USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT CHICK EVANS WINS THE BOB JONES AWARD Charles (Chick) Evans, Jr., of Chicago (center), received the 1960 Bob Jones Award for distinguished sportsmanship in golf. Wm. Ward Foshay (left) of New York, Chairman of the Award Committee, made the pre­ sentation during the 66th Annual Meeting of the USGA in New York. John D. Ames of Chicago, outgoing President, presided during the meet­ ing. Mr. Evans will be 70 years old in July and he has played in 47 Ama­ teur Championships. USGA JOURNAL ANO TURF MANAGEMENT Published by the United States Golf Association • 1960 by United States Golf Association. Permission to reprint articles or material in the USGA © Journal and Turf Management is granted to publishers of newspapers, periodicals and books (unless specifically noted otherwise), provided credit is given to the USGA and copyright protection is af­ forded. Neither articles nor other material may be copied or used for any advertising, promotion or __ commercial purpose._______________________ _ _____________ - VOL. XII, No. 7____________________________February, 1960 Through the Green ___________________________________________________ 1 USGA Annual Meeting Honors Chick Evans ____________ Sterling G. Slappey 5 Global Golf in 1960 __________________________________________________ 8 Notes on Function of House Committee _________________________________ 10 Walker Cup Highlights, Scottish Golf in Films ___________________________ 12 The Greatest Golfer 100 Years Ago __________________________ Lester Rice 13 Quaint Dialect of Touring Pros ______________________________ Jim Gaquin 15 Course Strategy in Tournament Play _________________ William C. Campbell 16 What Golf Means to Me ___________________________________ Braven Dyer 18 Senior Golfers as Rules Exemplars __________________________ Frank Ross 19 Ten Commandments for Golfers __________________________ Webster Evans 20 The Referee: Decisions by the Rules of Golf Committee ___________________ 21 Turf Management: Control of Goosegrass ______________ James R. Fulwider, Ralph E. Engel 24 Control Valve for Sprinklers __________ ___________ Edward J. Casey 27 Fertilizer on Turfgrass Seedlings _____ Charles McCrea, Ralph E. Engel 28 Published seven times a year in February, April, June, July, August, September and November by the UNITED STATES GOLF ASSOCIATION 40 EAST 38th ST., NEW YORK 16, N. Y. Subscription: $2 a year. Single copies: 30c. Subscriptions, articles, photographs, and correspondence should be sent to the above address. Entered as Second-class Matter, March 3, 1950, at the Post Office at New York, N. Y., under the Act of March 8, 1879. Additional entry at the Post Office in Pinehurst, N. C. Editor: Joseph C. Dey, Jr. Managing Editor: Sterling G. Slappey. All articles voluntarily contributed. USGA COMPETITIONS FOR 1960 Championship or Team Match Entries Close Qualifying Rounds Dates of Event Location Curtis Cup Matchtt — — May 20-21 Open May 4 Amateur Public Links •May 19 Local: May 23 Sectl: June 7** TJune 5-12 June 16-17-18 Lindrick G. C., Worksop, Notts., Eng. Cherry Hills C. C„ Englewood, Colo. July 11-16 Ala Wai G. C.» Honolulu, Hawaii Women’s Open July 6 None July 21-22-23 Junior Amateur June 29 July 19 Aug. 3-6 Americas Cup Match*** — Girls’ Junior Women’s Amateur July 29 Aug. 3 — None None Aug. 11-12 Aug. 15-19 Aug. 22-27 Amateur Aug. 10 Aug. 30 Sept. 12-17 Senior Amateur Aug. 24 Sept. 7 Sept. 19-24 Worcester C. C.« Worcester, Mass. Milburn G. & C. C., Overland Park, Kans. Ottawa H. & G. Club, Ottawa, Canada The Oaks C. C.» Tulsa, Okla. Tulsa C. C., Tulsa, Okla. St. Louis C. C., Clayton, Mo. Oyster Harbors C., Osterville, Mass. World Amateur Team — — Sept. 28-Oct. 1 Merion G. C., Ardmore, Pa. •• Open Championship: Sectional Qualifying Championships date may be changed to June 6 if local authority in charge deems advisable. Amateur Public Links Championship: • Entries close with each Sectional Qualifying Chairman. t Exact date in each Section to be fixed by Sectional Chairman tt Curtis Cup Match—Women’s amateur teams: British Isles vs. United States. ••* Americas Cup Match—Men’s amateur teams: Canada vs. Mexico vs. United States. A Wee Bit o' Poetry Chick Evans sent his Christmas mes­ sage in the form of verse and this is what Chick said: “When I was a caddie, a wee, sma’ laddie, I lived in a world that was new; Life itself was a game, to play it my aim, In the best way my hands found to do. “I’m no longer a caddie, nor wee, sma’ Nor the world so eternally new; Life’s not wholly a game, yet my hope is And my hands seek the best they can laddie, the same do.” 6,000 in '60 The United States will top the 6,000 mark in golf courses during the year, the National Golf Foundation estimates. During the past year Joe Graffis, presi­ dent of the Foundation, said 202 new regu­ lation golf courses and additions to courses were brought into play. “At the current rate of development, with 311 new courses and additions under con­ struction, we will have more than 6,000 courses in play early in 1960,” Graffis said. The new regulation courses and addi­ tions, plus 41 par-3 courses now under construction, will add 4,466 new golf holes. Pennsylvania leads the country, the Foundation said, in courses under con­ struction with 24. In California 22 are be­ ing built and in Texas there are 21 on the way. In the planning stage California leads with 99, Ohio golf course builders have 84 on the boards and New York, 82. As of November 1, 1959, the Founda­ tion said there were 3,097 private courses, 2,023 semi private and 871 public links courses. The number of acres devoted to courses was 575,371 and capital invest­ ment was $1,370,000,000. An estimated 81,430,000 rounds were played during 1959 by an estimated 4,125,000 golfers. Premier Hole>ln-One Who got the first hole-in-one in 1960? Edward A. Reider, Jr., may be the man. Reider aced the 115 yard ninth at the Berkshire Country Club, Reading, Pa., with a iron shortly before 12 Noon, EST, Jan. 1. Any any sooner? It was Reider’s third hole-in-one and each one was on the same hole. A Round Won't Break You A round on The Old Course at St. An­ drews will cost seven shillings six pence —worth $1.05. The Old Course was closed for sometime this winter in preparation for the Centennial British Open Cham­ pionship to be played there July 4 8, 1960. Rounds on St. Andrew’s excellent New and Eden Courses, which lie alongside the Old Course, cost only three shillings six pence—worth $.49. USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: FEBRUARY, 19*0 1 AT THE METROPOLITAN GOLF WRITERS DINNER The Metropolitan Golf Writers Association Dinner annually is a big occasion in New York. It rates as one of golf’s major events played away from a golf course. Nearly 600 guests attended this year and an array of speaking and playing talent was present. Vice-President Richard M. Nixon, who confessed to a 19-handicap, pre­ sents Bob Jones with a silver globe in commemoration of the 30th Anniversary of the “Grand Slam.” Frank Pace (left), President of the International Golf Associa­ tion, applauds the presentation while Lincoln Werden (rear), golf writer for the New York Times, looks on. Francis Ouimet (right), Open Champion in 1913, was presented with the Gold Tee Award by Mr. Jones on behalf of the writers. Mr. Werden is President of the Golf Writers and acted as Master of Ceremonies. Stewart (Skip) Alexander was given the Ben Hogan Trophy which annually goes to a golfer who has made a comeback after suffering a physical handicap. Alexander was severely injured in an air crash 10 years ago and is now the professional at Lakewood Country Club, St. Petersburg, Fla. A large delegation of 1959 Champions was at the dinner, led by Jack Nicklaus of Columbus, Ohio, the Amateur Cham­ pion; Miss Mickey Wright of San Diego, Calif., the Women’s Open Champion; J. Clark Espie, Jr., of Indianapolis, the USGA Senior Amateur Champion, and Stan Leonard of Canada, the International Golf Association Champion. For Tourists Planning for a golf holiday in Scotland can be made easier by obtaining a copy of “Scotland, Home of Golf.” The pamphlet includes information and ad­ dresses of 121 courses, scratch scores, pars and playing fees. The pamphlet can be obtained from The British Travel Association, 680 Fifth Avenue, New York, or the Scottish Tour­ ist Board, 2 Rutland Place, West End, Edinburgh 1, Scotland. Sam McKinlay, a member of the 1934 British Walker Cup team, authored a large part of the pamphlet. McKinlay is now a Glasgow newspaper executive. Golf in Bible Lands A new 18-hole course has been opened in the Biblical city of Caesarea in Israel. The course is not the first fine one in the Middle East, however. There are several others, notably one near Cairo. USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: FEBRUARY, 1940 Billy Graham on Cheating Evangelist Billy Graham recently had this to say about golf and cheating at golf: “I happen to play the game of golf and like it because it’s so unpredictable and challenging. Of all games, golf is sup­ posed to be a game of honor. It is a game for gentlemen, and if the rules are not observed it ceases to be any fun for anyone. In fact, it ceases to be golf. “When anyone wants to win so badly that he resorts to cheating, he is missing the whole point of the game. If he wins he has really lost, for he has lost that feeling of honor and good sportsmanship that is the point of every fair athletic contest.” Golf—Blessing and Refresher The late John G. Shedd, who rose from a $10 a week stock boy to become chair­ man of Marshall Field and Company, had this to say during the 1920’s about golf: “I regard golf as one of the greatest blessings of modern times. It draws men from their business as nothing else can do and refreshes them for new endeavors with a spirit which only golf develops.” He was the first Chicago merchant to give his employees half holidays on Sat­ urdays. It has been said that he wanted store employees to take up golf. Golf at a Gate to Space Ever heard of building a 7,210-yard golf course for $24,000? No. And furthermore, you don’t believe it can be done? It has, though. At the Vandenberg Air Force Base in California. Bob Baldock of Fresno, Calif., a golf architect, directed the construction and he has been presented with a certificate by the First Missile Division awarding him the title of “Honorary Missileman.” Officials at the missile base say Baldock donated much of his time and effort to the development of the course and that he was “almost solely responsible for the construction of the Vandenberg Links for the unheard cost of $24,000.” Vandenberg was granted $24,000 by the Strategic Air Command headquarters. Enthusiastic labor was chipped in volun­ tarily by hundreds of airmen and missile­ men who worked under Baldock’s direc­ tion so well that an Air Force official said: “Mr. Baldock and his staff made $24,000 do the work of $200,000.” Today, 18 holes are in play. The course can be stretched from 6,500 to 7,210 yards over the rolling California lands which abound in eucalyptus groves. And just to the side is the Vandenberg base, one of the world’s great gates to space. Necrology It is with deep regret that we record the deaths of: J. Wood Platt of Philadelphia, first USGA Senior Amateur Champion, mem­ ber of the 1921 International Team, mem­ ber of the USGA Sectional Affairs Com­ mittee and former President of Golf As­ sociation of Philadelphia. Sir William Neill, former President of the Golfing Union of Ireland. Golf In Czechoslovakia At last reports there were no golf courses around Ulan Bator or throughout Outer Mongolia. But golf is played in a few places in the Communist World_ notably Czechoslovakia. In the past year the Golf Union of Czechoslovakia was re-formed and two regulation courses are now in play. There are several others of various numbers of holes. The two main courses are near Prague, one at Carlsbad and one at Mari- enbad. The USGA handicap and course rating systems are being applied and af­ ter a long, tedious job a USGA copy of the Rules of Golf has been translated. Jiri (that’s George in the Czech language) David won the National Golf Championship (match play) last summer. A 72-hole National Stroke Play tourna­ ment also was played. The winner had a 306. No one in Czechoslovakia is reported to have broken par but there are at least six or eight players who play in the high 70’s or low 80’s. Most of the playing equipment is pre-World War II and balls are very scarce. Czech players abide strictly by the Rules except when a precious ball is lost. Then, instead of a five-minute search they may look for half an hour. USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: FEBRUARY, 1960 3 Colonel Bogey Tune GENE SARAZEN IN OILS AND Golf and music are subjects not often related. But writer George Bijur has managed to find one outstanding incident when golf and music came together with fine results. A golf course provided the setting for one of the most rousing marching tunes of our era, the famous Colonel Bogey tune which perks up the morale of those half-starved, whistling prisoners of war in the film “The Bridge on the River Kwai.” The Colonel Bogey tune was hatched on the Scottish links at Fort George, near Inverness. Bandmaster F. J. Ricketts of the 2nd Argyll and Sutherland High­ landers was playing a slow practice round, taking his time. A friend, playing behind, decided he had had enough of this dallying. Instead of shouting “Fore!”, the friend whistled the opening two notes of a Highland bird call. Picking up his friend’s cue, the band­ master instantly improvised a complete melody on the two-note theme and whistled it back as an invitation to play through. Later the bandleader christened his new parade pepper-upper “Colonel Bogey.” Honored W. J. Gardner, honorary secretary of the Artisan Golfers’ Association of Great Britain, has been created an M.B.E. (Member of the British Empire) by Her Majesty, Queen Elizabeth II. Mr. Gardner is a retired civil servant. Mrs. George Valentine of Scotland, a Curtis Cup star, was honored last year. Books Reviewed AN ADDICT’S GUIDE TO BRITISH GOLF, by George Houghton, (Stanley Paul & Co., Ltd., $4.20). A county-by- county listing of every golf course in Great Britain with informative illustrated maps, written in the author’s usual hu­ morous style. EIGHTEEN HOLES IN MY HEAD, by Milton Gross (McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., $3.75). A humorous account of the author’s encounter with the game of golf containing anecdotes about many of the celebrities with whom he has played. GENE SARAZEN IN PERSON “Golf House” was presented with its sixth major oil portrait January 8 and the subject is one of golf’s most notable play­ ers—Gene Sarazen. The stocky little man who still plays in plus fours as a grand reminder of the game’s earlier days was present when his portrait was unveiled. The oil, by Artist Frank Bensing, shows Sarazen in front of the 10th hole at the Augusta National Golf Club. It is in full and rich color. Donor of the portrait was the Wilson Sporting Goods Co. Mr. Wil­ liam P. Holmes, president of Wilson, made the presentation. Joseph C. Dey, Jr., Executive Director of the United States Golf Association, ac­ cepted the portrait on behalf of “Golf House.” The Sarazen painting joined other major oils of Robert T. Jones, Jr., Francis Ouimet, Walter Hagen, Glenna Collett Vare and John Reid. Gene Sarazen played in his first Na­ tional Open in 1920. He finished in a tie for 30th with 311. In 1922 at Skokie Country Club, Glen­ coe, Ill., Sarazen won the Open and since then he has been a major factor in pro­ fessional tournament golf. He repeated 10 years later at Fresh Meadow with his second Open Championship. In 1932 he also won the British Open at Prince’s, Sandwich, Kent. He won the PGA Championships in 1922, 1923 and 1933 and the Masters in 1935. 