AND TURF MANAGEMENT AN OUTDOOR CLASSROOM AT SEATTLE Miss JoAnne Gunderson, the 1957 and 1960 Women’s Amateur Cham­ pion, conducted a clinic on the eve of the Girls’ Junior Championship at Seattle last month. Looking on (1. to r.) are the tournament’s three youngest entrants: Kathy Hutson, 11, Lubbock, Texas; Vicki Jenssen, 12, Great Barrington, Mass.; and Gwynn Taylor, 12, Oklahoma City. —Photo by Stuart B. Hertz, Seattle Post-Intelligencer USGA JOURNAL AHO TURF MANAGEMENT Published by the United States Golf Association © 1961 by United States Golf Association. Permission to reprint articles or material in the USGA Journal and Turf Management is granted to publishers of newspapers/ periodicals and books (unless specifically noted otherwise), provided credit is given to the USGA and copyright protection Is af­ forded. Neither articles nor other material may be copied or used for any advertising, promotion or commercial purpose. VOL. XIV, No. 5 SEPTEMBER, 1961 Through the Green __________________________________________________ 1 The Ageless Face of Golf ------------------------------------------------ John G. Clock 4 Up a Tree with the Rules ____________________________ Joseph C. Dey, Jr. 6 Education Mixes with Golf for the Junior Misses _________________________ 10 1960 Tax Developments Which Affect Country Clubs _______ George S. Dillon 12 Do You Know Your Golf? ____________________________________________ 15 A Golfer’s Philosophy: Golf Is Like Life ----------------------------- Judy Hoetmer 16 McDowell’s Junior Victory Ties East With West _______ P. J. Boatwright, Jr. 18 The Referee: Decisions Under the Rules of Golf _________________________ 21 Turf Management ____________________________________________________ 25 It’s Your Honor: Letters 33 Published seven times a year in February, April, June, July, August, September and November by the UNITED STATES GOLF ASSOCIATION 40 EAST 38th ST., NEW YORK 16, N. Y. Subscription: $2 a year. Single copies: 30c. Subscriptions, articles, photographs, and correspondence should be sent to the above address. Second Class Postage Paid at New York, N. Y., and Pinehurst, N. C. Editor: Joseph C. Dey, Jr. Managing Editor: Frank Hannigan. All articles voluntarily contributed. USGA COMPETITIONS FOR 1962 Championship or Team Match Entries Close Qualifying Rounds Dates of Event Location Open May 2 Local—May 21 ••Sectional—June 5 Women’s Open June 13 — June 14-15-16 June 28-29-30 Amateur Public Links •May 31 •June 17-24 July 9-14 Junior Amateur June 27 July 17 Aug. 1-4 (1) Curtis Cup Match Aug. 17-18 Girls’ Junior Aug. 3 — Aug. 20-24 Oakmont Country Club, Oakmont, Pa. Dunes Golf & Beach Club Myrtle Beach, S. C. Sheridan Park Golf Course, Tonawanda, N. Y. Lochmoor Club, Grosse Pointe Woods, Mich. Broadmoor Golf Club, Colorado Springs, Colo. C. C. of Buffalo, Williamsville, N. Y. Women’s Amateur Aug. 8 ------ . Aug. 27-Sept. 1 C. C. of Rochester, Rochester, N. Y. Amateur Aug. 15 •Sept. 4 or 5 Sept. 17-22 Senior /Amateur Aug. 29 Sept. 13 (2) World Amateur Team Oct. 1-6 Oct. 10-13 Pinehurst Country Club, Pinehurst, N. C. Evanston Golf Club, Skokie, Ill. Kawana Fuji Golf Course, Ito, Japan ** Open Championship: Date of Sectional Qualifying Championships may be changed to Monday, ; June 4 if local authority in charge deems advisable. Amateur Public Links Championship: ^Entries close with each Sectional Qualifying Chairman. ■ i Exact date in each Section to be fixed by Sectional Chairman. (1) Curtis Cup Match: Women’s amateur teams—British Isles vs. United States. (2) World Amateur Team Championship: Men’s amateur teams. ' Banned Balls Now Conform The USGA has made a new series of tests on ten brands of golf balls which earlier this year did not conform to Rule 2-3 of the Rules of Golf. The latest tests reveal that in every case the former deficiencies have been corrected. The use of these balls, listed in the July issue of the Journal, is now acceptable under the Rules of Golf. In the earlier announcement, it was pointed out that the use of balls which do not conform to Rule 2-3 could, if un­ checked, lead to a distortion of the play­ ing values of American courses. The cooperation of the manufacturers is appreciated in this matter, which is es­ sential to the best interests of golf. Lead Tape on Clubs Question periodically arises as to whether a metallic adhesive commonly known as “lead tape” may be applied to golf clubs without infringement of Rule 2-2. The purpose of applying “lead tape” is to alter the swing weight of a club. Rule 2-2 provides in part as follows: “a. The golf club shall be composed of a shaft and a head, and all of the various parts shall be fixed so that the club is one unit. “b. Movable Parts Prohibited “No part of the club may be movable or separable or capable of adjustment during a round of play. “The player or other agency shall not change the playing characteristics of a club during a round.” The USGA has ruled that if lead tape is applied to a club in such a way as to be virtually an integral part of the club, there would be no violation. This can be readily done by burnishing the edges of the tape into the club itself. However, if the tape is readily remov­ able the club does not conform with the Rule. Dawdling at St. Andrews Americans are not alone in lamenting the demise of the three-hour round of golf. A recent letter to The Citizen of St. Andrews, Scotland, indicates that slow play has become a matter of concern even at that citadel of the game. The letter, written by “Short Driver,” tells how 30 years ago it was common to hear that “the course was slow today— just over 21^ hours.” “Many of my generation,” the writer continues, “must remember the four-ball match that was played once or twice a week by four gentlemen all over 70 years of age. Carrying their own clubs they went in 2h> hours, never longer unless held up by others. “I would suggest we give all the sup­ port we can to bringing back the 2 Ms hour round of golf and the greater en­ joyment of playing at such a pace and not the present dawdle.” USGA JOURNAL ANO TURF MANAGEMENT: SEPTEMBER, 1961 1 Crabs, Crows and Kangeroos NEW MEMBERS OF THE USGA Now let’s study the troubles of golfers elsewhere. The city of Darwin perches on the northern rim of the Australian Continent. In many ways it is a rugged land and still a wild land. So, apparently, can be the golf around Darwin. “Balls may be lifted and dropped,” says a Local Rule for the Darwin Golf Club, “without penalty from wallaby and bandi­ coot scrapes, crab holes, stone outcrops, tractor marks and genuine earth cracks.” Tho Club goes on to caution players that they may frequently be joined by wallabies and kangeroos as spectators, huge mangrove crabs that invade from nearby tidal swamps and by hawks and crows. The birds may make off with balls and the crabs may burrow holes big enough to swallow balls. Members use the course six months each year but much of the remainder of the year must be spent repairing damages from monsoonal rains. Spear grass sometimes grows eight feet high. And, to the south at Alice Springs and Tennant Creek, there is still another bother—dust storms. Books Reviewed Chipping and Putting, Golf Around the Green, by Bill Casper, Jr. with Don Col­ lett (The Ronald Press Co., $5.00). A 114- page illustrated instructional book by the 1959 Open Champion. The Peripatetic Golfer, Volume 1-5, a series of scrapbooks compiled by the late Ralph A. Kennedy. Clippings, photo­ graphs, letters, etc., detail his record of having played more than 3,000 golf courses. Presented to the USGA for the Museum and Library at “Golf House” by Dr. Robert H. Kennedy. Great Scots William Coyle walked off the 5th green of the Lenzie Golf Course in Scotland in April, cut across two fairways, and clap­ ped his brother-in-law, Sam Laurie, on the back. “Congratulate me, Sam, I just had a hole-in-one,” said Coyle. “So did I,” said Sam, “at the 11th.” Calif. Calif. Fla. Mass. Md. Nev. Ohio Ohio Ala. Ark. Calif. Calif. Calif. Calif. ASSOCIATE Garden-Air Golf Association Yucca Valley Country Club Port St. Lucie Country Cub Indian Meadows Country Club Belair Golf and Country Club Tropicana Country Club Pebblebrook Country Club Tanager Woods Golf Club REGULAR Decatur Country Club Meadowbrook Country Club Almaden Men's Golf Club Belmont Country Club Bermuda Dunes Country Club California Country Club Men's Association Deauville Country Club Men's Club El Rivino Golf Club Green River Golf Association Calif. Calif. Calif. Calif. Kiote Hills Golf and Country Club Calif. Mesa Verde Country Club Men's Calif. Calif. Calif. Golf Club Mesa Verde Country Club Women's Golf Club Salinas Golf and Country Club Women's Auxiliary of the California Country Club Brush Golf Club Colo. Colo. Kissing Camels Golf Club Fla. Fla. East Bay Country Club Lake Region Yacht and Country Club Club Fla. Martin County Golf and Country North Dade Men's Golf Association Fla. Fla. Tamarac Golf and Country Club Temple Terrace Golf and Fla. Fla. III. Ind. Ind. Iowa Ky. La. Mass. Mich. M’ch. Mich. Minn. Minn. Minn. Mont. Nev. N. J. N. M. N. Y. Ohio Ore. Pa. Pa. Pa. Tenn. Tenn. Tenn. Texas Texas Texas Wash. Country Club Winter Park Country Club Shady Oaks Country Club Indian Lake Country Club New Albany Country Club Ames Golf and Country Club Iroquois Golf Club Houma Golf Club South Shore Country Club Atlas Valley Country Club Manistee Golf and Country Club Spring Lake Country Club Hastings Country Club Marshall Golf Club Ortonville Men's Golf Club Cut Bank Golf and Country Club Paradise Valley Country Club Scotch Plains Country Club Paradise Hills Golf and Country Club Windsor Golf Club Rosemont Country Club La Grande Country Club Frosty Valley Country Club Indian Valley Country Club Sewickley Heights Golf Club Sparta Golf and Country Club Tullahoma Golf and Country Club Woodmont Country Club Coronado Country Club Oak Ridge Golf Club Riverlake Country Club Port Gardner Golf Club Va. Riviera Country Club Wyo. V. I. Goshen County Country Club St. Crois Golf Association 2 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: SEPTEMBER, 1961 SPORTSMAN'S CORNER Ken Venturi Ken Venturi’s tee shot nestled in an earth crack on the fifth hole in the second round of the 1961 Texas Open Championship. Venturi consulted fellow-competitors Jimmy Demaret and Tommy Bolt who confirmed Ken’s belief that he was en­ titled to relief without penalty. “The ball was below ground level,” Venturi said. “There was no way I could play it. In previous tournaments I had played in, relief was always given for earth cracks. So I dropped out and shot 69.” In the final round, Ken hit a drive to the edge of another earth crack—on the seventh hole this time. Turning to Don Fairfield, Ken said: “Well, Don, I don’t think this would be considered an earth crack, would it?” Fairfield answered, “No, but it would make no difference anyway. In this event, they are not giving relief for earth cracks.” Venturi hit the ball onto the green but missed a two-foot putt fox- a par. “I missed the putt by a foot,” Venturi said. “Then I told Fairfield there was no way I could sink it because I was upset. He asked me why and I told him what had happened. “I disqualified myself. The incident happened because of my ignorance of the rule. Had I not driven my ball where I did on the seventh hole of the last round, the matter might never have come to light. If it did after the tournament, I would have returned the money.” PGA officials estimated that Venturi, had he not notified the Committee of the incident, would have won at least $600 and perhaps as much as $1,000 in the tournament. 1962 Women's Open Site The 1962 Women’s Open Championship will be held at the Dunes Golf and Beach Club, Myrtle Beach, South Carolina. The dates for the Championship will be June 28-30. The Championship will be the first USGA event ever held at the Dunes Golf and Beach Club and the second in South Carolina. The 1955 Girls’ Junior Cham­ pionship was played at the Florence Country Club. Miss Mickey Wright won the 1961 Women’s Open with a 72-hole score of 293 at the Baltusrol Golf Club, Spring­ field, N. J. A complete list of 1961 USGA Compe­ titions, the dates, and the sites is printed on the Index Page of this issue. Necrology It is with deep regret that we record the death of: Paul A. Dunkel, of Hackensack, N. J., a member of the USGA Senior Champion­ ship Committee. Charles W. Littlefield, of Montclair, N. J., who was President of the USGA during 1946 and 1947. He became a mem­ ber of the Executive Committee in 1938 and was Vice President from 1942 until 1945. Willie Macfarlane, of Miami Beach, Fla., USGA Open Champion in 1925. Tied at the end of 72 holes with Bobby Jones at 291, he won the Championship after again tying Jones at 75 in an 18-hole play­ off. Theii’ second playoff ended with Mac­ farlane scoring 72 to Jones’ 73. Jack McClean, of Gleneagles, Scotland, who was the runner-up to John W. Fischer in the 1936 USGA Amateur Championship. He played for Britain in the 1934 and 1936 Walker Cup Matches. USGA JOURNAL ANO TURF MANAGEMENT: SEPTEMBER, 1961 3 THE AGELESS FACE OF GOLF By JOHN G. CLOCK President United States Golf Association Among the more popular games of the world, golf is uni­ que in its atmos­ phere. It is essen­ tially a recreation, played simply for the fun of play, by an estimated 4,400,000 persons in the United John G. Clock ?tates alone. Golf is different from most other sports in that it can be played prac­ tically all of one’s life. Be he 9 years old or 90, the player can always derive fun from golf. The game’s handicap system enables a child to make a fair match with his grandmother. The Rules of play are the same for players of all ages and skills. A perfect example of breadth of ap­ peal of golf is found in two entries for USGA Championships this year. There was Kathy Hutson, of Lubbock, Texas, age 11, an entrant in the Girls’ Junior Championship. There was Parren C. Jar- boe, of Portland, Maine, an entrant for the Senior Amateur at age 72. Golf’s Lifetime Appeal Golf has a code of amateur status