex. They have to cover a lot of territory in order to try to insure that everybody plays the same game, for no two courses are alike and a normal playing area covers about 125 acres. But if we try to apply the three principles we can see a clear pattern and can practically write the Rules ourselves: • Play the course as we find it. Play the ball as it lies. Play fair. Golfers who make a habit of carrying a Rules book and of consulting it as situations arise during play are often sur­ prised to find how many rights and privileges they have. In time they come to find that, for the real lover of golf, the code of playing Rules is a good friend who confers many favors. But like any other friend, we have to know him well to appreciate him best. ANSWERS TO QUIZ GOLF QUESTIONS ON PAGE 6 1. Yes. 2. Jack Westland who was 47 in 1953. 3. British Open, Hoylake; British Ama­ teur, the Old Course at St. Andrews; Open Championship, Interlachen; Amateur Championship, Merion. 4. The player is penalized one stroke and the ball must be played as it lies. See Rule 27-lc. 5. Under Rule 17-3, the player is pena­ lized two strokes in stroke play; loss of hole in match play. 6. C. Ross (Sandy) Sommerville, Lon­ don, Ontario, Canada, in 1932. ■ 7. Arnold Palmer, Amateur Champion in 1954 and Open Champion in 1960. 8. Charles R. Coe, 1949-1958; E. Harvie Ward, Jr., 1955-1956; Marvin H. (Bud) Ward, 1939-1941; Willie P. Turnesa, 1938-1948; W. Lawson Lit­ tle, 1934-1935; Robert T. Jones, Jr., 1924 -1925 -1927 -1928 -1930; Charles (Chick) Evans, 1916-1920; Francis Ouimet, 1914-1931; Jerome D. Tra­ vers, 1907-1908-1912-1913; Robert A. Gardner, 1909-1915; H. Chandler Egan, 1904-1905; Walter J. Travis, 1900-1901-1903; H. J. Whigham, 1896-1897. 9. Yes. 10. No. This is prohibited by Rule 37-2. 11. Yes. Robert T. Jones, Jr., and Watts Guss, both of Atlanta, at Oakmont Country Club, Oakmont, Pa., in 1925. Jones was the winner. 12. Yes. Louise Suggs and Dorothy Kir­ by, both of The Capitol City Country Club, Atlanta, at Franklin Hills Country Club, Franklin, Mich., in 1947. Miss Suggs won. 13. No. This violates Rule 2-2b. 14. Yes. It would be almost impossible to drop a ball without putting some spin on it. 15. There is no penalty in either form of play. However, in match play, the opponent may require the player to replay the shot. 16. Miss Dorothy Campbell of North Berwick, Scotland. 17. The Public Links Championship. 18. The Walker Cup Matches. They were begun in 1922. 20 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: AUGUST, 1960 THE REFEREE Decisions by the Rules of Golf Committees Example of Symbols: "USGA” indicates decision by the United States Golf Association. "R & A” indi­ cates decision by the Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St. Andrews, Scotland. "60-1” means the first decision issued in 1960. "D” means definition. “R. 37-7” refers to Section 7 of Rule 37 in the 1960 Rules of Golf. BALL MOVED: COMING TO REST OUT OF BOUNDS LOOSE IMPEDIMENTS: “SOLIDLY EMBEDDED” DEFINED USGA 60-13 D. 21, R. 27-ld, 29-1 USGA 60-12 D. 17, R. 18-1, 31-2, 37-7 Q: In stroke play, a competitor’s ball is lying on a steep slope near the course boundary. As he addresses the ball, he accidentally moves it, and due to the steep slope the ball rolls out of bounds. What is the correct procedure in such a case, and what, if any, penalties does the competitor incur? A: Rule 27-ld provides that a ball moved accidentally by the player after he addresses it “shall be played as it lies” after a penalty of one stroke. If a ball so moved rolls out of bounds, it is on ground on which play is prohibited (De­ finition 21) and the player’s only re­ course is to accept a one-stroke penalty under Rule 27-ld and proceed under Rule 29-1 for a ball out of bounds. It is not necessary that a ball out of bounds shall have been sent there by a stroke in order to proceed under Rule 29-1. The Rule provides: “He shall play his next stroke as nearly as possible at the spot from which the original ball was played or moved by him.” QI: Definition 17—What is the exact meaning of “and includes stones not solidly embedded?” Some say that a stone partially embedded may not be moved regardless of how small it may be or how easily it might be picked up. How about stones the size of watermelons which clearly rest on top of the ground, but can only be moved with much effort. May they be moved? Al: The words “solidly embedded” should be taken literally. If a stone is only partially embedded and may be picked up with ease, it is a loose impedi­ ment. Where there is doubt as to whether a stone is solidly embedded, to avoid questions being raised we recommend that it not be removed unless a ruling is obtained. The size of a stone is of no con­ sequence. Under Rule 18-1, the player may remove stones (not solidly embed­ ded) of any size, provided he has regard for Rule 37-7 concerning undue delay in play. USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: AUGUST, 1960 21 OBSTRUCTIONS: NO RELIEF IF STROKE ' UNNECESSARILY ABNORMAL ' FLAGSTICK: MAY BE TAPERED OR OF VARYING DIAMETERS Q2: Rule 31-2—May a referee or a com­ mittee determine whether an artificial obstruction interferes with a stroke? For example, a player’s ball was 38 inches from a water pipe which was exposed about three inches above the ground. The player demonstrated with a weird and highly unorthodox follow-through that he could hit the pipe. The referee would not allow the player any relief because he felt the player wanted relief from a tree and a large stone which interfered with the flight of the ball. The player contended that the referee had no right to question the manner in which he in­ tended to swing. Who was correct? A2: The purpose of Rule 31-2 is to pro­ vide relief if immovable artificial objects interfere with the stance, backswing, or stroke in the direction in which the player desires to play. It is a question of fact whether inter­ ference exists. In event of a question, the Committee- (or referee if there is one) must decide. Their decision is final. See Rules 11-2 and 11-3. In the case you cite, it would appear that the player could claim interference only through employment of an unneces­ sarily abnormal stroke. He was therefore not entitled to relief. Relief is not provided for interference with the flight of the ball. Questions by: Robert H. Elliott Manchester, N. H. BALL ON LIP