4 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: FEBRUARY, 1940 USGA ANNUAL MEETING HONORS CHICK EVANS BY STERLING G. SLAPPEY Assistant Director, USGA The United States Golf Association re­ viewed its operations of 1959 during the Annual Meeting held in New York, January 30, and then announced plans for the coming year. The year under review showed an in­ crease in Member Clubs, subscribers to the Green Section Visiting Service, at­ tendance at most Championships, in the number of entries for Championships, and in several other phases of USGA en­ deavor. One of the highlights of the 66th An­ nual Meeting came when Charles (Chick) Evans, Jr., of Chicago, was called before the gathering of 221 delegates from Mem­ ber Clubs, officers, Committee members, and friends. He was presented with the 1960 Bob Jones Award for distinguished sportsmanship in golf. Mr. Evans will be 70 years old on July 18. In presenting the Bob Jones Plaque, Wm. Ward Foshay, Chairman of the Bob Jones Award Committee, recalled Mr. Evans’ great contributions to golf—as a player and as a stimulator for caddie scholarships. Mr. Foshay reviewed Mr. Evans’ career which includes participation in 47 Ama­ teur Championships and the winning of both the Open and Amateur Champion­ ships in 1916. Mr. Evans again won the Amateur in 1920 and played on several Walker Cup teams. During the height of his playing career Mr. Evans came to New York to make re­ cordings describing the golf swing. Mr. Foshay told the Annual Meeting how Mr. Evans’ speaking conflicted with the sing­ ing in the nearby studio booth of an opera star who was making recordings of his own. The man next door was Enrico Caruso. Mr. Evans and Mr. Caruso worked out an agreement whereby Mr. Evans would have a turn recording in quietitude and then he would remain still while Mr. Caruso put his vocal efforts into the wax. During his speech after accepting the Incoming President John G. Clock (left) of Long Beach, Calif., presented outgoing President John D. Ames of Chicago, a Certificate of service. The presentation was made during the Annual Meeting of the USGA in New York, January 30. award, Mr. Evans deplored the lack of boy caddies at many clubs. He said the shortage would hurt golf—both in play­ ing and in recruiting new players. Previous winners of the Bob Jones Award were Francis D. Ouimet, William C. Campbell, the late Mrs. Mildred Did- rikson Zaharias, Mrs. Margaret Curtis, and the late Findlay S. Douglas. Looking ahead, the task of trying to win back the Curtis Cup was given by the USGA to a team of seven ladies. Person­ nel for the team, captained by Mrs. Henri Prunaret, of Natick, Mass., as well as Curtis Cup team travel and other arrange­ ments are outlined in the article, “Glo­ bal Golf in 1960” on page eight of this issue. Election of Officers The meeting at the Biltmore Hotel developed the election of John F. Clock, of Long Beach, Calif., as President. Mr. USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: FEBRUARY, 1960 5 Clock heads a slate of officers and Execu­ tive Committeemen nominated in October and approved at the Annual Meeting. Other officers elected were Emerson Carey, Jr., Denver, and John M. Winters, Jr., Tulsa, Okla., Vice-Presidents; Clarence W. Benedict, White Plains, N. Y., Secre­ tary, and Wm. Ward Foshay, New York, Treasurer. Three new Executive Committeemen named were: Edwin R. Foley, of Oakland, Calif., Henry H. Russell, of South Miami, Fla., and A. Vinton Stegeman, Jr., of Fort Thomas, Ky. Executive Committee members who were reelected to serve in 1960 were: Fred Brand, Jr., of Pittsburgh, Pa., Wil­ liam C. Chapin, of Rochester, N. Y., Charles C. Clare, of New Haven, Conn., Harry L. Givan, of Seattle, Wash., Hord W. Hardin, of St. Louis, Mo., Harold A. Moore, of Chicago, Ill., and Bernard H. Ridder, Jr., of St. Paul, Minn. Philip H. Strubing, of Philadelphia, was re named General Counsel. William McWane, of Birmingham, Ala., and Richmond Gray, of Richmond, Va., earlier made themselves unavailable for Executive Committee service in 1960. In his speech as retiring President, Mr. John Ames, of Chicago, thanked officers, committeemen, and golf associations for their support during his two years in office. In turn Mr. Clock praised the ac­ complishments during Mr. Ames’ adminis­ tration. Mr. Clock became a member of the Executive Committee in 1951 and he has served on the Finance, Amateur Status, Membership, Senior Championship and Bob Jones Award Committees in addition to performing other duties. Committee Reports Committee reports were presented to delegates at the Biltmore Hotel by: Mr. Winters on the Rules of Golf; Mr. Ridder on the Championships; Mr. Clock on Ama­ teur Status; Mr. Benedict on Implements and Ball and the Museum; Mr. Chapin on the Green Section; Mrs. Henri Prunaret on the Women’s affairs; Mr. Hardin on both Sectional Affairs and the Junior Championship; Mr. Gray on Handicap; Mr. Carey on both the Treasury and Pub­ lic Links; Mrs. John Pennington on the Girls’ Junior; Mr. Moore on the Seniors; Mr. Strubing on the General Counsel’s work, and Mr. Joseph C. Dey, Jr., Execu­ tive Director, on Membership. During the series of meetings related to the Annual Meeting which were held in New York during the last week of January, the USGA system of course rating, as a basis of handicapping, was revised. The object was to increase na­ tional uniformity in ratings. The principal change is that yardage determines preliminary ratings, and such preliminary ratings are in twentieths of a stroke. Heretofore preliminary ratings have been in round numbers. Yardage rating charts for both men and women have been adopted. Based on these charts, holes of the same length will have the same preliminary ratings no matter where located. Then adjust­ ments in ratings will be made for such significant factors as hazards, slopes, fair­ way width, prevailing wind, width and depth of putting green, and normal con­ ditions of the turf. There are no significant changes in the ultimate rating factors; the main amend­ ment is the introduction of yardage charts When Champions Meet J. Clark Espie, Jr., of Indianapolis, the Seniors Champion, and Jack Nicklaus of Columbus, Ohio, the Amateur Champion, visited “Golf House” during the week of the Annual Meeting. They came to New York to receive awards during the Metro­ politan Golf Writers’ Dinner. 6 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: FEBRUARY, I960 as a uniform starting point for course rating. This principle has been used by the Chicago District Golf Association in its fractional par rating chart. The USGA chart uses a new scale designed to reflect the playing ability of the modern scratch golfer. The new USGA course rating methods will be published in detail later. Present ratings will be valid until the new sys­ tem is established in any district or until the end of 1961, whichever is earlier. There has been no change in the USGA system of computing handicaps. Revision of the course rating methods was under the direction of William 0. Blaney, Boston, retiring Chairman of the USGA Handicap Procedure Committee. He was succeeded by Mr. Herman M. Freydberg, of New York. The USGA accepted two invitations for 1962 women’s events. Curtis Cup matches will be at Broadmoor Golf Club, Colorado Springs, Colo., and the Women’s Amateur Championship at the Country Club of Rochester, N. Y. The current national amateur cham­ pions of countries belonging to the World Amateur Golf Council will be invited to compete in the 1960 USGA Amateur Championship and will be offered exemp­ tion from sectional qualifying. The Cham­ pionship will be played at the St. Louis Country Club, September 12-17. The World Amateur Team Champion­ ship of the World Council will be played September 28 October 1 at the Merion Golf Club, Ardmore, Pa. ? Prize money for the 1960 Open Cham­ pionship will be $50,000, with $12,000 go­ ing to the lowest scoring professional. In addition, $100 will be given to the lowest professional scorer in each of 13 Sectional Qualifying Championships. A handicap limit of 36 was established for the 1960 Girls’ Junior Championship at The Oaks Country Club, Tulsa, Okla. Not more than 120 players will be in the field. Green Section Meeting At the Fourth Annual Green Section Educational Program on January 29, a panel of turf specialists discussed “The Use of Water on the Golf Course.” The program was conducted by William C. Chapin, Chairman of the USGA Green Section Committee, and Edwin Hoyt, Northeastern District Chairman of the USGA Green Section Committee. The morning session was devoted to the topic “Mechanics of Applying Water.” Alexander M. Radko, Eastern Director, USGA Green Section, was moderator. Water supplies and the merits and draw­ backs of different sources of supply were discussed by Edmund B. Ault, Chairman, Green Committee, Indian Spring Country Club, Silver Springs, Md., and James M. Latham, Jr., Southeastern Agronomist, USGA Green Section. Edward J. Casey, Golf Course Super­ intendent, Baltusrol Golf Club, Spring­ field, N. J., and E. R. Steiniger, Golf Course Superintendent, Pine Valley Golf Club, Clementon, N. J., and William R. Riley, Course Superintendent, Essex Fells, Country Club, N. J., reported their views on the relative merits of cast iron, steel, plastic and asbestos pipes, and practical pump capacities and working pressures of water distribution systems. Relative initial costs, efficiency and maintenance costs of various sprinkler types were discussed by William Beres­ ford, Golf Course Superintendent, Los Angeles Country Club, Edward A. Dunn, President, Seattle Golf Club, and T. T. Taylor, Northeastern Agronomist, USGA Green Section. The afternoon session was moderated by William H. Bengeyfield, Western Director, USGA Green Section. The topic was “Water Requirements of the Golf Course.” Dr. Ralph E. Engel, Associate Research Specialist in Turf Management, Rutgers University, N. J., and Dr. Marvin H. Fer­ guson, Mid-Continent Director and Na­ tional Research Coordinator, USGA Green Section, presented the agronomic point of view. They discussed such points as water in the soil, drainage, how fast should water be applied, frequency of application, and the role of water in plant growth. Two prominent amateur golfers, Wil­ liam Hyndman, III, member of the 1959 Walker Cup team, and William P. Tur- nesa, USGA Amateur Champion in 1938 and 1948, and British Amateur Champion in 1947, gave the golfer’s point of view on how firm putting greens should be kept, what effect moisture had on the roll of the ball, and relation of irrigation to the height of cut on greens and on fair­ ways. USGA JOURNAL ANO TURF MANAGEMENT: FEBRUARY, 1960 7 GLOBAL AMATEUR GOLF IN 1960 Curtis, Americas, Eisenhower Cups this year This is IGY— International Golf Year. Three international golf competitions for amateurs will be played in 1960 and each will be in a different country. First meeting on the international ama­ teur calendar will be the match between the ladies of the United States and the British Isles for the Curtis Cup. The Lindrick Golf Club near Worksop in Not­ tinghamshire, England, will be the site on May 20-21. Second will be the Americas Cup matches between Canadian, Mexican and United States men teams at the Ottawa Hunt and Golf Club, Ottawa, Canada, August 11-12. Third will be the growing, healthy baby of international competitions—the World Amateur Team Championship for the Eisenhower Trophy. The Merion Golf Club at Ardmore, Pa., will be the site September 28-October 1 and about 35 nations are expected to send four-man teams. The task of trying to win back the Cur­ tis Cup which has been in British hands for six of the past eight years was en­ trusted by the USGA Executive Commit­ tee and the Women’s Committee to a team of seven players. Five of them are 23 years old or younger. Members of the team, their ages and home cities are: Miss Judy Bell, 23, Wichita, Kansas Miss Judy Eller, 19, Old Hickory, Miss Joanne Goodwin, 23, Haverhill, Miss JoAnne Gunderson, 20, Kirk­ Mrs. Ann Casey Johnstone, 37, Mason Miss Barbara McIntire, 25, Lake Park, Miss Anne Quast, 22, Marysville, Tenn Mass. land, Wash. City, Iowa Fla. Wash. Mrs. Henri Prunaret, of Natick, Mass., chairman of the USGA Women’s Com­ mittee, has been named to lead the Cur­ tis Cup team to England as non-playing captain. The team flies by jet aircraft from New York the night of May 13 and reaches London the following morning. A bus will take the players from London airport to Lindrick where practice sessions will be held through May 19. The three foursomes over 36 holes will be played May 20 and the six singles over 36 holes will be played May 21. The team returns to London May 22 for relaxation and sightseeing. Many of the players are expected to compete in the British Women’s Amateur Champion­ ship at Royal St. David’s Golf Club, Har­ lech, Wales, May 30 June 2, before re­ turning to the United States or going on to European holidays. Alternates for the team are Miss Bar­ bara Williams, of Richmond, Calif., Mrs. Paul Dye, Jr., of In­ dianapolis, and Mrs. Mark A. Porter, Jr., of Westmont, N. J. Actually, the Bri­ tish Women’s Cham­ pionship forms a fourth event on the international list of interest to American golfers. Mrs. Henri Prunaret However, the first piece of business is assigned to the Curtis Cup team. British teams won the Curtis Cup at Muirfield, Scotland, in 1952, and at Prince’s Golf Club, Sandwich, England, in 1956. The two teams tied at Brae Burn Country Club, West Newton, Mass., in 1958 but the British retained the cup because they held it before the tie. The United States team won at Merion Golf Club, Ardmore, Pa., in 1954. Professional women’s golf in the United States has failed to attract as many young amateurs as it did during the early 1950s. Only one winner of the Women’s Na­ C USGA JOURNAL ANO TURF MANAGEMENT: FEBRUARY, 1*60 tional Amateur Championship since 1954 —Miss Barbara Romack—has turned pro­ fessional. Meanwhile, the last three Women’s National Amateur Champions will be on the Curtis Cup team. They are Miss Gunderson, the 1957 Champion; Miss Quast, the 1958 Champion, and Miss Mc­ Intire, the present holder. The stimulating effect that the Na­ tional Girls’ Junior Championship has on women’s golf is apparent. Three former National Girls’ Championship finalists are among the seven Curtis Cup players— Miss McIntire, Miss Gunderson and Miss Eller. In addition, Miss Quast and Miss McIntire were medalist or co-medalist for Girls’ Championships. Miss Eller won the event in 1957-58. There is little women’s professional golf in the British Isles and British Cus- tis Cup teams have not been affected by candidates leaving amateur golf. Lindrick, was the scene of the only loss in 25 years by American men profes­ sionals in Ryder Cup play. The Americans lost to the British there in 1957. The course is inland and not one of the seaside courses where most