that is distinctive among sports, and one of the reasons for its distinctiveness arises from the very fact of its lifetime appeal. An amateur is an amateur at age 11, at age 72, and at all the ages in between. The spirit of amateurism which early developed in golf was the result of the very practical consideration that a player, of any age, should be assured that his opponents, of all ages, were playing the game purely as a sport and not as a vocation. In what other major sport is this normally true? Not basketball, football, baseball or track. Suppose a boy excels in basketball. He plays, perhaps, in junior high school, then in high school, and finally college. However, this competition normally comes to an abrupt stop upon graduation from college and his entrance into his life’s work. Thus, his competitive period in this amateur sport is confined to relatively few years. Champion at 47 But, in golf, just look at Jack West­ land, who won the 1952 USGA Amateur Championship at the Seattle (Wash.) Golf Club at the age of 47, the oldest man to ever win this title. It is also interest­ ing to note that Westland that year de­ feated Al Mengert, who was 24 years his junior. Then there was Johnny Dawson, at the age of 44, who finished runner-up to Robert H. (Skee) Riegel in the 1947 Amateur at Pebble Beach. The Hon. Michael Scott won the British Amateur Championship at the age of 54 in 1933. Miss Margaret Curtis, who started golf at an early age and won the first of three Women’s Amateur Championships in 1907, is still playing golf now some 54 years later at the age of 77. The Golfer’s Handbook reports that the oldest living golfer was the late Nathaniel Vickers, who died at the age of 103. On his 100th birthday, he apologized for being able to play only nine holes of golf a day. Charles (Chick) Evans is another prime example of the longevity of golf. Chick, now 71, was to play in his 49th Amateur Championship this year at Pebble Beach. He won the Amateur crown in 1916 and 1920 and also the Open Champonship in 1916. Now the only reason for distinguishing between amateurs and professionals is to provide a basis of fair competition. The professional, devoting himself to the game as his vocation, has far greater op­ portunity to develop skill than has the average amateur, for whom golf must be subordinated to things of greater im­ portance to him. Suppose there were no limit to the acceptance of money to play in tourna­ 4 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: SEPTEMBER, 1961 ments. Soon you would have so-called amateur golfers playing weekly tourna­ ments and winding up virtually devoting all of their time to competitive golf. They would be classified as “amateurs” but they would in actuality be professionals in that they are then not playing the game for the love of it. The Definition of an Amateur Golfer is as follows: “An amateur golfer is one who plays the game solely as a non- remunerative or non-profit-making sport.” Without a code of amateurism, the quasi-amateur would hurt the game in two ways. The player would be subject­ ing the game to the indignity of using it as a means to an end. Also, the true ama­ teur would eventually find it tasteless as a competitive sport. The late Eugene G. Grace put it aptly in a speech to contestants at a dinner prior to the 1951 Amateur Championship: “‘You contestants know better than anyone that you have paid your own way here and that you are entirely on your own. “The only way in which amateurism in sport can be defined is in the sportsman’s own heart.” George Heany, a California profes­ sional, has said it another way: “If an amateur plays with an ulterior motive—if he plays for any reason other than the joy of playing—he has missed the boat. “If he can do those things and live with himself, he not only has a poor roommate but he will never get from golf the many things it offers.” HANDICAP DECISION USGA Handicap Decision 61-2 References: Men—Section 4-4, 8-3a, Note to 14 Women—Section 15-4, 19-3a, Note to 25 Scores Made Away From Home: Handicapper May Not Decline To Use in Computations Q.l: Does the club handicap chairman have the option of accepting or declining the scores of his fellow club members which are made at other recognized golf courses? Since the degree of difficulty varies from course to course, we feel for purposes of rating our own members for tournaments at our club, we should limit scores for handicap purposes to those made on our own course. A.l: No. There is no provision in the USGA Handicap System to permit this. Further, Section 4-4 of “USGA Golf Handicap System For Men” provides: “Scores on all courses, at home or away, should be reported by the player, along with the course ratings.” The fact that courses differ in degree of difficuty is of no consequence as the use of course ratings and handicap differentials in the USGA Handicap System make it possible for the handicaps of players at all courses to be equitable. Scores, Arbitrarily Reducing: Not Permitted In USGA System Q.2: As handicap chairman, do I have the authority to change a score which I feel is not representative of the ability of the player. For example, in the case of a player who has twelve or fourteen pars and in the same round shows several eights and nines, may I reduce the total score for handicap purposes? A.2: No. This would be tantamount to employing stroke controls which are not a part of the USGA system and the USGA would therefore not recommend it. See the note under Section 14 of USGA Golf Handicap System For Men which pro­ vides: “Under the USGA System, a score for any hole may not be reduced to a specified number of strokes over par for handicap purposes. Such a control is un­ necessary in view of the other balancing factors in the USGA System.” Section 8-3a empowers the handicapper to reduce the handicap of a player when normal computation methods produce a handicap whch is obvously too high. How­ ever, great discretion should be used be­ fore the handicapper uses the power be­ stowed upon him by this section, and it should never be used to take the place of stroke controls. Questions by: Thomas DeSanto Haworth, N. J. USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: SEPTEMBER, 1961 5 VP A TREE WITH THE RVLES By JOSEPH C. DEY, JR. USGA Executive Director A ball and a tree on a golf course can 2*. create odd situations and sometimes strange involvements of the Rules of Golf. Memories of an especially strange case are evoked by the playing of the 1961 Walker Cup Match at the Seattle Golf Club for it was at that lovely course in Washington that the following occurred in the 1952 National Amateur Champion­ ship: Paul H. Johanson, a nimble-witted stu­ dent at the University of Washington, was seeking some Rules of Golf gospel from Richard S. Tufts, then a Vice-Presi­ dent of the USGA. The conversation went something like this: Player: “Can I climb the tree?” USGA man: “Nothing to stop you.” Player: “Suppose the ball moves while I’m climbing?” and he gave a longing look up into the branches of the big ever­ green; high overhead, you could see a little white golf ball nestling. USGA man: “In that case, one stroke penalty—see Rule 27-lc about moving a ball accidentally.” Player: “Can I throw my club at it?” USGA man: “Loss of hole if you do— can’t improve a ball’s position or lie by moving, bending or breaking anything fixed or growing (Rule 17-3); also, a ball can’t be touched purposely and must be played as it lies (Rule 16); also, have to strike at ball fairly with the head of the club (Rule 19-1). Can I help further?” Player (gracefully lofting mental sty­ mie): “Can I shake the tree?” USGA man: “Yes, but it would cost you loss of hole (Rule 17-3).” Fantastically enough, a tall step-lad­ der happened to be in the vicinity. The famous par 3 16th hole at the Cypress Point course, Pebble Beach, Calif. 6 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: SEPTEMBER, 1961 Gordon Jason is up the tree in the middle of Cypress Point’s 16th fairway. Seated below Mr. Jason is Martin Kilgariff (shielding his face with his hand) who found the ball. From his precarious perch Mr. Jason successfully dislodged the ball. Player: “Can I stand on that ladder and play the ball?” USGA man: “Loss of hole for building a stance (Rule 17-4).” Player: “Can I use the ladder to help climb the tree?” USGA man: “Why not?” Player climbed ladder. Climbed out on a limb above the limb on which ball is resting, ball remaining quite still. Called out: “Fore below!” Played ball to ground. Halved hole. (Later wins match, 1 up). USGA man polished his badge and strolled off. Out of a Cypress Tree At left is a picturesque scene on the unique Cypress Point course at Pebble Beach, Calif. Most of the 16th hole is in the foreground—note cypress tree at left in middle of 16th fairway. Sam Davis, of Los Angeles, happened along with his trusty camera a few minutes before Gor­ don Jason, of Atheton, teed off on the 6th in the California Amateur Champion­ ship’s qualifying competition. The direct tee-to-green route is 227 yards over water. It is, at the same time, one of golf’s most beautiful and terrifying sights. Mr. Jason elected to hit a No. 5 iron toward the cypress tree in the middle of the fairway. An official told him that the ball had not come out of the tree. Mar­ tin Kilgariff, in the lower part of the picture above, climbed the tree and found the ball. Mr. Jason elected to play from the tree. He hit the ball left-handed and played a remarkable shot—the ball stop­ ped just short of the green, and he scored a 5. USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: SEPTEMBER, 1961 7 Paul H. Johanson, of Seattle, actually attempted to build a stance 20 feet up in a Douglas fir at the Seattle Golf Club during the 1952 Amateur Championship. The ball can be seen at the extreme right, below Johanson. He played it out of the tree and got a halve on the hole in a third-round match he went on to win, 1 up. Rules Decisions The following are Rules decisions in­ volving balls and trees: (1) PENALTY IF SHAKEN OUT PURPOSELY (2) CLIMBING TO PLAY NOT BUILDING STANCE USGA 52-18 QI: A ball lodges in a tree. Suppose that while standing on the ground the player purposely shakes the tree in try­ ing to make the ball drop out of the tree. Is he penalized? Al: Yes—two strokes under Rule 17-3, as the player’s action is purposeful. Q2: Is a player entitled to leave the ground and climb a tree in order to play a stroke? Is that building a stance with­ in the meaning of Rule 17-4? A2: The player is entitled to try to climb a tree under the circumstances de­ scribed. Rule 17-4 does not apply. PENALTY IF DISLODGED IN CLIMBING USGA 52-57 Q: If a player starts to climb a tree to knock his ball down and while the player is in the tree the ball drops to the ground, is he deemed to have caused the ball to move or is it a question of fact as to whether the player’s activities caused the ball to move. It seems to me that there should be a penalty stroke, for, had the ball not dropped to the ground, the s USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: SEPTEMBER, 1961 player could have done little more than tap the ball to the ground. Question by: F. A. Burttschell San Antonio, Tex. A: The player sustains a penalty of one stroke under Rule 27-lc, as the ball must be deemed to have been moved ac­ cidentally. EXTRICATING BY HITTING TREE LIMB PROHIBITED USGA 55-19 Q: On our golf course (Cypress Point) there are numerous cypress trees in the fairways themselves and on the borders. A high ball will generally lodge on top, but occasionally if found in some low branches it can be driven out with a hard horizontal stroke, which I presume is entirely legitimate. A ball was found lying loosely in a nest of twigs, 10 or 12 feet above the ground, but the branch to which these twigs were attached was well in reach. The player delivered a mighty blow with his niblick at the branch and the ball dropped to the ground. He then played out the hole and referred us to Defini­ tion 30: “A ‘stroke’ is the forward move­ ment of the club made with the intention of moving the ball.” But the opponent claimed the hole un­ der Rule 19-1: “The ball must be fairly struck at with the head of the club, etc.” Question by: George Nickel Pebble Beach, Calif. A: It is understood that the player did not strike at the ball but struck at the branch in order to move the ball. The player lost the hole. He did not stroke at the ball fairly, as is required by Rule 19-1; the definition of a stroke (Definition 30) has to be taken in con­ junction with this Rule, and the player did not make a stroke. Further, he did not play the ball as it lay, in violation of Rule 16, which is fun­ damental to the entire code of Rules. Although the ball was not actually touched, the object on which it lay was touched purposely to move the ball. USGA FILM LIBRARY "Second World Amateur Team Champion­ ship for Eisenhower Trophy" is a 17 minute film in full color of the competition at the Merion GC last fall which was won by the United States team. Ex-President Eisenhower is shown receiving the American and the Australian teams at the White House. "Famous Golf Courses: Scotland," is an 18- minute film in full color. Famous holes were photographed at Troon, Prestwick, Carnous­ tie, St. Andrews, North Berwick and Muir- field. _ "Walker Cup Highlights," is a 16-minute film tracing the early history and play for the first international golf trophy. Bob Jones, Francis Ouimet and other Walker Cup stars are shown. The latter half of the film is in color. "St. Andrews, Cradle Of Golf," is a 14- minute, full color, 16mm travelogue of his­ toric St. Andrews, Scotland, its Old Course and the Royal and Ancient Golf Club club­ house. "First World Amateur Team Champion­ ship for Eisenhower Trophy," is a 14-minute, full color, 16mm film of the first World Ama­ teur Team Championship at St. Andrews. Twenty-nine countries compete for the Eisenhower Trophy. "On the Green," a 17-minute, full color, 16mm presentation filmed at the Mid-Ocean