USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT THE BOB JONES AWARD GOES ABROAD Joseph B. Carr is the first recipient of the Bob Jones Award who is not a citizen of the United States. The annual award for “distinguished sportsmanship in golf” was made at the USGA annual meeting in New York by Wm. Ward Foshay (left), Chairman of the Award Committee, and USGA President John G. Clock (right). Carr, three-time winner of the British Amateur Championship, has been a member of every British Walker Cup team since 1947. FEBRUARY, 1961 VS«A JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT Published by the United States Golf Association © 1961 by United States Golf Association. Permission to reprint articles or material in the USGA Journal and Turf Management is granted to publishers of newspapers, periodicals and books (unless specifically noted otherwise), provided credit is given to the USGA and copyright protection is af­ forded. Neither articles ncr other material may be copied or used for any advertising, promotion or commercial purpose. VOL. XIII, No. 7 FEBRUARY, 1961 Through the Green ___________________________________________ 1 The Trial Rules for 1961: How They Were Developed___ John M. Winters, Jr. 4 Golfers Prominent on Roster of World Leaders _______________________ 8 Carr and Dr. Monteith Receive USGA Awards ____________ Frank Hannigan 10 Snow and Sleet Can’t Stop “Icebreakers” ----------------------------------------------- 13 California Pioneers in Tax Relief Effort _______________ Robert E. Hanna 14 World Team Championship at Merion in New Film ____________________ 18 Miller a Friendly Boss of Congressional Caddies _______ Merrell Whittlesey 19 The Referee: Decisions Under the Rules of Golf_______________________ 21 Turf Management: Quarter for Water _____________________________________ 24 Annual Index _______________________________________________ 31 It’s Your Honor: Letters _______________________________________ 33 Published seven times a year in February, April, June, July, August, September and November by the UNITED STATES GOLF ASSOCIATION 40 EAST 38th ST., NEW YORK 16, N. Y. Subscription: $2 a year. Single copies: 30c. Subscriptions, articles, photographs, and correspondence should be sent to the above address. Entered as Second-class Matter, March 3, 1950, at the Post Office at New York, N. Y., under the Act of March 8, 1879. Additional entry at the Post Office in Pinehurst, N. C. Editor: Joseph C. Dey, Jr. Managing Editor: Frank Hannigan. All articles voluntarily contributed. USGA COMPETITIONS FOR 1961 Championship or Team Match Entries Close Qualifying Rounds Dates of Event Location Open May 3 Local: May 22 Sect’l.: June 6** June 15-16-17 Women’s Open June 14 None Amateur Public Links *June 1 TJune 18-25 June 29-30, July 1 July 10-15 Junior Amateur June 28 July 18 Aug. 2-5 Girls’ Junior July 28 None Women’s Amateur Aug. 2 None Walker Cup Match*** •----- - — Aug. 14-18 Aug. 21-26 Sept. 1-2 Amateur Aug. 9 Aug. 29 Sept. 11-16 Senior Amateur Aug. 30 Sept. 19 Oct. 2-7 Oakland Hills C.C., Birmingham, Mich. Baltusrol Golf Club, Springfield, N.J. Rackham Golf Course, Detroit, Mich. Cornell University Golf Course, Ithaca, N.Y. Broadmoor Golf Club, Seattle, Wash. Tacoma Country & G.C., Tacoma, Wash. Seattle Golf Club, Seattle, Wash. Pebble Beach Golf Links, Del Monte G. & C.C., Pebble Beach, Calif. Southern Hills C.C., Tulsa, Okla. “ Open Championship: Sectional June 5 if Qualifying Championships date local authority in charge deems may be changed to Monday, advisable. Amateur Public Links Championship: * Entries close with each Sectional Qualifying Chairman. t Exact date in each Section to be fixed by Sectional Chairman. *»*Walker Cup Match: Men’s amateur teams—Great Britain vs. United States. U.S.A.,.. Has 6,385 ■ Courses The National Golf Foundation reports that 225 new regulation length golf courses were opened during 1960 to raise the national total to an all-time high of 6,011. In addition, 51 par-3 courses were brought into play to raise the national total in that category to 374. The grand national total is now 6,385. Private country clubs remain by far in the majority of regulation length courses with a total of 3,162. The most intensive recent growth, however, is in the number of semi-private courses of which there are now 1,997 compared to 1,141 in 1950. Municipal and other tax-supported courses make up the remainder with a total of 852. While these comprise only 15% of the regulation length courses, they receive approximately 40% of the national play. A Golf Invocation A specially-prepared golf invocation provided an inspiring opening to the an­ nual dinner of the Metropolitan Golf Writers’ Association in New York City in January. The invocation was written and delivered by The Rev. Francis M. Brennan of St. Philip Neri Rectory, The Bronx. Father Brennan, who helped to pay his expenses while studying for the priest­ hood by working as a caddie prayed: “O God, Whose infinite power has sprayed the universe with matchless strokes, favor us in Your presence. Bless us this night, as the snow lies deep upon scenes of a favorite recreation, with vivid recollections of the joyous times we have had, with a continuing spirit of whole­ some competition and with grand com­ panionship. “Grant us the grace to stay on the fair­ way in the living of our lives, that when the last divot is replaced over our hands and feet our souls will drink the cup of everlasting fellowship with You.” The New York writers awarded their annual Gold Tee Award to Jack Mc­ Auliffe. Horton Smith received the Ben Hogan Trophy, which goes to a golfer who has made an outstanding recovery from a physical disability. The latter is an award of the Golf Writers’ Association of America. Invitation From Australia The Latrobe Golf Club, Melbourne, Australia, would like to hear from USGA clubs interested in inaugurating a unique intercontinental interclub match. The Australians suggest that each club set aside a date annually for the play of a one-round stroke play tournament on its own course. After an exchange of scores, the winner would be determined by the lowest total of 16 net scores. A permanent trophy will be donated by the Latrobe members. Latrobe, site of the 1958 Victorian PGA Championships, has a par of 71 and is 6,256 yards long. Those interested should write directly to W. L. Hilyard, 213 Kilby Road, North Kew, Victoria, Australia. USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: FEBRUARY, 1961 1 A Tribute To Golf Val Bermingham, a member of the Wykagyl Country Club, New Rochelle, N. Y., since 1905 and 20 times the club champion, was the guest of honor at a club dinner on October 8 when a painting of Mr. Bermingham, commissioned by the club, was unveiled. It now hangs in the foyer of the club. Mr. Bermingham’s written response to the honor contains a notable tribute to golf. After thanking all the club mem­ bers for their part “in making an old golfer a very happy man,” he said: “One part of his happiness is certainly the knowledge that for years to come his forbidding countenance will look down on young golfers and make them wonder how he was so lucky at the game. But the other and deeper part comes from the knowledge that so many would take the time and trouble to be so kind. “Any man would be grateful for being so honored at any time of his life—and that for doing little more than playing a game with some degree of proficiency over a number of years. But my gratitude is keener because it has been 27 years since I won my last club championship and 53 since I won my first. Almost all of the members who played with me are gone and many who were at the dinner do not know me. “There is nothing I can do to recipro­ cate these things beyond thanking you all. I do recognize that the members were doing more than honoring a single indi­ vidual. By virtue of longevity I have per­ haps become a symbol at Wykagyl of a shared experience, an appreciation of the game of golf, of the delight that follows a cleanly hit iron three feet from the pin and the despair that follows the missed putt.” Golf Dictionary Issued A “Dictionary of Golf Information” has been published by Golfing magazine. The 22-page booklet, according to the editors, is the first attempt to compile in diction­ ary form the many terms used in golf. The material presented ranges from slang expressions used by professional tournament players to the terminology of club parts. Copies are available @25$ at Golfing, 407 South Dearborn Street, Chicago 5, Illinois. A Gun At St. Andrews The Joint Links Committee at St. An­ drews has authorized the purchase of a second automatic scatter gun to cope with a perennial problem of seaside courses—gull feathers. Between August and November, the gulls fly in by the hundreds at St. Andrews to camouflage many fairways with molted feathers. This latest purchase was prompted by the success of an earlier experiment with a scatter gun now situated near the 11th tee of the Old Course. Grinders Beware Experts in the field of abrasive pro­ ducts shuddered recently at the sight of a photo of Arnold Palmer in Sports Illustrated. Palmer was shown in his home workshop applying a sand wedge to the face of a grinding wheel. A shower of sparks was seen flying upward close to Palmer’s face. Elden L. Auker, a former major league baseball player now in the abrasives busi­ ness was among those moved to send Pal­ mer words of caution. He wrote: “The grinding wheel shown in the pic­ ture is running in the wrong direction. The ‘sparks’ are small pieces of steel or ‘chips’ which reach a temperature esti­ mated as high as 2,000 degrees Fahren­ heit. Mixed with these particles are small pieces of abrasive. This type of abrasive is the third hardest product produced by man today. “The grinding wheel is not only run­ ning backwards, but is extremely poorly guarded and has no work rest on which the club head should be placed. “One particle of abrasive or one steel ‘chip’ could put out one or both your eyes. One slip of your steady hands and the forefinger of your right hand could be severed completely.” Mr. Auker, after noting that the grind­ ing wheel is completely free of danger when operated properly, listed a number of safety precautions. Among these are: ask the advice of an abrasive engineer or manufacturer of grinding wheels; be sure the wheel is well guarded; never apply a part to the wheel without a work rest on which to rest the part; always wear safety glasses; always run the wheel clockwise to throw ‘chips’ down­ ward. 2 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: FEBRUARY, 1961 National Golf Week National Golf Week, an expanded ver­ sion of the PGA-sponsored National Golf Day, is scheduled for May 29 through June 6. Arnold Palmer, the USGA Open champion, and PGA champion Jay Hebert will compete on June 6 at the Olympia Fields Country Club to climax the week. Golfers throughout the country will match their scores of any day during the week against the winner of the Palmer- Hebert match. Men will use their estab­ lished handicaps. Women will be permit­ ted to add 10 strokes to their handicaps. Those who “beat the champion” will re­ ceive National Golf Week medals from the PGA. The event has realized more than $900,- 000 in the past nine years. The money is distributed by National Golf Fund, Inc. to a variety of golf charities and projects. Among the latter is the U.S.G.A. Green Section Research and Education Fund, Inc. The entry fee is $1. Hannigan Joins USGA Frank Hannigan has joined the staff of the United States Golf Association as Public Information Manager. He will be Managing Editor of USGA Journal and Turf Management and will be respon­ sible for all printed matter emanating from “Golf House.” Hannigan was formerly Director of Infor­ mation for Wagner College, Staten Island, N. Y. Frank Hannigan Sterling G. Slappey has resigned his position as an Assistant Director of the USGA. P. J. Boatwright, Jr., continues to hold the post of Assistant Director. Ball-Stealing Birds A local rule at the Unzen Public Golf Course, Nagasaki, Kyushu, Japan, reads, “Replay is permitted when ball is snatched away by birds.” Ornithological note: Birds are the big­ gest hazards at this course. Big crows nest in the vicinity and it is quite com­ mon for the crows to sweep suddenly on a ball in flight, catch it and fly off. At other times, alert birds descend to the ball on the ground, snatch it up and take off. Caddies have to be alert to frustrate the birds and scare them off. Caddies hold periodic searches of the woods for the nests and have found as many as 20 balls in one nest. A Skeptical Caddie Miss Margaret Curtis of Boston, three­ time winner of the USGA Women’s Ama­ teur Championship and co-donor of the Curtis Cup, is an active player at 77. Dur­ ing a round last summer, Miss Curtis stopped to examine a bad lie near a tree and sighed to her caddie, “I know it’s hard to believe, but I used to be pretty good. In fact, I won the women’s cham­ pionship three times.” The caddie’s incredulous reply was, “Gee, who did you ever beat, the Rus­ sians?” Miss Curtis, who played in her first championship in 1897, won her USGA championships in 1907, 1911, and 1912. She was also runner-up on two occasions. Necrology It is with deep regret that we record the death of: George W. Blossom, Jr., Chicago, III., who was President of the United States Golf Association in 1942 and 1943, a Vice-President from 1939 to 1941, and a member of the Executive Committee from 1933 through 1943. His great interest in preserving an historical record of golf led to the founding of the USGA Museum and Library. Duncan Dewar, Jr., Worcester, Mass., who served as General Chairman for the Women’s Open Championship in 1960. He was President of the Massachusetts Golf Association. Clayton Heafner, Charlotte, N. C., an outstanding professional golfer who was runner-up in the Open Championship both in 1949 and 1951. He was a member of the Ryder Cup teams in 1949 and 1951. T. T. Taylor, Annapolis, Md., who was Northeastern Agronomist for the USGA Green Section. H. R. Venske, Tacoma, Wash., a mem­ ber of the USGA Public Links Committee since 1948. USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: FEBRUARY, 1961 3 THE TRIAL RULES FOR 1961: HOW THEY WERE DEVELOPED By JOHN M. WINTERS, JR. USGA Vice-President 1960 Chairman, Rules of Golf Committee In view of questions raised about trial changes in the Rules of Golf for 1961, it is well to review the considerations which led the USGA Executive Committee to adopt the changes. In formulating rules, first consideration must be given the basic integrity of the game. Will a proposed rule promote fair play among all golfers?