Curtis Cup and Walker Cup matches in Britain have been played. It is of 6,471 yards, some fairways are bordered by hedges, and the test of golf is a searching one. United States teams for the Americas Cup and Eisenhower Cup matches will be announced during the summer. The Americas Cup is up for the fifth playing and the Eisenhower Cup for the second. In the inaugural of the World Amateur Team Championship at St. Andrews, Scot­ land, in October, 1958, Australia was the winner after a tie with the United States. In the play-off the three best Australian scores (under the rules the fourth score on each team is not counted) totaled 222 while the three best American 18-hole scores totaled 224. Twenty-nine teams competed at St. Andrews in one of the most impressive launchings any competition ever received. The United States won the last Ameri­ cas Cup matches with 30 points to 17 for Canada and seven for Mexico. All three cup competitions this year are bi-annual. The only major amateur international event not on the calendar this year is the Walker Cup Matches. They will be played next on September 1-2, 1961, at the Seattle Golf Club, Seattle, Wash. American amateur as well as profes­ sional golfers have been active in inter­ national competition since the 1920’s. A team of American men amateurs went to Hoylake, England, in May, 1921, and defeated a British team 9 matches to 3. The event was so successful that George H. Walker, a former USGA Presi­ dent, gave a silver trophy to be played for and the following year a British team came to the National Links on Long Is­ land. Against Mr. Walker’s wishes the event was named The Walker Cup Matches. The first Curtis Cup match was held at Wentworth, near London, in 1932, and the first Americas Cup match at the Seat­ tle Golf Club, Seattle, Wash., in 1952. Lunch Stop Handicap Decision 59-7 Reference: Men: Sect. 4-1 Women: Sect. 14-1 Q: How strictly should Rules 37-6 and 37-7 (re discontinuance of play and undue delay) be applied in record­ ing scores for handicap purposes? ft is not unusual for some players to play nine holes, take time out for lunch, and then play the last nine holes. Should scores so made be recorded for handicap purposes—or should they be posted as “No Card” so that the handi­ cap will still be based on the best 10 of the last 25 rounds played—or should they be omitted from the handicap records as not being part of an 18- hole round? Question by: Mrs. C. L. Graham Long Lake, Minn. A: Technically, the taking of time out for lunch between the playing of the first and last nine holes constitutes a violation of the discontinuance of play and the undue delay Rules of Golf. However, to eliminate such scores from players’ scoring records might mean loss of a considerable number of scores which undoubtedly contribute to a better picture of their playing ability. Accordingly, we recom­ mend that such scores be accepted for handicap purposes only. USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: FEFRUARY, 1960 NOTES ON FUNCTION OF HOUSE COMMITTEE By The Club Managers Association of America “T’m certainly going to take this up with 1. the house committee!” This cry, anguished or plaintive, is fre­ quently heard in virtually every club in the land. The chairman of the house com­ mittee walks a tightrope. He must, on the one hand, listen to and attempt to satisfy the members, and on the other hand sup­ port the club manager and his staff. To maintain proper balance is not easy. Let us examine in depth the duties of this important and long-suffering club officer. Consider his position in relation to the membership, to the directorate, and to the management; the method of his election or selection; and the scope of his duties. The situation will vary from club to club of course, but the broad aspects remain essentially the same. The Club Managers Association re­ cently made a nationwide analysis of the by-laws and house rules of several hundred clubs, both large and small, city and country. Without exception these club regulations provided for the forma­ tion and functioning of a house commit­ tee; some in broad terms, others in more detail. The chairman is almost invariably a member of the board of directors, normally appointed by the club president, but sometimes elected by the directors from among their body. Only rarely is the house committee chairman not a mem­ ber of the board, and even then some board member serves on the committee. Sixty per cent of the time, the club presi­ dent also designates who the committee- men shall be; in the remaining cases this decision is reached by the committee chair­ man. The number of members ranges be­ tween three and seven, and the club presi­ dent is normally an ex-officio member. Whatever the means by which this often thankless pinnacle is reached, the house committee chairman faces a formi­ dable array of duties and responsibilities. However generally or specifically worded, club by-laws charge this group with the responsibility for every facet of club­ house operations. One club’s rules are quite generalized: “The House Committee shall be responsible for the clubhouse and its facilities; shall make periodic inspec­ tions thereof and shall make reports and recommendations to the Board.” Another club is much more specific: “The House Committee shall be com­ prised of five (5) members and shall have charge and supervision of the club­ house and immediate premises; shall em­ ploy and discharge the manager and others who shall serve under their direc­ tion; shall make or authorize all neces­ sary purchases and audit all accounts arising out of the conduct of the club; regulate the prices of articles sold at the clubhouse; receive and consider com­ plaints; and have general supervision over the internal economy and regulation of the club and immediate premises and the personal property pertaining thereto. It shall have the power and it shall be its duty to make rules and regulations re­ lating to the use and enjoyment of the clubhouse and immediate premises, and it shall perform such other and further duties as may be prescribed from time to time by the Board of Directors. All of its acts, however, shall be subject to the ap­ proval of the Board of Directors, to whom it shall report from time to time through its Chairman.” How can this man—with his own busi­ ness to attend to, his own personal life to enjoy and all the other demands on his time and energy—accomplish this panorama of club activities? Patently it is not a one-man job; assistance is needed. How much, depends upon the scope of the club’s activities. The small, informal faci­ lities of a nine-hole golf course run for summer vacationers presents one problem. A caterer handles the limited food serv­ ice; a trusted lockerman, perhaps a bar­ tender and a houseman, often complete the clubhouse staff. Each reports indi­ 10 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: FEBRUARY, 1960 vidually to the house chairman, probably to the golf professional in the chairman’s absence. At the other end of the scale is the multi-million dollar, year round op­ eration, with a total staff of more than one hundred. Here a general manager or executive director is essential. Between these two extremes lie the three thousand bona fide private golf clubs of America. The average club finds it advantageous to employ a full-time manager to handle daily clubhouse operations. Usually em­ ployed by the board as a whole, his rela­ tionship with the house committee chair­ man is similar to the golf professional’s and golf course superintendents’ arrange­ ments with their respective committees. The board of directors enunciates policy in accordance with their understanding of membership desires. Management operates club facilities within the framework of these policies. Proper communication at this point spells the difference between good and mediocre operations. The house chairman must insure that the club man­ ager clearly understands the policy, in­ cluding all its ramifications and back­ ground thinking. Similarly, the manager must be equally certain the house chair­ man (and directors) are fully aware of results or consequences of a projected action. It is also the manager’s respon­ sibility to insure implementing orders are transmitted clearly and completely to the club staff. In as much as the manager customarily attends board meetings, some house chair­ men assume no further discussion is re­ quired and virtually turn their responsi­ bilities over to the manager by default. This is unwise. Despite acceptance both professionally and socially, the manager is still an employee, and not always in a position to resolve problems of members on the same plane as an elected club of­ ficial. The house chairman need not be a decorator, builder, hotelman, or restau­ rateur; that is what the manager is for. Instead his best qualifications are an open mind, equable temperament, will­ ingness to devote his time and talents. The position is not for a newcomer. This chairman must know the club’s financial position and its policies. In essence, it behooves the club presi­ dent as captain of the ship, to insure he has a competent pilot in his house com­ mittee chairman. Similarly, it behooves both to make certain they have a good rudder in their manager. The first have responsibility and are due credit for guiding the ship, but neither can ade­ quately perform the rudder’s function and exert the forces necessary to keep it on course. Edgar Guest closed a poem about club managers with four lines that apply equally to a house chairman: “And since their patience I have not I’m grateful when I see one That easier has been my lot, For I could never be one.” STATEMENT REQUIRED BY THE ACT OF AUGUST 24, 1912, AMENDED BY THE ACTS OF MARCH 3, 1933, AND JULY 2, 1946 (TITLE 39, UNITED STATES CODE, SECTION 233) SHOWING THE OWNERSHIP, MANAGEMENT AND CIRCU­ LATION OF USGA Journal and Turf Management, published seven times a year at New York, N. Y., for October 1, 1959. 1. The names and addresses of the publisher, editor, managing editor, and business managers are: Publisher, United States Golf Association, 40 East 38th St., New York 16, N. Y.; Editor, Joseph C. Dey, Jr., 40 East 38th St., New York 16, N. Y.; Managing Editor, none; Business Manager, none. 2. The owner is: (if owned by a corporation, its name and address must be stated and also im­ mediately thereunder the names and addresses of stockholders owning or holding 1 percent or more of total amount of stock. If not owned by a cor­ poration, the names and addresses of the indi­ vidual owners must be given. If owned by a part­ nership or other unincorporated firm, its name and address, as well as that of each individual member must be given.) United States Golf As­ sociation, 40 East 38th St., New York 16, N. Y. President, John D. Ames, 40 East 38th St., New York 16, N. Y. Vice Presidents, John G. Clock, 40 East 38th St., New York 16, N. Y. Vice President, John M. Winters, Jr., 40 East 38th St., New York, 16, N. Y. Secretary, Clarence W. Benedict, 40 East 38th St., New York 16, N. Y. Treasurer, Emerson Carey, Jr., 40 East 38th St., New York 16, N. Y. 3. The known bondholders, mortgagees, and other security holders owning or holding - per­ cent or more of total amount of bonds, mortgages, or other securities are: (If there are none, so state.) None. 4. Paragraphs 2 and 3 include, in cases where the stockholder or security holder appears upon the books of the company as trustee or in any other fiduciary relation, the name of the person or corporation for whom such trustee is acting; also the statements in the two paragraphs show the affiant's full knowledge and belief as to the circumstances under which stockholders and se­ curity holders who do not appear upon the books of the company as trustees, hold stock and securi­ ties in a capacity other than that of a bona fide owner. 5. The average number of copies of each is­ sue of this publication sold or distributed, through the mails or otherwise, to paid subscribers during the 12 months preceding the date shown above was: (This information is required from daily, weekly, semiweekly and triweekly newspapers only.) Joseph C. Dey, Jr., Editor Sworn to and subscribed before me this 29th day of September, 1959. (signed) Charles H. Ward, Notary Public, State of New York (My commission expires March 30, 1961). USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: FEBRUARY, 1960 11 WALKER CUP HIGHLIGHTS, SCOTTISH GOLF IN FILMS 16 mm films are released for booking Famous and historic courses in Scotland and many of the great moments in Walker Cup matches are shown in two new USGA “Golf House” films which are now available for booking. The 16 mm films were previewed by delegates and guests at the annual meet­ ing of the USGA on January 30 in New York. They can now be rented from Na­ tional Educational Films, Inc., of 165 West 46th St., New York 36, N.Y. The company produced the films for the USGA. “Famous Golf Courses of Scotland” is in color and runs 18 minutes. It shows several of the most interesting holes in golf, including The Redan at North Ber­ wick, The Cardinal and The Alps at Prestwick, Postage Stamp at Troon, The Spectacles at Carnoustie and The Road Hole at St. Andrews. Scottish golfers play several of the holes and on one, Laurie Auchterlonie of the St. Andrews golfing clan, plays out of Hell Bunker on The Old Course. Much of the 16 minutes running time on “Walker Cup Highlights” shows Rob­ ert T. Jones, Jr., Francis Ouimet, Jess Sweetser and several other notables of the 1920’s and 1930’s. In part of the match against the British Captain Roger Weth- ered, Jones is shown driving and putting. Four months after the film was shot Jones completed his “Grand Slam.” There also is black and white film from matches in 1932, 1938, 1947, 1953 and 1957. The last portion of the film is in color and shows highlights of the Walker Cup match of May 1959. The color film was shot at Muirfield, Scotland. Television sportscaster Bud Palmer narrates both films. UNITED STATES GOLF ASSOCIATION, 40 East 38th St., New York 16, N. Y. Please ship film with instructions as checked below to: Name________________________________ Address___________________________ City, State____________________________ Check enclosed for $....... .... .... .......... . Date of Showing_________________________________ (Allow at least four weeks) □ Walker Cup Highlights □ Famous Courses of Scotland □ St. Andrews, Cradle of Golf □ Golf’s Longest Hour □ Great Moments in Golf □ On the Green (Rules) □ First World Amateur Team Championship for Eisenhower Trophy □ Play Them as They Lie (Rules) □ The Rules of Golf - Etiquette Prices are $20 for rental of one film; $35 for rental of two; $50 for three; $60 for four and $70 for five. 12 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: FEBRUARY, 1960 THE GREATEST GOLFER 100 TEARS AGO By This, you might say, is a museum piece. Once upon a long, long time ago, more than 100 years to be sure, there was a Scot, Allan Robertson, who played at golf so extraordinarily with crude imple­ ments and leather balls stuffed with boiled feathers as to be acclaimed “the greatest linksman that ever lived.” And “who alone in the annals of the pastime it can be said that he was never beaten in an individual stake match.” The quotations are extracts from a tri­ bute to Robertson published by the “Dun­ dee Advertiser” in September