OF HOLE: KNOCKED INTO CUP BY BLOWING TUMBLEWEED USGA 60-17 D. 22, R. 27-la Q: A player’s ball is at rest an inch or so from the cup. A tumbleweed blowing across the course strikes the ball and knocks it into the cup. Is the player deemed to have holed out with his last stroke or should the ball be replaced? Question by: Wm. L. Oliver Roswell, N. M. A: Rule 27-la applies and the ball must be replaced without penalty. A tumble­ weed is an outside agency—-see Defini­ tion 22. USGA 60-15 D. 12 ' Q: Does Definition 12 prohibit the use of tapered flagsticks or the metal “hole in one” ferrule which has been used at many courses? Question by: Morgan Boggs Fort Knox, Ky. A: Definition 12 provides in part: “It (the flagstick) shall be circular in cross- section.” This does not prohibit such flag­ sticks which contain sections of varying diameters. A purpose of the Definition is to pro­ hibit non-circular features in the lower part of the flagstick which could stop a ball. BALL LOST: WHEN FIVE MINUTE SEARCH NOT REQUIRED USGA 60-16 D. 6, R. 4, 29-lb Q: If a player is searching for his ball, may his opponent concede the loss of the ball before a five minute search has been made, or will this action make both players liable for disqualification .under Rule 4? Question by: Leon Kaplan Waltham, Mass. A: Rule 29-lb provides: “In order for the player to treat a ball as lost. . . there must be reasonable evidence to that ef­ fect or a search of five minutes must be made.” Reasonable evidence is a question of fact to be determined from the results of actual search, opinions of individuals present and other relevant circumstances. In match play, a player’s bona fide claim of a ball lost, when conceded by his opponent, may itself constitute such rea­ sonable evidence. In stroke play, similar weight should not be accorded an agreement between a competitor and a fellow-competitor be­ cause of the interests of other competi­ tors which may be involved, and a five- minute search may be necessary to estab­ lish conclusively the loss of a ball. In either case, the players should not be subject to disqualification under Rule 4 by reason of their agreement, unless the agreement is flagrantly contrary to fact. .22 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: AUGUST, IMO LOCAL RULE: PRACTICING ON COURSE BEFORE STROKE PLAY USGA 60-14 R. 8-3,11-3, 36-4b, L. R. Q: Three players started playing a practice round during the week of qualifying for a match play tournament. After playing five holes, they noted the fine condition of the course and decided to qualify. They returned to the club­ house, declared their intention, to qualify, and teed off on the first tee. The tournament rules for qualifying stated: “Qualifying round will be played in two-, three-, or four-ball (groups) be­ tween February 22 and 28. The course is open for practice during this time, but a player must declare his intentions for qualifying and sign up at the clubhouse before playing.” I contend they were in violation of Rule 8-3 for practicing during the day of qualifying., The Committee stated that, as the course was open for practice, they had not violated any rule as the course was the practice area. What is your ruling? Question by: Norman J. Lewter Balboa, Canal Zone A: The Committee’s decision was final —see Rule 11-3. The Committee knew the intention of its Local Rule and must in­ terpret it. The Local Rule apparently took prece­ dence over Rule 8-3 as it permitted prac­ tice on the course during the time of qualifying. It would have been better if the Local Rule had stipulated whether or not players could practice on the day on which they chose to qualify. It is generally inadvisable to permit practice on the course, especially from any hazard or on any putting green, on the day of a stroke competition. See Rule 364b. DROPPED BALL: ABANDONING BEFORE PLAYING USGA 60-18 D. 6, R. 21, 22-4, 29-1, 35-lc ..Q.l: Rule 22: It very often happens that after searching for his ball awhile, player returns to his original spot, drops another ball (under Rule 29-1 for a lost ball) and addresses it, and before the lapse of five minutes his original ball is found. Can he abandon his dropped ball under new Rule 22-4 before his play, or if he addresses his ball is it too late to aban­ don? A.1: As the original ball was not lost (Definition 6), Rule 29-1 was not appli­ cable, and the player was entitled to. abandon the dropped ball as provided for in Rule 22-4b. DAMAGE TO PUTTING GREEN: FILLING WITH SAND PROHIBITED Q.2: Rule 35-lc: In Japan, each caddie generally carries a small sand bag to fill up any divot “through the green,” pri­ marily for the reason that Japanese ber- muda grass, after play, falls into pieces and on most occasions divots cannot be replaced because they are broken up, so caddies fill up such divots with sand. On the putting green, new Rule 35-lc permits players to repair any damage caused through the impact of a ball, from which I deduce that the damage must be limited strictly to the impact of the ball. As the method of repairing is not men­ tioned except to bar stepping thereon, am I to understand that such a pitch mark on the green can be filled with sand before play? A.2: No. Repair of damage under Rule 35-lc means restoration of the damaged turf to something approximating its ori­ ginal condition, without introduction of additional materials. From a course maintenance point of view, it is advisable to loosen ball impressions on the green to avoid soil compaction. BALL LOST: TIME PERMITTED FOR SEARCH Q.3: Definition 6, “Ball Lost,” provides in part: “Time spent in playing a wrong ball is not counted in the five-minute period allowed for search.” If the player found the ball in three minutes after ■ search began, and it was found to be a wrong ball after its play, is the player (after penalty under Rule 21) entitled to search for his own ball for another five minutes afresh, not counting three minutes already spent for search? A.3: No. Definition 6 does not permit more than a five-minute search. The five- minute period excludes time spent in playing a wrong ball but not in searching. Questions by: S. Takahata, President Hirono Golf Club Kobe, Japan USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: AUGUST, 1960 23 WATER HAZARD: STATUS OF BALL LOST WITHIN USGA 60-19 D. 32, R. 29-1, 29-2a, 33-2, Note to 33 Q. Our second hole is approximately 