—that is, for the game of golf in its entirety? Special weight cannot be given to tournament players, or week-end golfers, or any other class. Obviously, the Rules cannot please each one in every situation. The broad best interests of the game must motivate the rules-makers. Uniformity is highly desirable. When a man from the East plays in the West, he should play the same game and not be obliged to inquire about rules (except any local rules to cover unique conditions on a particular course). Thus, a world­ wide code was developed by a joint Bri­ tish-American committee in 1951; it was revised jointly in 1955 and 1959. The USGA’s divergences in 1960-61 have been experimental. Unplayable: In Water Hazard and Outside The USGA for some time has sought means to minimize penalties for the com­ mon errors—balls out of bounds, lost, un­ playable, and in water hazards. There is a sameness among these four situations— the ball is made unplayable in one way or another; the fault is the player’s, and re­ lief without penalty is out of the ques­ tion. Logically, the penalties and pro­ cedures should be similar. A suitable base from which to consider these four situations was the water hazard rule. It had proven fair and workable over many years with its two optional methods of relief, allowing for playing a ball, under penalty of one stroke, either: (a) Behind the water hazard (or within two club-lengths of a John M. Winters, Jr. lateral water hazard margin); — or — (b) At the place where the original ball was played (stroke and dis­ tance). It seemed reasonable to give the same relief for a ball unplayable elsewhere than in a water hazard. Therefore, a trial Rule last year brought this into the USGA code (independent of the British). It seems to have worked well and is being tried again in 1961. So far so good—similar rules for balls unplayable both in and out of water hazards. Lost Ball Precisely this kind of formula could not be applied to a lost ball. Since its posi­ tion is unknown, there can be no fixing of a control point behind which to drop 4 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: FEBRUARY, 1961 Main Rules Changes For 1961 Definition 6 Ball Lost: May be declared lost by player without searching five minutes. Rules 29-1 Ball Lost: Penalty increased to stroke and distance. 29-1 Ball Out of Bounds: Penalty in­ creased to stroke and distance. Exception: Under certain condi­ tions clubs may, by Local Rule, al­ so provide for dropping a ball, un­ der penalty of one stroke, within two club-lengths of place where ball last crossed boundary line. 29-2 Ball Unplayable: Additional op­ tion permits dropping a ball with­ in two club-lengths of point where ball lay, under penalty of one stroke. If the ball lay in a bunker, a ball must be dropped in the bunker. ¥*!*»$» Provisional Ball: As in 1960, a provisional ball may be played only for a ball which may be lost or out of bounds (Rule 30). under penalty of one stroke, from the tee onto the green, 25 feet from the hole, and lies 3. B hooks from the tee into the severe left rough. Thinking his ball may be lost, B plays a provisional ball from the tee onto the green, al­ so about 25 feet from the hole. B rather hopes he may not find his first ball, as he would have to make a superlative recovery with it to be as well off as he is with his provi­ sional ball, which would lie 2 under a penalty of distance only for a lost ball. It is to A’s interest that B’s first ball be found, so he helps search for it. B searches five minutes and does not find his ball, so his provi­ sional ball is in play, lying 2. Both take two putts. A has a 5. B has a 4 and wins the hole with the provisional ball. a ball. The traditional relief for a lost ball is the only one possible—that is, a return to the place from which the ori­ ginal ball was played. Still, in 1960 an attempt was made to bring the penalty more nearly into line with the penalty for a ball unplayable or in a water hazard through a trial Rule providing for loss of distance only. But it became apparent that a dis­ tance-only penalty for a lost ball was un­ sound and inadequate, as the following typical case shows: Situation: A par 3 hole of 180 yards. A water hazard between tee and green. Severe rough on the left past the water and past the green. Out of bounds on the right. Fairly severe rough between the green and out of bounds. A and B are playing a match. A’s ball is short, in the water. When it is his turn, he plays his next shot, USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: FEBRUARY, 1961 5 Obviously loss of distance only for B’s lost ball was inadequate. Any rule is unsound that makes it to the advantage of the opponent, rather than the player, to find the player’s ball or that can put a premium on lax conduct. Consequently for 1961, there is a re­ turn to stroke and distance for a lost ball. Out of Bounds The case of a ball out of bounds is the nub of the matter. Historically, an out- of-bounds ball has been equated with a lost ball. There has been a single relief procedure for both—a return to the place where the last stroke was played. Now if the lost-ball penalty must be in­ creased to stroke and distance, so must the out-of-bounds penalty. Distance only would give rise to inconsistency. Two ex­ amples: 1. On the par-3 hole described above, B hits his first shot out of bounds. Under a distance-only penalty, he plays his next shot from the tee onto the green, scores 4, and wins the hole from A even though he (B) played a worse original tee shot. 2. In the 1947 National Open Champion­ ship, when a ball out of bounds cost dis­ tance only and a lost ball cost stroke and distance, there was a hard problem of decision on a ball never found after it had been struck toward a boundary. “Reasonable evidence” indicated that the ball could have been out of bounds, but there was no absolute certainty. The player was given the benefit of the doubt. But what a needlessly hard decision to have to make in trying to be fair to the field as well as to the individual player! Suppose the National Open had depended on it—or the fifth flight of the club cham­ pionship. Thus, stroke and distance should be the basic penalty for both a lost ball and a ball out of bounds. Still, the USGA sought a means of fairly and sensibly minimizing the out-of-bounds penalty: af­ ter all, there is a relatively high incidence of balls out of bounds, and none of us likes stroke-and-distance if there is a sound way to avoid it. This has led to a new treatment of the dilemma for trial in 1961. The basic out- of-bounds Rule remains tied to the lost- ball Rule, but, by an optional Local Rule, it may now be related also to the lateral water hazard concept for the first time. Thus, if a course meets the conditions set for the Local Rule, the club may al­ low a ball to be dropped within two club­ lengths of the place where the original ball last crossed the boundary, under penalty of one stroke, provided the place of crossing can be determined in fact. This, it is hoped, can achieve the fol­ lowing: 1. A fair penalty, preserving the dis­ tance but requiring play from the gen­ eral area where the faulty stroke ended— as is true of a ball unplayable or in a water hazard. 2. A time-saving procedure, eliminating need for the play of another ball. 3. Support of the principle that like situations should be treated as nearly alike as is feasible. The 1961 Trial Rules in Summary The following summary of the main provisions of the 1961 Rules shows their relative consistency: Options Ball Lost Ball Out of Bounds Ball Unplayable Ball In Water Hazard 1. 2. 6 Stroke and distance. Stroke and dis­ tance. —or— Stroke and dis­ tance. —or— Stroke and dis­ tance, —or— (none) If club adopts Local Rule: Drop within 2 club­ lengths of last place of crossing boundary. Penal­ ty—1 stroke. Drop behind or within 2 club­ lengths of place where ball lay. Penalty — 1 stroke. Drop behind, or, in case of lateral hazard, within 2 club-lengths of last point of crossing hazard margin. Penalty —1 stroke. USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: FEBRUARY, 1961 The Fruits of Experiments The USGA’s experiments in 1960 re­ moved the long-standing inconsistency between two strokes for a drop behind an unplayable lie and one stroke for re­ lief from a water hazard. Both now are one stroke in the USGA code. Further improvement may come from the out-of- bounds experiment. Frequent Rules changes, especially on a trial basis, are generally undesirable. But an open mind and a willingness to venture into new areas can be productive in any activity. Not so long ago the Rules did not recognize lateral water hazards; now they receive special treatment in the Rules. The 14-club Rule was not in­ troduced until 1938; it is now a funda­ mental. The abolition of the stymie was an outgrowth of various experiments. The putting green traditionally was “all ground, except hazards, within 20 yards of the hole;” only in late years has it been defined as ground “specially pre­ pared for putting.” We must be willing to try new approaches. Of course, there will be other views of the trial Rules for 1961. We urge that they be considered thoughtfully and given a fair trial. If there is to be criti­ cism, let it be constructive—with reme­ dial suggestions based on the best in­ terests of the game and not simply per­ sonal preference for lighter penalties. Piecemeal “remedies” can impair the in­ tegrity of the Rules, for there does exist and must exist an interrelation among the entire code of Rules. The USGA, in its efforts to serve the game, bespeaks the good will and the cooperation of all golfers who want a fair code—and that means all golfers. STATEMENT REQUIRED BY THE ACT OF AUGUST 24, 1912, AS AMENDED BY THE ACTS OF MARCH 3, 1933, JULY 2, 1946 AND JUNE 11, 1960 (74 STAT. 208) SHOWING THE OWNERSHIP, MANAGEMENT AND CIRCULATION OF USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MAN­ AGEMENT published seven times annual­ ly at New York, N. Y., for Oct. 1, 1960. 1. The names and addresses of the publisher, editor, managing editor and business managers are: Publisher, United States Golf Association, 40 East 38 St., New York, N. Y.; Editor, Joseph C. Dey, Jr., 40 East 38 St., New York, N. Y.; Managing Editor, Sterling G. Slappey, 40 East 38 St., New York, N. Y.; Business Manager, none. 2. The owner is: (If owned by a cor­ poration, its name and address must be stated and also immediately thereunder the names and addresses of stockholders owning 1 percent or more of total amount of stock. If not owned by a corporation, the names and addresses of the individual owners must be given. If owned by a part­ nership or other unincorporated firm, its name and address, as well as that of each individual member, must be given.) United States Golf Association, 40 East 38 St., New York, N. Y.; President, John G. Clock, 40 East 38 St., New York, N. Y.; Vice Presidents, Clarence W. Benedict, 40 East 38 St., New York, N. Y., and John M. Winters, Jr., 40 East 38 St. New York, N. Y.; Secretary, Wm. Ward Foshay, 40 East 38 St., New York, N. Y.; Treasurer, Bernard H. Ridder, Jr., 40 East 38 St., New York, N. Y. 3. The known bondholders, mortga­ gees, and other security holders owning or holding 1 percent or more of total amount of bonds, mortgages, or other securities are: None. 4. Paragraphs 2 and 3 include, in cases where the stockholder or security holder appears upon the books of the company as trustees or in any other fi­ duciary relation, the name of the person or corporation for whom such trustee is acting; also the statements in the two paragraphs show the affiant’s full knowl­ edge and belief as to the circumstances and conditions under which stockholders and security holders who do not appear upon the books of the company as trus­ tees, hold stock and securities in a capa­ city other than that of a bona fide owner. 5. The average number of copies of each issue of this publication sold or dis­ tributed, through the mails or otherwise, to paid subscribers during the 12 months preceding the date shown above was: 3,126. Sterling G. Slappey Managing Editor Sworn to and subscribed before me this 27th day of September, 1960. (My commission expires Feb. 21, 1961) John M. Koser, Jr. USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: FEBRUARY, 1961 7 GOLFERS PROMINENT ON ROSTER OF WORLD LEADERS Many Presidents Played Prime Minister. The ex-chief minister who golfs is Nobusuke Kishi of Japan. The ex-Vice-President-golfer is Richard Nixon, who often says that he gets to play seldom but that he wants to often. Mr. Nixon also has admitted recently that his game is improving. The other national leader is Ayub Kahn, whose recent leadership of Paki­ stan has seen that country move forward economically and in other ways. The change of tenants in the White House has not altered the fact that the Chief Tenant is keen about golf. President Kennedy played for Harvard in a dual match against Yale in 1937— and lost. He was reputed to be a high-70s scorer. Since then he has played regularly except when he had back trouble. At least two ex-Kings, a working King, an ex-President, an ex-Vice President, a Prime Minister, ex-Prime Minister and one other national leader are among the great lovers of golf. Each of them plays with regularity. The ex-Kings are the Duke of Windsor, formerly King Edward VIII of Great Bri­ tain and Dominions Beyond the Seas and ex-King Leopold of The Belgians. The King-golfer who still reigns is King Leopold’s son, King Baudouin of The Bel­ gians. Baudouin plays in the 70s. The ex-President, of course, is Dwight D. Eisenhower, whose love of golf is at least matched by Harold Macmillan, Britain’s President Taft American Presidents who golfed were William McKinley, Theodore Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, Woodrow Wilson, Warren Harding, Calvin Coolidge, Frank­ lin D. Roosevelt and Dwight D. Eisen­ hower. Republicans contributed six of the list to two by the Democrats. President McKinley at one time was a keen golfer but he tapered off later in life. President Taft possibly was, until President Eisenhower’s later day, the President Eisenhower 8 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: FEBRUARY, 1961 his distant cousin Teddy, played in his younger days. Teddy went on to rougher sports, such as big game hunting. Franklin played the game very well before he was stricken with polio. His best playing days were about the time of World War One when he was Assistant Secretary of the Navy. In the last three years another presi­ dential name has been added to a golf trophy. This one is the Eisenhower Tro­ phy, given each two years to the national team which scores best in the World Amateur Team Championship. Australia won the trophy at St. An­ drews, Scotland, in 1958. The United States won the 1960 competition at Merion, Ardmore, Pa. Four-man teams from 32 nations played at Merion. Both Prime Ministers Macmillan and Kishi have been presented with bags and sets of American clubs by American friends and admirers. At one time Prime Minister Macmillan played with a set of six very old and rusty clubs. His bag was a thin, canvas “stove pipe” affair. With them, during vacations, he would play around some of Scotland’s best courses, in the mid-80’s. Occasionally he would break 80 and these rounds would lead many loyal Britons to claim their man was a better golfer than President Eisenhower. President Harding President Wilson best and most avid presidential player. President Taft was extremely heavy through the middle but he was scoring in the mid and high 80s in the days be­ fore World War One. President Wilson, the first of the golf­ ing Democrats, played while he was liv­ ing in The White House. He also played as a young man. President Harding occasionally broke 85. Two brief notations in the USGA Year Book show how active President Harding was in golf and how much he loved the game. Listed under the heading of former Executive Committee Members of the USGA is, “Harding, Honorable Warren G., Washington, D. C., Executive Com­ mittee, 1921-22-23.” Listed under the heading of Champion­ ship Trophy Donors is: “Amateur Public Links Team Championship, Warren G. Harding Trophy, presented in June 1923 by Hon. Warren G. Harding, President of the United States of America.” Calvin Coolidge was concerned with what he called the high expense of golf during The Golden Twenties. He did not play for long. President Franklin D. Roosevelt, like USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: FEBRUARY, 1961 9 CARR AND DR. MONTEITH RECEIVE USGA AWARDS By FRANK HANNIGAN USGA Public Information Manager Joe Carr, of Sutton, Ireland, is a man who “would declare a penalty on him­ self on a dark night with no man as a witness,” according to British golf writer Henry Longhurst. The fine Irish amateur player became the first person not a citizen of the United States to win the Bob Jones Award at the 67th Annual Meeting of the United States Golf Association in New York