Club, Bermuda, illustrates correct procedures under the Rules of Golf governing situations arising on the putting green. "Golf's Longest Hour," a 16mm full color production of 17>/2 minutes, depicts the clos­ ing stages of the 1956 Open Championship. Filmed at the beautiful Oak Hill Country Club, Rochester, N.Y., it shows the eventual winner, Cary Middlecoff, set a target at which Ben Hogan, Julius Boros and Ted Kroll strive in vain to beat. "Play Them As They Lie," a 16mm color production of 16Vi minutes in which Johnny Farrell, Open Champion of 1928, acts as in­ termediary between Wilbur Mulligan, a be­ ginner of unimpeachable integrity, and Joshua P. Slve, a past master in the art of breaking the Rules. The film was made at the Baltusrol Golf Club, Springfield, N. J„ where Farrell is professional. "Great Moments in Golf," lets the viewer see the many interesting exhibits in "Golf House," USGA headquarters in New York, and re-live golf triumphs of the past with many of the game's immortals. The film is a 16mm black and white production and runs 28 minutes. "The Rules of Golf—Etiquette" stresses the importance of etiquette by portrayal of various violations of the code in the course of a family four-ball match. Ben Hogan ap­ pears in several scenes, and Robert T. Jones, Jr., makes the introductory state­ ment. A 16mm color production of 17Vi minutes. The distribution of printr is handled by National Educational Films, Inc., 723 7th Ave., New York 19, N. Y„ which produced the films in cooperation with the USGA. The rental is $20 per fim; $35 for two; $50 for three; $60 for four and $70 for five, in com­ bination at the same time, including the cost of shipping prints to the renter. USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: SEPTEMBER, 1961 9 EDU CATION MIXES WITH GOLF FOR THE JUNIOR MISSES Mary Lowell wins title at Seattle “Qir, what is an agency?” the keen-eyed 0 girl asked. The official was momentarily stymied. “An agency?” he repeated. “Oh .. do you mean an ‘outside agency’?” “Yes, that’s it,” she replied. “I know what ‘outside’ means, but just what is an ‘agency’?” The official found Definition 22 in the Rules of Golf book and the girl read it. But he couldn’t restrain an urge to try to teach a bit more. “You know,” he said, “you could find things like this for your­ self by looking in the Rules Index.” “Oh, I know,” the girl replied, “but I hate indexes.” And that was emphatically that. This little colloquy took place during the USGA’s 13th Girls’ Junior Champion­ ship last month at the Broadmoor Golf Club in Seattle, Wash. It pointed up the eagerness of young people to learn about things which interest them, and the ap­ peal which can be made through golf to their sense of fair play and of playing by rules. The Real Meaning The real meaning of the 1961 Girls’ Junior Championship is not that the Glenna Collett Vare Cup was won by Mary Lowell, of Hayward, Calif., but that 69 young ladies from 18 States and Cana­ da had deepened experiences of friend­ ship and sportsmanship. Anyone who was privileged to see the event must have been profoundly impressed with the good manners, the eagerness to do things right, and the joyous zest of the players. On the course, they were intensely serious, for the most part; off the course, they were normal teen-agers, from 11 through 17 years of age. Of all the services which the USGA renders to golf, none has more signifi­ cance in true values than the Girls’ Junior and the boys’ Junior Amateur Championships. Tremendous credit is due Mary Lowell to the USGA Girls’ Junior Committee, with Mrs. John Pennington, of Buffalo, as Chairman; these volunteer workers do great good for girls and for golf. Little Girls in the 70s Members of a host club for the Girls’ Junior Championship are always amazed by the skill of those who qualify for the Championship flight of 32. It is humbling to see little slips of girls get around a 6270-yard course in the upper 70s, as a number of the players always do. It is striking proof of the virtue of timing in the golf swing, as distinguished from mere physical strength. Just because of their good timing, many girls get rela­ tively much more from their physical at­ tributes than do most adults. The Girls’ Championship is a most win­ 10 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: SEPTEMBER, 1961 some event, and Broadmoor’s members took the players to their hearts. Many players were house guests of members. One gentleman whose guest was Mar­ garet Martin, the runner-up, confessed that it had been 20 years or more since he had walked as much as nine holes without a club in his hand—but he couldn’t be kept off the course as Mag­ gie Martin kept winning. Some Broadmoor members confessed to advance trepidation over what dam­ age the girls might thoughtlessly do to the course. “But,” said one, “they left the course better than they found it. We’d love to have them back at any time.” And how can anyone be opposed to sweet young girlhood? Broadmoor and its members were un­ stinting in their hospitality. Especial thanks go to Mrs. E. F. Ristine, who served wonderfully as General Chairman, and W. H. Scates, the Club President. A Straight-A Champion Mary Lowell, an auburn-haired young lady of 17, was playing in the Cham­ pionship for the last time—next year she will be 18 and thus over age—and her victory was particularly gratifying, for this was her fifth attempt. She is a high school senior and a straight-A student. Mary won the final by 1 up over Mar­ garet Martin, another 17-year-old, from St. Clairsville, Ohio. Maggie was play­ ing in the National Championship for the first time. She is an honor student and enters DePauw University this month. Mary was never behind in the final match. She was 3 up after the 7th hole, but Maggie rallied to win the next two holes. The 10th, 11th, and 12th holes were halved. Mary again went 3 up with a birdie on 13 and a par on 14. Back came Maggie to win the 15 and 16 and again cut the lead to 1. The last two holes were halved in par. Mary, after watching her opponent miss a putt for a birdie that would have sent the match into extra holes, rolled in a putt of three feet to tie the hole and win the Championship. In the semi-finals, Maggie won by 1 up from Jeannie Thompson, of Tulsa; while Mary Lowell scored by the same mar­ gin over Judith Torluemke, of St. Louis. Co-medalists at 78 were Ann Baker, of Maryville, Tenn., and Mary Lou Daniel, of Louisville, Ky. The tournament format enables all en­ trants to qualify for a flight of match play. Final-round results were: Second flight (16)—Wendy Moberry, LaGrande, Ore., defeated Treasure Sulli­ van, Lakeview, Ore., 2 and 1. Third flight (16)—Susan Gregory, Pine Bluff, Ark., defeated Barbara Hyde, La- Grande, Ore., 7 and 6. Fourth flight (5)—Candy Howard, La- Grande, Ore., defeated Judy Caggiano, Tacoma, Wash., 5 and 4. In a stroke play consolation for all first-round losers, Suzy Williams, of Monongehela, Pa., played the Sand Point Country Club course in 80 to win low gross. The low net prize went to Deanna Kirkes, of Tacoma, Wash., with 94—20— 74. PAST AND PRESENT (Author Unknown) I remember, I remember The links where I began To love the game which still I love, Though now a frail old man. The weather then was always right, No round was then too long; But now nine holes are quite enough, And the wind seems always strong. I remember, I remember, The daisies pink and white; How deftly I beheaded them With iron flashing bright! The bits of shell the larks had left I cleanly swept away; Alas! my hand and eye are not So accurate to-day. I remember, I remember, The fir-trees dark and high: I used to think that o’er their tops My loft would always fly. | I’m wiser grown with age, perhaps. But still I can’t enjoy The thought that I don’t drive so far As when I was a boy. USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: SEPTEMBER, 1961 11 1960 TAX DEVELOPMENTS WHICH AFFECT COUNTRY CLUBS By GEORGE S. DILLON (Reprinted from the June, 1961 issue of New York State Bar Journal) The Federal tax development affecting country clubs which aroused the greatest interest in 1960 was the release by the Internal Revenue Service of Reve­ nue Ruling 60—324.1 The ruling held that a club which made its facilities available to the general pub­ lic on a regular recurring basis, was not exempt from Federal income tax. The re­ lease of the ruling was picked up and given the shock treatment by a great many newspapers. For example, the lead on the Associated Press story carried in the New York Times on November 30, 1960 2 was “TAX EDICT BLOW TO COUN­ TRY CLUBS . . . CLOSINGS ARE POS- SIBLE.” The club which was the subject of Reve­ nue Ruling 60—324 made its facilities, consisting of dining rooms, bar and ball­ room, available for civic and public club meetings, business firm employees’ par­ ties and school and alumni parties. The arrangements for such parties were negotiated through a member of the club who became responsible for the behavior of* these “paying guests.” Over a period of seven years, income from these so- called “outside functions” ranged from 12% to more than 17% of the income of the club from all sources. In one of the seven years, 200 outside functions were held and the gross profits realized were equal to 25% of the gross profits from all sources and a substantial net profit was realized. A survey by the club’s in­ dependent accountants had concluded that if the club discontinued these out­ side functions, a substantial increase in the members’ dues would be necessary. The rule of law which was stated to be applicable in the ruling was that a club would not lose its exemption merely be­ cause it received some income from the general public (that is, persons other than members of their bona fide guests) or because the general public occasion­ ally is permitted to participate in its af­ fairs, provided such participation is inci­ dental to and in furtherance of its gen­ eral club purposes and the income there­ from does not inure to the members. It was held in the ruling that the club’s out­ side activities were of such magnitude and recurrence as to constitute engaging in business, and therefore the outside ac­ tivities could not be considered incidental to or in furtherance of the general club purposes. Actually, the ruling is con­ sistent with principles previously em­ bodied in rulings of the Internal Revenue Service and to a considerable extent in court decisions. Prior Law The applicable statute3 provides that the organization described in subsection (c) of section 501 shall be exempt from tax. Paragraph (7) of subsection (c) in­ cludes, among the exempt organizations, “clubs organized and operated exclusively for pleasure, recreation and other non- profitable purposes, no part of the net earnings of which inures to the benefit of any private shareholder . . .” It should be noted parentheticaly that the Pro­ hibited Transaction provisions4 and the Unrelated Business Income provisions,5 which apply to other types of exempt or­ ganizations have no application to clubs exempt under subsection (c) (7). There is ample case authority to the effect that occasional use of club facilities by “pay­ ing guests” will not affect the exemption where such use does not result in a sub­ stantial net profit to the club. In Bar- 1 Internal Revenue Bulletin, 1960—41, p. 11. 2 Page 39. 3. Section 501(a) of the Code. 4 Sections 503 and 504. 5 Sections 511, 512, 513 and 514. 12 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: SEPTEMBER, 1961 stow Rodeo and Riding Club, Inc.,6 the club ran an annual rodeo that was open to the public. To meet the cost of the show, admission was charged and drinks and chances were sold. The court upheld the exemption on the ground that the rodeo was held for the pleasure of the members and the public and that by pay­ ing the charges the non-members were . . in essence, reimbursing the club for the cost of the rodeo held for their bene­ fit . . .” A slightly more liberal rule was sug­ gested in Coeur d’Alene Country Club v. Viley.7 In that case the Commissioner contested the club’s right to an exemp­ tion on the ground that there was a rela­ tively large use of the club’s golf course by players who were not personal guests of a member and about 26% of its income was derived from green fees of such pay­ ing guests. The court upheld the exemp­ tion, stating that it was doubtful that the outside activity produced a net profit, but that “if it did, it is immaterial as the amount (of the green fees) so col­ lected was not in excess of what was paid by regular members . . .” On the other hand, where club facili­ ties are used by a large number of “pay­ ing guests” and such use results in net profit to the club, the exemption will be lost. In Aviation Club of Utah v. Commis­ sioner8 the dining room and bar of a previously exempt social club were thrown open in 1942 to all military offi­ cers. The total revenues of the club jumped from about $15,000 in 1941 to SI 12,000 in 1942 and $270,000 in 1943 despite a substantial decrease in the num­ ber of members during this period. The court stated that the club’s predominant activity during 1942 and 1943 was selling entertainment to non-members for pro­ fit and that such activity certainly was not incidential to the social and recrea­ tional purposes for which the club was organized. Another rather well-known case that resulted in a loss of exemption was West Side Tennis Club.9 There, the club built a stadium which it made available for the National Tennis Championships each year under an arrangement whereby it shared with the United States Lawn Ten­ nis Association the proceeds from the sale of tickets to the public. During the two years in question, the club’s share of the proceeds produced a net operating income of $32,000 and $22,000, respec­ tively, in each year more than half of the gross income from dues and ordinary club activities. The court held that al­ though the championships interfered with the ordinary club activities during a rela­ tively brief period of several weeks out of the year, the conduct of the tourna­ ment constituted such a substantial and profitable business as to preclude the exemption. Summary In virtually all of the cases in which the exemption has been lost and in Reve­ nue Ruling 60—324, it seems to me that the profit motive was too apparent. While it is interesting to speculate on how many outside functions can safely be held and what percentage of gross income can safely be realized from these outside functions, I think that these figures are important only as an indication of mo­ tive. The statute provides, on its face, that the club must be operated exclu­ sively for pleasure, recreation and other non-profitable purposes. The cases and rulings have ameliorated the statutory language by permitting incidental profit­ able activities. However, once it becomes apparent from the figures that the pur­ pose of holding the outside functions is to make the club’s financial ends meet, the exemption is lost. Consequences of Loss of Exemption Federal Tax Aspects Once it has been determined that a club is not entitled to exemption from income tax, its income must be re-con- stituted on a taxable basis. In doing this, membership fees and dues (but not the excise tax thereon) must be included as gross income.10 In addition, most clubs expense their capital expenditures and do not record any depreciation. Adjust­ ments must be made in this regard. In many cubs, of course, the addition of a deduction for depreciation might well cause the club’s expenses to exceed its income and make the question of tax- 6 12 TCM 1351 (1953). 