165 yards long with a reservoir between the tee and the green. The reservoir runs from the base of the tee approximately 140 yards to a bank in front of the green. There is no fairway at all between the tee and the reservoir. Therefore, if you hit into the water there is no place on which to drop back. Because of this, it is neces­ sary to hit a second shot from the tee if the original-ball goes into the water. Faction A contends that a ball in the hazard is unplayable and is not a lost ball, and that a second tee shot is the third stroke. Faction B contends that a ball in the water is lost, and that under the new Rule a second tee shot is the second stroke. Which faction is correct? Question by: Lt» Reynold J". Matthews Arlington, Virginia A: Faction A, in a sense, is correct. However, Rule 33-2 must be applied for relief for a ball which is lost in a water hazard. Rule 29 for a ball lost or unplay­ able does not apply—see last note to that Rule. If a tee shot is lost within the con­ fines of the water hazard (reservoir), the player may, under Rule 33-2b, tee an­ other ball within the teeing ground (Defi­ nition 32). Alternatively, he may drop a ball any distance behind the water hazard provided he keep the spot at which- the ball last crossed the margin of the water hazard between himself and the hole—Rule 33-2a. In either case, the player would then be playing his third stroke. HANDICAP DECISION NO HANDICAPPING IN CLOSED SEASON USGA Handicap Decision 60-2 References: Men: Sections 4-1 and 13 Women: Section 14-1 and 22 Q: We seek advice on the matter of an open or closed golf season for the Women’s Division of the Virginia State Golf Association. We have about 55 clubs which are. ac­ tive members of the VSGA. About 10 are located in the Tidewater area; about 10 in the Richmond area; about 10 in the southwestern area t Roanoke-Lynchburg < and the other clubs in the northern and northwestern areas. The clubs in the Tidewater and the southwestern areas contend that they can play golf all win­ ter since they apparently have much milder weather than in the northern areas. The clubs in the northern (Arling­ ton) and the northwestern areas can play very little due to the frozen condition of the ground, etc. In the past the VSGA has not been ac­ cepting scores from November 1-April 1 for handicap purposes. We have felt that the scores submitted during this period did not present a true picture of one’s game and/or handicap. At a recent general meeting of the VSGA a vote favored a closed season. However, many clubs still want an open season and have asked me to write to you. Question by: Mrs. Elizabeth Hanna Arlington, Va. A: The USGA recognizes that in cer­ tain areas golf is not a twelve-months pleasure, as our handicap system specifi­ cally mentions “ playing seasons” (when the game is seasonal) and “calendar years” (when golf is year-round). Section 14-1 of The Conduct of Women’s Golf indicates that scores to be accept­ able should be made under the spirit of the Rules of Golf, and Section 22 indi­ cates the conditions when scores made under “preferred lies” or “winter rules” are acceptable. Therefore, if, during a certain season, the spirit of the Rules of Golf cannot be lived up to, or course management cannot maintain a course’s normal scoring difficulty when “winter rules” are in effect, there should be “closed” seasons during which scores will not be accepted for handicap purposes. The length of an inactive season might have to rest with the club, rather than the district association, as in a single area one club might be playable while another club nearby might not be. How­ ever, it would be best to have groups of clubs within narrow areas make the deci­ sion for - themselves, even though this meant some clubs in, say, Virginia are “open” and others “closed.” Also, it might be well for the Women’s Division to come to an agreement with the Men’s Division on uniform procedure. 24 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: AUGUST, 1960 Personnel Management and Relationships BY D. M. LILLY Member, USGA Green Section Committee A review of the basic ideas and tech­ niques as they apply to professional turfgrass superintendents in the dis­ charge of their responsibilities is to be the subject of this discussion. First, how­ ever, I would like to mention some per­ sonal conclusions that have resulted from observations made over the past few years. I am convinced that the central problems facing golf courses today are ever increasing costs on the one hand, and more intensive usage on the other. The latter compounds the former. Figures just released show that, on the average, 70 per cent of the total golf course maintenance budget is spent on salaries and wages. This represents, incidentally, a 5.1 percent increase over the figures of last year. In view of this large expense item, let us ask this question: Does the superin­ tendent spend enough time and effort training himself in the area of labor management? I am afraid not in all cases; yet, I think you will agree with me that it will be only through improving effi­ ciency in management that our golf courses, parks, and school grounds will be able to maintain their quality of serv­ ice without substantial increases in their budgets. Management as a Profession Management is the art of getting things done through people. The profes­ sional manager, like the physician, com­ bines science and intuitive judgment in the practice of his profession. The use of science in management as we know it today need not, and must not, be con­ fined to the management of industrial plants. “It won’t work here!” and “We’re different!” is an admission of failure to keep progressive, and to admit that yours, or any other organization, is not being run in the most efficient manner. Cer­ tainly, individual cases are unique, and solutions, of course, vary from organiza­ tion to organization, but sound manage­ ment principles are not unique, and their application should not be limited to the factory! Historically, the profession of manage­ ment is very old. The sciences support­ ing the profession, however, date back only to the last decades of the nineteenth century. While considerable misunder­ standing will always exist concerning the place of science in management, we can readily understand how ineffectual the medical profession would be without the benefits of a