City on January 28. The award is presented annually “in recognition of distinguished sportsmanship in golf.” One day earlier, Dr. John Monteith, Jr., received the first annual Green Sec­ tion Award “for distinguished service to golf through work with turfgrass.” This award was made during the annual USGA Green Section Educational Pro­ gram. The two awards, the election of USGA officers for 1961, the designation of com­ mittee chairmen, and actions by the Ex­ ecutive Committee to increase the prize money in both the Open Championship and the Women’s Open Championship were highlights of the meetings. A Select Circle Carr joined a select circle in golf in 1960 when he became the third man in history to win the British Amateur Cham­ pionship three or more times; the others were John Ball and Harold R. Hilton. Carr was a semi-finalist in the British Amateur four other years. Carr, a 38-year-old clothing manu­ facturer, has long been a dominating figure in British Amateur golf. He was twice low amateur in the British Open Championship. He has been a member of every British Walker Cup team since 1947 and was on the teams representing Great Britain and Ireland in the two World Amateur Golf Team Championships in 1958 and 1960. Wm. Ward Foshay, Chairman of the Bob Jones Award Committee, told the Annual Meeting audience that talent as a player is but one of Carr’s attributes. “Joe,” Mr. Foshay said, “consistently demonstrates all the qualities we value in golf.” Mr. Foshay cited Carr for his “warm friendliness on and off the course,” for “his infinite patience with autograph hunters,” and for his “great respect for the game.” Carr’s aplomb during competition was demonstrated during a 1959 Walker Cup match against Charlie Coe which he won although he putted with a 3-iron after a small boy in the gallery broke his putter. Bob Jones, unable to attend the meet­ ing, sent a message congratulating Carr and thanking him for making the trip to New York. “You have honored me and the award,” said Jones “by coming over to receive it.” Carr paid a tribute to Jones in accept­ ing. “The name of Bob Jones is synony­ mous with all that is good and great in golf,” he said. Previous winners of the Bob Jones Award were Francis D. Ouimet, William C. Campbell, the late Mrs. Mildred Did- rikson Zaharias, Miss Margaret Curtis, the late Findlay S. Douglas, and Chick Evans. A Pioneer in Turf Research The Green Section Award to Dr. Mon­ teith was made by John G. Clock, USGA President, and William C. Chapin, Chair­ man of the USGA Green Section Commit­ tee. Now on the staff of the U. S. Air Force Academy at Colorado Springs, Dr. Mon­ teith was on the staff of the U. S. De­ partment of Agriculture for eight years. From 1928 to 1942 he was in charge of the USGA Green Section’s program of advisory and educational service and re­ search. Dr. Monteith developed the first effec­ tive chemical control of destructive turf diseases—brownpatch, dollar spot, and snow mold. His remedies are still widely used. io USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: FEBRUARY, 1961 He supervised a Green Section research program on grasses which continues to bring dividends. Among the strains found superior in these tests and which later came into general use for golf were Merion bluegrass and the Arlington, Con­ gressional, Cohansy and Toronto strains of creeping bent. Two species of Zoysia grass were tested, for turf purposes, for the first time in the Green Section pro­ gram. A native of Chatham, N. J., Dr. Mon­ teith is a graduate of Rutgers University where he earned the Bachelor of Science and Master of Science degrees. He re­ ceived his Doctor of Philosophy degree from the University of Wisconsin. In World War I, Dr. Monteith was a Major of Infantry. He received a citation from the War Department for “Meritori­ ous Civilian Service” for his work during World War II with dust and erosion con­ trol of airfields and other Army installa­ tions. For more than 20 years he has served on the Highway Research Board of the National Academy of Sciences. As is the case with the Bob Jones Award, the original Green Section Award will remain in “Golf House” at 40 East 38 Street, New York City. The handsome award is headed by a simulation of a hole at the Baltimore Country Club’s Five Farms Course. Prize Money Increased Prize money for professionals in the 1961 Open Championship has been fixed at $60,000. In 1960 the originally-scheduled total was $50,000. Later, a 20% bonus was added. First prize will be $14,000 in the 1961 Championship at the Oakland Hills Coun­ try Club, Detroit, Mich., June 15-17. As before, all professionals who return scores for 72 holes will receive money awards, and the lowest will be $250. The field for the Open Championship will be determined by two series of qualifying competitions, as in recent years. In the second series, at 13 loca­ tions, the prize money for each event has been increased from $100 to $600: the lowest scoring professional will receive Dr. John Monteith, Jr., holds a replica of the USGA Green Section Award presented to him as first recipient at the Green Section’s annual Educational Program. The award was presented by John G. Clock (left), USGA President, and William C. Chapin (right), Chairman of the Green Section Committee. USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: FEBRUARY, 1961 11 $300, the second place professional $200, and the third place professional $100. With 13 Sectional Qualifying Cham­ pionships, this means that a total of $7,800 will be awarded. Thus, the total prize money for all phases of the Open Championship will be a record-breaking $67,800. The entry fee will be increased from $10 to $15. Prize money for professionals in the Women’s Open has been increased from $7,200 to $8,000. The number of profes­ sionals to receive prize money has been increased from 15 to 18. The 1961 Women’s Open Championship will be played June 29-30 and July 1 at Baltusrol Golf Club, Springfield, N. J. Handicap Requirement for Seniors A handicap limit of 10 strokes has been restored to the eligibility requirement for the 1961 Senior Amateur Championship, which will be played at Southern Hills Country Club, Tulsa, Okla., October 2-7. The Defending Champion, Michael Ces- tone of Montclair, N. J., will be exempt from qualifying at the Championship site. Election of Officers The USGA Annual Meeting at the Bilt­ more Hotel witnessed the re-election of John G. Clock, of Long Beach, Calif., as President. Mr. Clock heads a slate of officers and Executive Committeemen nominated in October and approved at the Annual Meeting. Other officers elected are Clarence W. Benedict, White Plains, N. Y., and John M. Winters, Jr., Tulsa, Okla., Vice-Presi­ dents; Wm. Ward Foshay, New York City, Secretary; and Bernard H. Ridder, Jr., St. Paul, Minn., Treasurer. Two new Executive Committeemen are Edward L. Emerson, Boston, Mass., and Eugene S. Pulliam, Indianapolis, Ind. Executive Committee members re­ elected are: Fred Brand, Jr., Pittsburgh; William C. Chapin, Rochester, N. Y.; Ed­ win R. Foley, San Francisco; Harry L. Givan, Seattle; Hord W. Hardin, St. Louis; Robert K. Howse, Wichita, Kans.; Harold A. Moore, Chicago, and Henry H. Russell, South Miami, Fla. Philip H. Strubing of Philadelphia, was again named General Counsel. Mr. Clock, who began his second one- year term as President at the Annual Meeting, became a member of the Ex­ ecutive Committee in 1951. He later served on the Finance, Amateur Status, Membership, Senior Championship and Bob Jones Award Committees. Committee Reports Committee Reports were presented to the delegates by: Mr. Winters on Rules of Golf; Mr. Ridder on both Champion­ ships and the Treasury; Mr. Benedict on Implements and Ball; Herman Freydberg, New York, on Handicap Procedure; Mr. Chapin on the Green Section; Mrs. Henri Prunaret, Natick, Mass., on Women’s Af­ fairs; Mr. Hardin on Sectional Affairs; P. J. Boatwright, Jr., Assistant Director, on the Junior Championship; Mr. Brand on the Public Links Championship; Mrs. John Pennington, Buffalo, on the Girls’ Junior Championship; Mr. Foley on Mem­ bership; and Mr. Moore on the Senior Championship and the Museum. Club Facing Experiment Mr. Benedict told of an interesting ex­ periment now being conducted by the Implements and Ball Committee. It has long been accepted that rough facings help to give backspin to a golf ball. The Rules of Golf prohibit lines, dots, or markings with sharp or rough edges on club “for the purpose of putting additional spin on the ball.” At this early stage of the experiment, the Committee has found no difference in the amount of backspin by rough or smooth faces. Mr. Benedict said that high­ speed photography will be used during 1961 to confirm or deny the Committee’s observations of shots hit with both smooth and rough-faced clubs by profes­ sionals. Green Section Program The entire Green Section Educational Program was devoted to “The Golf Course Worker—Training and Manage­ ment.” Ten papers dealing with various phases of the topic were presented by as many experts. Excerpts from these will be printed in later issues of USGA Journal and Turf Management. The moderators of the Educational Program, divided into morning and after­ noon sessions, were Edwin Hoyt of New Canaan, Conn., Northeastern District Chairman of the Green Section Commit­ tee, and Martin F. McCarthy of Chevy Chase, Md., Mid-Atlantic District Chair­ man. 12 USGA JOURNAL ANO TURF MANAGEMENT: FEBRUARY, 1961 SN0J7 AND SLEET CAN’T STOP THE “ICEBREAKERS” D. C. Club Holds Novel Winter Event For the past three years, the golfers at Columbia Country Club in Washing­ ton, D. C., have not only refused to rack up their clubs for the winter but have definitely staged a Midwinter Member- Guest Tournament known appropriately as “The Icebreakers.” This title for the event has a pleasant double meaning. Not only must the players face the likelihood of ice on the course but their day begins with a con­ genial icebreaking ritual in the clubhouse. Each table at a pre-tournament break­ fast boasts a unique centerpiece decora­ tion—a bowl of eight golf balls frozen under ice with the table number on a small flag imbedded in the ice. To ob­ tain their favors the players must crack the ice. Starting Tees Assigned Members and their guests are urged to register with the starter in the club grill room before 8:30 a. m., dressed and ready to play. Each team has already been as­ signed a starting time, seats at break­ fast tables, and most important, a start­ ing tee. When the players check in they are al­ so provided with identification tags, copies of the pairings and starting times and copies of the special rules of play for the event. At 9:00, a whistle sounds as the signal for everyone to be seated at pre-assigned breakfast tables. The tables proceed in numerical order through a buffet line that includes the staples of a large coun­ try-style breakfast—kidney stew, scram­ bled eggs, chicken livers, waffles, sau­ sages, etc. During the grapefruit course, the players are instructed as to special procedures and rules by the tournament chairman. Promptly at 10:00, the entire field sets out in cars onto the course to their re­ spective starting tees. Eight pairs in four four-balls are sent off simultaneously from six different tees located three holes apart. Precise organization and control is required in starting play because the overall course pattern can be upset by one four-ball starting either too early or too late. This maneuver enables the entire field to start within a space of twenty minutes and also assures that the field will return to the clubhouse at approximately the same time. The thawing-out process can then proceed under the most friendly of circumstances in the grill room. The tournament itself is a handicap four-ball competition with full handicap allowed to each player. No player is al­ lowed a handicap of more than 18 strokes. Only low net prizes are given. Prizes Awarded Promptly Because the entire field finishes at ap­ proximately the same time, it is possible to compute the winning scores quickly. Prizes are awarded during the post-play defrost period within an hour after play is completed. The mechanics of simultaneous starting limit the number that can be accommo­ dated to 48 teams, or 96 players. The founders of “Icebreakers” never imagined that this limit might present a problem. The demand for entries, however, has been such that there is some talk now of extending the tournament over two days in the future. NEW MEMBERS OF THE USGA Calif. III. Kans. Pa. Va. W. Va. Calif. Ga. N. H. N. J. Ohio REGULAR San Clemente Men's Golf Club Waterloo Country Club Beloit Country Club Cornwells Golf Club Cedar Crest Country Club Oglebay Park Golf Club ASSOCIATE Pauma Inn and Golf Course O. B. Keeler Golf Course Waterville Valley Golf Course Tara Greens Pleasant Valley Golf Course USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: FEBRUARY, 1961 13 CALIFORNIA PIONEERS IN TAX RELIEF EFFORT By ROBERT E. HANNA Executive Secretary Northern California Golf Association The significance of teamwork in helping to pass Proposition 6, a piece of legislation meaningful to all courses in heavily-taxed areas. It is necessary to look at the background of Proposition 6 and think about it be­ fore the full significance of Proposition 6 can be appreciated. That background is the growth of the United States. When golf was established under the apple tree in Yonkers, N. Y., in 1888 any­ one who might have suggested that taxa­ tion would eventually jeopardize the golf course would have been suspected of letting go of the handlebars completely. The availability of land was no problem then. The big problem was transportation. Later, many golf courses were built close to the centers of the cities. Except among those whose business it is to know about it, there is a general ignorance of the fact that assessors are bound by state constitutions to assess the land at its actual market value accord­ ing to its best and highest possible use. We see examples of the application of that principle every day. The elderly widow who wants to live out her days in the family homestead is forced to give it up because she can’t pay the kind of taxes paid by the motels surrounding her house. It is condemned. She receives a handsome price for it. The old home­ stead is now a motel parking lot, and were her hard-bargaining husband still here he would have sold it long ago for twice the price. Widow Brown Can Move The solution to Widow Brown’s prob­ lem, aside from the sentimental, is sim­ ple. She moves to a quiet suburb and thrills to the quiet and sound of birds which she had forgotten still existed. But, what about the golf course? In spite of the feeling that the golf course could somehow take umbrage from the assessment formula, it was simply a mat­ ter of time and the inexorable pressure of our population on the land before that Robert E. Hanna formula must inevitably be applied. Ap­ plied it was, in Canada, and across the United States to the Mexican Border. Vanishing Landscape Widow Brown needed only a 50 x 100 lot for her move. But the golf course needs over 120 acres. In some sections of the country it was possible, and still is, to relocate some of the golf courses. In the greater metropolitan areas relocation is beyond the realm of imagination. A paradox exists where the so-called recrea­ tion counties have the land and not the money to develop recreational facilities while metropolitan counties have the money and the land is absolutely not available. Golf courses have been built as a result of the paradox on reclaimed 14 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: FEBRUARY, 1961 tidelands and garbage dumps at stagger­ ing costs. Vanishing recreational lands within fifteen minutes (not by jet) of our urban centers is an