of 1859, the year of his death at the age of 44. To appreciate better his capabilities it should be realized that conditions under which he played were as primitive as the clubs he used. There was no mechanized equipment to keep the course neatly bar- bered, the cutting of the grass being en­ trusted to flocks of rambling sheep. There was no distinction between fairway and rough as of now since the whole of the playing area was in a sense rough of vary­ ing degrees. Retrogressing from this day to a cen­ tury ago the most thoroughly skilled golfers have been Ben Hogan, Bob Jones, Walter Hagen, Harry Vardon, young Tom Morris and Robertson. The six had that indefinable something which set them apart. Since he predated the advent of British Open, Robertson’s deeds are known only to those who have delved into musty tomes. “At that period,” says the ‘Dundee Ad­ vertiser,’ speaking of those few short THE AUTHOR The author of this article is 70 and retired after a distinguished career of writing golf. He lives at Freeport, Long Island, and plays golf regu­ larly. Mr. Rice’s handicap was nine in his younger days and only 10 now. years during which he was a paragon of style and deportment, “golfing was quite another thing from what it is now or at least its accessories were. Gutta percha was unknown and golf balls were com­ posed of stout leather cases stuffed hard with boiled feathers. Their manufacture, indeed, was both a difficult and arduous matter; and their expense when finished was such as to restrict the practice of the game to the more wealthy of the com­ munity. The Links of St. Andrews, in consequence, were less frequented than now; the course was rougher; the sport had an aristocratic and portly mien; and the matches of professionals were as preg­ nant with interest as any public event. It is not so now; the St. Andrews Links are crowded with careless multitudes luxuri­ ating in the pastime cheapened to them by the discovery of gutta percha; and the game is popularized at the expense of its stately traditions. “Allan, however, commenced his golf­ ing career in what, despite the dearness of leather and the paucity of players, we must still call the palmy days of golf . . . His success was abundant. Allan im­ proved in his day on the old theories of golf and to him are owing many of the im­ proved methods and styles of the present day. “In the Spring of 1848, Mr. Campbell, of Saddell, (we believe), brought a few experimental gutta percha balls from London to St. Andrews. They were not very first rate, to be sure; were not ham­ mered and flew heavily. Still the material was unquestionably good, and adaptable; and consternation stood on every face, Allan’s included. And no wonder. The leather ball trade was the only one St. Andrews could boast. In Allan’s shop alone there were made, for example, in 1840, 1021 balls; in 1841, 1392; in 1844, 2456; and so on. Tom Morris, senior, work­ ed in Allan’s shop as a ball maker. “The introduction of gutta percha which anyone could make into a sphere, USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: FEBRUARY, 1960 13 was a dreadful prospect for Allan and dire was his alarm. It is even related that Allan would gladly buy up all the gutta percha balls found among the whins, etc., and actually attempted to destroy the in­ terlopers by fire! However, the influx was too great for this system to be pursued any longer, and about 1850 Allan entered regularly in golf ball making from gutta percha . . . “Who that has once seen the champion golfer can ever forget him? He is, you will recollect, oh! golfer, not of much stature, compact, rather robust indeed, with a short stoop and short-necked . . . Allan Robertson But it was in a grand match that the figure of Allan should live in memory of all. Who shall describe his elegant and beautifully correct style of play? The champion was remarkable for his easy style, depending on a long cool swing, and never on sheer strength. His clubs were of the toy description, as the slang of the links hath it, possessing no weight or mis-proportion of wood. Indeed, in a word, Allan’s game throughout was pure unadulterated science. Pretty driver as he was, we still stake our belief on Al­ lan’s short game, especially in quarter shots. He it was that introduced the deadly use of the cleek in playing up to the hole. Previous to about 1848 short wooden clubs, the baffing or short spoons, were used for this important stroke—both difficult and frequently inaccurate. But Allan employed the cleek to jerk up his ball; however badly it might lie, it was all the same; and this killing game, de­ structive to a certain extent to the green, is now all but universal. “We find it impossible to give a con­ secutive or full account of the champion’s feats but we subjoin a few, in hopes that this meagre outline may testify, in some small way, to the merit, as a man and golfer, of Allan Robertson: “On the fifteenth of September, 1858, Allan accomplished the round of the St. Andrews Links at 79 strokes, a number altogether unparallelled and likely to re­ main so. “Out—444 556 444—40 In—435 645 543—39—79 “At various times Allan holed the St. Andrews course at the following num­ bers, selecting his best holes: “Out—333 443 313—27 In—323 443 343—29—56 “In comparing the above scores, it must be kept in mind that the St. Andrews Links are not now nearly so difficult to play as they were in Allan’s time. “1842—Allan played a match in Decem­ ber with Tom Morris, beating him by two holes and holing the links at 93. “1843—Allan played during the month of June, over the St. Andrews Links, a great match of twenty rounds, two each day, against William Dunn of Mussel­ burgh. Allan gained on the tenth, or last day, by two rounds and one to play. “1843—Allan played a great match of 36 holes with William Dunn of Mussel­ burgh, beating him by 8 holes, and holing the second round at 88 strokes. “1846—Allan played with a single driv­ ing club against Captain Broughton, and holed St. Andrews in 95. “1848—Allan played a threesome with William Dunn and Tom Morris over Dub- bieside Links. Allan holed 18 holes (two rounds) at 80, Morris at 89 and Dunn at 91 strokes.” What testifies most tellingly to his greatness perhaps is the “ringer score” of 56 composed with feather-stuffed and gut­ ta percha balls and which included a hole­ in-one. 14 USGA JOURNAL ANO TURF MANAGEMENT: FEBRUARY, 1960 QUAINT DIALECT OF TOURING PROS By JIM GAQUIN Field Secretary PGA hi-fi addicts. Move over, beatniks, jazz devotees and Y’think your lingo’s hep? Well, you could take lessons from the touring professionals. They have a language all their own. Here’s a tee-to-green jargon junket. You see big Al Besselink pounding out some iron shots. They look pretty good but Al isn’t satisfied. So he consults his pal, Doug Sanders. “Check my action,” says Bessie. “You’re blocked out,” appraises the short-swinging Sanders, meaning Bessie is not getting the left hip out of the way fast enough as he makes his downswing. Bessie makes a correction. “That’s better,” beams Sanders, “Now you’re releasing it right. Keep drilling it that way and we’ll be all set for those pigeons.” Now, moving to the first tee, remember that the player never considers the course a course. It’s a track. As he gets set to hit his first drive there are several things he wants desper­ ately to avoid. Among them a banana ball (one that starts left and fades), a snipe or duck hook or coat hanger, and, finally, an angel ball (skied drive). Any of these is likely to put him in the cabbage or in jail. On tour, few things are worse than “driving it in jail.” One of them is hitting it in the rivet, shafting it, or, as slim Gardner Dickin­ son puts it, hitting “a pitchout.” This, of course, is a reference to the dread shank. That’s an evil word in the lexicon, explaining, no doubt, why he has found so many euphemisms for it. No legitimate circuit professional would be callous enough to term a boom­ ing tee shot merely a good drive. “They used to ‘hit them a ton,’ ” points out the astute Dickinson. “But links lingo has been corrupted by the space age. Now, they put ’em in orbit. And any big hitter is known as a Canaveral Kid.” On the circuit you never top a ball or shank it. You always cold top it or cold shank it. If a player is liberally endowed with skill, he can finesse the ball out of a dif­ ficult lie. If he’s a slick maneuverer, he can even “cut a little No. 4 iron in there.” If he’s lucky, he’ll stone it (hit it very close to pinville). Now, should the ball halt in clovei' or a fairly heavy lie, the player must worry about hitting a flier. A flier is a shot that takes off and travels farther than it should. Fliers can wind up on the beach (in a trap) or in the frog hair (heavy grass bordering the green). Should a flier miss the green by a goodly margin, it could come to rest on hard pan (bare, hard ground). Hitting from hard pan, a player runs the risk of chilli-dipping (flubbing) the shot or sticking the club in the ground. Should he do either, he’ll go for a bundle. Let’s assume the second misses the green. Now, our man has to chip it stiff for a par. If he doesn’t, he can still bail out if he’s a puttin’ Jesse like Billy Cas­ per, Jerry Barber, Dow Finsterwald or Bob Rosburg. Any time these fellows drop a longish putt, it’s a snake, gobbler or seagoer. Once in a while, just to prove they’re human, they lip out. On the carpets, the tourists fear yip­ ping it, gassing it or choking. Occasionally one of the boys won’t pipeline enough tee shots and will hit too many seconds fat. When this happens, he’s headed for trombones (76) or, even worse, Sunset Strip (77). Reprinted with permission of the Professional Golfers' Association. 15 “I really flushed that one,” is the way angular Al Balding expresses satisfaction with a drive. USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: FEBRUARY, 1960 COURSE STRATEGY IN TOURNAMENT GOLF By WILLIAM C. CAMPBELL Captain, 1955 Walker Cup Team Ever been asked to conduct a golf clinic? If so, and unless you are an experi­ enced teaching pro with a grooved swing of your own, you have approached the task with something less than confidence. Several such invitations have come my way and I always tried to oblige. The dif­ ficulty was that professional type clinics necessarily involve technical exhibitions of shot-making. This requires a competent and consistent striker of the ball, some­ one who can demonstrate “finesse” as well as orthodox shots. The purpose, of course, is that the audience may learn something and find the clinic of value. All this was in my mind when I con­ sidered an invitation to give a clinic at a USGA Junior Championship. It would be of my design, to emphasize the mental side of championship golf rather than shot-making technique. In particular, I wanted to highlight such competitive fundamentals as tactics and strategy. The plan was approved as an experimental departure. After all, the audience would be com­ posed of youngsters who had already shown their scoring ability to the extent of surviving qualifying rounds around the country. Most of the boys had played con­ siderable competitive golf, both within the mushrooming junior program and against their elders. More was to be gained by such players in having their thought processes stimulated than in trying to show them shot technique that they al­ ready knew. It has been by experience, during more than twenty years of na­ tional competition, that while young golfers often excel mechanically, they are generally handicapped by their lack of experience with the vital part of the game that is “played between the ears.” Thus armed with self-styled wisdom if not ability, and unencumbered with golf­ ing equipment, I arrived at the scene of the USGA Junior Championship several hours before the clinic. There was time William C. Campbell to walk around the course and make notes on the layout of the holes as they might affect the golfer’s plan of attack in cer­ tain competitive situations. This brief tour of the course enabled me later to cffer a first-impression analysis that called for individual consideration as the boys would play the course each day. The players had been on the scene for a cou­ ple of days of practice rounds so all I could hope to do was to bring out points that may not have occurred to them and thus encourage them to use their heads a little better. I had the advantage of a large blackboard and chalk, the better to make my points by diagrams. The art that I preached that day by practical example, hole-by-hole, has aptly been called “course management.” It is a crucial phase of the game and even more important on better courses that 16 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: FEBRUARY, 1960 provide a truer test of championship golf. A really fine layout can and does create a situation where the golfer is competing against the course as much as against his opponent, or even himself. This essen­ tially mental process of course manage­ ment can be further complicated by the variable conditions of weather—wind, rain, and cold, or worse—that can plague a match, or even an entire tournament if geography and season conspire unfavor­ ably. The tougher the course and the subtler its challenge, the greater is the golfer’s need to think his way around. Other things being equal the winning player is usually the one who also man­ ages his time, behavior, and total atti­ tude when not on the course, in such a way as to bring him to the first tee with a competitive advantage over his incom­ pletely prepared opponent. This subject has many facets, ranging from clothing design to body chemistry and psychology. The net effect of this point that I tried to impress upon the junior golfer was that, as with anything else worthwhile in life, the golfer should try to present, for any given competition, his very best self. Seemingly little, unrelated things can add up to a big difference, more than com­ pensating for a superficial difference in basic scoring ability. The last, best chance that we veterans have in modern competition is to rely heavily on headwork and to hope that the bold younger opponent tries to muddle through on the strength of his muscles alone. But it wouldn’t be wise to tell the readers all of the little competitive secrets that I mentioned to the Juniors that day, for I may draw one of you in a match someday. Besides, you might think I had gone too far in counselling the Juniors, thus short-circuiting the normal process of their competitive maturity. As a matter of fact—now that I think of it—one of the Juniors at that experimental clinic of two years ago was Jack Nicklaus who now holds the Trans, North and South, and National Amateur titles and wears a Walker Cup jacket—and he is still only 19. USGA PUBLICATIONS OF GENERAL INTEREST THE RULES OF GOLF, as approved by the United States Golf Association and the Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St. Andrews, Scot­ land. Booklet, 25 cents (special rates for quan­ tity orders, more than 500). USGA GOLF HANDICAP SYSTEM FOR MEN, containing recommendations for computing USGA Handicap and for rating courses. Book­ let, 25 cents. USGA Slide Rule Handicapper, 25 cents. Poster, 10 cents. THE CONDUCT OF WOMEN'S GOLF, contain- ing suggestions for guidance in the conduct of women's golf in clubs and associations, in­ cluding tournament procedure, handicapping and course rating. 