7 64 F. Supp. 540 (D.C. Idaho. 1946). 8 162 F .2d 984 (10th Cir„ 1947), cert. den. 332 U.S. 837 (1947). 9 West Side Tennis Club v. Commissioner, 111 F. 2d 6 (2d Cir., 1940). cert. den. 311 U.S. 674. 10 Keystone Automobile Club v. Commis­ sioner, 181 F. 2d 402 <3d Cir., 1950): West Side Tennis Club, supra. The excise tax is levied on the member not the club. I.R.C. section 4241(b). USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: SEPTEMBER, 1961 13 ability academic. In connection with de­ preciation, it is provided by the statute and regulations 11 that when an exempt organization becomes taxable, the basis of its property for depreciation purposes is original cost reduced by the straight line depreciation that would have been allowable had the organization been sub­ ject to tax. If after appropriate adjust­ ments, the club does have net income and if returns have not been filed, as is likely the case, the club may also be sub­ ject to the 25% penalty for failure to file a return.12 New York Tax Aspects While there is no statutory exemption for clubs from the New York Franchise Tax, it has been the practice in New York to consider them exempt. However, if the Federal exemption is lost on the ground that the club is engaged in busi­ ness, it is likely to be subjected to the New York Franchise Tax. Such was the case following the adverse Federal deci­ sion involving the West Side Tennis Club and the Jockey Club.13 A.B.C. Laws Section 3(9) of the New York A.B.C. Law contains a rather elongated defini­ tion of a “club” which states in part that it must be operated “. . . solely for a recreational, social, patriotic, political, benevolent or athletic purpose, but not for pecuniary gain. . . .” While I have been unable to find any case law in this area, a holding for Federal income tax purposes that a club was engaged in busi­ ness might well justify a finding by the State Liquor Authority that it was being operated for pecuniary gain. The ad­ vantages of operating as a club under the A.B.C. Law are that the license fees are one-half the amount charged commercial operators and that alcoholic beverages can be sold on credit. Anti-Discrimination Laws Section 40 of the New York Civil Rights Law, which prohibits discrimina­ tion in places of public accommodation, expressly excludes any “. . . institution, club or place of accommodation which is in its nature distinctly private. . . .” Here again, a finding in a tax case that a club was making its facilities available to the public for profit to an extent sufficient to cause the loss of the Federal income tax exemption, might justify a finding that it was a place of public accommoda­ tion. In one case, arising under section 40, the court expressed the view that the absence of a ruling exempting a club from Federal income taxes was eviden- ciary on the question of whether it was open to the public.14 New Regulations Relating to Capital Improvements Ex­ emption from Dues Tax Since 1959 the Code has contained a provision exempting from the 20% excise tax amounts paid as dues, membership fees or initiation fees for the construc­ tion or reconstruction (including capital additions and improvements) of any social, athletic or sporting facility, pro­ vided that such amounts are expended within three years after the date of pay­ ment by the member.15 The regulations under this section have just been promulgated and they indicate that any such dues or fees paid are not within the excise tax exemption unless they are ear-marked by the club at the time of receipt for the exempt use.16 I un­ derstand that the Service will take the position that in order to comply with the ear-marking requirement, the members must be informed at the time of collec­ tion that the dues or fees will be applied to the exempt use but that it is not neces­ sary that the funds be segregated from the general funds of the club as long as the books of account clearly indicate that an amount equivalent to that collected was actually expended for the exempt use within the required period. The new regulations also indicate that amounts paid by members of a club as dues, membership fees or initiation fees and used to repay indebtedness incurred for the construction or reconstruction of any social, athletic or sporting facility are exempt. Similarly, any such amounts used to replenish a reserve fund previ­ ously expended by the club for the ex­ empt use is also exempt. 11 Section 1016(2) (3) (B); Begs. 1.1016—4. 12 West Side Tennis Club, supra. 13 West Side Tennis Club v. Browne, 270 ,\pp. Div. 1061, app. dis. Court of Appeals, Octo­ ber 17, 1946; 1952 Ops. N. Y. Atty. Gen. 177 (hold­ ing Jockey Club subject to New York Franchise Tax after similar holding for Federal tax pur­ poses in Jockey Club v. Helvering, 76 F. 2d 597 (2d Cir., 1935)). 14 Castle Hill Beach Club, Inc. v. Arbury, 2 N.Y. 2d 596 (1957). 15 Section 4243(b). 16 Kegs, section 49.4243—2. 14 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: SEPTEMBER, 1961 DO YOU KNOW YOUR GOLF? Here is a golf competition in which there is no waiting on the first tee, you play as you sit, use a pencil instead of clubs, and a round can be played in­ doors at night. But you need to know something about the Rules of Golf, definitions, history and records of the game. The answers to the questions are given on Page 20. 1. When a player is said to be “dor- mie,” is he winning or losing his match? 2. Definition 15 of the Rules of Golf stipulates that the “hole” shall be (3%, 414, 4%, 5) inches in diameter. 3. Arnold Palmer’s victory in the 1961 British Open Championship was the first by an American since Ben Hogan won at Carnoustie in 1953. Has any other American won the British Open since the end of World War II? 4. Entrants in the USGA Senior Ama­ teur Championship must be at least (45, 50, 55, 60) years of age. 5. Amateur teams representing which countries participate in the Ameri­ cas Cup Matches? 6. Who was the last player not a citi­ zen of the United States to win the USGA Amateur Championship? 7. True or false? A foursome is any group or four who play together. 8. The 1962 Open Championship will be played at the (Baltusrol G.C., Olym­ pic C.C., Oakmont C.C., Oak Hill C.C.). 9. According to the National Golf Foundation there were (2,780, 3,575, 6,385, 10,060) golf courses in the United States at the end of 1960. 10. May a player make more than one stroke with a provisional ball and abandon it when he finds the ori­ ginal ball? 11. The 1961 British Amateur Champion is (Joe Carr, Michael Bonallack, Deane R. Beman, Richard Chapman). 12. Is a player entitled to relief through the green if his ball rests on dry ground but his feet are in casual water when he addresses the ball? 13. The Rules of Amateur Status stipu­ late that a player will forfeit his amateur status if he accepted a prize of retail value exceeding ($150, $200, $300, $500). 14. The USGA recommends that the hole be placed no nearer the edge of the putting surface than (3, 5, 8, 10) paces. 15. What, if any, is the penalty for play­ ing out of turn in stroke play? 16. How many scores must a player re­ cord in order to be eligible to re­ ceive a USGA Handicap? 17. According to the USGA Golf Handi­ cap System for Men, the first handi­ cap stroke allotment should always be given to the hole most difficult to score on. True or false? 18. A player snaps the shaft of a club against a tree while recovering from a difficult lie. Is he permitted to re­ place the club? Maintenance Costs Up 3.4% in 1960-61 Golf course maintenance costs were 3.4% greater in 1960-61 than in 1959-60 according to the latest survey compiled by the accounting and auditing firm of Harris, Kerr, Forster & Company.. The firm, which basis its studies on 50 clubs scattered throughout the country, says that the maintenance cost per hole is now S3,059. Last year’s figure was $2,958. Over the past ten years, the costs per hole have risen from $1,967 to the current figure—an increase of 56%. Salaries and wages, the largest item in the maintenance breakdown, increased 2.8% over last year to a per hole aver­ age of $2,021. All other expenses are listed as $1,038 per hole. The costs in the Far West by far ex­ ceed those in any other section of the country. The per hole cost in the Far West is listed as $4,209 compared to S3.176 in the East, S3.130 in the Mid-West and S3,039 in the South. USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: SEPTEMBER, 1961 15 A GOLFER’S PHILOSOPHY: GOLF IS LIKE LIFE By JUDY HOETMER 1961 Women’s Intercollegiate Champion An address delivered to the entrants in the 1961 Girls’ Junior Championship of the Pacific Northwest Golf Association. Iwas pleased when Mrs. Johnson asked me to speak to you gals, but I was a bit apprehensive. Being so fond of golf, I was worried about the problems I might have expressing the things golf means to me. But I also was anxious to tell you what a tremendous organization we have in our area—the Pacific Northwest Golf Association, and to thank them for help­ ing me to play my favorite of all hobbies —golf. I also hoped that by telling you what golf is to me, you might appreciate it a little more. I owe my chance at competitive golf to the PNGA. This organization has always been interested in junior golf and it has given opportunities not only to me but to JoAnne Gunderson, Karen Ford and other boys and girls. The Pacific North­ west Golf Association provides the sup­ port and backing that girls beginning their amateur career need. They make possible the circumstances that can bring great gain and pleasure. But because golf is an individual sport, the learning, the success, the failure and the ultimate sat­ isfaction that come from playing the game must be achieved by oneself. I am thankful to the PNGA for providing this opportunity. A Good Walk Spoiled When I began to think of what golf meant to me, I ran across some state­ ments of what golf has meant to other people. For example, golf is a good walk —spoiled; or it’s a game where the ball usually lies poorly and the player well; or golf is a game in which a ball one and one half inches in diameter is placed on a ball eight thousand miles in diameter, the object being to hit the small but not the large. And I’m sure you have heard the definition—The object of golf is to put a little round pill in a little round Judy Hoetmer hole with instruments ill-adapted for the purpose. One of my favorite explanations is that golf is a science—the study of a lifetime, in which you may exhaust your­ self but never your subject. Although these are witty explanations of golf, I think it interesting to examine the curi­ ous fascination that golf holds for you and me. Why is it that I play this game rather than tennis, competitive swim­ ming or a team sport? My answer to this question is not dif­ ferent from the answer of many golfers. I like golf because it combines the merits of all sports—exercise, challenge, a real need for concentrated effort, and the ex­ citement of competition; but even more, it provides the possibility of meeting and getting to know many wonderful people. 