acute problem in our urban civilization. What has all this to do with Proposition 6? California golf courses in metropolitan areas were doomed to be part of the vanishing land­ scape via taxation. The reason for Proposition 6 is found in an amendment to the California Revenue and Taxation Code in 1957. Senate Bill 1637 was introduced by Alan Pattee of Salinas in 1957 when golf courses in San Mateo County received increases in their assessed valuations up to 612%. The Bill instructed the assessor to consider only the use factors in assess­ ing land which was zoned and used ex­ clusively either for recreational or ag­ ricultural purposes and where there was little likelihood that the zoning would be changed or modified. We overlook a great amount of work when we state simply that the measure passed by the necessary two-thirds of both houses. It must be made clear, that everything which has been done in tax legislative matters was done with an acute apprecia­ tion of the difficult position occupied by our taxing authorities. Various legal opinions were rendered on Senate Bill 1637, but its Constitutionality was never tested in the courts. When it became apparent that the as­ sessors were not going to be bound by the Revenue and Taxation Code and when counsel advised of the cost and futility of attempting to test Senate Bill 1637 there was no alternative but to try to amend the Constitution. Amendment Introduced Alan Pattee introduced Assembly Con­ stitutional Amendment 29. It read: In assessing real property consisting of one parcel of ten acres or more and used ex­ clusively for nonprofit recreation pur­ poses for at least two successive years prior to the assessment, the assessor shall consider no factors other than those rela­ tive to such use. He may, however, take into consideration the existence of any mines, minerals and quarries in the pro­ perty, including, but not limited to oil, gas and other hydrocarbon substances. The Bill had to pass by a two-thirds majority of both Houses before it could be placed on the ballot. One Senator in­ sisted that the word “recreation” be changed to “golf course purposes,” and that’s the way it went on the ballot. If getting on the ballot appeared to be a monumental task the problem of getting ACA 29 passed by the people was some­ thing to be contemplated. The consensus was overwhelmingly against. Everyone with any political acumen predicted the bill would never make it. In the language of the touring golfer they gave it two chances, slim and none at all. Assembly Constitutional Amendment 29 became Proposition 6. The negative argument written in the official voter instruction on the proposi­ tions stated that the measure was obvi­ ously class legislation and should not have been put on the ballot in the first place. It claimed tax discrimination against the many for the benefit of the few. It suggested that the courses could grant scenic easements and other en­ cumbrances and receive tax relief. It contended that additional millions of tax would have to be paid by all tax payers unless the golf courses were taxed on their actual market value. Surrounding Land Enhanced The affirmative side pointed out that the golf courses produce more tax reve­ nue by enhancing the surrounding land than they would by being subdivided. A meeting was held recently by the San Francisco Supervisors Public Buildings and Land Committee to hear arguments relative to the residential use or recrea­ tional use of Fort Funston in San Fran­ cisco soon to be released by the Govern­ ment. A San Francisco business man said at the meeting, “One of the greatest fic­ tions fostered by public officials is that putting residential property on the tax rolls means a gain in net revenue.” He said that, according to estimates from the Assessor’s office, $500,000 in potential tax revenue from home sites on Fort Funston would be offset by $900,000 to build a school plus $250,000 a year to staff and maintain the school; the city would have to build a fire station at $250,000 and maintain it; it would have to provide sewers, hydrants and an ex­ pensive array of other public works and services. The affirmative side based arguments on the benefits accruing to the community USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: FEBRUARY, 1961 15 in the form of tourist revenue, business revenue growing out of tournaments, open spaces and green belts, employment for many, recreation for schools, police, firemen and clergy all provided at no cost to the taxpayer. Not to be overlooked were the TAXES paid by the courses which in turn are subject to the 20% Federal Tax. Every major newspaper in California endorsed Proposition 6. The few local papers which came out against it agreed upon the benefits to the community but feared that the law would allow land speculators to hold land for profit as a golf course. The existence of the golf courses through boom and depression is evidence of good faith on the part of their memberships to keep them as golf courses rather than as potential sub­ divisions. Public Links Support Public links golfers supported Pro­ position 6 to prevent further pressure on already overcrowded public courses. For example in Sacramento, for the privilege of getting in line in the wee hours of a Tuesday morning at the Park and Recrea­ tion Office to sign up for a starting time for the following weekend the golfer must qualify as a resident of the city, or be licensed to do business in the city or be a property owner in the city. County residents who may live right across the road from the golf course must wait un­ til the sign up sheets are sent to the golf course after 2:00 P. M. each Tuesday to secure a starting time from those times left. Those restrictions were established in spite of the opening of two new coun­ try clubs whose memberships are almost entirely comprised of golfers from the Sacramento Municipal Courses. The campaign for the passage of Pro­ position 6 was directed by two public relations firms—one in Northern and the other in Southern California. The ratifi­ cation of Proposition 6 by a majority of one million, one hundred thousand voters in California demonstrates what can be accomplished by small groups of people banded together for a common purpose. The people who contributed financially to the success of Proposition 6 and those who worked day and night in turning out the vote should be commended for a job well done. It would be a mistake, how­ ever, to crow over so-called victory. The success of the measure should be ap­ proached with humility. There are many reasons from a political standpoint why the measure passed, and they are not covered in the civics books. There is still much work to be done to implement the legislation. Taxes Overlooked Now, what is the significance of Pro­ position 6? The fact that the golf clubs have been paying large sums in taxes has been generally overlooked except by those paying them. The taxes on one Southern California course are $12,000 per month. In order to pay the taxes the club must collect an additional $2,400 or 20% from the membership in Federal Tax because all dues are subject to that tax. The golf courses are paying those taxes while relieving the community and county of providing like facilities at pub­ lic expense. Hundreds of families are budgeting their entire recreation dollar for a membership in modest golf clubs because public facilities are either inade­ quate or nonexistent. Surveys in some counties showed recreational facilities to be about 30% adequate. Nonprofit golf courses were included in the surveys. One Bay Area golf course is used by golf teams from five schools and two colleges without charge. So-called profit golf courses are not covered by the measure. The golf course in Hayward, California is a perfect ex­ ample. There is no other course in Hay­ ward. It was built by three hundred small stockholders for $116,450. It is an ex­ cellent test of golf. Many of the stock­ holders bought stock out of civic pride. A nearby community raised $750,000 on a bond issue for an eighteen hole course and ran out of money before it was com­ pleted. For the first six years of opera­ tion the Hayward stockholders received no income from their investment. The taxes on the course have jumped from $1,400 in 1954 to $14,000 in 1960—the reason for no dividends. The course has a fifteen year lease with an option to renew for another fifteen years and then an option to buy at the then appraised value of the land. The lease has already run ten years. Small parcels of land in the vicinity of the course have sold for as much as $40,000 per acre. It seems un­ 16 USGA JOURNAL ANO TURF MANAGEMENT: FEBRUARY, 1961 likely that the course could be purchased at the end of another twenty years at a price which would enable the stock­ holders to exercise the option to buy and maintain it as a golf course. It is not likely that the city of Hayward could raise the money to buy the course at that time. Unless the course receives some consideration under Proposition 6 it will probably be driven out of business by taxes before the end of its lease. What about the non-profit golf courses? Legal opinion rendered to us points out that taxing authorities have suggested that golf courses take advantage of laws permitting the granting of scenic and view easements. That legislation was not designed for parcels such as golf courses. According to its author it was designed for large view areas, coastal and other­ wise, and carries with it a provision for public use. Land so encumbered could invite condemnation. Possible Effects on Assessments Informal legal comment holds that it is not yet known whether Proposition 6 will result in any decreases in present assessments. It carried the feeling that the legislation removed any justification for the assessor to increase the assess­ ment on golf courses which has been done in the past on the basis that the value of surrounding properties had increased. It further held that this argument on the part of the assessor would no longer be valid, if the golf course was still a golf course. Legal opinion anticipates that assessors will be asking the State Board of Equali­ zation for guidance in interpreting and applying this new legislation and that city attorneys and district attorneys will be seeking the guidance of the Attorney General on behalf of the assessor in this connection. And, since we have no right to tell any assessor how he should apply a particular statute, we can only watch and wait. Designed as an Implement Someone said that the power to tax is the power to destroy. It is hoped that the Amendment to the California Constitu­ tion will enable the assessors to tax our golf courses equitably. The legislation was intended to implement the assessors authority and not to detract from it. Proposition 6 should encourage the development of more nonprofit golf courses if only for the profit motive of enhancing the value of the surrounding land. In the long run the champions of the measure will no longer be here. From the sociological standpoint, unless the legislation is upset, they will have pro­ vided for the first time in the history of modern man a legal avenue of escape for the private citizen from the tightening vise of urbanization. A look at an aerial photograph of the city and county of San Francisco will show that the only open spaces left are the golf courses, the Presidio, Golden Gate Park and a moun­ tain which will probably be ground down by the big yellow bulldozers and built upon. The golf courses will stand out in the maze of concrete as living monuments of greenery exuding freshness in cities faced with ever increasing palls of smog. The effect of Proposition 6 will be far reaching. The names of the people who brought this legislation to fruition are conspicu­ ously absent from this account with the exception of Alan Pattee. They did not accomplish this legislation for by-lines. There would be no way to repay them at the going rate in their businesses and professions for their work in fund-raising and in turning out the vote. A Tribute to Teamwork The accomplishment of the legislation is a tribute to the spirit of teamwork among the Northern California, California and Southern California Golf Associations with help from the Womens’ Associations, the Professional Golfers Association and Golf Course Superintendents Association. The result was the sum of all the efforts put forth by everyone concerned. No one man or handful of men could possibly have succeeded without the help of each other and they in turn without the help of the thousands of people in the back­ ground. Those who worked hard and con­ tributed much need no reminder. Theirs is the satisfaction which can only come from knowing that they had a part in preserving something for others and for the children of others for a long time to come. They will be happily reminded of their parts every time they look at a golf course. USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: FEBRUARY, 1961 17 WORLD TEAM CHAMPIONSHIP ™‘S AT MERION IN NEW FILM ““ “Golf House” The wondrous events of the Second World Amateur Team Championship for the Eisenhower Trophy are recorded in the latest USGA “Golf House” film. The 16 mm film, in color, is now avail­ able for bookings along with nine other films produced for the USGA by National Educational Films, Inc., 723 7th Ave., New York City. Two remarkable records were estab­ lished and captured on film at the Merion Golf Club, Ardmore, Pa., during the World Championship: first, a victory for the United States by 42 strokes, in a field of 32 countries; second, Jack Nicklaus’ score of 269 for 72 holes—11 under par— over a great course. The camera has also recorded a cere­ mony that took place during the inter­ national competition honoring the 30th anniversary of Bob Jones’ Grand Slam. That historic event ended when Jones won the Amateur Championship on the 11th hole of Merion’s East Course. Jones was present at the ceremony when a granite tablet was placed near the 11th green. President Eisenhower is shown receiv­ ing the American and the Australian teams at the White House. Delegates to the USGA annual meeting who witnessed the preview of the film in January lauded it as one of the best golf films made to date. Television sportscas­ ter Bud Palmer is the narrator. All ten films are with sound. Nine are in color and run for approximately 15 minutes. The exception is “Great Mo­ ments in Golf,” a black and white film that runs 28 minutes. UNITED STATES GOLF ASSOCIATION, 40 East 38th St., New York 16, N. Y. Please ship film with instructions as checked below to: Name__________________________ Address________________________ City, State_______________________ Check enclosed for $_____________ Date of Showing_____________________________ (Allow at least four weeks) □ Second World Amateur For Eisenhower Trophy Team Championship □ Walker Cup Highlights □ Famous Courses of Scotland □ St. Andrews, Cradle of Golf □ Golf’s Longest Hour □ Great Moments in Golf □ On the Green (Rules) □ First World Amateur Team Championship for Eisenhower Trophy □ Play Them as They Lie (Rules) □ The Rules of Golf - Etiquette Prices are $20 for rental of one film; $35 for rental of two; $50 for three; $60 for four and $70 for five. * Make check payable to: National Educational Films, Inc. 18 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: FEBRUARY, 1961 MILLER A FRIENDLY BOSS OF CONGRESSIONAL CADDIES By MERRELL WHITTLESEY Washington Star President, Golf Writers Association of America One of the veteran caddies at Congres­ sional Country Club near Washing­ ton, D. C., is a steady and faithful worker, but just doesn't have the knack of hold­ ing on to a dime. So Joseph L. (Jocko) Miller, whose duties as a member of Wiffy Cox’s pro staff include that of caddie-master, started deducting