25 cents. USGA Slide Rule Handicapper, 25 cents. Poster, 10 cents. HANDICAPPING THE UNHANDICAPPED, a reprint of a USGA Journal article explaining the Callaway System of automatic handicap­ ping for occasional players in a single tour­ nament. No charge. TOURNAMENTS FOR YOUR CLUB, a reprint of a USGA Journal article detailing various types of competitions. No charge. PREPARING THE COURSE FOR A COMPETI­ TION, a reprint of a USGA Journal article. No charge. FIRE PROTECTION—GOLF CLUB PROPER­ TIES, reprint of a USGA Journal article by T. Seddon Duke. No charge. PROTECTION OF PERSONS AGAINST LIGHT­ NING ON GOLF COURSES, a poster. No charge. HOLE-IN-ONE AWARDS. No Charge. LETTER AND SPIRIT OF THE AMATEUR CODE, a reprint of a USGA Journal article by Joseph C. Dey, Jr. No charge. GAMBLING IN GOLF TOURNAMENTS, a re­ print of a USGA Journal article by Richard S. Tufts. No charge. WORK OF A CLUB GREEN COMMITTEE, a re­ print of panel discussions conducted by the USGA Green Section Committee. No Charge. HOW TO MEET RISING COSTS OF GOLF COURSE MAINTENANCE, PARTS I & II, re­ prints of panel discussions conducted by the USGA Green Section Committee. No charge. GOLF COURSE REBUILDING AND REMODEL­ ING-FACTORS TO CONSIDER, a reprint of talks delivered at the 1959 Educational Pro­ gram conducted by the USGA Green Section Committee. No charge. MISTER CHAIRMAN, a reprint of a USGA Journal article outlining the duties of the Chairman of the Green Committee. No charge. ARE YOU A SLOW PLAYER? ARE YOU SURE? A reprint of a USGA Journal article by John D. Ames. No charge. A JUNIOR GOLF PROGRAM FOR YOUR CLUB AND DISTRICT, a 16-page booklet on organizing and developing junior golf programs at different levels by the USGA Junior Cham­ pionship Committee. No charge. TURF MANAGEMENT, by H. B. Musser (Me Graw-Hill Book Co., Inc.), the authoritative book on turf maintenance. S7. USGA CHAMPIONSHIP RECORD BOOK. De­ tailed results of all USGA competitions since their start in 1895. $2. USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT, a 33-page magazine published seven times a year. S2 a year. These publications are available on request to the United States Golf Association, 40 East 38th Street, New York 16, N. Y. Please send payment with your order. USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: FEBRUARY, 1960 17 WHAT GOLF MEANS TO ME BRAVEN DYER, Los Angeles Times BY W/hat the game of golf means to me— W It means the companionship of friends, some old, some new. It means the feeling of exultant en­ thusiasm which goes with a par or a birdie after a well played hole. It means the horrible despair which accompanies a topped drive, dubbed bras- sie, shanked approach or flubbed putt, any of which is more than enough to teach the most valuable asset a man can have—self control. Golf means an opportunity to move about at whatever pace I desire in God’s great outdoors. Man was not born to be cooped up. Many of his ailments are ag­ gravated by confinement. You seldom find an unhappy human among those who make a living in the wide open spaces. It means the warm camaraderie of com­ petition with people all over this wonder­ ful world. I have hacked my way around courses in such faroff places as Australia, Italy, France, the Panama Canal Zone, Hawaii, Banff, Jasper, not to mention Caliente and dozens of links layouts in our own United States. It means the merry laughter of girl caddies at Chantilly . . Their shrill cries of delight when their player uncocks a good shot . . and their low moans of deep dejection after even a minor disaster. It means the happy holler of a little Italian boy when a wayward shot hits a tree and bounds luckily on the green for a birdie . . “Muy fortune, muy fortune.” Golf is a philosophy and a way of life. A Senior's Girl I loved a lass: Her eyes were blue. Her cheeks were red. Her teeth were white And she had hair of a golden hue. But now alas. Her eyes are red, Her cheeks are blue, Her hair is white. And she has teeth of a golden hue. For Father Time, the mean old thing. Has changed the local coloring. Braven Dyer If you’re a bum or an ingrate, a boaster or a braggart, a cheat or a conniver and have been able to hide it from those who know you . . . it’ll all come out on the fairway. I never knew a man whom I liked on the golf course who was not 100% or more all the way through. It means a steaming shower and the fellowship of the nineteenth hole where the biggest “liars” have just as much fun as those few who confine themselves to the truth. There is something about the revealing intimacy of the locker room that reduces most men to what they are most of the time anyway—little boys. It means the feeling of healthy exhaus­ tion that comes after three hours of leisurely exercise, followed eventually by uninterrupted sleep, the like of which seldom comes to us harassed humans in these days of high-tension hustle and bustle. is USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: FEBRUARY, 1960 SENIOR GOLFERS AS RULES EXEMPLARS By FRANK ROSS Today gin rummy has become an im­ portant side attraction to the game of golf. But, when playing with others from distant locations, you should first learn the local rules. How much for a gin? For an undercut? Do you turn up the eleventh card? Isn’t it fortunate that we don’t have to go through the same procedure for a game of golf? But, wait a minute—aren’t we getting into the same situation in re­ spect to golf? Common questions today are—Are we playing winter or summer rules? How about conceded putts? “With­ in the leather?” I’m exaggerating, you say? Let’s look at the record. How many tournaments have you play­ ed in the last yeai* where preferred lies were allowed. Plenty, I’m sure. And did you nudge the ball with the clubhead? Did you pick it up and place it within six inches of its original position, or did you just put it on a good piece of grass some­ where in the vicinity? Conceded putts—How many times have you felt an opponent was too “tight” be­ cause he wouldn’t call a putt of yours a “gimmie” after you had given him one. I played in a stroke play tournament last year where the committee actually ruled in advance that all putts “within the leather” were conceded. Two fine golfers and good sportsmen were overheard talking recently. The first one took the position he would give his opponent a short putt, but he would expect him to play according to the Rules. The other contended that he would not call a technical rule on an opponent, but he expected every putt to be holed. A by­ stander commented—“Why don’t you two fellows play the Rules the USGA has adopted for everybody instead of trying to make a code of your own?” A short time back I played in an im­ portant sectional senior championship tournament. There was a list of local rules almost a page long. The very first THE AUTHOR Throughout a long, fine career, Frank Ross has been a devoted follower of The Rules of Golf. He was the U.S. Seniors Champion in 1953, a former president of the Connecticut State Golf Association and he served in 1938-39 on the USGA Sectional Affairs Committee. local rule was “All Caddy Penalties Are Waived.” Think of the opportunities for misunderstandings. You have heard that old argument over “Who was the best golfer?” Candidates mentioned are Harry Vardon, Walter* Hagen, Bob Jones and Ben Hogan. That question never can be answered definitely, but in such discussions somebody fre­ quently says; “Well, if Bob Jones wasn’t the best golfer he was certainly one of the finest sportsmen that ever played the game.” Bob did many things that earned him that tribute and not the least was his unfailing observance of the Rules even to the point of calling a penalty that no­ body but he had seen. It cost him the National Open at Worcester, Mass., in 1925. This grand old game of ours is glori­ ously rich in its traditions, its sportsman­ ship, and its unique position that the player himself is often the judge and the jury. One cardinal reason for that rich heritage is the willingness of players to observe the Rules of the game. Unfortunately, there seems to be a tendency today to take liberties, to make the game easier, and to ease our con­ science by little violations that we claim “didn’t really give me an advantage.*4 We seniors have had the joys of play­ ing the game for years. Let’s live up to the Rules of Golf and show the younger players that there is a lot more to this game than the score we turn in. If we can’t set such an example we have missed a golden opportunity to repay the game for some of the joy and pleasure it has given us these many years. USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: FEBRUARY, 1960 19 TEN COMMANDMENTS BY FOR GOLFERS EVi"s The earliest written-down code of rules —that of the Honourable Company of Edinburgh Golfers, dated 1744—con­ tained only 13 items. The current code consists of 41 rules, all with clauses and sub-clauses. And they can almost be summed up in the words of life’s golden rule—do to your opponents and others on the course as you would they should do to you. It is really as simple as that! Perhaps, however, I may expand golf’s golden rule to suggest what might be called the ten commandments of golf. For these I have drawn on both etiquette and the rules: 1. Don’t annoy your opponent or other players on the course. This covers such things as moving about while the other chap is playing his shot, driving into the chaps in front, and so on. 2. Play the ball as it lies. Unless there is a winter rule, don’t do anything that might improve the lie of your ball. You cannot be too careful in this—for even a well-loved bishop was once told by his opponent: “My Lord, if you go on tramp­ ling the bracken down like that, I shall walk in!” 3. Remember your score—and remem­ ber it right. There is nothing more in­ furiating than, having asked your oppon­ ent how many he has taken, to be told: “Let me see now—my drive went off to the left; I fluffed my second in the rough; no, that was my third . . .” If you are marking a card, ask your fellow competi­ tor what his score is after he has holed out—and take his word for it. 4. Don’t delay. You needn’t run around the course, but don’t dawdle, particularly on chilly days. 5. Play strictly in turn. Many people have a bad habit of not looking where their opponent’s ball is in relation to their own. 6. Don’t mix match-play and stroke­ play. 7. Tidy up bunkers after you. Smooth NEW MEMBERS OF THE USGA REGULAR Rio Pinar Country Club Cog Hill Men's Club Earlville Country Club Rolling Green Country Club Oak Knoll Country Club Madison Country Club Holdrege Country Club Rockfish Country Club White Pines Country Club Briarwood Country Club Fort Sam Houston Golf Course ASSOCIATE Barnum-Lunblade Municipal Golf Course Coronado Golf Course North Glen Golf Course Fort Hood Golf Club Leon Valley Golf Course Fla. III. III. III. La. Miss. Neb. N. C. N. C. Texas Texas Cal. Cal. Colo. Texas Texas out your footprints and club marks. If your ball is in a bad place left by some­ body else, grin and bear it—but ensure that the people behind don’t have to do likewise. 8. Observe putting green etiquette strictly. Ask your opponent whether he wants the flagstick left in, attended or removed; don’t shuffle about while he is putting; if he gives you a putt, pick your ball up gratefully—and don’t waste time by putting out. 9. Pay your debts promptly and with a smile. If you are playing for a ball—and lose—ask your opponent what sort he likes and buy him one immediately in the pro’s shop. A friend of mine, having won a ball, was once told: “Here you are, I have only played with it three times.” 10. Learn the local rules. They are usually more likely to be needed during a round than the rules of golf. Well, there are my ten commandments. I have often been asked by non- golfers how one can know that one’s opponent has not improved his lie or otherwise transgressed. The answer is that one doesn’t know—but you cannot legislate for cheats. Reprinted from Golf Illustrated, March 5, 1959. 20 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: FEBRUARY, 1940 Example of Symbols: "USGA” indicates decision by the United States Golf Association. "R & A” indi­ cates decision by the Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St. Andrews, Scotland. “60-1” means the first decision issued in 1960. "D” means definition. “R. 37-7” refers to Section 7 of Rule 37 in the 1960 Rules of Golf. REINTRODUCING UNFIT BALL USGA 59-33 R. 2-3, 28 Q: A player declares a ball unfit for play on the third hole. On the sixteenth, with a tight out of bounds on the right, he plays this ball from the tee again. What is the ruling? Question by: Arthur Tuckee Pittsburgh, Pa. A: If the ball conformed with Rule 2-3, the player was within his rights and there was no penalty. However, he could not again declare the ball (in the same condition) unfit for play under Rule 28. SIZE OF HOLE USGA 59-31 D. 15 Handicap Decision 59-8 Q: When golf is played on a course using oversized holes, such as the 4% inch holes used this year on a few courses in the Pacific Northwest, may the scores be used as a basis for handicaps? A: No. Definition 15 of the Rules of Golf provides: “The ‘hole’ shall be 414 inches in dia­ meter and at least 4 inches deep. If a lining be used, it shall be sunk at least 1 inch below the putting green surface unless the nature of the soil makes it im­ practical to do so; its outer diameter shall not exceed 414 inches.” Scores made on a course with holes which do not conform with Definition 15 are not acceptable scores and may not be used for handicapping under the USGA system. Handicaps based on such scores may not be used to determine eli­ gibility for USGA Championships. TEE MARKER: WHEN OBSTRUCTION USGA 59-32 D. 20; R. 31-1 Q: A player plays from the tee and the ball contacts a tee marker. There is no Rule to prevent the player from remov­ ing the tee marker in playing so long as it comes within the meaning of immova­ ble obstruction under Rule 31-2. Is this correct? Question by: Seiichi Takahata Higashiku, Osaka, Japan A: Tee markers must always remain in place while all members of a group are completing their play from a teeing ground. However, after all play from a teeing ground has been completed, tee markers USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: FEBRUARY, l»60 21 may be treated as movable obstructions in accordance with Definition 20 and Rule 31-1. Tee markers of a hole other than that being played may also be treated as movable obstructions. Any tee markers moved under this interpretation should be immediately replaced after the stroke has been completed. NOTE: This supersedes Decision 58-37. DISPUTE AS TO BREACH USGA 59-36 R. 10-1, 11-4, 33-1 Q: Match Play: A in sand trap. B claims A touched sand when addressing his ball. A states he did not. No referee and no witnesses. Outcome of match depends on this hole. The Committee has asked me for a deci­ sion and will abide by it. I have not been able to find any rule to cover this and believe the Equity Rule would have to be applied; if so, would throw the hole out and let them play it over. Question by: Ray Lawrenson Adelphi, Md. A: The Committee must consider all available evidence as to whether or not A infringed Rule 33-1, and must make a decision based on the weight of evidence. It is our observation that the player of the stroke is usually in the better posi­ tion to determine whether a