16 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: SEPTEMBER, 1961 The gals with whom I have had the pleasure of playing, and the many folks connected with the tournaments with whom I have become acquainted are the biggest joy of this game. Long after I forget the outcome of the matches I play, I will remember the people as­ sociated with each tournament. il Wonderful Chance I hope that some of you will have the experience of representing your Uni­ versity at the Collegiate Championship because I think you will find the most wonderful of all chances to get to know your fellow competitors. All the girls are housed in the same dorms, and you have the opportunity of getting into meaty conversations, singing, or playing bridge together. When you live right across the hall from your opponent, as I did in Michigan, you experience the kind of good-hearted comradeship that comes from close association. I remember two years ago when Judy Eller played Julie Hull in the finals, and the close friend­ ship that developed between them. It was hard for them to play in the finals, but they went at it with light hearts. In fact, to confuse the gallery, they both wore the same outfits, and because of their similarity in build no one could tell one from the other. Judy won, and yet those two have been friends ever since. Julie will be one of Judy’s bridesmaids next November. Golf is such a competitive game, played closely between two people, that attitudes and personality enter into golf matches more than in any other sport. Your op­ ponent and the other players see the way you behave on the course and your repu­ tation is built faster in a golf situation than in any other. For this reason, I want to tell my beliefs about what attitude should be held toward winning and losing. Rudyard Kipling has said that one must treat those two imposters, victory and de­ feat, as equals. Obviously, Mr. Kipling never played golf or he couldn’t have passed such a difficult assignment by so matter-of-factly. The hardest lesson golf has to teach is that somebody can be bet­ ter than you are on any given day, re­ gardless of handicap difference, years of experience or anything else. In golf one girl can defeat another girl anytime, and it is difficult to accept this defeat. But if one can learn to accept it gracefully and with quiet determination to do better next time, then a great lesson has been learned. By the same token, one can win anytime and this victory must be taken with humility and modesty. The ideal is to lose gracefully and to win graciously. Golf has so many ups and downs that a swelled head or a cocky golfer is out of place. I think you will find that the greatest joys and sorrows you have from victory and defeat you must experience alone. This is true in life also; no one can really know how sweet a win is or how discouraging a loss is than just you. I know in myself, no one will ever know the satisfaction it gave me to go back to Michigan and come from nowhere, the darkest of the dark horses, the unknown of the tournament, and finish on top. The memories I have of this will last a life time. Then, too, no one will ever know how discouraged I was when I lost in the finals of the State Championship two years ago, and so lost my first chance to prove myself. To be happy, it is im­ perative that we overcome the frustra­ tions that golf produces. I don’t think it is fair to me to philoso­ phize if I cannot offer a way to achieve a good attitude. It is very simple—I tell myself I am going to do the very best I can. The results may not be my best, but at least I can be satisfied within myself for I tried my hardest. Life demands no more than a person’s most sincere efforts —how can we expect more from ourselves as golfers. And keep smiling—you can’t imagine what this can do for your spirits and how it can demoralize your strug­ gling opponent. The Right Perspective One warning I have for you—keep golf, in fact everything you do in life, in the right perspective. Golf is a game, one that takes up a good deal of our time and is demanding of our undivided atten­ tion, yet it is not a substitute for educa­ tion, a rewarding career, or a happy family. I play golf for fun—and the best I can wish you is that you have one half the fun I have had and twice the success. USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: SEPTEMBER, 1961 17 McDOWELL’S JUNIOR VICTORY TIES EAST WITH WEST By P. J. BOATWRIGHT, JR. USGA Assistant Director Using the Mississippi River as a di­ viding line, there had been, through 1960, seven USGA Junior Amateur Cham­ pions from the West and six from the East. This was the East’s year to even the score. Two young men, Charles S. Mc­ Dowell, Virginia Beach, Va., and Jay Sigel, Whitemarsh, Pa., made certain of this on the morning of the last day of the 1961 Championship which was played at the Cornell University Golf Course, Ithaca, N. Y., August 2-6. The semi-final round is played in the morning and the final round is played in the afternoon of the last day. McDowell, the new Champion, and Sigel, who has twice won the Pennsylvania High School Championship, were paired against two Westerners, George Boutell, Phoenix, Ariz., who this year received an award for having competed in the Champion­ ship four times, and Bob Haldeen, twice Colorado high school champion, from Sterling, Colo. The Easterners won by playing steadier golf. McDowell beat Boutell 2 up and Sigel beat Haldeen by 3 and 2. Cornell Course Testing The all-eastern final match was well played from start to finish. McDowell won the first two holes with a par and a birdie and maintained that lead through the ninth hole. His medal for the first nine was 37, an excellent score on the long, exacting Cornell course which is testing enough to host most any golf championship. At the tenth hole, it appeared that Mc­ Dowell might increase his lead to three holes. But, after Sigel had driven into the rough and had put his second shot into the front bunker at the green, Mc­ Dowell pulled a relatively short iron into a bunker at the left of the green, and the hole was halved with one over par 5s. The half on the tenth seemed to lift the spirits of Sigel who proceeded to win the 11th and 12th holes, the latter with Charles S. McDowell, the 1961 Junior Amateur Champion, hauls the Champion­ ship Trophy away after the presentation ceremony at the Cornell University Golf Course. a fine birdie putt of 18 feet after Mc­ Dowell had played a classic pitch shot from the woods to within 18 inches of the hole for a sure par. On the difficult par 4 13th hole, which is 462 yards long, both McDowell and ia USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: SEPTEMBER, 1961 the first day’s play almost before it be­ gan. Ten matches started but by the time the first match reached the seventh hole most of the greens contained so much casual water that it was impossible to conduct play fairly, so play was sus­ pended temporarily and a little later was suspended for the day when the rain failed to subside. Break in the Weather There was some concern as to whether the course would be playable the next day because of the amount of rain which fell and because of an unfavorable weather report. Fortunately, the next day dawned bright and clear. The luck of the draw placed two of the favorites against each other in the first round. Claude Harmon, Jr., New Rochelle, N. Y., the Metropolitan (N. Y.) Junior Champion clashed with Steve Whitman, California Junior Champion from San Francisco. Whitman was the victor by 2 and 1. Whitman bowed in the second round to Byron Wood, Eugene, Ore. Brian Wilcox, the 1960 Canadian Junior Champion, competed and was impressive while winning three matches. He bowed out in the fourth round to James Tron- catty, Sacramento, Calif. Troncatty was beaten in the quarter-final along with Benson R. McLendon, Montgomery, Ala., Gordon Aden, Spokane, Wash., and James Wiechers, Los Altos, Calif. Fisher Bows Early The youngest player in the field was 13-year-old Thomas O’Hare, St. Louis, Mo. He was beaten in the first round by Donald M. Wood, Carmel, Ind. Bruce Fischer, of Manning, Iowa, the player who had the best record in the 1960 Championship, also was beaten in the first round. Fischer lost to James K. Holman, Skokie, Ill., by 2 and 1. The de­ fending champion, Bill Tindall, Seattle, Wash., was too old to defend. The stroke play competition, held an­ nually for players who are beaten in the first round was played at Newman Muni­ cipal Golf Course in Ithaca. This event was originally scheduled to be played at Ithaca Country Club which adjoins the Cornell University course, but due to “rain-out” on the first day the site had to be changed. The lowest scores carded in this event were 75s by Ernest Denham, Louisville, Ky., and Jim Gittleman, Alma, Mich. Den­ Jay Sigel Sigel missed the green to the right, but played beautiful recovery shots. Sigel’s ball came to rest only two feet from the hole. McDowell’s was only slightly farther away. McDowell got his putt and Sigel missed. This put McDowell back to one up, a lead he never lost. Sigel tried valiantly to get even again, but a great putt of 20 feet at the 14th saved a half for McDowell, and putts for wins for Sigel on the 15th, 16th and 17th holes barely failed to drop. McDowell gave Sigel little chance to even the match at the 18th, a picturesque 402 yard hole, where he played a fine iron shot from the rough to within 20 feet of the hole. Sigel, bunkered with his second shot, made a good recovery but Mc­ Dowell’s first putt stopped six inches from the hole. Sigel conceded it and the match. The new Champion is 16 years old and won the Virginia Jaycee Junior tourna­ ment last year. He is the only player among the semi-finalists who is eligible to compete in the Championship next year at the Lochmoor Club, Grosse Pointe Farms, Mich. The three other youngsters are all seventeen years of age. The Championship which drew a record entry of 1887, 442 more than the previous record set in 1960, was completed on Au­ gust 6 rather than August 5 as originally scheduled. Rain caused postponement of USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: SEPTEMBER, 1961 19 ham and Gittleman played off for the first place medal and Denham won it with a birdie on the third play-off hole. Gittleman was awarded the second-place medal. The third place medal went to Jimmy Day, Laurel, Miss., who shot a 78. Day also won his medal in a play-off, defeating Jim Johnson, Pleasanton, Calif. Jack Nicklaus, the 1959 Amateur Champion and one of three players who has competed in the Junior five years, played the Cornell course the day before the Championship began to prepare him­ self to speak to the boys at the annual Players’ Dinner. Nicklaus played around in 71, even par, before several hundred people and at the dinner he analyzed the course, with the help of a blackboard. Fourteen members of the USGA Junior Championship Committee were present to assist in the conduct of the Champion­ ship. They were: Harry L. Givan, Chair­ man, Seattle, Ralph W. Miller, Los An­ geles, A. Willis Browning, West Chester, ANSWERS TO QUIZ 1. He’s winning. Definition 33 of the Rules of Golf says: “A side is ‘dor- mie’ when it is as many holes up as there are holes remaining to be played.” 2. The “hole” shall be 414 inches in diameter. 3. Sam Snead won the British Open Championship in 1946. 4. Entrants in the USGA Senior Ama­ teur Championship must have reach­ ed their 55th birthday. 5. Teams representing Canada, Mexico and the United States participate in the Americas Cup Matches. 6. C. Ross Sommerville of Canada, the 1932 Amateur Champion. 7. False. A Foursome is a match in which two play against two, and each side plays one ball. See Definition 28, the Rules of Golf. 8. The Oakmont Country Club, Oak­ mont, Pa., will be the site of the 1962 Open. 9. The National Golf Foundation says there were 6,385 in the U. S. at the end of 1960. 10. Yes. Rule 30-2 states, “The player may play a provisional ball until he reaches the place where the original ball is likely to be.” 11. Michael Bonallack. Pa., Frank Emmet, Washington, George Sherrill, Atlanta, Robert H. Swindell. Baltimore, Dan A. MacDowell, Kansas City, Charles P. Stevenson, Buffalo, Les­ ter H. Reed, Rochester, N.Y., Earl A. Ross, Rye, N. Y., Pierce H. Russell, Troy, N. Y., William C. Jaeger, Columbus, Ohio, Roy Allen, Oklahoma City, Grant Bennett, Florence, S. C. Also attending the Championship were Clarence W. Benedict, White Plains, N. Y., USGA Vice-President; and William C. Chapin, Rochester, N. Y., and Edward L. Emerson, Boston, Mass., members of the USGA Executive Committee. The USGA is indeed grateful to Cor­ nell University for the use of its ex­ cellent facilities for the Championship, and to Robert Kane, Director of Athletics at Cornell, George Hall, Pro-Manager of the Cornell course, and Lou Mobbs, golf course superintendent without whose ef­ forts the Championship would not have been possible. 12. Yes. Rule 32-2 permits a player to drop his ball without penalty as near as possible to the spot where it lay, but not nearer the hole, on ground which avoids the condition if casual water interferes with his stance. 13. The limit, according to Rule l-5a of the Rules of Amateur Status, is a prize of retail value not exceeding $200. This applies to total prizes re­ ceived for any one event or series of events in any one tournament or ex­ hibition, including a hole-in-one con­ test. 14. The recommendation is a minimum 5 paces from the edge of the putting surface. 15. There is no penalty. Rule 20-3, under the heading “Stroke Play,” says “If a competitor play out of turn, no penalty shall be incurred. The ball shall be played as it lies.” 16. The minimum number of scores re­ quired for a USGA Handicap is 5. 