small amounts from the caddie’s earnings and buying savings bonds. “I’m looking after him,” Jocko said, “but he said he’s looking after me, too. The bonds are in my name, and the boy said that if I die he won’t have any way to collect.” Providing a small savings fund for this particular caddie is one of the many services provided by the Jovial Jocko, who also is match-maker and court jester for the Congressional members. Miller has more than the usual respect of caddie for caddie-master, because Jocko also is Chairman of the District of Columbia Boxing Commission, and knows some pretty tough guys. A former amateur boxer in New England, Jocko now would have trouble making any weight but heavyweight. Congressional has the four standard types of caddies: the regulars, school­ boys, travelers, and the weekenders, and because of Miller’s management they’re a better than average lot. But Jocko still keeps in close touch with welfare agencies, probation officers and collection agencies, as he feels it’s part of his job. Calls from welfare agencies usually deal with older men with families, with the questions pertaining to how long they have been a resident of the District, their approximate income, and if they are able to pay towards medical expenses and care for the dependents. Collection agencies call about caddies who buy on the installment plan, and use Jocko’s name for reference. And Jocko Miller frequently calls come from low-rent housing projects. The probation office calls usually con­ cern something no more serious than the chronic drinkers, and the occasional ones. “Most of these boys behave while on probation,” Jocko said. “Their records are not bad other than a few drinking bouts, and if they’re placed in the hands of a responsible person it saves the tax­ payers money. We don’t fool with the boys who don’t behave, and who don’t appreciate what we’ve done for them.” About 10 years ago Congressional es­ tablished a caddie fund which is adminis­ tered by Miller and the golf shop. The purpose is to give every regular caddie $2 if he shows up by 11 A. M. and does not get out because of lack of play. This applies, of course, only to golfable days. USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: FEBRUARY, 1961 19 A $15,000 Caddie House Last year the club built a $15,000 cad­ die house which includes a shower and toilet facilities, a television set, card table, and kitchen where hot food and soft drinks are served. Miller collects discarded clothing and shoes from the Congressional members and distributes them among the caddies, and recently supervised the buying of 20 ponchos for the regulars. Last year when a sectional champion­ ship was being played at Congressional the club raised the caddie fees to $7 for an 18-hole round, single. There were many squawks. While sympathetic with the tournament players, Miller said his caddies came first. “These boys work every day and average $8 for 18 holes double. We can’t afford to take a chance on losing them because they’re only going to get $4 single this week. The tournament players will ha^e to make up the difference if they want a single caddie.” Jocko says there are two types of school boys who are in the caddie ranks today. The first is the ambitious, eager youngster who works after school, week­ ends, and during the summer vacation. The other is the youngster whose parents give him almost everything he wants, but occasionally he will caddie to get extra money for the beach or some social event. Miller feels the first type is where the pros came from 20 years ago. Then there’s the caddie who works at it year around, lives for the summer, saves nothing for a rainy day, roughs it during the winter, and swears he will not be in the same predicament next year. Another type is the older fellow who caddies as a part-time job and because of no union dues, social security or with­ holding, takes all the money home. Beware of the Gypsy The type to beware of is the gypsy, and Washington area courses get many of them on stopovers between Florida and summer resorts, and vice versa. They’re smooth talkers, and there are some among them who have to be watched because of light fingers. When the welfare or a collection agency or the probation officer calls and asks for a caddie by his full name, Jocko often has to stop and think, or con­ sult his records, because most of them have nicknames given by Jocko, inspired by something they have done, or some­ thing in their personality. There’s “Five-iron Falvey,” who sel­ dom recommends any club except a five iron, there’s “Graveyard,” “Arthritis,” “Umbrella,” “Chewin’ Gum,” “Good-hold­ ing John,” and many, many, others. The latter won his name one windy day when Jocko was counting some green receipts and asked the fellow to hold the money as Jocko counted it. When the caddie handed back every bill Jocko had passed, Miller said thanks, “You’re a Good Holdin’ John.” A LA COUE Every day in every way, My golf is growing better, I putt along the parlor rug And hit the cot, so prim and smug; My putting’s growing better. Every day in every way, My drive is getting longer, Right through the carpet on the floor An oblong hole the club-head wore Which proves, my drive is longer. Every day in every way, My chip shots are improving. I’ll chip up to a flower pot And hit it oftener than not, In spite of wife’s reproving. Every day in every way, My pitch shot’s on the gain. O’er bathtub filled with H2O I lift eight balls right in a row: Some shooting I maintain. Every day in every way, (The whole household admits it) “Pop” no further practice needs, For “par” upon the golfing meads, And hope to Gosh, he quits it. So every day in every way When thus fond hope has sought me, I still have that disturbing thought, That this improvement, meaneth naught, As former years have taught me. John M. Parker 20 USGA JOURNAL AND TUR MANAGEMENT: FEBRUARY, 1961 Example of Symbols: "USGA” indicates decision by the United States Golf Association. "R & A” indi­ cates decision by the Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St. Andrews, Scotland. “61-1” means the first decision issued in 1961. “D” means definition. "R. 37-7” refers to Section 7 of Rule 37 in the 1961 Rules of Golf. LOCAL RULE: PERMITTING RELIEF FOR EMBEDDED BALL IN “FAIRWAY” ONLY Revised: USGA 60-38 D. 20, 34; R. 31-2, 32-la, 36-7a, LR Note: This supersedes Decision 60-38 dated July 26, 1960 Q.l: On relatively few occasions we post a sign permitting a free lift for “embedded” balls only in areas clearly recognized as “fairway.” In the Rules book Appendix we note the USGA suggests permission “through the green.” However, we have adapted a somewhat comparable limitation as spelled out in connection with “preferred lies” or “winter rules,” i.e. “fairway” but not in “rough.” Further, in connection with two short par 3 holes we have an additional limita­ tion for purposes of this ruling that there is no “fairway.” I have checked three or four other clubs and understand that they have also seen fit to apply limiting factors. In none checked have I found that when such local rule is posted do the clubs allow a free lift “through the green.” I would appreciate your comment as to whether or not our own local rule would be considered as proper and acceptable in the eyes of the USGA. A.l: Your local rule is not acceptable. The USGA Local Rule which provides re­ lief from an embedded ball is intended to cover exceptional conditions which may make play unfairly difficult on parts of the course. It would not be equitable, in providing relief from these conditions, to exclude certain parts of the course cov­ ered by the same Rules as those parts on which relief is afforded. Hazards are not included in the relief granted by the Local Rule because of the special condi­ tions existing in them and the fact that their play is covered by special Rules. OBSTRUCTIONS: (1) GRAVEL PATHWAY DOES NOT CONSTITUTE (2) STEPS OF ARTIFICIAL MATERIAL ARE Q.2: We have recently constructed gravel pathways leading away from the edge of certain greens. In some cases there are steps constructed. The question arises as to the proper framing of a local ruling to permit a free lift for a ball lying (a) on the gravel path and (b) on one of the steps. Would you let us have your suggestions? A.2: (a) We do not recommend a local rule giving relief from gravel pathways. Among things not considered obstructions are “Artifically constructed roads and USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: FEBRUARY, 1961 21 pathways anywhere.” See Definition 20. (b) Steps made of artificial material are obstructions and relief is provided un­ der Rule 31-2. Therefore, a local rule is not necessary. GROUND UNDER REPAIR: WHERE TO DROP BALL WHEN OBTAINING RELIEF Q.3: On the edge of one of our “fair­ ways” we have an area of ground under repair. This area borders an out-of-bounds line. In granting a free lift in accordance with the rules, is it permissible to move the ball at right angles on to the “fair­ way,” of course not nearer the hole? If it is necessary to move the ball to the rear, the player would possibly have to drop back as much as 50 yards and then drop in the “rough.” The ground under repair bordering the out-of-bounds line is mainly in area which would normally be “rough,” with a small portion extending on to what is normally “fairway.” A.3: Rule 32-la provides that a ball in ground under repair through the green may be dropped without penalty as near as possible to the spot where it lay, but not nearer the hole, on ground which avoids the ground under repair. If the nearest relief spot is in a “fairway,” the player is required to drop in the “fair­ way.” The Rules do not distinguish be­ tween “rough” and “fairway.” Questions by: Raymond Happed East Norwalk, Conn. HOLE MADE BY GREENKEEPER: (1) INCLUDES HOLE OF REMOVED STAKE (2) DROPPING FROM STAKE HOLE DEFINING HAZARD USGA 60-40 D. 13, 14d; R. 32 Q: We have a lateral water hazard marked with 2” x 4” wooden stakes. Ap­ parently one of these stakes interfered with some player’s swing and he pulled it out of the ground to make his shot and forgot to replace it. Later a player drove his ball to the vicinity of this lateral water hazard. After a search his ball was found (unplayable) in the hole made by the 2” x 4” stake. (1) Could player obtain relief under Rule 32 by calling this hole ground un­ der repair and claiming this was a hole made by the greenkeeper (Definition 13)? (2) If relief is allowed, could player drop outside the hazard, because, since the ball was in this hole, all of it was not in said hazard? Questions by: Charles H. Stewart Mississippi City, Miss. A.l: Yes. A.2: Yes. Under Definition 14d “stakes and lines defining the margins of hazards are not in the hazards.” It follows that, if circumstances were normal, the hole for the removed stake was not in the hazard. BALL DROPPED AND PLAYED UNDER INAPPLICABLE RULE (A) SEARCH LESS THAN FIVE MINUTES USGA 60-32 Def. 5, 6; R. 1, 5, 11-lb, 11-4, 21-3, R. 33-3b, 33-3 Note 2,38-3 Q.l: In stroke play, a player be­ lieved his ball entered a lateral water hazard. After a search of less than five minutes, he dropped another ball under Rule 33-3b governing lateral water haz­ ards and played this ball onto the green. The player then found his original ball outside the hazard. Is the original ball still the ball in play? A.l: Yes. See Definitions 5 and 6. Q.2 If the original ball was in play, what was the penalty for playing the second ball? A.2: Two strokes. The Rules do not permit play of a ball under a Rule which does not govern the particular case. By applying the Rule of equity (11-4) and the General Penalty (Rule 5), the prin­ ciple established in Rule 21-3 concerning play of a ball other than the player’s own ball is followed. Q.3: If the player failed to resume play with the first ball but completed the hole with the second ball, what would be the penalty? A.3: Disqualification for violation of Rule 1 except if there had been rectifi­ cation following the principle of Rule 21-3. (B) SEARCH FOR FIVE MINUTES Q.4: Suppose the player’s side had searched fruitlessly for the original ball for five minutes and that it was found outside the lateral water hazard after the player erroneously dropped and played a ball under Rule 33-3b for a la­ teral water hazard. What then should the player have done? 22 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: FEBRUARY, 1961 A.4: It is assumed that there was not reasonable evidence of the ball being lost in the lateral water hazard. The player should add two penalty strokes to his score (see Answer 2 above), abandon the second ball, and play another ball under Rule 29-1 for the lost ball. If he failed to do so, he would be disqualified under Rule 1. (C) “REASONABLE EVIDENCE” JUSTIFYING ERROR Q.5: The player dropped the second ball under Rule 33-3b for lateral water hazards in the belief that the original ball was in the hazard. Assume that there was ample “reasonable evidence” to that effect, and that the player acted under Note 2 to Rule 33-3; he searched five minutes for the original ball and did not find it. He would not then have been justified in proceeding under Rule 29-1 for a lost ball. He completed the hole with the second ball. Then the original ball was found outside the lateral water hazard, before the player played from the next tee. Would the player be dis­ qualified under Rule 1 for not properly completing the hole in question? A.5: No. The player proceeded proper­ ly under Rule 33-3b. BALL ABANDONED: OPPONENT NOT INFORMED BEFORE PLAYING USGA 60-35 R. 22-4b, 33-3b Q: In match play, A assumed his drive lost in a lateral water hazard after a search of less than five minutes. He drop­ ped a ball in conformance with Rule 33- 3b, but before he played it his caddie found his original ball outside the hazard a few yards nearer the green. A immedi­ ately lifted the dropped ball without penalty under Rule 22-4b. The opponent, B, assisted in the search for A’s ball, but when A dropped a ball B returned to play his ball, which was on the opposite side of the fairway and farther from the hole. Therefore, he was unaware that A had discovered his ori­ ginal ball. B played his second shot, and upon being notified thereafter of A’s pro­ cedure he claimed the hole under Rule 22-4b. Was his claim valid? A: Yes, assuming B played his second shot before A informed him that A had lifted the ball he wrongly dropped—see Rule 22-4b. PRACTICE: PERMITTED ON GREEN OF HOLE TO BE PLAYED AGAIN DURING ROUND Revised: USGA 60-26 R. 8-2 Note: This supersedes Decision 60-26 dated May 16, 1960 Q: In a 36-hole stroke play tournament, a player played a practice stroke on the second hole immediately after complet­ ing play on this hole. This hole is also hole 11 on the back nine. Should a penal­ ty be assessed under Rule 8? Question by: W. V. Bush La Cruces, New Mexico A: Rule 8-2 prohibits play of a practice stroke on or to the putting green of a hole not already played. In the stated case, the player is not penalized since he had already completed the play of the hole in question. It should be noted that the prohibition against playing a practice stroke from a hazard applies to any hole whether it has been played or not. BALL LOST: WHEN SEARCH DEEMED TO HAVE BEGUN USGA 60-36 D. 6 Q. In a four-ball match A and C are opponents and the match includes four caddies. With all eight persons standing at or near the tee, A makes a short drive to the left in heavy rough and C makes a long drive to the right also in heavy rough. It would be the logical thing for C’s caddie to proceed to the location of his ball and for the remaining people to stop to search for A’s ball first. This would mean that C’s caddie reached the vicinity of his ball up to five minutes ahead of the others getting there. Would the search for C’s ball commence when