breach of Rule occurred in a case such as this, and generally he should be given the benefit of any doubt. The Rules assume that golfers are honest, and Rule 10-1 requires a player to take the initiative in reporting a pen­ alty against himself. Rule 11-4, dealing with equity, is not recommended in this instance. To require replay of the hole could be inequitable. BALL LOST OR STOLEN Q: During the Classification of the Amateur Championship in a threesome consisting of Ledesma, Bertolini and a third party, when the first two players were playing the 7th hole, par 3, 157 yards, Ledesma’s ball after striking the green went right on, Bertolini’s seemed to stop at the far end of the green or barely passing it, while the third player’s ball landed on the green. In going to hunt for the first two balls, they had dis­ 22 appeared and there was no doubt they had been stolen: Firstly, because al­ though one had rolled down a slope there was no long grass and the distance to the out of bounds is more than 60 meters, with trees in between; secondly, because of the coincidence that both balls should disappear. As the time of the game was 12:30 and as it was a classification, not more than 8 people were accompanying the players and there was nobody on the green. Although Ledesma before returning to the tee to play another ball played a second one from the place where it should have been, the referee for that day con­ sidered that as there had been no evi­ dence that the balls had been stolen, they should be considered as lost. I understand that when a ball cannot be found and then there is no logical reason for con­ sidering it could have been lost, one can play again without being penalized. Could you very kindly give us your opinion on this matter? Question by: Cesar S. Vasquez Buenos Aires, Argentina A: It is a question of fact whether a ball has been lost (Definition 6) or moved by an outside agency (Definition 22). In order to treat it as moved by an out­ side agency under Rule 27 la, there must be reasonable evidence to that effect; all available testimony and facts should be considered. In the absence of such evi­ dence, the ball must be treated as lost, and Rule 29-1 applies. In the present case, the referee doubt­ less was intimately aware of the details and in position to evaluate them. His de­ cision would appear to be correct; in any case, it was final—see Rule 11-2. 1. PROVISIONAL BALL—ANNOUNCE­ MENT USGA 59-47 R. 11-3; 30-la, 2 Q: Our No. 3 hole is bounded on the right by a public highway, and for the most part this highway is from ten to twenty feet below the fairway level. A ball coming to rest on or beyond this highway is out of bounds. A player had driven to within 109 yards of the green and his fellow competitors USGA 59-41 D. 6, D. 22; R. 11-2,27-la,29-1 2. BALL ABANDONED—PLAYING ANOTHER BALL USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: FEBRUARY, 1960 had all driven to approximately the same spot. When playing his second stroke, the player hit the ball in the shank of his club which caused the ball to travel radically to the right of the intended line of flight and over the hill toward the highway, which was less than 30 yards from the spot the player’s stroke was made. All of the player’s fellow competi­ tors were standing quite near when the stroke was played and saw the ball travel toward the highway with sufficient speed to go over the hill and down onto the highway some 20 feet below. All tourna­ ment officials present also saw the line of flight of the ball. Everyone, including the player, assumed that the ball was probably out of bounds. The player immediately played a pro­ visional ball, without announcing his in­ tention to do so, feeling that in this case such an announcement would be super­ fluous, as his fellow competitors (one of whom was the marker) were standing quite near and saw what had happened. The player then walked the short distance to the point where his ball was seen to go over the hill toward the highway. There being an almost vertical drop of about 20 feet directly to the highway at this point, the player made a brief search of about one minute and then walked to the green, where his provisional ball had landed. Two tournament officials lingered be­ hind to look for the ball and within one more minute one of the officials saw a ball lying in the middle of the fairway about 50 yards short of the green. This official called to the player to identify the ball so found and the player returned to the spot and identified the ball as the ball which had been presumed to be out of bounds. A large truck had been seen on the highway in the line of flight of the ball which was thought to have gone out of bounds and it now appeared that the ball has struck this truck and had been deflected back to the spot where it was found. No player in the group had Played a subsequent stroke before the ball was found. The officials allowed the player to play this original ball without penalty even though there probably was a purely tech­ nical violation of Rule 30-la. It was felt that a strict interpretation of Rule 30-la in this instance would be contrary to the interests of fair play, as it was so obvious to all concerned what had happened and that a provisional ball was being played and why it was being played. There was no disagreement with the officials over this ruling. However, the point was brought up af­ ter the tournament that this player might have been deemed to have “abandoned” his original ball and therefore not have been entitled to place this ball in play again. 1. Was the official ruling correct? 2. If the player had not “abandoned” the original ball, what constitutes an “abandoned” ball and which rule covers this situation? Questions by: Warren V. Bush Las Cruces, N. M. Al: Technically, the competitor vio­ lated Rule 30-la. However, the Commit­ tee has discretion to determine whether the competitor’s actions constituted an announcement of a provisional ball in the particular circumstances. The Commit­ tee’s decision is final—see Rule 11-3. A2: Under Rule 30-2, when the player reaches the place where the original ball is likely to be, he is deemed to have abandoned a ball when he plays a stroke with the other ball. REPAIR OF MARKS BY ANY BALL USGA 59-49 R. 35-lc for 1960 Q: The changes in Rules approved for 1960 allow the repair of ball marks any­ where on the green. Is that intended to mean that any ball mark may be re­ paired, or only marks left by the balls in play? Question by: German Edwards Santiago, Chile A: The 1960 Rule permitting repair of ball marks on the putting green will ap­ ply to all ball marks, without regard to the balls that make them. Rule 35-lc in 1960 will provide: “c. Repair of Ball Marks. The player may repair damage to the putting green caused by the impact of a ball, but he may not step on the damaged area. The ball may be lifted to per­ mit repair and shall be replaced on the spot from which it was lifted. “If a ball be moved during such re­ pair, it shall be replaced, without penalty.” USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: FEBRUARY, I960 23 Better Turf for Better Golf TURF MANAGEMENT from the USGA Green Section Seed Characteristics and Control of Goosegrass, Eleusine indica. BY JAMES R. FULWIDER AND RALPH E. ENGEL Former Research Assistant and Research Specialist in Turf Management, respectively, Rutgers—the State University, New Brunswick, N. J. Both laboratory and field trials were conducted during 1957 and 1958 at Rutgers University, to explore control methods and learn characteristics of goosegrass. This widely distributed an­ nual weed, also known as silver crabgrass, hard crabgrass, and yardgrass, creates difficult problems in heavily used turf areas. Cultural methods relating to turf weed control have received much obser­ vation, but no adequate procedure has been given for goosegrass. Specific con­ trol of the weed has been the subject of very little research. The objectives in this study were to determine (1) the effects of light and temperature on germination of goosegrass seed, (2) the effects of herbicides applied prior to germination of goosegrass seed, (3) the effects of herbicides applied to the established plant and (4) the effects of late season herbicidal applications on viability and set of seed. Germination of Goosegrass Observations regarding goosegrass, es­ pecially on golf courses, reveal that denseness of grass cover and divot holes influence goosegrass infestations. Since these conditions appear to influence ger­ mination a study was made on the effect of temperature and light on germination of seed of goosegrass as follows: Goosegrass seed was harvested approxi­ mately 6 months prior to the study and placed in cold dry storage. Four plates of 100 seeds each were subjected to nine dif­ ferent temperature and light conditions. The temperature and light conditions were 20 degrees C., 30 degrees C., 35 degrees C., 30 degrees C, DL, 20-30 de­ grees C., 20-30 degrees C. DL., 20-35 de­ grees C. DL, and 20-35 degrees C. Com­ parable values for centigrade and Fahren­ heit readings are 20 degrees C. or 68 de­ grees F., 30 degrees C. or 86 degrees F., and 35 degrees C. or 95 degrees F. A sin­ gle numeral indicates a constant tempera­ ture; two numerals separated by a dash indicate an alternation of temperatures in which the test was held at the first temperature for approximately 16 hours. The symbol DL indicates light was pro­ vided for a 16 hour period. No symbol in­ dicates the test was held in a dark ger- minator. Germination conditions of 20-30 degrees C. DL, 20 35 degrees C. DL, 20 35 degrees C., and 30 degrees C. DL gave germina­ tion of 91 per cent or better (Table 1). Treatments of 20 degrees C. failed to pro­ 24 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: FEBRUARY, 1940 duce appreciable germination and germi­ nation did not occur at a constant tem­ perature of 35 degrees C. with or with­ out light. Light was found to be an important fac­ tor for good germination at 30 degrees C. where maximum germination percentages were obtained with alternating light and dark. Germination with complete dark­ ness at 30 degrees C. was very poor. Un­ der conditions of continuous darkness, the only appreciable germination obtained was fair germination at 20-30 degrees C. and good germination at 20-35 degrees C. Germination was also delayed more at the 20-30 degrees C. temperature than at 20-35 degrees C. temperature. Since light was more important at the 20-30 degrees C. temperature than the 20-35 degrees C. temperature, the optimum maximum ger­ minating temperature appears to be some­ where between 30 degrees C. and 35 de­ grees C. Under conditions of alternating temperature of 20-35 degrees C. with and without light, the importance of light seems to be compensated by ideal tem­ peratures. When varied germination conditions such as the above occur in nature, they could produce great influence on goose- grass development. Goosegrass has been known to appear in startling abundance in turf areas where the grass cover has been destroyed suddenly. Other studies concerning control measures for goose- grass which follow in this paper, suggest this relationship. For example, plots re­ ceiving injury from chemical treatment often contained more goosegrass plants than many of the untreated plots. Loss of turf from the injurious treatment may The turfgrass on the right shows chlor­ dane control of goosegrass as compared with the untreated turfgrass on the left. have increased light and temperatures which are an aid to better germination of goosegrass. Chemical Treatments Pre-emergence Treatment of Goosegrass Elimination of weeds at the time of ger­ mination is a most desirable method. Pre­ emergence tests were conducted during 1957 and 1958. The 1957 treatments were on a mixed turf of Kentucky bluegrass, colonial and creeping bentgrasses. Goose- grass was seeded on this test area June 5 and several chemicals were applied 3 days after a rain. The 1958 test area was on a golf course fairway which had a his­ tory of goosegrass infestation. ^The pre-emergence treatments with dry applications of chlordane at the rate of 60 pounds per acre, with clay as a car­ Table. 1. The effect of several herbicides applied pre-emergence on control of goosegrass Eleusine indica on turf injury. June 8, 1957. September 1957, New Brunswick, N. J. Treatment PMA PMA 4- 2,4-D Lead arsenate Sesin Chlordane Neburon Neburon Check Rate per acre 7 pts. 7 Pts. + H lb. 653 lbs. 3 lbs. 60 lbs. 2 lbs. 4 lbs. No. of Plants 9/5/57* Percent of Check** Turfgrass injury*** 18 8 13 13 1 11 9 7 257 114 186 186 14 157 128 0 1 0 0 0 1 3 * Average number of goosegrass plants in a 2.2 square foot frame quadrat. ** Percent of goosegrass plants compared with check from counts taken 9/5/57. *** Injury ratings: 0 equals none, 1 equals slight, 2 equals moderate, 3 equals severe, 4 equals very severe. USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: FEBRUARY, 1960 25 rier, gave a consistently lower number of goosegrass plants than other treatments in the 1957 test (Table 1). The chlordane plots also showed no turf grass injury. This factor is important especially where control of goosegrass is desired on closely cut bentgrass, as encountered on golf course greens. The sesin, arsenate of lead and neburon treatments showed some pre-emergence control. The value of the neburon treat­ ment at 4 pounds per acre was reduced by turf injury. The effectiveness of time of applica­ tion on goosegrass control was a prime objective of the 1958 fairway test and treatments made on three different dates were compared for chlordane, arsenate of lead, and an arsenical complex. Also chlordane was used at 40, 60 and 80 pounds per acre. Table 2. Goosegrass control, based on plant counts, as influenced by winter and spring applications of pre-emergence herbicides to fairway turf. October 1958. Trenton, N. J. Treatment and Date of Application Rate per acre Av. No. of Plants per 10 Sq. Ft. Percent of Check Chlordane March 13 April 18 June 2 Arsenate of lead March 13 April 18 June 2 Arsenical complex March 13 April 18 June 2 Check 40 60 80 40 60 80 40 60 80 871 871 871 1350 1350 1350 4.3 1.0 4.6 0.3 0.0 0.0 2.3 6.0 1.0 6.3 1.0 2.0 1.0 2.6 6.6 2.3 187 43 200 13 0 0 100 261 43 278 43 87 43 113 287 Table 3. Crabgrass control, based on plant counts, as influenced by winter and spring ap­ plications of pre-emergence herbicides on fairway turf. October 1958. Trenton, N. J. Treatment & Date of Application Rate per acre Av. No. of Plants per 10 Sq. Ft. Crabgrass Plants in per cent of Check Chlordane March 13 April 18 June 2 40 60 80 40 60 80 40 60 80 Arsenate of lead March 13 April 18 June 2 Arsenical complex March 13 April 18 June 2 Check 871 871 871 1350 1350 1350 8.6 4.6 1.0 5.6 4.3 1.6 6.6 10.6 10.0 3.3 5.3 5.0 4.6 4.0 11.6 8.0 108 58 13 70 55 20 83 133 125 41 66 63 58 50 145 fective in controlling goosegrass in the fairway trial and the treatment with the arsenical complex gave some control when applied March 13. Post-emergence tests were made on turf that was predominantly annual bluegrass and bentgrass in September 1957. Work centered largely on evaluation of several chemicals and the effect of the chemicals on the goosegrass seed crop. Disodium methyl arsonate (DSMA) treatments gave 63 per cent control and 73 per cent control when in combination with 2,4-D. This chemical gave moderate turf grass injury. An experimental chemi­ cal, FW-450 also showed promise as a post-emergence type herbicide. It appear­ ed to be nearly as effective as DSMA and somewhat less injurious. (Table 4). Chlordane (on clay) again proved to be the superior treatment in the 1958 test for goosegrass preemergence control (Table 2). Comparisons of application dates of chlordane show that the April 18 date resulted in better control than March 13 or June 2 dates of application. No goosegrass was observed in the mid­ April plots when chlordane was applied at 60 or 80 pounds per acre. Results with chlordane on control of crabgrass, Diqi- taria spp., also show the importance of timing pre-emergence applications of this chemical (Table 3). Arsenate of lead treatment was not ef- Table 4. The effect of post-emergence herbicidal treatments on seed set and viability of goosegrass seed. September 1957. Treatment Average Number of Seeds from 2.2 Square Feet Harvested Live Seed DSMA DSMA + 2,4-D FW-450* ACP 406* Sodium arsenite Sodium arsenite 2,4-D Check + 52.7 68.7 318.0 206.7 359.0 278.9 452.3 30.0 32.0 160.0 156.6 193.3 198.3 315.7 Differences not significant at .05 level. ‘Experimental materials from the Amchem Chemi­ cal Corporation. 