17. False. Section 9-la says that odd- numbered strokes should be as­ signed to the holes on the first nine and the even-numbered strokes to the holes on the second nine. 18. Yes. Rule 3-b permits a player to replace a club “which becomes un­ fit for play in the normal course of play.” 20 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: SEPTEMBER, 1941 THE REFEREE Decisions by the Rules of Golf Committees Example of Symbols: "USGA" indicates decision by the United States Golf Association. "R & A” indi­ cates decision by the Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St. Andrews, Scotland. "61-1” means the first decision issued in 1961. "D” means definition. "R. 37-7” refers to Section 7 of Rule 37 in the 1961 Rules of Golf. STROKE: CLUB BREAKING DURING DOWNSWING USGA 61-3 D. 30, R. 2-2a, 27-lc Q: The shaft of a player’s club broke during his downswing, and the clubhead fell over his shoulder, striking and mov­ ing the ball. Since the ball was moved, he was deemed to have moved it; how­ ever, had he not moved it, would the ball be deemed to have been fairly struck at? I am inclined to think that the ruling would be that the ball had been fairly struck at. Do you agree? Question by: S. A. Greer Bowling Green, Ky. A: The player appears to have made a stroke, which, by Definition 30, is “the forward movement of the club made with the intention of fairly striking at and moving the ball.” If the player stopped his swing before the club reached the point at whch the ball might have been contacted, he should not be deemed to have made a stroke. Further, there would have been no stroke if the clubhead parted from the shaft on the backswing, for the forward move­ ment of the shaft would not have been made with a club as defined in Rule 2-2a, which provides in part that “The golf club shall be composed of a shaft and a head.” If, as it appears, the player made a stroke, he would not be penalized for acci­ dentally moving the ball under Rule 27-lc. However, if he did not make a stroke, he must sustain a one-stroke pen­ alty for accidentally moving the ball, which then must be played as it lies. It is worth noting that the Rules of Golf in 1744 provided: “If you draw your club in order to strike and proceed so far in the stroke as to be bringing down your club, if then your club shall break, in any way, it is to be accounted a stroke.” STIPULATED ROUND: RECOMMENDATION THAT ALL PLAYERS START FROM NO. 1 TEE USGA 61-29 D. 29 Q: In our State Tournament is it against the Rules to start players from every tee (Shotgun Start) or should they all start off of No. 1 tee? Question by: Mrs. Karl Keppler. President Nevada State Women’s Golf Association Elko, Nevada USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: SEPTEMBER, 1961 21 A: We recommend that all players be started from No. 1 tee. Definition 29 pro­ vides: “The ‘stipulated round’ consists of playing eighteen holes of the course in their correct sequence, unless otherwise authorized by the Committee.” Thus, the Committee has authority to alter the se­ quence in which the holes shall be played. However, it would be unusual in a for­ mal competition, especially a State Cham­ pionship, to start players from various tees, and we would recommend against it. Most golf courses are designed to pre­ sent playing problems in a definite or­ der, and to play the holes out of their proper order would not make a fair com­ petition. BALL AT REST, DOUBT: OWNER ENTITLED TO DETERMINE BEFORE PLAYER KNOCKS AWAY USGA 61-30 R. 6-2, 26-2b, 35-lh Q: A and B were playing a match. A hit a pitch-and-run shot which stopped on the lip of the hole. B immediately went to the hole and knocked A’s ball away, conceding the putt before A got halfway to the hole. A contends that he has the right to observe the ball to determine whether or not it has come to rest, and B knocked his ball away before he had that chance. B says that since Rule 35-lh says only a momentary delay is allowed, he had the right to knock it away. The question involved is whether or not A has the right to observe for him­ self if his ball has come to rest. Question by: Jack D. Sargent, Professional Peachtree Golf Club Atlanta, Ga. A: Rule 35-lh provides: “Whether a ball has come to rest is a question of fact. If there be reasonable doubt, the owner of the ball is not allowed more than a momentary delay to settle the doubt.” Accordingly in the present case, A had the right to ascertain for himself whether or not his ball on the lip of the hole had come to rest, and he was re­ quired to exercise the privilege im­ mediately. B deprived A of his right. If A’s ball were moving or if there were reasonable doubt as to whether it had come to rest, B lost the hole under Rule 26-2b for deflecting A’s ball, sub­ ject to the provisions of Rule 6-2. If it were clearly established that the ball had come to rest, B was entitled by Rule 35-2d to knock it away, and there was no penalty. The uncorroborated testi­ mony of B would not be sufficient to establish that the ball had in fact come to rest. GROUND UNDER REPAIR: PROCEDURE WHEN ENTIRE BUNKER IS UNDER REPAIR USGA 60-57 D. 34, R. 32-la Q: The trap on the second hole of the Waialae Country Club was badly damaged by a tidal wave. The whole trap is now under repair. A player hit into the trap; noticing the repair signs, he dropped his ball on the fairway, but not closer to the hole. Another player insisted that the ball should have been dropped behind the trap. What is the correct answer? Also, if a ball was so situated in the ground under repair as to make it possi­ ble to drop no nearer the hole on the putting green, would this be permis­ sible? Questions by: Richard S. Waterhouse Honolulu, Hawaii A: A bunker totally under repair loses its identity as a bunker, and should be considered as through the green—Defini­ tion 34. Thus, relief should be given un­ der Rule 32-la, which provides: “Through the green, the player may lift and drop the ball without penalty as near as possi­ ble to the spot where it lay, but not nearer the hole, on ground which avoids these conditions.” In this case, if the nearest spot which avoids the conditions is on the putting green, the player must drop at that spot on the putting green. IMPROVING LINE OF PLAY OR LIE: BREAKING LEAVES; FACTS DETERMINE EACH CASE USGA 61-28 R. 17-3 Q: When a player’s ball lies near a tree or a bush that might interfere with the player’s swing, may the player knock down any leaf or leaves with a practice swing? Is this covered by Rule 17-3? 22 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: SEPTEMBER, 1961 A player knocked down “a few leaves” while taking her practice swing. When questioned by the Rules Committee, she answered yes—she was testing to see if the tree would interfere with her in­ tended stroke; and no—it had not im­ proved her line of play. The Rules Committee decided that the player by admission had not improved her line of play, therefore there was no penalty. The Committee felt that the rule should state clearly that “no leaves may be knocked down,” etc. Most players are very careful not to knock down leaves for fear of a penalty. We are most anxious to know if the pro­ per ruling was given, for in the future no one would be inclined to admit that the line of play was improved, and how could you prove it? Question by: Mrs. H. F. Wohlers San Diego, Calif. A: A player whose club bends or breaks anything fixed or growing in such a way as to improve the line of play or the position or lie of his ball violates Rule 17-3 unless the bending or break­ ing occurs in making the stroke or the backward movement of the club for the stroke. Whether a player who knocks leaves down with a practice swing vio­ lates the provisions of this Rule is a question of fact and can only be deter­ mined by the evidence in each case. In the case cited, the Committee erred in basing its ruling solely on evidence that the line of play was not improved. If the action improved the position of the ball, there was a violation of the Rule. DAMAGE TO PUTTING GREEN: NOT NECESSARY TO ANNOUNCE INTENTION TO REPAIR Note: Answer 2 below cancels Answer 2 in the original Decision 60-33 Revised USGA 60-33 R. 11-3, 35-la, 35-lc Q.l: Does a player have to announce to his fellow-competitor or opponent that he is about to fix a ball mark? This ques­ tion has been asked as the result of an argument caused by a player fixing an impression on the green he claimed was made by a ball. His opponent claimed the impression was made by someone leaning too heavily on a putter. In another in­ stance, the player used a tee to smooth a place on the green which he said was caused by a ball scuffing the grass. His opponent claimed it was caused by shoe cleats. As I see the Rule, it is a question of fact whether or not an impression is caused by a ball. A.l: Rule 35-lc does not require the player to announce his intention before repairing damage to the putting green caused by the impact of a ball. It is a question of fact whether damage to the putting green was caused by the impact of a ball or by some other means. Al­ though ball marks usually are easily dis­ tinguishable from other damage, in some cases there may be doubt as to the origin of damage. ORDER OF START: CHANGING GROUPS DURING ROUND USGA 61-2 R. 37-5 Q: On the day of a medal tournament, I found that I had been removed from the group with which I had originally been paired, and was re-assigned to play with two post entries. The two post en­ tries were riding in an electric cart and I, not having access to an electric cart and not having made arrangements for a cad­ die, was dragging my golf cart. After try­ ing to keep up the pace for six holes, I asked the two post entries if they would mind if I joined the group in front, which happened to be the group with whom I was originally paired. It was agreeable to all, and when the round was completed both groups with whom I played attested to the scores on the holes which I played with them. However, the question has been raised as to whether or not I violated Rule 37-5 when I changed groups. Did I violate Rule 37-5? Question by: Mrs. A. U. Anderson Coral Gables, Fla. A: Yes. Rule 37-5 would prevent a player from leaving one group and join­ ing another without permission of the Committee, as the Rule assumes that players will not only start but also finish in the groupings arragned by the Com­ mittee. USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: SEPTEMBER, 1961 23 (1) WRONG INFORMATION: OPPONENT PICKS UP BALL (2) HALVED HOLE: CONCEDED BECAUSE OF PENALTY USGA 61-27 R. 6-2, 10-2 Q: In a four-ball match, A and B vs. C and D, Players A and C both lie 4 on the green. C putts into hole. A asks: “Is that 4 in?” C replies: “Yes;” so A picked up his ball, believing that he had lost the hole. Then C said: “Oh, no, I was in in 5.” A could not replace his ball to try for his 5 as he had picked up. My feeling was to apply Rule 10-2, and C and D lose the hole. Question by: Bob Bodington West Hartford, Conn. A: It is assumed that the scores of B and D were not significent. Under Rule 10-2, C and D would or­ dinarily lose the hole; however, Rule 6-2 becomes operative in this particular cir­ cumstance and the hole is automatically halved. Rule 6-2 provides in part: “When a player has holed out and his opponent has been left with a stroke for the half, nothing that the player who has holed out can do shall deprive him of the half which he has already gained; but if the player thereafter incur any penalty, he shall concede the half of the hole to his opponent.” USGA PUBLICATIONS OF GENERAL INTEREST THE RULES OF GOLF, as approved by the United States Golf Association and the Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St. Andrews, Scot­ land. Booklet 25 cents (special rates for quan­ tity orders, more than 500). USGA GOLF HANDICAP SYSTEM FOR MEN, containing recommendations for computing USGA Handicap and for rating courses. Book­ let 25 cents. USGA Slide Rule Handicapper 25 cents. Poster 15 cents. THE CONDUCT OF WOMEN'S GOLF, contain­ ing suggestions for guidance in the conduct of women’s golf in clubs and associations, in­ cluding tournament procedure, handicapping and course rating. 35 cents. USGA Slide Rule Handicapper 25 cents. Poster 15 cents. USGA HANDICAP RECORD FORM, revised in 1961, provides for the listing of 75 scores. It is designed for ease in determining the last 25 differentials from which to select the lowest 10 when more than 25 scores are posted. $3 for 100. A GUIDE FOR GREEN COMMITTEE MEMBERS OF GOLF CLUBS, a 16-page booklet compiled by William H. Bengeyfield from correspond­ ence, articles and speeches by Green Commit­ tee Chairmen, Golf Course Superintendents and USGA officials. 25 cents. COURSE RATING REPORT, a form for rating a course hole by hole; for association use, size 4’i x 7 inches. 10 cents, $7.50 per 100. COURSE RATING POSTER for certifying hole by hole ratings to a club; for association use, size 8(6 x 11 inches. 5 cents. $3.50 per 100. HANDICAPPING THE UNHANDICAPPED, a reprint of a USGA Journal article explaining the Callaway System of automatic handicap­ ping for occasional players in a single tour­ nament. No charge. TOURNAMENTS FOR YOUR CLUB, a reprint of a USGA Journal article detailing various types of competitions. No charge. DUTIES OF OFFICIALS UNDER THE RULES OF GOLF, a reprint of a USGA Journal ar­ ticle that contains a check list of the duties of the referee and other committee members on the course. No charge. THE RULE ABOUT OBSTRUCTIONS, a reprint of a USGA Journal article by Joseph C. Dey, Jr. No charge. PROTECTION OF PERSONS AGAINST LIGHT­ NING ON GOLF COURSES, a poster. No charge. HOLE-IN-ONE Awards. No charge. LETTER AND SPIRIT OF THE AMATEUR CODE, a reprint of a USGA Journal article by Joseph C. Dey, Jr. No charge. GAMBLING IN GOLF TOURNAMENTS, a re­ print of a USGA Journal article by Richard S. Tufts. No charge. WORK OF A CLUB GREEN COMMITTEE, a re­ print of panel discussions conducted by the USGA Green Section Committee. No charge. HOW TO MEET RISING COSTS OF GOLF COURSE MAINTENANCE, PARTS I & II, re­ prints of panel discussions conducted by the USGA Green Section Committee. No charge. WATER USE ON THE GOLF COURSE, a re­ print of talks delivered at the 1960 Educa­ tional Program conducted by the USGA Green Section Committee. No charge. THE GOLF COURSE WORKER—TRAINING AND DIRECTION, a reprint of talks delivered at the 1961 Educational Program conducted by the USGA Green Section Committee. No charge. MISTER CHAIRMAN, a reprint of a USGA Journal article outlining the duties of the Chairman of the Green Committee. No charge. ARE YOU A SLOW PLAYER? ARE YOU SURE? A reprint of a USGA Journal article by John D. Ames. No charge. A JUNIOR GOLF PROGRAM FOR YOUR CLUB AND DISTRICT, a 16-page booklet on organizing and developing junior golf programs at different levels by the USGA Junior Cham­ pionship Committee. No charge. USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT, a 33-page magazine published seven times a year. $2 a year. These publications are available on request to the United States Golf Association, 40 East 38th Street. New York 16, N. Y. Please send payment with your order. 