the caddie reached the vicinity? If your answer is affirmative, then would it not be both practical and ethical for C to restrain his caddie until everyone could proceed to the vicinity of his ball? A. The five-minute search period for a lost ball begins when either the player or his caddie begins searching. In the case you cite, C would be within his rights to keep his caddie from searching for his ball until the search for A’s ball had been completed. Question by: J. Simpson Dean Wilmington, Delaware USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: FEBRUARY, 1961 23 QUARTER FOR WATER An irrigation system for the Pawtucket Country Club of Pawtucket, Rhode Island was acquired over a four year period from 1956 to 1959. The system was planned and constructed in stages. This enabled the golf course crew to do much of the work and it eased the burden of financing. The Green Committee, under the chairmanship of Mr. A. A. “Pete” Bonvicin, showed unusual resourcefulness in its planning and the club adopted an unusual financing method expressed in the slogan “Quarter for Water.” The story of the development of the irrigation system at Pawtucket Country Club is best told by the reproduction of a series of reports from the Green Committee to the membership. Summer — 1957 try Club: To the Members of the Pawtucket Coun­ In view of the substantial amount of money involved as supplied in large part by the playing members, along with the demonstrated interest of a great portion of the membership in the project, your Green Committee hereby presents a de­ tailed report on progress made to date on the watering system, along with cer­ tain recommendations relative thereto. After the decision of your Board of Governors late last summer to make available to your committee the proceeds of a $50.00 assessment made against the playing membership for the purpose of irrigating certain greens, tees and fair­ ways of your course, your committee acted to implement the Board’s action in the following manner: Land Rights Acquisition Negotiations began with the State of Rhode Island, which owns the property where the pumphouse is located, to secure a lease of the necessary property, since it had been previously determined that it was not for sale. A survey of the required land area was made, proper maps thereof were drawn, and a legal description was compiled, all without cost to the club. The end result of the negotiations is that a ten-year lease on the property with a ten-year renewal option was obtained at the nominal fee of one dollar per year. The lease is the longest obtainable from the State pursuant to applicable law. Planning and Designing Simultaneously with the above, a study of the engineering problems connected with the project was commenced. Two aerial photos of the club’s land were ob­ tained, scaled 100 feet to the inch, at a cost of $6.10 each from the United States Department of Agriculture. Since no maps of the course were existent and since a scale map of the land is a neces­ sity in planning such a project, this move proved a real moneysaver. The least ex­ 24 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: FEBRUARY, 1961 pensive alternative would have been to have had an aerial photomap made by the Fairchild Aerial Survey Company, whose proposal therefor amounted to $1400. In­ quiries concerning a map made by con­ ventional land survey methods disclosed that its cost would have been in the vicinity of $3000. A tracing was made of the important features of the golf course from the aerial photo. Contour lines at ten-foot intervals were drawn onto the tracing, using a U. S. Geodetic Survey Map as a reference. Blueprint reproduc­ tions of the completed tracing provided maps to make the necessary engineering determinations. Engineering Problems Among the engineering problems en­ countered were the following: (a) The proper location of the pump­ house, of course, preceded all other con­ siderations. It was at first believed that it should be located below the practice putt­ ing green near the water’s edge, but en­ gineering as well as aesthetic reasons dictated otherwise. It was finally decided to locate it near the central short axis of the course to cut the distance that the water had to be transmitted in any direc­ tion to the barest minimum. This allowed smaller pumps and pipes to be employed than would have otherwise been the case, resulting not only in lower initial costs, but in lowered operational and mainte­ nance costs. It also provides the most efficient operation. (b) The general design of the piping system was the next consideration. Sev­ eral alternate layouts were considered. For reasons of economy of operation and the ability to transmit large volumes of water it was decided to adopt a plan call­ ing for the installation of a main line from the pumphouse to the 16th fairway, running across the 1st, 9th, 8th and 6th fairways, with sub-mains extending from the main to form loops generally extend­ ing just inside the perimeter of the course, each of which sub-mains would join the main in two places, near the pumphouse and also near its extremity on the 16th fairway. This plan allows water from the pumps to be supplied in­ to each of the two loops from two points in the main. (c) The proper size of pipe lines to convey desired amounts of water to the designated points of use on the course became the next problem. In this deter­ mination it appeared best to solve the most difficult problem first and work therefrom back to the pumphouse. In our case, this point proved to be the third fairway and green area. Not only was the substantial distance from the pumphouse a problem, but the extreme difference in elevation was a major factor, the high point on the third fairway being approxi­ mately 70 feet higher than the pond water level. Since a one pound pressure loss occurs as the result of each 2.3 feet of elevation encountered, it is obvious that a 30 pound pressure drop is present in this area as the result of the elevation difference factor alone. Your system is designed to produce a certain gallonage of water on the third fairway and green at a certain pressure, taking into account losses in pressure and volume occurring as the result of the difference in eleva­ tion between the pumps and the points of use and the losses caused by friction in the pipes, fittings and appurtenances. The required gallonage and pressure neces­ sary to efficiently water the elevated areas were then applied to the remainder of the course and were found to fit the needs extremely well. An 8” main with 6” sub-mains were determined to be of the proper size for our installation. (d) After the required gallonage of water had been determined along with the pressure losses, it became possible to select the proper pumping equipment to do the job. A wide variety of pumps is available, but it was deemed best to select two centrifugal pumps each having a rated capacity of 480 gallons per minute at 125 pounds pressure, so installed that either one or both may be operative as conditions warrant. Provisions were made for automatic operation of the pumping facilities. (e) Next came the job of designing the pumping station facilities. This in­ cluded the suction sump, piping, pump placement, the pressure tank installation, control equipment, electrical work, the pumphouse, etc. This proved to be one of the simpler tasks involved in the en­ tire system. (f) Since the available funds were obviously insufficient to irrigate the en­ tire course, an exhaustive investigation USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: FEBRUARY, 1961 25 of costs was undertaken to determine how extensive the initial system could be with­ in the limits imposed by available monies. Comparative studies of the various types of pipe and fittings were compiled and pumping facility costs were compared al­ so. Quality, permanence, ease of installa­ tion, maintenance factors and operational desirability, along with costs, were among the factors considered. As a result of the study, it was decided to use Transite pipe in the 4, 6 and 8 inch sizes and a semi-rigid plastic pipe manufactured by the Republic Steel Com­ pany of “Kralastic,” a U.S. Rubber pro­ duct, in the sizes smaller than 4”. Tran­ site is the cheapest available pipe in the required larger sizes, but it is not manu­ factured in sizes smaller than 4 inches. It is made of a combination of Portland cement and asbestos fibre and has proved highly successful in water works installa­ tions over a long period of time. It does not rust, corrode or tuberculate, has a low friction co-efficient, and possesses an extremely long life. The plastic pipe is a relatively new development. It also has an extremely smooth interior, is non- rusting, cannot corrode and theoretically, in our installation, should provide a long- lived installation. Size for size, it is com­ petitive in price with steel pipe, which was deemed less satisfactory for our job because of its tendency to rust and cor­ rode. Both types are relatively easy to install. It was finally estimated that the 1st, Sth, 18th and 10th fairways and greens could be watered and the total pumping facilities for the entire course installed with the available funds. Construction After the detailed plans had been pre­ pared in consideration of the foregoing conclusions, the materials were ordered and construction began. The great bulk of the labor involved was performed by our maintenance crew who used our own equipment exclusively. The paid skilled labor required was furnished by a club member. Both did excellent work. Un­ fortunately, the materials were received too late last autumn to totally complete the installation at once. Operations were suspended late in December on account of excessive cold and snow. The trenches, open in part throughout the winter, eroded and widened considerably more than had been anticipated, causing addi­ tional expenditure for loam for refilling and subsequently somewhat less satis­ factory playing conditions than should have been the case. Work on the pipe system re-commenced in the early spring and continued until virtual completion of the planned portions had occurred. The pumphouse was erected last autumn and throughout the winter and spring equip­ ment was installed, piping was completed and the electrical work finished. About June 10 the Blackstone Valley Gas and Electric Company completed its cable in­ stallation and the system was tested. Cer­ tain bugs appeared as is normal in any large installation. They were eradicated as time elapsed and it now appears that the system is operating smoothly and effi­ ciently, dispersing approximately 1,000 gallons of water per minute onto parched areas of our course. Finances Happily, the estimates previously made concerning the extent of work that could be accomplished with the available funds appears to have been reasonably accurate, as the following balance sheet demon­ strates: BALANCE SHEET INCOME Assessments, Including $50.00 from Each New Member _____________ $14,640.00 Tournament Committee ____________ 3,000.00 Total $17,640.00 Less Payments to Internal Revenue (20% Tax on Assessments) _____ 2,280.00 $15,360.00 Less Bank Service Charge __________ .68 Available for Use $15,359.32 EXPENDITURES Pipe System in Fairways Transite Pipe _____ ______ __ $ 4,250.79 Sprinkler Heads, Couplers and Valves 882.60 Cast Iron Fittings for Transite __ 386.82 Plastic Pipe, Copper Pipe, Fittings, Hangers, Etc. ___ 3,828.09 Skilled Labor (Other than Normal Maintenance Crew) ____________ 802.70 $10,151.00* Pump House, Suction Sump, Etc. 2—480 GPM Pumps . $ 989.40 2—40 Hp. Motors for Pumps 750.00 Steel Shed 445.00 Concrete for Shed Floor ___________ 38.22 3'x6' Gai. Tank and Stand _________ 318.24 Bolts 1.35 2—3'x6' Steel Screens ______________ 100.00 Pipe, Fittings, Etc. ________________ 1,061.43 Skilled Labor ______________________ 368.75 $ 4,072.39** 26 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: FEBRUARY, 1961 * To the total for the pipe system in the fairways must be added the cost of five cubic yards of concrete used in sta­ bilizing the risers from the main lines. This will be approximately $60.00. ** Not included in the total for the pump house is the cost of 900 feet of 3—wire neoprene jacketed, steel-armored electric cable which extends from the electric pole below the caddie shack be­ neath the water to the pump house. The cost of this cable is $1,557.55 to the Black­ stone Valley Gas & Electric Company. They will bill the club $50.00 monthly on their electric bill until this amount has been paid. This expenditure was not included in the original estimates. It came about as the result of the decision to abandon the plan of the utility com­ pany to transmit the power to the pump­ ing station free to the club via an electric pole line along and adjacent to the first fairway. It was decided to purchase the underwater cable at the utility’s cost rather than accept their offer of the pole line because of the poles’ unsightliness and their potential interference with play. The utility did, however, furnish everything involved except the cable it­ self including the poles, wire, transformer station, transformers and labor. Also not included in the total is the cost of the interior electric wiring, etc., in the pump house, the bill for which has not yet been received. It is estimated that it will amount to approximately $1,100. The final cost of the pumping facilities, if the above two items are in­ cluded, as is proper, will total approxi­ mately $6,800. It must be borne in mind in the assess­ ing of costs that much labor for construc­ tion, both on the pumping station and on the fairways, was furnished by our normal maintenance crew. No attempt has been made to place a value on this labor or upon work performed by the equip­ ment used, which consisted principally of our own dump truck and tractor backhoe. In addition, no costs have been allotted for loam and seed for the trenches. Recommendations Your committee feels that a good be­ ginning on a permanent installation of great value to our club has taken place. The results of even a short period of its use demonstrate that value to all. Your committee strongly recommends that the system eventually be extended until the entire course is watered. The recommendation is made because: (1) In no other way, in view of the topography and geological conditions in­ volved, can satisfactory playing surfaces be provided and maintained. Dr. De­ France of the University of Rhode Island, a nationally recognized authority in the field of agronomy, recently stated in an article in the Providence Sunday Journal that the Pawtucket golf course posed a particularly difficult problem in turf maintenance in dry seasons because of the existing soil conditions. He said that our top soil was infertile, composed as it was of glacial till, and that the condition is further aggravated by the fact that it is deposited on a gravel subsurface. Our recent excavations have confirmed these allegations. In addition, the topsoil is in most cases deposited in a very thin layer, sometimes no more than three inches in depth. It can be seen that the whole pic- COMING EVENTS February 14-15 Virginia's First Turfgrass Conference Jefferson Hotel Richmond, Va. February 20-23 Penn State University Turfgrass Conference University Park, Pa. Minnesota Golf Course Superintendents Turf February 23-23-24 Conference Minneapolis, Minn. February 27-28 Southern Turfgrass Conference Peabody Hotel Memphis, Tenn. February 27-March 2 Cornell Turfgrass Conference Cornell University Ithaca, N. Y. March 6-8 Midwest Regional Turf Conference Memorial Center, Purdue University Lafayette, Ind. March 9-10 Massachusetts Turfgrass Conference University of Massachusetts Amherst, Mass. March 14-16 Iowa Turfgrass Conference Student Union