26 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: FEBRUARY, I960 A check on seed set in the September post-emergence test showed that plants from plots which had been treated with DSMA with and without 2,4-D, yielded an average of 53 and 68 seed respectively as compared with 452 seed from plants of the untreated plots. All chemically treat­ ed plots gave lower seed counts than the check. Seed which was procured from plants of chemically treated plots and subjected to laboratory germination studies gave germination which ranged from 45 per cent to 57 per cent. The check plot seed germinated 70 per cent. The lowest per cent germination of seed from all treat­ ments occurred when 2,4-D was combined with sodium arsenite or DSMA. Seed from plants treated with sodium arsenite plus 2,4D and DSMA plus 2,4 D, germinated at the rate of 45 per cent and 47 per cent respectively. Germination was 54 per cent and 57 per cent, respectively, when these arsenicals were used without 2,4-D. Conclusions Study of goosegrass emphasizes the im­ portance of a good turfgrass cover for weed control. Goosegrass germination is suppressed by a lack of light and low temperatures. Chlordane (on clay) gave excellent control of goosegrass when applied prior to germination. Some trials at other loca­ tions since the start of this study support these results. More information on con­ sistency of chlordane performance and injury potential should be obtained. Field work should be considered exploratory and limited in scope. Chlordane prepara- SUBSCRIBERS TO U.S.G.A. GREEN SECTION RESEARCH AND EDUCATION FUND, INC. Augusta National Golf Club, Catto & Putty, Clapper Co., Bob Dunning, Floyd Farley, Donald Harradine, Lionel MacDuff, Metropolitan Golf Writers' Association, Augusta, Ga. San Antonio, Tex. West Newton 65, Mass. Tulsa, Okla. Oklahoma City, Okla. Magliaso Tessin, Switzerland Lynn, Mass. Manhasset, N. Y. National Golf Fund, Dunedin, Fla. New England Golf Boston, Mass. Inc., Association, Connecticut State Golf Association Maine State Golf Association Massachusetts State Golf Association New England Golf Association New Hampshire State Golf Association Rhode Island State Golf Association Vermont State Golf Association Bernard H. Ridder, Jr., St. Paul, Minn. J. H. Watson, Marietta, Ohio tions on a granular clay, spread uniformly at to 2 pounds of actual chlordane per 1000 square feet, should be timed sev­ eral weeks in advance of anticipated ger­ mination. Also, other pre-emergence her­ bicides may be worthy of trial. Goosegrass can be suppressed by late season chemical treatments. DSMA ap­ peared to be the most effective of the several chemicals used. Chemical treatments applied in mid­ September gave up to 90 per cent reduc­ tions in viable seed set. This shows the fallacy in curtailing treatment of goose- grass even though cool weather has slowed growth of this weed. Eleusine indica. M. S. thesis, Rutgers—the State University of New Jersey, 1959 and unpublished data. A Control Valve for the Travelling Sprinkler BY EDWARD J. CASEY Superintendent. Baltusrol Golf Club, Springfield, N. J. Superintendents who use travelling sprinklers of one type or another are aware of certain operational weaknesses and subsequent risks of turf damage. A ’’•'eakness experienced has been with one of the type utilizing a moving base with a 20 foot radius supply pipe to sprinkler head. Assuming that normal irrigation procedure is to have the sprinkler ope­ rate for nine or ten hours through the night without supervision, any malfunc­ tion during this time results in varying degrees of turf damage. The fundamental weakness of the sprinkler is the lack of an automatic cut-off valve to stop the flow of water in the event of some mal­ function. If the power wire or the guide wire breaks, or the anchor stake is pull­ ed out of the ground, the sprinkler will continue to operate in its circular pat­ tern, even though its linear movement has ceased. A situation of this sort results in severe turfgrass damage if the sprinkler operates in one position for hours. USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: FEBRUARY, 1960 27 Fig. 1—Pin positioned to hold valve open. The illustrations show the installation of a one-inch, spring operated gate valve in the radius supply pipe, also a valve control pin attached to the reel drum. At the start of the sprinkler operation, the one-inch gate valve is opened (against spring tension) and the control pin placed in position to hold the valve open. (See Figure 1). The valve and control pin rotate with the sprinkler. While the sprinkler is in operation, it pulls a dead-load of 200 to 300 pounds and considerable tension is built up in Fig. 2—When control valve closes irriga­ tion stops. the anchor stake, power wire, or guide wire. Should either wire break, or the stake pull out of the ground, tension is released which results in torque or back­ lash movement at the reel drum thereby displacing the valve control pin, which in turn allows the gate valve to close im­ mediately, and the sprinkler operation stops. (See Figure 2). This is a simple positive mechanism which appears to be a valuable accessory to the travelling sprinkler of the type mentioned. The Effect of Fertilizer Rates and Placement on Turf grass Seedlings BY CHARLES McCREA AND RALPH E. ENGEL Former Student and Research Specialist in Turf Management, respectively, Rutgers—the State University, New Brunswick, N. J. Frequently, it is desirable to use gen­ erous quantities of fertilizer on the day of seeding or shortly before seeding turfgrass. It is known that fertilizer can injure grass seedings, but the dangers have not been defined. It was the purpose of this study to determine the effect of a complete fertilizer of soluble nature on turfgrasses when used at the time of seeding. Procedure Fertilizer rate and placement treat­ ments with turfgrass seed were made in 5-inch greenhouse pots. All treatments were repeated three times and they were seeded with equal numbers of Kentucky bluegrass and red fescue seed at a rate of 40 seeds per square inch. A 5-10-5 fertilizer of soluble nature was used at rates that gave 1 and 2 pounds of nitrogen per 1000 square feet. One of the ¥4 pound rates was left on the soil surface and the other was mixed throughout the soil. With 1 and 2 pound rates three procedures were used as follows: 1. Fertilizer applied to the soil sur­ face (slight incorporation in the USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: FEBRUARY, 19«0 surface crust occurred with the covering of the seed). 2. Fertilizer mixed throughout the soil. 3. The fertilizer required for a Vi pound of nitrogen applied to the surface with the remainder previ­ ously mixed throughout the soil. After seeding the cultures were allow­ ed to grow for 7 weeks. The number of shoots and the grass yield were deter­ mined at the end of the growing period. Results Placing the fertilizer on the surface gave no significant suppression of seed­ ling development when the fertilizer was used at a rate that gave V4 and % pound of nitrogen per 1000 square feet (Table). However, a highly significant reduction in the number of shoots occurred when the applications with 1 and 2 pounds of N were placed on the surface as com­ pared with mixing all or part of the fer­ tilizer through the soil depth. Also, com­ plete mixing of the fertilizer for these rates gave a significant increase in clip­ pings over those obtained with surface application. Further support of suppres­ sion by surface applications was shown by the significantly greater number of shoots produced by the unfertilized check. The figure illustrates the growth response ob­ tained with different rates and methods of application. Conclusions Seed and fertilizer placement is critical in turfgrass seedings. The following guides are suggested by this study: 1. Use of balanced soluble fertilizer at rates that will give 1 and 2 pounds of nitrogen per 1000 square feet does not offer a hazard to im­ mediate seeding if the fertilizer is thoroughly incorporated to a depth of five inches on a loam soil. 2. Applications of a balanced soluble fertilizer at rates that supply % to J/2 pound of nitrogen per 1000 square feet in the surface layer offers no hazard to immediate seeding if watering or rain follows. If larger quantities are used seri­ ous stand reduction can occur if seeding is not delayed until the chemical concentration is reduced. 3. Fertilizers with insoluble compon­ ents would be less dangerous to turfgrass seed than soluble types, however, it would seem unjusti­ fied to apply these in large quan­ tity to the soil surface in close as­ sociation with turfgrass seeding. This was a study conducted in appreciation of scholarship funds from the Metropolitan Golf Writers of the New York Area and the United States Golf Association. The number of shoots and the top growth from turfgrass seedings made with varied rate and place­ ment of fertilizer. New Brunswick, N. J. 1959. Fertilizer Placement Check Surface Mixed Surface Mixed Surface yt lb. — Mixed yt lb. Surface Mixed Surface s$ lb. — Mixed % lb. Surface Mixed Surface i/, lb. — Mixed l-% lb. L.S.D. at 0.05 " 0.01 " Nitrogen from fertilizer* lbs. /1000 sq. ft. Number of shoots Topgrowth grams 0.25 0.50 •t •• 1.00 »• •• 2.00 It •• 198 288 245 236 257 223 121 235 231 128 283 282 51 69 1.2 2.3 2.6 3.7 3.6 2.9 2.1 3.7 4.1 4.5 5.6 4.6 1.2 1.6 *A 5-10-5 fertilizer was applied at a rate that supplied the respective quantities of nitrogen. USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: FEBRUARY, 1960 29 Golf Coarse Maintenance Costs A survey of maintenance costs of golf courses operated by members of the Southern California Golf Association was made for 1958 by a Cost Analysis Commit­ tee. The chairman of this committee, Mr. Lynn A. Smith, has made the results of the survey available for study. Twenty- five clubs participated in the study by answering questionnaires. One of the interesting findings of this study is that salaries, wages, and payroll costs amount to 72.3 per cent of the total golf course maintenance budget. It is also indicated that each succeeding survey shows a gradual increase in the percent­ age of the budget devoted to labor. Expenditures exceeded $70,000 at 72 per cent of the clubs reporting and the average cost of golf course maintenance was $81,275. The report points out one very important fact to be kept in mind when costs are being compared between clubs. “No two courses present the same maintenance problem—there are dif­ ferences in soil, terrain, maintenance background, and possibly most im­ portant, the type of course demanded by the members.” A study of the information in this sur­ vey leads one to several observations. 1. Labor is one of the major items of expense in golf course mainte­ nance. 2. Labor costs are gradually rising. 3. The management of manpower for most effective use is assuming in­ creasing importance. 4. An evaluation by each club of its various operations may lead to changes in golf course features or in levels of maintenance that would reduce the labor require­ ment. 5. Adequate, accurate records are necessary to determine the mainte­ nance costs of individual parts of the golf course. 6. No cost comparisons between clubs should be attempted except on the basis of “units of mainte­ nance.” A USGA Green Section subcommittee on Uniform Accounting and Terminology under the chairmanship of Mr. Allan Brown is presently conducting a pilot study of maintenance costs and methods of accounting. It is to be hoped that in­ formation gained from this study may complement that gained by surveys such as that conducted by the Southern Cali­ fornia Golf Association. The eventual re­ sults hoped for are better accounting methods leading to more complete and accurate analyses of costs which, in turn, may point the way to eliminating or re­ ducing some of the most expensive opera­ tions. A limited supply of re-prints of the Southern California Golf Association sur­ vey is available for distribution. The ad­ dress is 1709 West Eighth St., Los Angeles 17, Calif. COMING EVENTS February 15-18 Penn State Turfgrass Conference The Pennsylvania State University University Park, Pa. Dr. J. M. Duich February 22-23 Southern Turfgrass Conference Claridge Hotel, Memphis, Tenn. Reg Perry February 22-25 Thirteenth Cornell Turfgrass Conference Cornell University Statler Inn, Ithaca, N. Y. Dr. John F. Cornman February 23-25 Minnesota Turfgrass Conference St. Paul, Minn. John L. Kolb March 7-8-9 Midwest Regional Turf Conference Memorial Center, Purdue University Lafayette, Ind. Dr. William H. Daniel March 8-9-10 Iowa Golf Course Superintendents 26th Annual Turfgrass Short Course Memor al Union Building, Iowa State University Ames, Iowa A. E. Cott March 10-11 Massachusetts Turfgrass Conference University of Massachusetts Amherst, Mass. Joseph Troll March 17-18 M’chigan State Turfgrass Conference Michigan State University East Lansing, Mich. Dr. James Tyson 30 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: FEBRUARY, 1960 ANNUAL INDEX TO USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT Volume XII—April, 1959, Through February, 1960 Issue Page Issue Page AMATEUR STATUS AND CONDUCT Protecting the Amateur Sept. 5 BOOKS An Addict's Guide to British Golf _____ Feb. Eighteen Holes in my Head____________Feb. Golfers at Law Apr. The American Way in Sport_________ Apr. CADDIES Caddies Win $1.25 Minimum _____ June CHAMPIONSHIPS Aftermath of the Open _______________ Aug. Amateur Public Links Championships Recalled __________________________ July 3 Amateur Scene ____ Sept. 3 Classic Amateur Beneath the Rockies ... Nov, 10 Daylight at the Amateur ___________ Nov. 1 Early Start on the 1960 Open _________ Apr. 19 Gallery Guidance in the Open _________ June 5 Jollity and Putting Come Easily to 4 4 4 4 2 3 Casper July 5 1961 Competitions ____________ Nov. 1 1961 Open ______________________ July Open Thirty Years Ago _______________ June Qualifying Schedule for Open 3 3 Championship ___________ Apr. 11 Questions on the Open Answered _____ June 13 Winged Foot’s Rugs July 3 Bill Wright Breaks Through in Public Links __________________ Aug. 12 CLUB OPERATIONS Country Club Operations