scientific approach to their problems. In its simplest terms, a scientific method may be any method that applies a logic of effective thinking, based on applicable science, to the solution of a particular set of problems. Such a method is applicable in an “exact” USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: AUGUST, 1960 25 science, as in the case of the physical sciences, or in an “inexact” science as in the social sciences. Professional manage­ ment in solving business problems merely combines the logic of effective thinking with the facts gathered by the scientific approach. It differs from traditional management in the manner in which de­ cisions are made, i.e., decisions made un­ der professional management are based on facts developed by a studied approach, as contrasted to predicating decisions primarily on opinions, prejudices and un­ sound rules of thumb. Management, as a function in an or­ ganization, plans, coordinates, motivates and controls the efforts of others, so that the entire organization moves toward specific objectives. It follows then, in the case of a golf course or park department, that management is a function of execu­ tive leadership in golf course or park op­ erations. The managerial functions (of the superintendent) involve planning, co­ ordinating and controlling the activities of others in accomplishing the organiza­ tion’s objectives, within, the framework of the policies set up by the club, park system, or school district. Objectives, Policies, and Plans The same words stimulate different ideas based on each person’s experience. To assure that we will be discussing simi­ lar ideas when we hear the words ob­ jective, policy and plan, a few sentences of explanation seem in order. The word objective, as we will use it, may be ex­ plained simply by answering the ques­ tions, “Where are we going?” and “What are we trying to do?” In other words, our goals. To describe an organization’s ob­ jectives or goals may require several paragraphs or pages or they may be ex­ pressed in a few lines. A private or­ ganization such as a golf course may have as its objective the design, building, and maintenance of the best possible golf course from the membership point of view. A public institution, board or au­ thority may have as their objective pro­ viding areas for beautification of the city, or for public recreation of various kinds. All objectives must be achieved, of course, Within certain moral, financial and legal limitations. In addition, it may be that the governing bodies in a public SUBSCRIBERS TO U.S.G.A. GREEN SECTION RESEARCH AND EDUCATION FUND, INC. Augusta National Golf Augusta, Ga. Club, Catto & Putty, Clapper Co., Bob Dunning, Floyd Farley, Donald Harradine Lionel MacDuff, Metropolitan Golf San Antonio, Tex. West Newton 65, Mass. Tulsa, Okla. Oklahoma City, Okla. , Magliaso Tessin, Switzerland Lynn, Mass. Writers' Association, Manhasset, N. Y. National Golf Fund, Inc., New England Golf Dunedin, Fla. Association, Boston, Mass. Golf Association Association Connecticut State Maine State Golf Massachusetts State Golf Association New England Golf Association New Hampshire State Golf Association Rhode Island State Golf Association Vermont State Golf Association Bernard H. Ridder, Jr., St. Paul, Minn. Marietta, Ohio J. H. Watson, enterprise, have designated some special way in which the objective is to be achieved. The limitations and designa­ tion of means are specified in the poli­ cies of the organization. The details of what is to be done to achieve the objective and the who, what, where, when, why, and how of doing it are spelled out in the organization’s plans. The act of preparing these plans, or plan­ ning, is a very vital part of professional management. Planning and Organizing As we have intimated in our previous remarks, the orderly and efficient attain­ ment of a goal is rarely achieved without considerable planning as to how the de­ sired end can be best achieved. Planning begins with a statement of objectives by the controlling organization. This should be a statement covering not only the ob­ jectives, but also the policies and long range plans that are to govern the means of achievement of the objectives. The superintendent acting within the con­ fines of this overall program and, in the case of the golf course, in consultation with the Green Chairman, lays out the objectives for a given period. Given the objectives, a much clearer understanding of how they will be accomplished can be obtained if we can answer the following questions about the work to be done. 1. What is to be done? 2. When is it to be done? 3. Where is it to be done? ; ' 26 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: AUGUST, 1960 4. How long does it take to do the job? 5. How is it to be done? 6. Why is it to be done? 1. What is to be done? — To help in answering this question, we use budgets, programs, charts and diagrams as aids in correlating all the factors that go into achieving our objective. An annual pro­ gram of all the work carried out under the supervision of the manager or super­ intendent laid out on a quarterly basis may be the first step in taking a new look at your plan of work. Before we can look at the details of each project, however, there are several limiting factors to be considered. For ex­ ample: How much can be spent? How little can be spent and still do a satis­ factory job? What must be sacrificed, if anything, to meet the budget objective? What is the calendar of events?—Any tournaments, post season games, conven­ tions, etc? A detailed budget by months or quar­ ters, with allowances for each and every job, will help in determining what you can do and how you can do it. It will al­ so help you in selling your program to those in higher authority. To make up a budget by projects, however, you must know your costs for each type of job. Do you know these costs? If not, you will want to start studies and records that will help you in future years. 