Building Iowa State University Ames, Iowa March 27-29 Wisconsin Turfgrass Conference University of Wisconsin Madison, Wisconsin USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: FEBRUARY, 1961 27 ture is one which allows normal moisture to drain away so rapidly that the burning out of our course occurs quickly in hot weather, as we so well know. The answer to the problem is to supply water fre­ quently and in large amounts to over­ come the natural conditions over which no control can be exercised. A Money Saver (2) The watering of the complete course will prove a money-saving ven­ ture. It is very difficult to estimate how much it now costs to provide what little water can be supplied to our tees, greens and approaches via our old system. In addition to the cost of the water itself, by no means an inconsiderable item, the labor costs involved are very high. Con­ sider, if you will, only one small area of the course, admittedly the worst from a watering viewpoint, the 3rd, 14th and 15th greens. The pressure in our present old pipe system is so low in these areas because of rust, corrosion and inadequate sizing that even the small sprinklers are unable to rotate satisfactorily. As a re­ sult it takes almost the whole of one man’s time just to hand-water these three greens. That alone costs us somewhere in the vicinity of $50.00 weekly. Even so, the water penetration on these greens is only in the vicinity of one inch, a dan­ gerously inadequate amount for proper greens maintenance. Add to the above the cost of daily watering of the other portions of the course by manual means and you can begin to perceive the ex­ tent of the present watering problem from a cost viewpoint. That alone wouldn’t be totally prohibitive, but when it is added to the fact that it is impossi­ ble, with the present inadequate system, to do even a partially workmanlike job of maintenance because of lack of water and water transmission facilities, it be­ comes pound-foolish not to extend the new system to its design limits. In addi­ tion, it appears that the pond water may contain much organic matter that may be beneficial when applied to turf. This could have an important bearing on fu­ ture fertilization costs which currently run in the $1500-$2000 yearly category. Laboratory tests of the water are now in process to determine its constituents. In consideration of the conditions in­ volved, it is impossible to give too much credit to Les Kennedy and Bill Barney and their crew for providing us with our greens, generally conceded to be equal, if not superior, to any in the State. Your committee has reviewed the prob­ lem from a cold, practical point of view and recommends that sufficient funds be made available this year to extend the present system to include the course’s most critical areas, the 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 15th fairways, tees and greens and the 14th green. This extension will cost ap­ proximately $7,000 for materials. No ad­ dition to the pumping facilities will be necessary, for the present installation is designed to handle the load for the entire course. Labor can, for almost the entire job, be furnished by our normal mainte­ nance crew. These funds should be com­ mitted on or about September 1 in order to allow for time for receipt of materials. Construction could begin about October 1. Conclusion In view of the foregoing, your Green Committee will, in the immediate future, submit a plan for approval to the Board of Governors whereby it is hoped to raise the needed money for the above-recom­ mended project. The cooperation of the membership will be urgently needed. You are earnestly requested to lend your aid when asked to the end that we might in the relatively near future have the best course in the State insofar as playing sur­ faces are concerned. GREEN COMMITTEE “Pete” Bonvicin, Chairman Bob Hird Lou McCaughey Aime Smith Ned Barlow Art Rose Len Jenard AUGUST — 1957 For the purpose of raising funds to ex­ tend the new watering system, the Board of Governors of the Pawtucket Country Club did, in regular meeting on July 31, 1957, vote to impose a charge of twenty-five cents (.25), pursuant to rules formulated by the Green Committee, up­ on each player using the golf course facilities. The Board feels that the funds result­ ing from this charge, when added to those monies annually accumulated by the Tournament Committee, will pro­ vide sufficient means to develop the watering system in progressive phases which will allow its completion in or be­ 28 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: FEBRUARY, 1961 fore the autumn of 1959. It further be­ lieves that no assessment or other fund raising activities will be necessary to complete the improvement if all players faithfully pay their QUARTER FOR WATER each day they play golf. The regulations applicable to the Board’s action follow: (a) Each player shall, each and every day the player uses the course, prior to starting play sign a roster in the pro shop and immediately pay the attendant the sum of twenty-five cents (.25). Please note that this is a charge for the day, not for each time golf is played during the day. (b) QUARTER FOR WATER applies regardless of the number of holes to be played and regardless of the tee off point. (c) QUARTER FOR WATER does not apply to normal practice play conducted from and in the designated practice areas. (d) QUARTER FOR WATER applies to all players, without exception, whether members or guests. (e) QUARTER FOR WATER has ab­ solutely nothing to do with caddie fees. (f) QUARTER FOR WATER must be paid in cash; no charging can be allowed because of the bookkeeping difficulties involved. (g) Since this is an action of the Board of Governors, it follows that ap- propiate enforcement thereof will occur. These regulations shall be effective at 12:01 A. M. Sunday, August 10, 1957. GREEN COMMITTEE “Pete” Bonvicin, Chairman Progress Reports WATERING SYSTEM — 1957 The second year’s watering system ex­ tension pjovided facilities to totally irri­ gate the following areas: 2nd fairway and green, 3rd tee, fairway and green, 4th tee, fairway aid green, 5th tee, fairway and green, 15th tee, fairway and green, 16th tee, 14th green, 40% of 14th fairway, 8th green, and 9th tee. Constraction began during the last week in September and proceeded until mid December. The second, third and fourth farways provided certain difficult construction problems, principally due to the very tnfavorable soil conditions en­ countered. The second proved to be filled with large boulders, while the others had such an extreme soil compaction that the maximum effort of the trenches was needed almost continuously. This caused not only difficult pipe-laying conditions, since proper pitch must be maintained, but excessive equipment repair costs as well. Most trenches were back-filled and loamed, but small lengths remain to be accomplished next spring. The total cost for fairway watering in­ stallation has amounted to $20,362.06. The cost of the pumping station must be added, which is approximately $6,800. Thus, the entire system has cost us $27,162.06 at the present stage of develop­ ment. No allowance has been made in these figures for the labor of the mainte­ nance crew or loam or seed for repair­ ing the trenches. These costs may amount to some $2,500 to $3,000 per mile of pipe installed. WATERING SYSTEM—1958 Extension of the watering system took place last autumn to provide facilities for watering the following: 14th tee and 60% of the 14th fairway; 13th fairway and green; 16th fairway and green, 6th tee, fairway and green; 7th tee, fairway and green; 17th tee, fairway and green; 11th tee, fairway and green; 18th tee; 12th tee; nursery between 17th fairway and 7th green; and rough area in vicinity of 18th tee. The following remains to be accom­ plished to fully complete the system: 12th fairway and green; 8th tee and fairway; the 2nd, 10th and 3rd tees, and a small portion of the 9th fairway. Work on this year’s extension began in the third week of September and con­ tinued until the first week in December. With the knowledge acquired during the past two years, the crew laid the pipes faster and better than ever before, even allowing for the horrible soil conditions encountered in a great many instances. The exceedingly early winter, bringing the coldest December weather in 41 years, caused a cessation of work much earlier than had originally been planned. For example, a year ago the men worked until January 5 on the watering system. This year we were forced to quit the first week of December. I am confident that all trenches wbuld have been backfilled USGA JOURMAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: FEBRUARY, 1961 29 and loamed if we had had a season com­ parable to that of a year ago. As it is, we will be forced to put up with the trenches for a longer period in the spring than had been planned. To date a total of 18,338 feet or 3.47 miles of pipe has been installed. It is esti­ mated that the installation of an addi­ tional 3,500 feet of pipe will complete the system. If funds are available, it is plan­ ned to do this work during the autumn of this year. The three-year construction cost for fairway watering has totaled $30,473.30. In addition, the pumping station cost ap­ proximately $6,800. The entire system, then, at the present stage of development, has cost us $37,273.30. This sum can be broken down as follows: Material and Equipment ______________ $35,728.30 Skilled Labor _______________________ 1,171.45 Contracts (a) Steel Pumphouse _____________ 445.00 (b) Electric Installation ____________ 1,100.00 No allowance has been made in these figures for the labor of the maintenance crew, the use of club-owned equipment, or loam and seed for filling the trenches. It is believed that the system can be com­ pleted, using the above basis of cost com­ putation, for approximately $6,000. It can be seen from the foregoing tkat if com­ pleted this fall, our membership will, without undue strain, have financed and very nearly paid for a capital improve­ ment worth a minimum of $60,000 at cur­ rent construction prices. The work on the system and the $8,000 loan made last fall has been paid for out of receipts from the following sources: Quarter for Water ______________ __ — $ 3,783.48 Tournament Committee _______________ 2,195.85 Donation 25.00 Watering Assessments _______________ 150.00 Initiation Fees _____________________ 1,200.00 Loan from Bank _____________________ 5,000.00 Loan from Country Club _____________ 4,650.00 Total ______________________ $17,004.33 WATERING SYSTEM — 1959 Virtual completion of the watering sys­ tem took place last autumn when facili­ ties for watering the following were in­ stalled: the 8th tee and fairway, 12th fair­ way and green, 13th tee, 2nd tee, 10th tee, and small portions of the 9th and 10th fairways. This practically completes the system, for only a small amount of pipe remains to be laid from the middle of the 18th fairway to the 8th tee and on the 10th fairway going up the first small hill. Work on this year’s extension pro­ gram began in October and was com­ pleted early in December. Rainy weather causing wet ground conditions necessi­ tating mechanical pumping slowed the in­ stallation to some degree, but our crew surmounted the difficulties very well. This year for the first time we are able to backfill all trenches and to place the loam therein. All that remains to be done will be a little shaping up in the spring and then seeding can occur. The four-year construction material cost for fairway watering has totaled $35,905.34. In addition, the pumping sta­ tion cost approximately $6,800. The en­ tire system, then, at the present stage of development, has cost us $42,705.34. This sum can be broken down as follows: Material and Equipment ____________ $39,983.89 Skilled Labor ________________________ 1,171.45 Contracts (a) Steel Pumphouse _______________ +45.00 (b) Electric Installation ____________ 1,100.00 No allowance has been made in these figures for the labor of the mairtenance crew, the use of club owned equipment, or loam and seed for filling and grassing the trenches. These items amount to a considerable sum. It can be seen from the foregoing that our club now has, in a virtually completed stage, a watering system worth between $60,000 and $70,000. It is very nearly totally paid for. I am proud to have had a part in this undertaking, .which I con­ sider to be the finest system o’ its kind in the State. We have the water supply, pumping equipment and distribution lines to enable us to use more water on a larger area of course than any com­ parable installation in the State and this, of course, is the criterion by which any such system can be judged. The costs for this year’s extension and the $5,000 loan made in the fall of 1958 were paid for out of receipts from the following sources: Quarter for Water __________________ $ 4,078.00 Tournament Committee Net Profits __ 3,174.21 Watering Assessments ______________ 50.00 Initiation Fees 2,050.00 Additional Loan from Bank _________ 5,000.00 Total $14,352.21 It can readily be seen that “Quarter for Water” and Tournament Committee re­ ceipts play a large part in finaicing our great progress. Accordingly, we urge the fullest possible participation ii both by the entire membership. 30 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: FEBRUARY, 1961 ANNUAL INDEX TO USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT Volume XIII — April, 1960, Through February, 1961 9 2 2 Issue Page AMATEUR STATUS AND CONDUCT Source of Pay ___________________________ June 3 BOOKS Golf Addicts on Parade __________________July 3 Golf for Women ________________________ Sept. 3 Golf is My Game _______________________ Nov. 3 How I Play Inside Golf ___________________Aug. 3 My Golfing Album July 3 New Angles on Putting and Chip Shots__Aug. 3 Pro Pointers and Stroke Savers ___ Aug. 3 The Principles Behind the Rules of Golf ..June 14 CADDIES Caddie Camp Attracts Youngsters from Street _______________________________ July Miller A Friendly Boss of Congressional Caddies ______________ Feb. 12-Year-Old Caddies _____________________ Apr. 19 COMPETITIONS Americas Cup Team _____________________ Aug. Beman Wins Amateur, Internationals Compete _______ Nov. 9 Californians Sweep Public Links Honors _ __ Aug. 10 Cestone, Mother Nature Share Senior Laurels ___________________________ Nov. 14 Curtis Cup Won in Sporting Match ______ July 10 Fine Showings by Americans in British Play ___________________________ July 17 Golfers From 26 Nations Play in Centenary British Open ______________ Aug. 13 Golf the Mother Tongue for World Team Event ___ ___________________ Sept. 5 JoAnne Gunderson Wins Her Second Amateur _________ ____ __________ Nov. 20 Lindrick and St. David’s to Test Curtis Cuppers _____________________ Apr. 11 New Records Set in Amity and Scores in World Golf ______________________ Nov. 4 Northwest Produces Another Junior Champion . _ _______________Sept. 12 The Open Helps the Course ____________ Nov. 1 Palmer Transforms The Open’s Tent of Dreams July 4 Permanent Trophies _____________________ Aug. Betsy Rawls Wins Open at Time Tested Worcester _ Aug. 72 Qualifying Events to Determine Open 7 3 Field .. . ___ .... Apr. 19 Carol Sorenson Wins Girls’ Junior Championship _______________________ Sept. 8 Suspense, Fine Golf, Goodwill in Americas Cup ___ ... Sept. 15 Teams of 33 Countries in World Golf at Merion _______________ Aug. 4 1 16 3 2 7 8 CLUB OPERATIONS Amendment Sept. in Golf Club Properties ____ Nov. Costly Fires “GOLF HOUSE” AND GOLF MUSEUM Cherry Hills Painting __________ Apr. HANDICAPPING Course Rating Origins ___________________Sept. Course-Within-A-Course __________________June Handicap Pick Up Provisions ____________ Nov. New Course Rating System An Aid In Handicapping Apr. 5 No Handicapping in Closed Season ______Aug. 24 Scores Unacceptable: Not Under Rules ..Apr. 18 Selected Hole Events: No Equitable Way to Handicap __________________________ July 24 HISTORICAL Anniversary Year for Bob Jones, Chick Evans _________________________ Apr. 3 Caddie Cars at St. Andrews ____________July 2 First Intercollegiate Champions ________ Sept. 4 Golf and Golf Writing—1897 ------------------ Aug. 1 Golfers Prominent On Roster of World Leaders _________________________ Feb. 8 Issue Page Grand Slam Anniversary _______________ Sept. 1 Hundred Years of British Opens _______ June 15 Ouimet Tree ____________________________ Nov. 2 Profligacy Record, 19 on an Open Hole ..June 10 Public Links Championships over 39 Years _ July 15 2 7 Then, 14 Now Nov. 65 Years of The Open in Facts and Figures June 18 1 Why 18 Holes? ___________________________ July IMPLEMENTS AND BALL Gadgets, Gimmicks and Golf ____________June Keeping Ball and Course Related ______ Apr. “Practice” Club Disapproved ___________ July Two-Face Club _________________________ June INTERNATIONAL Anniversary Salute _____________________ Aug. Irish Golf _______________________________ June Pravda on Golf _________________________ Apr. Tourist Wooing _________________________ June World Golf At Merion In New Film ____Feb. 