in 1958 _______ Nov. Current Trends in Club Operating 19 Costs Pools Aug. 17 13 Economic Future of Club Operation ____ July Federal Tax Liabilities on Calcutta ____________ July 18 Fire Protection—Golf Club 7 Properties Sept. How Many Will Join? ________________Sept. 2 Notes on Function of House Committee . Feb. 10 ____________ Apr. 3 Survey of Operations Tax Rulings Affecting Golf ____________ Apr. 15 What Does A Member Pay? ............... June 2 COURSES Bethpage Plant _______________________ June Fee Courses Increase _________________ June "GOLF HOUSE” AND GOLF MUSEUM 2 3 feather Ball Equipment Displayed in Golf House” _____ Sept. 17 McLeod Portrait for “Golf House” ____ Apr. 3 Gene Sarazen in Oils _____ Feb. 4 Three New Pictures in "Golf House” ..... July 20 HANDICAPPING Course Ratings Listed to Guide Committees ___ ___ _________ Apr. 13 18-Hole Score Needed _____ ___________Nov. 8 Game That Creates Handicap Interest ... Apr. 10 Handicaps Analyzed for Chapman Foursomes __________ June 19 HISTORICAL The Barstow Cup ____ June Eagle-Birdie-Ace ____ Aug. ,,ajher and Son in the Amateur____ __ Sept. Plus Fours” ______ Apr. 3 2 2 2 Shooting One’s Age __ ________ Sept. 21 IMPLEMENTS AND BALL Tests of Golf Balls VS. Advertising British Amateur __ ___________________ June British Open Aug. "Elephant Have the Right of Way”___ Sept. Global Golf in 1960 Feb. Golf in Australia Nov. Golf in Czechoslovakia Feb. Ladies’ Commonwealth At St. 1 1 20 8 14 3 Andrews Aug. 20 Scotland Entertains Walker Cup Play, Rules Talk __ ________ Apr. 5 Walker Cup Highlights. Scottish Golf in Films Feb. 12 JUNIORS Centers of Power in Junior Golf ______ Sept. Course Strategy in Tournament Golf__ Feb. East Aurora Junior Invitation Tournament Aug. Junior Program at A Club ____________ Apr. Junior Star Apr. Pensacola’s Junior Golf Program_____ June 16-Year Old Wins Girls’ Junior Sept. Southern California Juniors Aug. Special Privileges for Juniors ________Sept. Stanford’s Course and the Junior Amateur Aug. Washington Juniors ___________________June 21 10 16 16 2 17 15 3 3 1 2 MISCELLANEOUS Assistant Professionals’ School ________ Sept. Grainger, President of USSGA July Greatest Golfer 100 Years Ago________ Feb. Hill-of-Fame Trees ----------------------- Apr. Is A Golfer A Gentleman?Sept. Letters to the Secretary ----------------------- July Michael for Mayor --------------------------------- Apr. Officers of ASGCA ___________________ Apr. Origin of the Swing -------------------------------Aug. Quaint Dialect of Touring Pros ------------Feb. Winged Foot’s Superintendent ------------- June NECROLOGY James F. Blair --------------------------------------- July Edward L. Cheyney ------------------------------ Sept. Findlay S. Douglas --------------------------------Apr. Joseph Flynn ---------------------------------- July Mrs. Alice Cushing Underwood 4 3 13 3 19 22 1 4 2 15 18 3 4 4 3 Gardiner ---------------------------- Apr. 4 George Holmes ....... ......... —---- -------------- June 4 John G. Jackson ______________________June 4 Eugene L. Larkin ------- June 4 W. Willis Mackenzie ------ ------------------------Aug. 4 H. B. (Dickie) Martin ------- June 4 Tirso de Mesa ------------ July 3 Joe T. Parkinson _______________ .July 3 Lt. Gen. Floyd L. Parks ----------------------- Apr. 4 Walter B. Pedersen ---- Apr. 4 J. Wood Platt ---------------------------- Feb. 3 Vincent Richards ------------- Nov. 4 C.K. Robison -------- Aug. 4 Dennis Smalldon ----- Nov. 4 Clifford E. Wagoner ----- June 4 Robert White -------------------------- ...Aug. 4 PLAY OF THE GAME Carts in Washington ------------------ --------... Aug. 2 Golf in Colleges --------------------------------- Aug. -2 Golf in New York ------- ------------------ Apr. 2 Lightning Casualties Are Preventable _ Aug. 5 Oversized Cups -------------------------------------- Sept. 2 6,000 in 60 Feb. 1 Ten Commandments for Golfers Feb. 20 What Golf Means to me ------------------------- Feb. 18 Claims _________________ July 11 RULES OF GOLF INTERNATIONAL Deane Beman Returns British Title to U.S. _______ July 16 Bonus Values in the Walker Cup ______ June 8 Balls Out of Bounds --------------------------- Sept. How to Use The Rules Book __ July Local Rules Change But Game’s the Same -------------------------------------- Aug. 9 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: FEBRUARY, 1960 3 19 31 Issue Page Issue Page Putting Green Rules Revision Proposed .... June 12 Relaxation in Rules a New Year’s Gift ____________ Nov. 5 Rules Changes in Prospect___________ July 10 The Rules—Lifeblood of Golf ___ _____ Sept. 13 Uniformity Restored in Rules of Golf _Apr. 20 RULES OF GOLF DECISIONS Back of Club May Be Used ______ June 24 Ball Crossing Boundary but Lying on Course ______ Apr. 24 Ball Hit Accidentally Through the Green Apr. Ball Lost or Stolen _____ Feb. 22 Ball Near Hole in Stroke Play_________June 23 Ball Not "Other Equipment” ______ June 22 Ball Unplayable: Choices _____________ Nov. 23 Breaking Grass ______________________ Nov. 22 Bridge in Hazard_____________________ Sept. 23 Card Returned July 23 Caddie Employed by Four-Ball 23 Opponents July 24 Caddie Throws Ball. Then Returns It _Apr. 22 Casual Water and the Plugged Ball____ July 24 Casual Water on Green, Ball off Green _Apr. 24 Claim Must Be Made Before Players 23 Drive Aug. Claim Not Valid ________ Aug. 23 Conceded Hole Won On Infraction____ Sept. 24 Discontinuance of Play_______________ July 23 Dispute as to Breach Feb. 22 Disqualification Decides Match _______ June 24 Distance Markers Sept. 23 Drive Out of Turn Replayed in Error___ July 24 Effective Handicap Sept. 23 Exempt Competitors Seek Medal ______ Nov. 22 "False Handicap” ________________ Aug. 24 Green May be Brushed _________ Aug. 22 Holding Flagstick on Short Putt _______Nov. 22 Honor Decided by Net Score _________ June 23 "Interference” Defined _______________ Aug. 22 Left-Handed Stroke _______________ Aug. 24 Loose Impediment Partly in Hazard___ June 23 Mark Behind Ball Is Not Permitted ___ Apr. 23 Mat May Be Used as Tee ________June 22 No Free Relief from Boundary _______Sept. 24 Penalties Cancelled When Round Is Cancelled Apr. 23 Penalty Not Noted: Competitor Disqualified Aug. Play Completed When Putt Conceded .June Provisional Ball—Announcement ____ Feb. Provisional Ball Played After Wrong Ball June Putt Deflected By Ball Marker .... ........ .. June Reintroducing Unfit Ball __________ Feb. Repair of Marks by any Ball __ Feb. Removing Sand ____________ Aug. "Rough” Not Hazard _____ Aug. Size of Hole Feb. Stick Holding Ball Violates Rule 16 ___ Apr. Swing and Miss at Wrong Ball _____ Apr. Tee Marker: When Obstruction ..... _Feb. Testing Hazard and Improving Line 23 23 22 22 23 21 23 22 23 21 23 22 21 of Play .Apr. 23 Time Limit for Claim in Stroke Play ..... Nov. 24 Touching Grass In Hazard _________ __ - Apr. 24 When Ball is Holed ________ Nov. 23 Your Rights in the Water Hazard __ __ Aug. 10 SENIORS Espies’ Fine Record in the Senior Amateur ________________ Nov. 1960 Senior ________ —June Senior Golfers as Rules Exemplars ___ Feb. 7 2 19 TOURNAMENTS Challenge Ladder ____ Sept. National Golf Day ______ Apn Never-Win Tournament ..... June PGA Championship _______________ Sept. PGA Hole-in-One Events ................... Aug. Two-Day Round-Robin ................. Apr. 2 9 2 3 2 1 University of Houston NCAA Champion Aug. 3 USGA AFFAIRS Boatwright and Slappey Join USGA John G. Clock Earns Award............ .......... July John G. Clock Nominated for USGA Staff Presidency Nov. Nov. 2 9 4 1 Renner Joins USGA Staff _____ Sept. USGA Annual Meeting Honors Chick Evans Feb. 5 WOMEN Baltusrol to Host 1961 Women’s Open _ Apr. 4 Patty Berg’s First Ace Aug. 3 Congressional Entertains Women’s Amateur Aug. 16 Miss Barbara McIntire A Deserving Champion Nov. 17 1959 Women’s Open ...... June Miss Mickey Wright Repeats with Record 287 ______________________ Aug. 6 2 25 30 30 26 27 25 29 27 31 25 29 30 30 31 28 4 32 28 25 30 25 TURF MANAGEMENT Another Look At Financing the Building Program Aug. 32 Bee Stings Can Be Dangerous Aug. Control of Goosegrass ____________ Feb. 24 Control Valve for Sprinkler___________ Feb. 27 Fertilizer on Turfgrass Seedlings ___ Feb. 28 Cup Changing Technique At Wee Burn -July 28 Fungus Gnat and Development of 31 Turf grass Nov. Getting Your Money’s Worth__________Aug. Golf Course Maintenance Costs Feb. Golf Course Ponds and Lakes__________Nov. Golf Course Rebuilding and Remodeling—Factors to Consider Design With Respect to Maintenance Practices _______ June Design With Respect to Play______June Financing the Remodeling Job___ June Good Drainage for Greens_________Apr. Grasses __ Apr. Renovation vs. Rebuilding_________Apr. Soils ___ Apr. Time Factor in Remodeling________June Growth of Bentgrass Roots July H. Burton Musser Advances Turfgrass Management July New Laboratory Facility at UCLA ____ Nov. 1960 Green Section Educational Program Nov. Penncross Creeping Bentgrass ________ June Pilot Study of Maintenance Costs is Started Sept. Poa Annua Control ________ Sept. Role of Water in Plant Growth________ Nov. Shoe-Sole Questionnaire _________ July Trends in Management Practices in the Southeast ____ __ _ Aug. 25 Turf Damage from Foot Traffic _______ Sept. 29 Williams Retires ___ ___ Apr. 21 TURF MANAGEMENT The book "Turf Management," sponsored by the United States Golf Association and edited by Prof. H. B. Musser, is a complete and authoritative guide In the practical de­ velopment of golf-course turfs. This 354-page volume is available through the USGA, 40 East 38th Street, New York 16, N. Y., the USGA Green Section Regional Offices, the McGraw-Hill Book Co., 350 West 42nd Street, New York 36, N. Y., or local bookstores. The cost is $7. 32 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: FEBRUARY, 1960 IT’S YOUR HONOR Peru's "Problem" To The USGA: The Ladies’ Section of the Lima Golf Club has introduced the USGA Handicap System, but we are run­ ning into difficulties. We appear to be playing under ex­ ceptional circumstances here. Our climate enables us to play every day. Also, we have ample domestic labor, so that the ladies have a great deal of leisure. Consequently, our lady golfers are handing in as many as five cards a week. Now, we find, taking the best 10 of the last 25 cards, that players’ handi­ caps are going up and down much more often than before. In fact, one lady’s handicap went up in the morn­ ing and down in the afternoon. We tend to have many changes every Friday, and the majority of handi­ caps are going up. Mas. S. D. Carver Lima, Peru Conceded Putts To The USGA: I wish something could be done to make golfers more careful about com­ plying with the rules when the ball is near the hole. The golfer who is accustomed to playing match play in the usual non­ tournament golf rounds gets in the habit of taking and giving conceded putts. When he is playing in a stroke­ play tournament he may without thinking knock his ball away from the cup or pick up the ball and walk off the green. I wish everyone would realize that the conceded putt in stroke play is very bad for three reasons: (1) It violates the rules; (2) Any putt re­ gardless of length can be missed; (3) A person who concedes a putt to him­ self may fail to count the conceded putt. The following are some other vio­ lations observed when the ball is near the cup: The ball is raked into the hole with an illegal stroke; the ball is stopped, deflected, or struck with club while ball is still moving; the player taps the ball several times before getting into the hole and counts only one tap; the player holds the flag stick in the hole with one hand and taps the ball into the hole with the other, without taking penal­ ty for striking attended flagstick; the player taps the ball carelessly and misses, then wants to shoot it over and not count the miss. W. Davis Hamilton Atlanta, Ga. "Bad" Example To The USGA: I am not trying to be funny in wanting an answer to a problem. I used the statement in my column that my golf is so terrible, I work for a pro while he is giving lessons. He points to me and advises his pupils not to do it that way. Since using the squib, I have had questions from readers asking me if I would be a pro under such circum­ stances. Could you enlighten me? Dean Eagle The Louisville Times AND HERE IS MR. EAGLE’S ANSWER A person receiving remuneration for assisting with golf lessons in the manner described in your letter would be violating Rule 1-3 of the Rules of Amateur Status. Where there is no remuneration of any kind, there is no violation. USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: FEBRUARY, 1960 33 USGA OFFICERS, EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE AND COMMITTEE CHAIRMEN PRESIDENT John G. Clock, Long Beach, Calif. VICE-PRESIDENTS Emerson Carey, Jr., Denver, Colo. John M. Winters, Jr., Tulsa, Okla. SECRETARY Clarence W. Benedict, White Plains, N. Y. TREASURER Wm. Ward Foshay, New York, N. Y. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE The above officers and: Fred Brand, Jr.. Pittsburgh, Pa. William C. Chapin, Rochester, N. Y. Charles C. Clare, New Haven, Conn. Harry L. Givan, Seattle, Wash. Hord W. Hardin, St. Louis, Mo. Edwin R. Foley, Oakland, Calif. Harold A. Moore, Chicago, III. Bernard H. Ridder, Jr., St. Paul, Minn. Henry H. Russell, South Miami, Fla. A. Vinton Stegeman, Jr., Ft. Thomas, Ky. HONORARY MEMBER J. Frederic Byers, Jr., Pittsburgh, Pa. GENERAL COUNSEL Philip H. Strubing, Philadelphia, Pa. EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR Joseph C. Dey, Jr., New York, N. Y. ASSISTANT DIRECTORS: P. J. Boatwright, Jr., and Sterling G. Slappey USGA HEADQUARTERS "Golf House", 40 East 38th Street, New York 16, N. Y. COMMITTEE CHAIRMEN RULES OF GOLF: John M. Winters, Jr., Tulsa, Okla. CHAMPIONSHIP: Bernard H. Ridder, Jr., St. Paul, Minn. AMATEUR STATUS AND CONDUCT: Charles C. Clare, New Haven, Conn IMPLEMENTS AND BALL: Clarence W. Benedict, White Plains, N. Y. MEMBERSHIP: Emerson Carey, Jr., Denver, Colo. GREEN SECTION: William C. Chapin, Rochester, N. Y. WOMEN'S: Mrs. Henri Prunaret, Natick, Mass. SECTIONAL AFFAIRS: Hord W. Hardin, St. Louis, Mo. PUBLIC LINKS: Charles C. Clare, New Haven, Conn. HANDICAP: Clarence W. Benedict, White Plains, N. Y. Handicap Procedure: Herman M. Freydberg, New York, N. Y. JUNIOR CHAMPIONSHIP: Harry L. Givan, Seattle, Wash. SENIOR CHAMPIONSHIP: Harold A. Moore, Chicago, III. GIRLS' JUNIOR: Mrs. John Pennington, Buffalo, N. Y. MUSEUM: Harold A. Moore, Chicago, III. BOB JONES AWARD: Wm. Ward Foshay, New York, N. Y. FINANCE: Wm. Ward Foshay, New York, N. Y. USGA GREEN SECTION EASTERN REGION Northeastern Office: Lipman Hall, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, N. J. Alexander M. Radko, Director, Eastern Region T. T. Taylor, Northeastern Agronomist Mid-Atiantic Office: 711 West Ave., Jenkintown, Pa. Charles K. Hallowell, Mid-Atlantic Director Southeastern Office: Conner Hall, University of Georgia, Athens, Ga. James M. Latham, Jr., Southeastern Agronomist Southwestern Office: Texas A. and M. College, College Station, Tex. MID-CONTINENT REGION Dr. Marvin H. Ferguson, Director, Mid-Continent Region and National Research Coordinator ....... James B. Moncrief, Southwestern Agronomist Mid-Western Office: Room 241, LaSalle Hotel, Chicago 2, III. James L. Holmes, Mid-Western Agronomist Western Office: P. O. Box 567, Garden Grove, Cal. William H. Bengeyfield, Director, Western Region WESTERN REGION