2.When is the job to be done? -— From the budget we can proceed to make de­ tained plan for the timing of each job. Each project can be planned by breaking it down into steps listing materials, man power, money, and other requirements on a monthly, weekly, or daily basis. If this is done for all activities, then weekly or daily totals can be made showing the number of men required each day or •week as well as material deliveries, and money flow. To prepare such an analysis, however, we must know the time re­ quired to perform each job or group of jobs. How long does it take a man to mow a green, an athletic field, an acre of high­ way or airport turf grass? How long should it take? An annual, monthly, weekly and daily schedule will give you and your men a guide to follow when the playing season rush is on as well as in­ surance that all the necessary work is done before the season starts. In a business with a seasonal pattern such as yours, planning of this type, dur­ ing slack periods of usage, will result in substantial cost reductions when maxi­ mum use periods occur. The first year many questions will be raised that may have to be answered by direct observa­ tion and more careful record keeping during the coming year. But, once the job areas are outlined and people as­ signed, the pattern of instruction can be broken down into the basic information that must be given in advance of the daily or detailed supervision. Daily work patterns can be provided in the schedules, so that the entire day is fully and effec­ tively occupied, and so that teams of men are brought together and coordinated as needed. Do not forget to plan for adverse weather, keep a list of jobs that can be done under cover on rainy days. 3. Where is the job to be done? ■— This question may also stimulate constructive thinking about the jobs to be done. Obvi­ ously, a green has to be cut on the green, but the question is “which green?”, “which fairway?”, and “which park?” If the job is cup setting, “which holes are to be reset?” This decision then deter­ mines where the employee goes to do the work. The sequence of greens cut or holes reset may be chosen to require the least travel time between holes. In this respect, an accurate scaled map showing all major work areas, irrigation lines and accurate green sizes is mandatory. Mainte­ nance work may be done on equipment in the field, in a shed, on in a well-equip­ ped shop. The most economical answer may not be the most obvious. Don’t be fooled into thinking that because a cer­ tain route or certain practice has always been done in this manner, that the job can’t be accomplished in a more efficient TURF MANAGEMENT The book "Turf Management," sponsored by the United States Golf Association and edited by Prof. H. B. Musser, is a complete and authoritative guide in the practical de­ velopment of golf-course turfs. This 354-page volume is available through the USGA, 40 East 33th Street, New York 16, N. Y., the USGA Green Section Regional Offices, the McGraw-Hill Book Co., 350 West 42nd Street, New York 36, N. Y., or local bookstores. The cost is $7. USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: AUGUST, 1960 27 way if it’s carefully analyzed and studied. 4. and 5. How long does it take to do the job? and How is it to be done? — As you work on your plans and study your employees’ activities, two questions are going to keep coming up— ' (1) How much time should, it take ■ to do the job? (2) How much time does it ac­ tually take to do the job? The second question can be answered by keeping records on how many man hours are required to cut a certain area or to perform any of the other projects and jobs. Such records, however, do not usually tell how well the job was done, or by what method it was done, or how much idle time occurred .while the job was being done. In industry, the work of Frederick W. Taylor at the beginning of this century showed there was a vast dif­ ference between-how long it takes to do a job and how long it should take to do the job. Taylor discovered when equip­ ment was properly used, and the unneces­ sary work removed from the job, that the actual effective working time was fre­ quently from 50 to 80 per cent of the time actually spent in the past. We also know, from' repeated studies of industrial op­ erations, : that anywhere from 10 to 50 per cent of the man’s day may be spent in idleness or non-productive work. An interesting fact about this idle of non­ productive time is that roughly % of the idleness is the result of inadequate super­ vision or management, and, on the av­ erage, only % is chargeable to the man himself. To properly answer the question of how long the job should take, break the job down into elements or steps, and determine how long each step takes by the best available method. Then put to­ gether the necessary steps to arrive at the total time the job should take, if there are no delays or wasted time. If you were to hire a trained time study man to make your methods and time studies, he would probably use a stop watch. You, however, can do some studying and ob­ serving of your own with wrist watch or the clock on the wall. 6. Why is the job to be done? — Obvi­ ously to produce a useful result, but how many jobs actually produce the results we want? One method of studying jobs, to reduce the time and effort required, is to sort out the elements or steps of the job into productive and non-productive work. This forces us to question the necessity of every element, and many times a size­ able amount of work can be eliminated by challenging the entire job, or its parts. For example, is it necessary to trim or rake as often as specified? Can we eliminate sand trap raking entirely? Some courses have the player do the raking and so eliminate much of the raking by the employees. Where a job, or part of it, passes the test of produc­ tivity and necessity, then a reason must be given for doing it. We may decide, now that we know why we do a particular job, that it can be done some other way. much more effectively. 