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 2 18 JUNIORS Oklahoma Junior Tournament __________ Apr. 16 Vermont Interscholastic _________________Apr. 16 MISCELLANEOUS Golf Ball Finding by Great Lady of the Game Sept. 17 Industrial Golf __________________________ Apr. 2 Keeler Course __________________________ Sept. 2 N. C. Norris, Elder Statesman of Golf .Sept. 10 University Courses ______________________June 2 U.S.A. Has 6,385 Courses _______________ Feb. 1 NECROLOGY George W. Blossom, Jr. _________________Feb. Sir Guy Campbell _______________________ Nov. Keith Conway ___________________________Sept. Elijah W. (Bill) Cunningham ____________ July Darsie L. Darsie __________________ Nov. Duncan Dewar, Jr. _______________________ Feb. Mrs. Temple Dobell _____________________ Apr. Miss Charlotte Dod _____________________ Aug. Eugene G. Grace _______________________ Aug. Clayton Heafner _________________________ Feb. Ray O’Brien _____________________________ Apr. Udo Reinach Apr. James Jay Secor _________________________ Aug. Mrs. Genevieve Hecker Stout __________ Sept. T. T. Taylor _____________________________ Feb. H.R. Venske _____________________________ Feb. William D. Wallace July 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 PLAY OF THE GAME Are You Kind to Your Course? ________ June 8 A Short Course in Course Wrecking ____July 20 To Do and Not To Do July 20 World’s Busiest Course? _________________June 1 RULES OF GOLF A Nine-Hole Round With the New Rules __ _________________________Apr. 8 Is Golf Getting Soft? _____________________ Nov. 12 Knowing Your Rights Under the Rules of Golf ____ Aug. 15 The Trial Rules For 1961: How They Were Developed ____ ________ Feb. 4 RULES OF GOLF DECISIONS Aid In Gripping: Ball In Hand __________ Apr. 21 Automotive Carts: (1) Are Considered "Equipment” (2) Status When Occupied By Two Players _____________ ________ July 21 Ball Abandoned: Opponent Not Informed Before Playing Ball Dropped and Played Under Feb. 23 Inapplicable Rule __.Feb. 22 Ball Holed—In Raised Cup Liner ________ Apr. 21 Ball: Is Not Equipment _________________July 23 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: FEBRUARY, 1961 31 Issue Page Issue Page Ball Lifted: When To Replace On Putting Green _____ ________________ Apr. 23 Bali Lost: Time Permitted For Search _ Aug. 23 Ball Lost: When Five Minutes Search Not Required ...______ Aug. 22 Ball Lost: When Search Deemed To Have Begun _________ _______ __________ Feb. 23 Ball Moved: Coming to Rest Out of Bounds .... Aug. 21 Ball On Lip Of Hole: Knocked Into Cup By Blowing Tumbleweed ____________ Aug. 22 Ball Unplayable: Procedure When Dropping Back Is Impossible _________ June 21 Ball Unplayable: Procedure When Dropping Back Is Impossible _________ June 22 Ball Unplayable: Procedure When Impossible To Drop Back After Swing And Miss ..... ... ____ .. ... . __ Nov. 24 Committee: Winner’s Score Not Posted July 22 Concession Of Putt—Four-Ball Opponent Cannot Refuse To Accept ___ __ Sept. 21 Concession Of Putt—Four-Ball Opponent Cannot Refuse To Accept _____ __ Nov. 23 Damage To Putting Green: Filling with Sand Prohibited ___________________ Aug. 23 Damage To Putting Green: (1) Not Necessary To Announce Intention To Repair (2) When Ball Marks May Be Repaired With Foot ________________ Nov. 24 Damage To Putting Green: (1) Why Repairing Ballmarks With Foot Prohibited (2) Why Repair Of Scuff Marks Prohibited _____ . _________ June 23 Damage to Putting Green: Repair Of Ball Mark A Second Time _________ Sept. 22 Dropped Ball: Abandoning Before Playing ___ ... --------- -------------- Aug. 23 Dropped Ball: Rolling Nearer Hole Than Spot Where Dropped ________ Sept. 23 Dropping Ball: From Obstruction In Apron Of Green _____________________ Nov. 24 Flagstick: May Be Tapered Or Of Varying Diameters __ __ _________ Aug. 22 Flagstick: Placed On Green Behind Hole ..Nov. 23 Ground Under Repair: Where To Drop Ball When Obtaining Relief _________ Feb. 22 Hazard: Status Of Half-Eaten Pear ______ July 21 Hazard: Touching With Club(s) _________ July 23 Hazards: (1) Touching Ground Outside Limits Permissible; (2) Suggested Method For Defining Margins _________ July 22 Hole Made By Greenkeeper ___________ Feb. 22 Identification Of Ball: Dishonestly Refused ... _________ Sept. 23 Local Rule: Permitting Provisional Ball For Ball In Water Hazard ________ Sept. 22 Local Rule: Permitting Relief For Embedded Ball In “Fairway” Only ____Feb. 21 Local Rule: Practicing On Course Before Stroke Play _ ... ..... . Aug. 23 Loose Impediments: "Solidly Embedded” Defined ____ ___ __________ Aug. 21 Obstructions: Bridges., Abutments And Piers ___ _________ Nov. 22 Obstructions: Construction Which Is Part Of The Course _______________________Nov. 22 Obstructions: (1) Gravel Pathway Does Not Constitute (2) Steps Of Artificial Material Are ___Feb. 21 Obstruction: Local Rule For A Concrete Edging Of Water Hazard ________ June 22 Obstructions: No Relief If Stroke Unnecessarily Abnormal Aug. 22 Obstructions: Second Relief After Drop Apr. 22 Out of Bounds: 1. No Hazard; 2. Identifi­ cation Of; 3. Stake Not In Position __ June 21 Penalties: Time Limit For Application, Stroke Play . ... ... June 23 Penalty: For Discontinuing Play 45 Minutes Between Nines; Committee: When Author­ ized to Intervene In Stroke Play ----- Sept. 21 Placed Ball Rolling Into Hole 1. When Holed 2. When Cannot Be Replaced ________ Apr. 22 Practice: Prohibited On Green If Hole To Be Played Again During Round ... Nov. 22 Provisional Ball: (1) Continued In Play After Original Ball Found Unplayable; (2) Played In Belief Original Ball Is In Water Hazard __________________________ .... Sept. 22 Provisional Ball: May Not Also Be Ball In Play ___________________________ Sept. 23 Provisional Ball: Must Be Abandoned If Original Ball Unplayable _____ June 23 Provisional Ball: When To Abandon ____July 22 Water Hazard: Status Of Ball Lost Within __ __________ .... _______Aug. 24 Wrong Ball (1) Played For Several Holes In Par Competition; (2) Not If Played From Teeing Ground Into Hole ____Nov. 23 SECTIONAL AFFAIRS California Pioneers In Tax Relief Effort ..Feb. 14 Chicago District issues Directory ____July 2 Cincinnati League Publishes Directory _ Aug. 1 Cleveland Association Publishes "Fairways” ____________________________ June 2 TOURNAMENTS Golf Writers As Golf Players ____________ July 19 Invest $1 In Golf Day For Fun and the Game June 13 National Golf Day _______________________ Apr. 10 Snow, Seet Can’t Stop ‘“Icebreakers” —Feb. 13 USGA AFFAIRS Carr, Dr. Monteith Receive USGA Awards Feb. 10 House Elected to Executive Committee ... July 3 USGA Officer Changes _________________ Apr. 2 TURF MANAGEMENT A Completely Automatic Sprinkling System at the Seattle Golf Club ______July 25 Electric Cables Warm Turf _____________ June 32 Fertility Level and Water ______________ June 32 Greens Aerification vs. Playing Compaction _____ ________________ July 31 Illinois Turf grass Field Day ____________ July 30 Insect Damage ____ ________________June 29 Forty Years of Green Section Activity — Nov. 25 Laboratory Methods for Evaluations of Putting Green Soil Mixtures __________ Sept. 30 __________________________ Aug. 30 Mowing ___ Overseeding With Bentgrass ___________ Aug. 31 Personnel Management and Relation­ ships . ________________________ Aug. 25 Potash—What Is It? _____________________ Aug. 32 Quarter For Water _____________________ Feb. 24 Radioactivity In Plant Science __________ July 31 Specifications for a Method of Putting Green Construction ________________ Sept. 24 Tips for Using Pesticides --------------------- Sept. 32 Top-Dressing ... .. __________________ Aug. 32 A Turf Lifting Operation at the Seattle Golf Club _________________ July 27 Water Use on the Golf Course Introduction __________ Apr. 24 The Role of Water in Plant Growth ____ June 30 Quick-Coupling Sprinkler System ___June 24 Comparison of Water Sources _____ Apr. 31 Comparison of Water Sources _____ Apr. 29 Sprinkler Types for Golf Courses __June 28 Turf grass Culture and Soil Water Relationships ... ... ____________ June 26 Water Distribution Systems _________ Apr. 25 Water Distribution Systems _________ Apr. 27 Water Distribution Systems ________ Apr. 28 Water Requirements of the Golf Course ______________ ... ______ June 30 Water Requirements of the Golf Course ___ June 31 Wound Dressings for Trees Sept. 29 32 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: FEBRUARY, 1961 IT’S YOUR HONOR Comments on the Rules To The USGA: After using the ‘distance-only’ penalty for a year on a trial basis, we find that a vote of our members who consistently break 85 shows one to five in favor of a return to the stroke and distance penalty. The vote of the members who do not break 85 was one to three—but in the reverse direction. They want to continue the distance-only penalty rather than straighten out their game. W. F. Bebout Uniontown, Ohio To The USGA: The 1960 experiment has been a completely dismal failure in regards to equity in the Rules. It has shown me that we must impose the stroke- and-distance penalty for out of bounds and lost ball, if for nothing else than to strengthen the moral character of golfers. I can remember nothing that has led to so many flagrant violations of the spirit of the game since the freedom to mark the ball on the putting surface with­ out reason. Countless times I have observed players, in essence, refuse to conduct a thorough search for their ball be­ cause finding it would have forced them to a succession of sacrifice shots. If only one reason was needed to reinstate the stroke-and-distance penalty, this would be more than sufficient. A player in violation of a rule who can gain an advantage through said violation must, by any law of equality, be penalized. This is not possible under the distance-only rule. Even the most aggressive argument against a return to the proper balance as regards out of bounds and lost ball will lose strength if equally applied to all erring shots. Any golfer with competitive experience must remember occasions where he would gladly sacrifice distance for the chance to replay the badly hit shot. Yet distance-only permits this privilege only to a player who has put his ball completely out of play. It obviously is not a proper balance. There is no reason to believe that golfers would have more respect or understanding for the Rules if they were reverted to distance-only penal­ ties. I suspect that, quite oppositely, a stronger penalty would command the greatest attention and respect. If golfers are unable to appreciate the thinking behind the stroke-and-dis­ tance penalty, then I say the golfer is in error and needs adjusting, not the rules. My only criticism of the rules, or, more properly put, my lack of un­ derstanding them, concerns the water hazard. It appears to me that there are four ways a player may put a ball out of play. Since these are going to result in the replay of the stroke, I suggest it would be fairer that stroke and distance apply in each in­ stance. This should do away with dropping the ball and searching for a spot to keep the hazard or point of entry still intact. If the proponents of the soft rule are endeavoring to get scores lower, then let’s not bother to count putts. Les Johnstone Mason City, Iowa To The USGA: Let everyone play golf like they want to. They are going to do it any­ way. Social matches—local or club tournaments—stroke or match play —makes no difference. It’s very sim­ ple. Just make it a golden rule of golf at all courses that those who wish to play under the so-called win­ ter rules or preferred lies method so announce their intentions and accept an automatic penalty of two shots for each nine holes. Your publication can be of great service by promoting this rule. Ray E. Jones Indianapolis, Ind. USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: FEBRUARY, 7961 33 USGA OFFICERS, EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE AND COMMITTEE CHAIRMEN PRESIDENT John G. Clock, Long Beach, Calif. VICE-PRESIDENTS Clarence W. Benedict, White Plains, N. Y. John M. Winters, Jr., Tulsa, Okla. SECRETARY Wm. Ward Foshay, New York, N. Y. TREASURER Bernard H. Ridder, Jr., St. Paul, Minn. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE The above officers and: Fred Brand, Jr.. Pittsburgh, Pa. William C. Chapin, Rochester, N. Y. Edward L. Emerson, Boston, Mass. Edwin R. Foley, San Francisco, Calif. Harry L. Givan, Seattle, Wash. Hord W. Hardin, St. Louis, Mo. Robert K. Howse, Wichita, Kans. Harold A. Moore, Chicago, III. Eugene S. Pulliam, Indianapolis, Ind. Henry H. Russell, Miami, Fla. GENERAL COUNSEL Philip H. Strubing, Philadelphia, Pa. EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR Joseph C. Dey, Jr., New York, N. Y. ASSISTANT DIRECTOR: P. J. Boatwright, Jr. USGA HEADQUARTERS "Golf House", 40 East 38th Street, New York 16, N. Y. COMMITTEE CHAIRMEN RULES OF GOLF: Wm. Ward Foshay, New York, N. Y. CHAMPIONSHIP: Bernard H. Ridder, Jr., St. Paul, Minn. AMATEUR STATUS AND CONDUCT: Harold A. Moore, Chicago, III. IMPLEMENTS AND BALL: Clarence W. Benedict, White Plains, N. Y. MEMBERSHIP: Edwin R. Foley, San Francisco, Calif. GREEN SECTION: William C. Chapin, Rochester, N. Y. WOMEN'S: Mrs. Henri Prunaret, Natick, Mass. SECTIONAL AFFAIRS: Hord W. Hardin, St. Louis, Mo. PUBLIC LINKS: Fred Brand, Jr., Pittsburgh, Pa. HANDICAP: Clarence W. Benedict, White Plains, N. Y. Handicap Procedure: Herman M. Freydberg, New York, N. Y. JUNIOR CHAMPIONSHIP: Harry L. Givan, Seattle, Wash. SENIOR CHAMPIONSHIP: Harold A. Moore, Chicago, III. GIRLS' JUNIOR: Mrs. John Pennington, Buffalo, N. Y. MUSEUM: Robert K. Howse, Wichita, Kans. BOB JONES AWARD: Wm. Ward Foshay, New York, N. Y. FINANCE: Bernard H. Ridder, Jr., St. Paul, Minn. USGA GREEN SECTION EASTERN REGION Northeastern Office: Lipman Hall, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, N. J. Alexander M. Radko, Director, Eastern Region Mid-Atlantic Office: 711 West Ave., Jenkintown, Pa. Charles K. Hallowell, Mid-Atlantic Director Southeastern Office: P. O. Box 4213, Campus Station, Athens, Ga. James B. Moncrief, Southeastern Agronomist MID-CONTINENT REGION Southwestern Office: Texas A. and M. College, College Station, Tex. Dr. Marvin H. Ferguson, Director, Mid-Continent Region and National Research Coordinator W. Wayne Allen, Southwestern Agronomist Mid-Western Office: Room 24), LaSalle Hotel, Chicago 2, III. James L. Holmes, Mid-Western Agronomist Western Office: P. O. Box 567, Garden Grove, Calif. William H. bengeyfield. Director, Western Region WESTERN REGION