24 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: SEPTEMBER, 1961 Cool Season Grasses for Winter Turf on Bermuda Putting Greens By R. E. SCHMIDT and R. E. BLASER, Assistant Professor and Professor of Agronomy, respectively, Virginia Polytechnic Institute. (This study was conducted cooperatively by V.P.I. and The James River Country Club, Newport News, Virginia with the support in part by a grant from the U.S.G.A. Green Section Research & Education Fund, Inc.) Many golf courses in the warm climate regions of the Mid-Atlantic area and in Southern States are using the fine leaved improved bermudagrasses for sum­ mer turf on their putting greens. Cool season grasses must be used with ber­ mudagrass putting greens to furnish a good putting turf for two to seven months of the year. Grasses selected for winter putting turf on bermudagrass greens must provide pleasing color, good density, good putting surface and good wear re­ sistance while bermudagrasses are dor­ mant. The acute problem in managing the Bermuda-cool season turf is the transi­ tion of Bermuda to cool season grass in the fall and back to Bermuda in the spring. The spring transition period is especially critical in that the high seed­ ing rates that are essential to give satis­ factory winter turf, delay the develop­ ment of Bermuda in the spring. Also the cool season grasses may die in the spring before Bermuda has developed. Satisfactory establishment of grass for winter turf is contingent upon a knowl­ edge of the behavior of cool season grasses in relation to time of seeding and date of seeding under various en­ vironmental conditions. During the past two years experiments were conducted at The James River Coun­ try Club, Newport News, Virginia, to evaluate various grasses for winter turf. METHODS Experiments during the last two years show that there are large differences in the winter season turf quality of cool season grasses seeded on bermudagrass greens. Seeding rates and time of seed­ ing also influence quality during the win­ ter season. Tifgreen (328) Bermuda was estab­ lished at The James River Country Club in July 1959. Nine cool season grasses and a mixture were overseeded on repli­ cated 8 x 10 ft. plots at two dates, Sep­ tember 15 and October 1 of the same year. Before overseeding the area was ver­ tically mowed twice. There was little thatch on the new bermudagrass sod and enough soil was turned up by vertical mowing to cover the seed; hence, soil topdressing was not used. Nitrogen from USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: SEPTEMBER, 1941 25 Table 1. Turf Densities of Cool Season Grasses Overseeded on September 16 and October 6, 1959 at different rates on Tifgreen Bermuda. September 16 Seeding October 6 Seeding Grass Rate/M o Red Top Red Top Seaside Seaside Pennlawn Pennlawn Com. ryegrass 3 6 3 6 12 24 25 50 — CM . n a J 5 5 37 43 43 55 45 72 o . r p A 70 73 81 78 85 85 68 82 F" y Ma 83 83 85 88 92 89 75 77 e n u J 28 37 50 43 50 53 20 15 o 35 37 43 40 57 80 37 53 CM . n o J a 40 47 43 38 57 88 75 85 02 15 52 62 58 77 78 87 O'* . r p A 73 77 77 82 90 93 85 92 — y a M 85 83 90 93 92 97 87 85 m c 3 33 55 35 45 62 62 17 13 a natural organic source was applied to supply 0.7 lbs. of N per 1000 square feet at time of seeding. The experiment established in the fall of 1960 was similar to the 1959 study. Six grasses at two rates, and six grasses and 2 mixtures at one rate were over­ seeded on September 15 and October 4. Before overseeding in 1960, the area was vertically mowed twice and Vi cu. yd. of topsoil was applied per 1000 square feet after seeding. Nitrogen rate was in­ creased from the previous year to 1.5 lbs. of N per 1000 square feet. The 1960 experiment was put on the same area as the 1959 study. Only one half of each of the previous year’s plot was overseeded. The other 40 square feet was not dis­ turbed to determine the summer per­ sistence of the cool season grasses sown in 1959. During both years the treatments were arranged in split block designs and repli­ cated three times. The newly seeded areas were kept moist until the grass was es­ tablished and then mowed at a one- fourth inch height. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The highest rate of overseeding gave the best turf density, Tables 1 and 2, and color during October and March. How­ ever, turf density and color from April to June did not differ between high and low rates of overseeding. Grasses seeded at a low rate gave a good cover by spring because of a favorable environment and large plants developed during this sea­ son. The data shows that lighter seeding rates could be used where there is only spring play. Overseedings made in early October produced better turf than seedings made in mid-September; however, the differ­ ences were not large for the 1960 seed­ ing. Tables 1 and 2. Better turf for early seeding in 1960 than for 1959 may be at­ tributed to higher seeding rates, higher nitrogen fertilization, and a somewhat milder winter during the second year. Such grasses as common ryegrass and Pennlawn performed better during the winter months of both years when over­ seeded in October. During both years the early October overseedings provided cool-season grass coverage much sooner after seeding than the September overseedings. This may be attributed to the fact that cool season grasses germinate better and develop faster under cooler soil temperatures in October as compared to September. These data show that more successful overseedings may be associated with de­ clining soil temperatures. Common ryegrass, which is now gen­ erally used for winter turf, germinated 26 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: SEPTEMBER, 1961 rapidly and maintained a relatively high turf density from October to May dur­ ing both years. In late spring the density was reduced very drastically, in 1960 it went from 85% in May to 13% in June, Table 3; and in 1961 from 70% in early June to 12% in late June, Table 4. The abrupt loss of common ryegrass before bermudagrass growth caused poor turf density, off coloring and objectionable bumpy putting surface. Such poor spring transition makes common ryegrass rather undesirable for winter turf on bermuda­ grass greens. Common S-23 and Tetrone perennial ryegrasses were similar to common rye­ grass in that they germinated quickly to develop a turf but all ryegrasses caused poor spring transition periods. One of the biggest objections of using perennial ryegrasses is the very tough spring growth which makes clean clipping im­ possible and gives an off-color. The Agrostis species (redtop and bent­ grass, as a whole were slow to start and were inferior in fall and winter to other grasses seeded in this test. Redtop and Highland colonial bent were the poorest while Seaside gave a better winter turf density than other bentgrasses (Table 3 and 4). Penncross was rated in between (Table 3). The second season Seaside pro­ vided better density, but its color was only fair to poor during the coldest win­ ter months. This may be attributed to the fall of 1960. Poa trivialis was the only bluegrass used in these tests that germinated rapidly enough to produce sufficient density and color to be suitable for win­ ter turf The chief drawbacks of using Poa trivialis for overseeding bermuda­ grass were its off-color, deterioration of sod coverage, and uniformity due to disease in April and June. fact that Seaside was seeded heavier the second year. All Agrostis studied in this test provided excellent transition periods both springs. Pennlawn creeping red fescue gave good density and excellent color, (dark green) throughout the entire season in the first year. Excellent turf was also ob­ tained during the second year. The stiff upright growth of creeping red fescue gave a uniform putting surface with ex­ cellent wear resistance. Its persistence in the spring and its fine texture gave a spring transition period so gradual to bermudagrass that it was hardly evident. These results indicate that Pennlawn is an excellent grass for winter turf. The behavior of Pennlawn in these experi­ ments was confirmed under playing con­ ditions by Mr. T. K. Baldwin, Greens Chairman of the Longwood Golf Club, Farmville, Virginia. Mr. Baldwin reports that his club had without question the best winter coverage on his bermudagrass greens after overseeding 20 pounds of Pennlawn per 1000 square feet in the Table 2. Turf Densities of Cool Season Grasses Overseeded on September 15 and October 4, 1960 at different rates on Tifgreen Bermuda. September 15 Seeding October 4 Seeding Grass Rate/M Redtop Redtop Seaside Seaside Pennlawn Pennlawn Com. ryegrass Com. ryegrass 5 10 5 10 18 36 30 60 4 . t c O I 25 50 37 35 57 58 78 82 5 2 . t c O 73 85 83 78 87 97 83 92 1 1 . n a J 45 62 79 83 73 85 68 70 5 2 . r p A 88 92 92 93 96 96 94 86 2 e n u J 85 83 84 87 90 90 72 68 1 2 e n u J 22 22 57 45 62 57 6 6 4 . t c O 5 2 . t c O 32 68 63 72 78 85 82 92 5 1 . r p A 87 88 91 88 97 95 87 86 2 e n u J 77 79 83 86 92 92 62 62 c 40 59 73 75 75 88 70 90 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: SEPTEMBER, 1961 1 2 e n u J 23 32 56 57 53 53 6 5 27 Table 3. Average Turf Cover and color ratings of cool Season Grasses Overseeded on Tifgreen Bermuda on October 6, 1959 Dates of Observations Rate/M Grass Highland bent 6 Astoria bent 6 6 Penncross bent Seaside bent 6 Per. ryegrass 50 Redtop 6 Pennlawn creeping 24 red fescue Merion Ky. bluegrass 12 Common ryegrass 50 Common ryegrass + Redtop 28 (9:1) 43 47 50 38 90 47 88 28 85 70 October 25 Density* Color** 2 January 31 April 10 May ii June 15 Density Color Density Color Density Color Density Color 33 57 55 62 90 15 77 28 87 78 3 4 4 3 3 5 2 4 1 1 82 90 83 82 90 77 93 88 92 93 2 2 2 2 5 2 1 1 4 4 88 90 92 93 90 83 97 95 85 87 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 3 3 47 40 43 45 47 55 62 65 13 20 2 1 2 2 5 3 2 1 3 3 2 2 2 3 2 1 2 3 3 *—Percentage of color **—1 is best color, 5 is poorest color Common ryegrass and Pennlawn creep­ ing red fescue mixture produced a quicker cover in the late fall than the fescue alone, but turf density and color were poorer during the spring transition period than for Pennlawn creeping red fescue. The biggest disadvantage was that the larger leaves of the ryegrass in the mixture did not blend well with the fine leaved bermudas and the ryegrass influence caused a poorer spring transi­ tion than the fescue when overseeded alone. SUMMARY Experiments evaluating cool season grasses for winter turf on bermudagrass putting greens were conducted for two years at Newport News, Virginia. In these tests the highest rates of overseeding gave better turf density and color during the period from October to March. Little difference was found in the spring be­ tween the high and low seeding rates. Better winter turf quality was obtained when overseedings were made in early October than in mi l-September. This may An April view of the fine texture of Penmawn creeping red fescue overseeded on 328 Bermuda as compared to the coarser textured common ryegrass. 28 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: SEPTEMBER, 1981 Table 4. Average Turf Cover and color ratings of cool Season Grasses Overseeded on Tifgreen Bermuda on October 6, 1960 Dates of Observation October 25 January 11 April 25 June 1 June 21 1Rate/M Density Color Density Color Density Color Density Color Density Color 89 10 78 82 33 2 47 3 3 2 1 Grass Highland bent S—23 perennial rye grass 60 20 60 Park Ky. blue grass Tetrone perennial rye grass Rainier creeping red fescue 36 Seaside bent 10 Perennial rye grass 60 Redtop 10 Pennlawn creeping red fescue 36 Merion Ky. Blue grass Poa trivialis Com. ryegrass Com. rye + Pennlawn 20 20 60 60 (2/3-1/3) 85 80 83 88 72 92 68 85 20 83 92 83 2 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 95 67 48 82 75 91 59 88 85 89 90 92 2 3 4 2 3 3 4 1 2 1 3 2 93 90 81 81 88 77 88 95 93 92 86 94 2 3 3 4 4 5 2 2 3 5 4 2 80 88 63 78 86 67 79 92 92 63 62 82 2 1 3 2 2 4 2 1 1 3 5 3 13 55 13 45 57 9 32 53 61 38 5 38 4 1 3 3 2 2 3 1 1 5 5 3 be attributed to the fact that cool season grasses germinate better and develop faster under cooler soil temperatures in October as compared to September. The abrupt loss of ryegrass before bermudagrass growth causes poor spring transition and makes ryegrass rather un­ desirable for winter turf on bermudagrass greens. Pennlawn creeping red fescue has given excellent winter putting green turf quality during both years of testing. Its persistance in the spring and its fine texture also gave an almost unnoticeable transition to bermudagrass. The chief drawback of using Poa tri- vialis for winter turf on bermudagrass was its susceptibility to disease in the spring. The bentgrasses were inferior in the fall and the winter due to slow de­ velopment in the fall. SUBSCRIBERS TO U.S.G.A. GREEN SECTION RESEARCH AND EDUCATION FUND, INC. Augusta National C Club, Augusta, Ga. Altamont, N. Y. West Newton 65, Mass. i Tulsa, Okla. Oklahoma City, Okla. | Albert H. Bosbach, Clapper Co., Bob Dunning, Floyd Farley, A Friend of the U! R. deW. Keenan, Columbia, S. C. Metropolitan Golf Writers' Association, Manhasset, N. Y. National Golf Fund, Inc., Dunedin, Fla. New England Golf Association, Boston, Mass. Connecticut State Golf Association Maine State Golf Association Massachusetts State Golf Association New England Golf Association New Hampshire State Golf Association Rhode Island State Golf Association Vermont State Golf Association USGA, New York, N. Y. J. H. Watson, Marietta, Ohio USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: SEPTEMBER, 1961 29 Wimer Scene of the Bermuda winter putting turf study at Newport News, Virginia. WHAT SEEDS ARE AND DO By VICTOR R. BOSWELL Extracted from “The Yearbook of Agriculture—1961.” This yearbook deals with many facets of a subject which holds an appeal for all of us. It is available from the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office. Washington 25, D. C. The price is $2. Qeeds are many things. Above all else 0 they are a way of survival for their species. They are a way by which em­ bryonic life can be almost suspended and then revived to new development, even years after the parents are dead and gone. Seeds protect and sustain life. They are highly organized fortresses, well stocked with special supplies of food against long siege. Seeds are vehicles for the spread of new life from place to place by the ele­ ments and by animals and people. Seeds are food for man and animals and