7. Who can do the job best? — Can you. do your job best or are there parts of your job that can be done better by others? Perhaps you can do any job bet­ ter than the best of your employees, but obviously time does not permit you to do all jobs. It is true that you are the one finally responsible for all results and this cannot be escaped. However, since a major portion of your success hangs on planning, seeing that the plans are car­ ried out, and then replanning to correct the discrepancies between plan and ac­ tion or between plan and needs, you must delegate some of your authority and re­ sponsibility to your individual employees or to designated assistants. If you have more than ten employees reporting directly to you, less and less time will be available for planning. If you have twen­ ty or more employees reporting to you directly, you will probably not be able to plan at all during the periods when this many men are on your payroll. You owe it to yourself and your club, park sys­ tem or school system to appoint, train, and use an assistant to relieve you of the pressure of making hourly decisions. This enables you to do your planning and, equally important, provides for con­ tinued operation of the organization in your absence for vacations, illness or other personal reasons. Many of the projects listed in your an­ nual plan, or provided for in your bud­ get, can be carried out by one team of employees. Some jobs may occur at ir­ regular intervals and may require special skills and abilities that are not needed in day to day work. Tree trimming, build­ ing construction, plumbing, etc., are 28 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: AUGUST, 1960 COMING EVENTS September M University of Rhode Island Field Day Kingston, R. I. September 14-15-15 University of Florida Turf Management Conference University of Florida Gainesville, Fla. September 15-16 Midwest Turf Field Days Purdue University Lafayette, Indiana September 20-21 Ohio Lawn Clinic Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station Wooster, Ohio September 21 noon to September 22 noon Penn State Turfgrass Field Day The Pennsylvania State University University Park, Pa. -September 28-29-30 Northwest Turf Association Conference University of Washington Seattle, Washington September 26-27 Utah-Idaho Turf Conference Salt Lake City, Utah December 5-9 Fifty-Third Annual Meeting of American Society of Agronomy Morrison Hotel Chicago, ill. some, and in these cases, contracting may be a better answer. Again, each man on your team of em­ ployees either can do, or is selected and trained to do, a certain group of jobs. Some thought of these assignments, and the qualifications and training necessary, will lead to superior results for both you and the employee. Assuming that you have planned your work and organized your team to carry out the plan, we are ready to discuss supervision. Supervision and Controlling So much has been said about the psy­ chology of handling people that it is worthwhile to recall the basic reasons for supervising people at work. Basically, we supervise because some useful objec­ tive must be reached by two or more peo­ ple working together. If these people are to achieve an objective, requiring the ef­ forts of a number of people, each indi­ vidual must be instructed on his contribu­ tion toward achievement of the objective. To do this in the most efficient manner will require a supervisor or manager. Further, it will be necessary that the manager completely and thoroughly un­ derstand the total objective to be able to explain and direct the individual activity required for successful and efficient ac­ complishment. Supervision is justified only insofar as it helps the man who is doing the work. If we remove our own personal feelings of position and pride from the picture, we realize that we must make it possible for the man we supervise to work so much better, that his increase in output more than covers the added cost of our salary. A good supervisor must know what he wants his men to do, tell them what he wants done, and help them to do it in the best possible way. In doing this, your men will be properly instructed in what they are doing and why they are 'doing it. You must obtain adequate equipment for them. You must let them know what is expected of them insofar as quality and quantity of work is concerned. Evaluation of results — The effective­ ness of your management can be measured in some areas and comparatively judged in others. A most important activity is your periodic evaluation of your efforts as well' as the efforts of those working for you. You can-measure yourself and your performance financially against your budget; your quality of effort, by the total annual compliments or com­ plaints; your safety record, by the lost time accidents in your work force, and in any other area where you have set definite objectives subject to measure­ ments by qualitative data. Those who work for'you can be measured both by the amount of work performed in a given period of time compared either to time studied standards, or to past history. The evaluation of the quality of their work may require closer personal examination on your part, but calculation can be made more accurate and satisfying when you have definite specifications of quality for key jobs. Twice a year or more often, if necessary, you should give your em­ ployees an evaluation of their perform­ ance. This applies to the satisfactory em­ ployee, particularly, so that he may be encouraged and developed. The correc­ tion of the unsatisfactory employee falls under the heading of job- instruction and, if necessary, discipline. Human Relations Management is a function of assistance rather than dominance. Give recognition to an employee’s ability and performance when they meet your requirements. Take USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: AUGUST, 1960 a firm constructive stand when they don’t. A man-hour of labor can be uti­ lized only through the courtesy of a sen­ sitive human being. Each employee has feelings—of love and hate, happiness and sorrow, pride and shame, security and uncertainty. D. C. Faith, George Wash­ ington University consultant on person­ nel, sums up a basic tenet for manage­ ment in these words, “Most insulting, dangerous thing you can do to another person is to disregard him as if he didn’t exist ... If you haven’t time to smile and say good morning to the janitor who went to work only yesterday, then you are taking money out of your own pocket.” Call your enmlovees by name and make an effort to learn something about their family. Discuss their problems with them when the opportunity arises. When these things are done, your em­ ployees will help you to carry out your plans more perfectly than you ever dared expect. If you do not manage properly, charm, tact, and leadership must be much more effective in order to main­ tain a minimum of cooperation. Decision Making If one were to summarize, in as few words as possible, the nature of the management function, perhaps the best reply would be “decision making.” Deci­ sion making itself is simply the selection of one alternative from a group of two or more alternatives. Among this group can be found the alternative of maintain­ ing “status quo.” This possibility should not be underrated, for this, in some cases, may be the best solution. The number of alternatives available, of course, is limited only by the imagination and re­ sourcefulness of the analyst—the man­ ager. ■ Presented at the Texas Turfgrass Con­ ference in 1959. Based on a paper pre­ pared by D. M. Lilly, J. M. MacKenzie, and J. R. Watson, Jr. BIBLIOGRAPHY Aulbach, George, “Pro’s Most Important Sale—Himself”, Golfdomi, April, 1959. Barnes, R. M. Motion and Time Study ’(John Wiley & Sons, 1949). Bengeyfield, William H. “Are You a Good Boss?” The Golf Coarse Re­ porter (Vol. 26, No. 1. Jan.-Feb., 1958). Border, Elmer. “Labor Management”. The Golf Course Reporter (Vol. 24, Special, 1958 Conference Issue). Boyd, Taylor. “The Superintendent Bud­ gets for Better Golf,” The Golf Course Reporter (Vol. 26, Special, 1958 Conference Issue). Clock, John. “Employee, Employer Con­ tracts,” The Golf Course Reporter (Vol. 24, Special, 1956 Conference Issue). Davis, Ralph C. The Fundamentals of Top Management, (Harper & Bros., New York, 1959). Dunlap, Frank. “Developing Recognition for the Superintendent,” The Golf Course Reporter (Vol. 22, Special, 1954 Conference Issue). Ferguson, Marvin H. “Trends in Golf Course Management,” USGA Journal July 1956). French, C. E. Work Simplification in Turf Operations, (1958 Purdue Turf Conference). Harris, Robert Bruce. “Architectural Mat­ ters Affect Maintenance Costs,” USGA Journal (April, 1959). Henenman, H. C., Jr., and Turnbull, J. F. Personnel Administration and Labor Relations (Prentice-Hall, Inc., N. Y., 1952). Lundy, James. Effective Industrial Man­ agement (MacMillan Co., N. Y. 1957). Niebel, B. W. Motion and Time Study (R. D. Irwin, Inc., Homewood, Ill., 1955). Pion, Argel. Problem Solving in Turf Management (1958 Purdue Turf Con­ ference). Pion, Argel, What’s Your Basis for Cost Estimation (1958 Purdue Turf Con­ ference). Mowing /Greens should generally be mowed at 3/16 to 1/4 of an inch throughout the year. During the seasons of most ac­ tive growth, daily mowing is best. A lesser frequency may be acceptable dur­ ing other times. Brushing before mow­ ing and cross mowing will help to prevent the development of mat and grain. Oc­ casional use of the vertical mower will also be valuable in reducing these prob­ lems. —Victor B. Youngner 30 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: AUGUST, 1960 Over seeding With Bentgrass BY J. W. DUDLEY Chairman, Green Committee, Athens Country Club, Athens, Ga. On October, 1958, our greens were over­ seeded with 4V2 pounds per 1,000 square feet of seaside bentgrass seed. The usual preparation was done, which included spiking two weeks prior to planting so that holes created would cover over, application of a complete fer­ tilizer (8-8-8) with trace elements, verti- cutting (this had been done weekly since Bermuda had started growing), and seed­ ing. The seed was sprayed with 1 pound of Captan per 1000 square feet and this was repeated at weekly intervals for pythium protection. The seed germinated in approximately 10 days and even though our Bermuda continued to grow for the next two or three weeks, our putting surface was good and continued so until December 10, at which time our first hard freeze knocked both off color. In spite of this, the sur­ face was still smooth and in good putt­ ing condition until March 1, when Poa annua started to seed out. This condition was corrected in about 20 days, when bent started to grow again. Our greens were in good shape again by March 20. I would say that, as a whole, our mem­ bers have been well pleased with bent this year. Advantages of bent over ryegrass: 1. Produces bettei' putting surface. 2. Members are not inconvenienced by increased cutting heights necessi­ tated by seedling ryegrass. 3. Cost of this grass this year at -Im­ pound rate was $5.00 per 1000 square feet; at $1.20 per pound vs. $7.20 per 1000 square feet at 60-pounds per 1000 square feet rate, based on 12^ ryegrass (Actually, at the above rate, we planted 36 million bentgrass seed per 1000 square feet vs. 15 mil­ lion ryegrass at above rate). Disadvantages of bent over ryegrass: 1. During the early spring growth surge, bent does not seem to be as compatible with Poa annua as rye­ grass. Consequently, when our early spring growth started (this year ap­ proximately March 10), our greens were bumpy until the bent started growing vigorously around March 20. However, at the present time, the greens are smooth and fully covered in spite of approximately 60% Poa annua growth on some of them. 2. Bentgrass did not do well for us as a fringe grass. This, we attribute to the heavy, matted growth of 127 on our fringes. 3. Bent, in heavy traffic (that is, the front side) did not do as well dur­ ing critical months of January and February as the back side. However, it was as good as our average rye­ grass. Changes we plan to make next year: 1. Lessen rate of bent from 4^ to 3 pounds and add 2 pounds of redtop per 1000 square feet. 2. Use maleic hydrazide as growth re­ tardant on Bermuda. 3. Verticut heavier, possibly three times instead of one. 4. Plant fringes in ryegrass. Presented at Southeastern Turfgrass Conference 1959. Raymond E. “Dutch” Harman has joined the USGA Green Sec­ tion Staff after serving as Agricul­ tural Agent in Es­ sex County, N. J., for 31 years. In that time, turf cul­ ture was one of his prime in­ terests. He has been an Honorary and Associate Member of the New Jersey Superintendents Association; Past President of New Jersey County Ag­ ricultural Agents Association; Honorary Member of many nurserymen’s and hor­ ticulture associations; served in numerous elective offices in Grange and Penn State University Alumni Association. Mr. Har­ man will work out of the Northeast Dis­ trict Office. Mr. Harman USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: AUGUST, 1960 31 With Diamond Head in the background, golfers at the Ala Wai Golf Course, Hono­ lulu, Hawaii volunteered to help bring the course into condition for the USGA Ama­ teur Public Links Tournament. Silver crabgrass is the < enemy and these golfers are removing it in one of the surest weed control measures yet devised; hand weeding. The Amateur Public Links Tournament was the