other living things. Seeds are raw material for the fashion­ ing of myriad products by people. Seeds are wealth. They are beauty. They are a symbol—a symbol of be­ ginnings. They are carriers of aid, of friendship, of good will. Seeds are a source of wonder. They are objects of earnest inquiry in man’s ceaseless search for understanding of living things. Seeds of unwanted kinds are as enemies; they are a source of trouble. Seeds are many things, but everything about seeds—their numbers and forms and structures—has a bearing on their main purpose: to insure continuing life. Seeds are containers of embryonic plants, the embryos of a new generation. * * * 30 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: SEPTEMBER, 1961 Viable Seeds Probably Are Never Completely Inactive Vital processes go on as a seed awaits conditions favorable for germination and plant growth. If we knew how to arrest or suspend all these processes completely, it would be possible theoretically to re­ tain viability indefinitely. We do not know how to do this. Activity within the seed may be so low that we cannot measure it by any known method. In time, however, if the seed does not encounter conditons that will permit it to grow, unidentified sub­ stances become exhausted or they deterio­ rate; germinating power is lost, and the seed dies. Warmth and moisture hasten the exhausing life processes and shorten the life of the seed. Dryness and cold slow down activities, conserve vital sub­ stances, and protect the delicately balanced systems within the seed. Unwanted Plants Make Seeds It seems that undesirable or unwanted plants generally are more prolific seed producers than most of the crop plants that we strive to grow. One investigator estimated that one large tumbling pig­ weed produces more than 10 million seeds. Many kinds produce 100 thousand to 200 thousand seeds per plant. Weeds are the pests they are partly because they produce so many seeds. More than that, though: The seed and the plants that grow from them have a re­ markable capacity for survival. Repro­ ductiveness and survival value have evolved to a high level by natural selec­ tion. Seeds of many weeds are such potent survivors and successful travelers that their species have become nuisances over much of the world. Farmers and gardners must contend with weeds that arise from seeds. They appear to come suddenly from nowhere— or everywhere. They arrive unnoticed by air, by water, by animals, and by man’s devices. Earlier arrivals have accumulated in the soil and lie there waiting for the husbandman to stir them up to the sur­ face, where they seemingly explode into growth. One investigator recovered 10 thousand to 30 thousand viable weed seeds in patches of soil about a yard square and 10 inches deep. Various kinds of seeds kept dormant a long time by their respective mechanisms persis­ tently produce successive waves of noisome seedlings each time the soil is cultivated. Weeds thus continue to appear al­ though the grower has not allowed a parent plant to produce seed on the site for years. Survival value! Many weed seeds will survive in the soil 20 years and some for longer than 70 years. Many seeds are so small that their beautiful features escape us. Many others, although large enough to see easily, are such common, everyday objects that we do not really see them. They are, how­ ever, worth our careful observation. The first and most obvious beauty in most true seeds is in the perfection of their simple forms. Their outlines or silhouettes exhibit endless variations in the curve of beauty. In their entirety we COMING EVENTS September 20-21 Missouri Second Lawn and Turf Conference University of Missouri Columbia, Mo. September 26 St. Louis Field Day Westwood Country Club Clayton, Mo. September 27-28-29 Northwest Turf Association Conference Washington State University Pullman, Washington October 2-3 Utah-Idaho Turf Conference Idaho Falls Golf Club Idaho Falls, Idaho October 5-6 Rocky Mountain Turfgrass Conference Colorado State University Fort Collins, Colorado October 9-10 New Mexico Turfgrass Conference New Mexico State University University Park, N. M. October 18-19-20 Central Plains Turfgrass Conference Kansas State University Manhattan, Kansas November 16-17 Arizona Turfgrass Conference University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona November 27-30 1961 Annual Meetings of the American Society of Agronomy and the Soil Science and Crop Science Societies of America Sheraton-Jefferson Hotel St. Louis, Missouri USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: SEPTEMBER, 1961 31 find wide ranges of proportion and dif­ ferent graceful and simple masses that are pleasing to look upon. The sphere is a thing of beauty in it­ self, although quite unadorned. Artists have tried to produce nonspherical “ab­ stract” forms that possess such grace and proportion as to call forth a satisfying emotional or intellectual response in the beholder. Some of the nicest of such forms lie all about us, unnoticed, in seeds. The commonest are such basic forms as the sphere, the teardrop, the ovoid and other variations of the spheroid. Some of these curving shapes are flat­ tened, elongated, or tapered in pleasing ways. Sometimes they are truncated or sculptured into somewhat rough and ir­ regular form. They may bear prominent appendages, such as wings, hooks, bristles, or silky hairs. Most seeds show a smooth flow of line and surface that is perfection itself. The details of the surface relief of many seeds are even more beautiful in design and precision than the mass of the seed as a whole. Often you can find minute surface characters of surprising kinds. Surfaces that appear plain and smooth to the unaided eye may be re­ vealed under a good hand lens to have beautiful textures. Surfaces may be grained or pebbled. They may have ridges like those of Doric columns. They may bear geometric pat­ terns in tiny relief, forming hexagons, as in a comb of honey, or minute dimples may cover the surface. Irregular surface patterns of surprising beauty sometimes appear under the lens. Surfaces may be dull, or highly glossy or anywhere in be­ tween. Last but not least in the beauty of seeds are their surface colors. They may be snow white or jet black. The color may be a single solid one, or two or more may be scattered about at random. Colors may form definite patterns that are dis­ tinctive and characteristic of the species and variety. The colors may be almost any hue of the rainbow—reds, pinks, yel­ lows, greens, purples—and shades of ivory, tan, brown, steely blue, and pur­ plish black. Look for all you can see with the un­ aided eye. Then look at smaller seeds and the surfaces of large seeds with a good hand lens. You will be delighted with what you find. There is still another beauty, a poten­ tial beauty in seeds, that can be seen only as the seed fulfills its ultimate pur­ pose—the production of a new plant pos­ sessing its own beauty. This is perhaps the greatest of all: Beauty of general form; grace of stem; the shape, sheen, and color of the leaf; and finally the loveliness of the flower or the luscious­ ness of a fruit. The cycle is complete, and so we are back to the beauty of a seed. From prehistoric times man has un­ derstood the role of seeds. Ancient languages, ancient cultures, and our own contain many words and concepts based on this understanding. The Bible con­ tains several such examples, including the parable of the sower, the use of the word “seed” to mean offspring or pro­ geny, and references to good and bad seed. Our language contains both common and technical terms involving “seed,” al­ though the meanings are quite unrelated to the subject of plants. The meanings recognize, however, some metaphoric connection in one way or an­ other. “Seed is a noun, an adjective, and a verb.” Watermen speak of seed oysters, seed pearls, and seed fish. The optician speaks of seeds in glass. The chemist seeds a solution with a crystal to induce crystal­ lization. We speak of the seed of an idea or a plan. “SEEDS ARE EVER A POSITIVE AND CREATIVE FORCE. Seeds are the germ of life, a beginning and an end, the fruit of yesterday’s harvest and the promise of tomorrow’s. Without an ample store of seeds there can be no national treasure, 1 or no future for a Nation.” —Secretary of Agriculture ; Orville L. Freeman j 32 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: SEPTEMBER, 1961 IT’S YOUR HONOR Merion and the Valentines To The USGA: I was most interested in the article concerning golf course superin­ tendents appearing in the August Journal. In mentioning outstanding courses a good number were covered, but Merion was not among them. I don’t write to contest your judgment even though this same issue of the Journal does affirm Merion’s posi­ tion, but I do write with our course superintendents in mind. On page 16 of the Journal the question is asked, “What club has been host to the most USGA compe­ titions?” the answer, on page 21, is “The Merion Golf Club at Ardmore, Pa., has been host to 11 USGA g events.” Obviously Merion must X therefore be considered one of the J finest golf layouts in the country. X Since 1911 Joe Valentine has been x Merion’s course superintendent. In X addition to the normal responsibili- x ties assumed by a course superin- X tendent, Joe has also acted pretty x much as the Merion course architect. X In January, 1961, Joe, after 50 years x of service, decided he should take it X easier and is now our consultant on & course problems. Replacing Joe is X his son Richie, who for a number of X years has worked with his father. X It is because of Merion’s great X pride in its golf superintendents as X represented by the quality of our & golf courses that I write you in x friendly protest. Dean Hill, Jr. X X Chairman, X Merion Green Committee X x General Chairman, World Amateur Team Championship, Merion, 1960 A Chance to Play To The USGA: I just wanted to thank you for be­ ing able to play in your Public Links Championship this year. This year’s tournament was very enjoyable for me. The setting, atmosphere and the organization of the entire event was perfect. I’ve been playing golf since I was eight years old. I don’t have the real money to put me in a position to play national championship golf. Only through such a smooth-running and well-organized association as the USGA could I have possibly gotten a chance to play in the National Amateur. John Schlee Memphis, Tenn. X (Ed. note—As a semi-finalist in X the 1961 Amateur Public Links X Championship Mr. Schlee, a student x at Memphis State University, was eli- X gible to qualify in his Section for the x 1961 Amateur Championship. A X player in the Amateur Public Links i Championship may accept, from X funds administered by a USGA rep- X resentative in his district, money for X round trip travel fare between his X home and that Championship and up X to $10 per day for living expenses. X Sectional Chairmen assist in the x raising of funds in a variety of ways X in their districts. They also use $3 x of every $5 entry fee toward allow- X able expenses of Championship com- x petitors, divided equally among the X Sectional qualifiers). x USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: SEPTEMBER, 1961 USGA OFFICERS, EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE AND COMMITTEE CHAIRMEN OFFICERS PRESIDENT John G. Clock, Long Beach, Calif. VICE-PRESIDENTS Clarence W. Benedict, White Plains, N. Y. John M. Winters, Jr., Tulsa, Okla. SECRETARY Wm. Ward Foshay, New York, N. Y. TREASURER Bernard H. Ridder, Jr., St. Paul, Minn. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE The above officers and: Fred Brand, Jr., Pittsburgh, Pa. William C. Chapin, Rochester, N. Y. Edward L. Emerson, Boston, Mass. Edwin R. Foley, San Francisco, Calif. Harry L. Givan, Seattle, Wash. Hord W. Hardin, St. Louis, Mo. Robert K. Howse, Wichita, Kans. Harold A. Moore, Chicago, 111. Eugene S. Pulliam, Indianapolis, Ind. Henry H. Russell, Miami, Fla. GENERAL COUNSEL Philip H. Strobing, Philadelphia, Pa. EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR Joseph C. Dey, Jr., New York, N. Y. ASSISTANT DIRECTOR: P. J. Boatwright, Jr. USGA HEADQUARTERS "Golf House", 40 East 38th Street, New York 14, N. Y. COMMITTEE CHAIRMEN RULES OF GOLF: Wm. Ward Foshay, New York, N. Y. CHAMPIONSHIP: Bernard H. Ridder, Jr., St. Paul, Minn. AMATEUR STATUS AND CONDUCT: Harold A. Moore, Chicago, 111. IMPLEMENTS AND BALL: Clarence W. Benedict, White Plains, N. Y. MEMBERSHIP: Edwin R. Foley, San Francisco, Calif. GREEN SECTION: William C. Chapin, Rochester, N. Y. WOMEN'S: Mrs. Henri Prunaret, Natick, Mass. SECTIONAL AFFAIRS: Hord W. Hardin, St. Louis, Mo. PUBLIC LINKS: Fred Brand, Jr., Pittsburgh, Pa. HANDICAP: Clarence W. Benedict, White Plains, N. Y. Handicap Procedure: Herman M. Freydberg, New York, N. Y. JUNIOR CHAMPIONSHIP: Harry L. Givan, Seattle, Wash. SENIOR CHAMPIONSHIP: Harold A. Moore, Chicago, III. GIRLS' JUNIOR: Mrs. John Pennington, Buffalo, N. Y. MUSEUM: Robert K. Howse, Wichita, Kans. BOB JONES AWARD: Wm. Ward Foshay, New York, N. Y. FINANCE: Bernard H. Ridder, Jr., St. Paul, Minn. NOMINA I ING: Totton P. Heffelfinger, Minneapolis, Minn. USGA GREEN SECTION EASTERN REGION Northeastern Office: Lipman Hall, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, N. J. Alexander M. Radko, Director, Eastern Region Raymond E. Harman, Northeastern Agronomist James R. Kollett, Northeastern Agronomist Southeastern Office: P. O. Box 4213, Campus Station, Athens, Ga. James B. Moncrief, Southeastern Agronomist Southwestern Office: Texas A. and M. College, College Station, Tex. MID-CONTINENT REGION Dr. Marvin H. Ferguson, Director, Mid-Continent Region and National Research Coordinator W. Wayne Allen, Southwestern Agronomist Charles E. Croley, Southwestern Agronomist Mid-Western Office: Room 241, LaSalle Hotel, Chicago 2, III. James L. Holmes, Mid-Western Agronomist Western Office: P. O. Box 567, Garden Grove, Calif. William H. Bengeyfield, Director, Western Region WESTERN REGION