first USGA competition to be held outside of the continental U. S. Top-Dressing Potash — What Is It? Top-dressing is used to maintain a smooth true putting surface. Indis­ criminate use of top-dressing can be an The term “potash” when used in con­ nection with fertilizers refers to po­ tassium oxide, written chemically as K2O. expensive and even harmful practice. Top-dressing should not be applied over a heavily matted turf. The mat should be removed with a. rake or vertical mower so that the material will contact the soil surface. A good top-dressing should be high in sand and may contain peat or other organic matter. Top-dressing of the same composition should be used for every application. Frequent changes in type of top-dressing will produce harm­ ful soil layers. Applications should be made only when necessary to produce an improved surface. The spring and fall seasons, when the grass is growing vigor­ ously, are the best times. —Victor B. Youngner The element potassium (K) is what the plant uses. In nature and commerce it is found combined with other elements. When combined with chlorine (Cl), for example, it forms potassium chloride (KC1) called muriate of potash. Due to custom of many years and state or federal laws, the potash content of ferti­ lizers is given in terms of K2O even though there is no K2O as such in the material. When the chemist analyzes the fertilizer, he finds out how much K is present and calculates this amount to the equivalent amount of K2O. —Taken from “Potash in Agricul­ ture”,—a publication of the Ameri­ can Potash Institute. 32 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: AUGUST, 1960 IT’S YOUR HONOR EXCERPTS FROM LETTERS FROM BRITAIN AFTER THE CURTIS CUP MATCHES “We feel that all members of your team are now well known to us, that many friendships have been made. They were all so delightful and easy to know. “This match was certainly played in the spirit in which the Curtis Cup was given.” Mary Holdsworth North Scarborough, England sh * * “The Curtis Cup was originally presented to promote friendly rivalry between two countries. Our adven­ tures with you all have brought us really close ... “Never will I forget this last Cur­ tis Cup.” Angela Ward Bonallack, British Team Member Thorpe Bay, England $ “I do congratulate your team its very fine golf at Lindrick. on “The match certainly was played in the best spirit, which I am sure would have pleased the Misses Curtis as they gave the cup to foster friendly relations between the two countries . . . “You leave behind many happy memories and I hope you will take back pleasant recollections of us.” Maureen Garrett, British Team Captain Bournemouth, England “I must say that we all were pletely charmed by your team, on and off the course.” com- both Peter Osborn Lindrick Golf Worksop, « S!S Club England * . a most enjoyable loved every minute of the and I am even ready to admit the best team won. match. I two days that “We will be after you next time though.” Elizabeth Price, British Team Member London, England Ss * * matches are always great it is good to renew old - “Again, congratulations- to your Bunty Stephens Smith, British Team Member Liverpool, England * “I would like to say how much I enjoyed playing against your very fine team in the Curtis Cup Match at Lindrick. Once again congratulations on your very fine win. Your girls played great golf thoroughly de­ served- their victory.” Janette Robertson, British Team Member Scotland “These fun and friendships. team.” USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: AUGUST, IMO USGA OFFICERS, EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE AND COMMITTEE CHAIRMEN < • John G. Clock, Long Beach, Calif. PRESIDENT VICE-PRESIDENTS Clarence W. Benedict, White Plains, N. Y. John M. Winters, Jr., Tulsa, Okla. SECRETARY Wm. Ward Foshay, New York, N. Y. TREASURER Bernard H. Ridder, Jr., St. Paul, Minn. < ■ ■ EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE The above officers and: Fred Brand, Jr.. Pittsburgh, Pa. ■ William C. Chapin, Rochester, N. Y. ' Charles C. Clare, New Haven, Conn. Edwin R. Foley, Oakland, Calif. Harry L. Givan, Seattle, Wash. Hord W. Hardin, St. Louis, Mo. ’ Robert K. Howse, Wichita, Kans. Harold A. Moore, Chicago, III. Henry H. Russell, South Miami, Fla. ■ A. Vinton Stegeman, Jr., Ft. Thomas, Ky. HONORARY MEMBER J. Frederic Byers, Jr., Pittsburgh, Pa. GENERAL COUNSEL Philip H. Strublng, Philadelphia, Pa. . ; EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR Joseph C. Dey, Jr., New York, N. Y. ASSISTANT DIRECTORS: P. J. Boatwright, Jr., and Sterling G. Slappey USGA HEADQUARTERS "Golf House", 40 East 38th Street, New York 15, N. Y. COMMITTEE CHAIRMEN RULES OF GOLF: John M. Winters, Jr., Tulsa, Okla. CHAMPIONSHIP: Bernard H. Ridder, Jr., St. Paul, Minn. AMATEUR STATUS AND CONDUCT: Charles C. Clare, New Haven, Conn. IMPLEMENTS AND BALL: Clarence W. Benedict, White Plains, N. Y. MEMBERSHIP: Edwin R. Foley, Oakland, Calif. GREEN SECTION: William C. Chapin, Rochester, N. Y. WOMEN'S: Mrs. Henri Prunaret, Natick, Mass. - SECTIONAL AFFAIRS: Hord W. Hardin, St. Louis, Mo. PUBLIC LINKS: Charles C. Clare, New Haven, Conn. HANDICAP: Clarence W. Benedict, White Plains, N. Y. Handicap Procedure: Herman M. Freydberg, New York, N. Y. JUNIOR CHAMPIONSHIP: Harry L. Givan, Seattle, Wash. SENIOR CHAMPIONSHIP: Harold A. Moore, Chicago, III. GIRLS' JUNIOR: Mrs. John Pennington, Buffalo, N. Y. MUSEUM: Harold A. Moore, Chicago, III. BOB JONES AWARDS Wm. Ward Foshay, New York, N. Y. FINANCE; Bernard H. Ridder, Jr., St. Paul, Minn. ■ . USGA GREEN SECTION EASTERN REGION Northeastern Office: Lipman Hall, Rutgers University/New Brunswick, N. J. Alexander M. Radko, Director, Eastern Region T. T. Taylor, Northeastern Agronomist Mid-Atlantic Office: 711 West Ave., Jenkintown, Pa. Charles K. Hallowell, Mid-Atlantic Director Southeastern Office: Conner Hail, University of Georgia, Athens, Ga. James B. Moncrief, Southeastern Agronomist MID-CONTINENT REGION Southwestern Office: Texas A. and M. College, College Station, Tex. Dr. Marvin H. Ferguson, Director, Mid-Continent Region and National Research Coordinator W. Wayne Allen, Southwestern Agronomist Mid-Western Office: Room 241, LaSalle Hotel, Chicago 2, III. James L. Holmes, Mid-Western Agronomist Western Office: P. O. Box 557, Garden Grove, Cal. William H. 3engeyfleld, Director, Western Region WESTERN REGION