^ T I N C JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT USBA JOURNAL TURF MANAGEMENT Published by the United States Golf Association AND 1962 by United States Golf Association. Permission to reprint articles or material in the USGA © Journal and Turf Management is granted to- publishers of newspapers, periodicals and books ( unless specifically noted otherwise), provided credit is given to the USGA and copyright protection is af­ forded. Neither articles nor other material may be copied or used for any advertising, promotion or commercial purpose. VOL. XV, No. 3 JULY, 1962 Through the Green....................................................................................................... 1 Small Moments Reveal Jack Nicklaus' Qualities...............Joseph C. Dey, Jr. 4 Japanese Architect Tours Three Continents ..................................................... 9 British Isles Seek to Regain Curtis Cup ......................................................... Il- General Eisenhower Gives 5 Wood to “Golf House” .................................... 14 Amateur-Pro Relations of Golf Unique in Sports...........Joseph C. Dey, Jr. 15 “Guess What? — I Won the Open” ................................ Frank Hannigan 19 The Referee: Decisions Under the Rules of Golf ............................................ 23 Turf Management: Comparing Percentages of Green Mixtures . . John Pair and Ray A. Keen 26 Greenkeeping as a Profession.............................. Professor L. S. Dickinson 29 It’s Your Honor: Letters............................................................................................ 33 Published seven times a year in February, April, June, July, August, September and November by the UNITED STATES GOLF ASSOCIATION 40 EAST 38th St., NEW YORK 16, N. Y. Subscription: $2 a year. Single copies: 30^. Subscriptions, articles, photographs, and correspondence should be sent to the above address. Application to mail at Second-Class Postage Rates is pending at New York, N. Y., and Rutherford, N. J. Editor: Joseph C. Dey, Jr. Managing Editor: Eddie L. Ervin, Jr. All articles voluntarily contributed. USGA COMPETITIONS FOR 1962 Championship or Team Match Entries Close Qualifying Rounds Dates of Event Location Junior Amateur June 27 July 17 Aug. 1-4 (1) Curtis Cup Match Girls’ Junior Women’s Amateur Aug. 3 Aug. 8 Aug. 17-18 Aug. 20-24 Lochmoor Club Grosse Pointe Woods. Mich. Broadmoor Golf Club, Colorado Springs, Colo. C. C. of Buffalo, Williamsville, N. Y. Aug. 27-Sept. 1 C. C. of Rochester, Rochester, N. Y. Amateur Aug. 15 **Sept. 4 or 5 Sept. 17-22 Senior Amateur Aug. 29 Sept. 13 Oct. 1-6 Pinehurst Country Club, Pinehurst, N. C. Evanston Golf Club, Skokie, Ill. (2) World Amateur Team Senior Women’s Amateur Oct. 10-13 Oct. 3 — Oct. 17-19 Fuji Golf Course, Kawana, Japan Manufacturers’ Golf & Country Club, Oreland, Pa. ** Exact date in each Section to be fixed by Sectional Chairman. (1) Curtis Cup Match: Women’s amateur teams — British Isles vs. United States. (2) World Amatuer Team Championship: Men’s amateur teams. Puzzle Assistance In the course of administrative services the USGA receives many queries, by letter and by telephone. They concern all phases of the game of golf. A recent one, however, was in a more humorous situation. A lady called and asked if we knew of a four-letter word which could be used in the place of “opponent, as in golf”. We regretfully advised that we could not be of assistance. The lady was quite disappointed. She needed the answer for a cross­ word puzzle contest for which there was a substantial sum of money as a prize. R&A Retains Ball Size Gerald Micklem, chairman of the Rules of Golf Committee of the Royal and Ancient Golf Club, St. Andrews, Scotland has announced there will be no change in the Rules which gov­ ern the size of the ball. He said at the annual meeting of the R&A: In response to their request a year ago for opinions on the possible adoption of the larger—or 1.68 inches -—ball, the Rules of Golf Committee has received many replies from repre­ sentative bodies and individual players, for which we are grateful. From these, it is evident that there is no general demand to alter the existing rule, and accordingly, the Rules of Golf Com­ mittee is not recommending any change in the existing minimum di­ ameter of 1.62 inches.” At the meeting Sir William Giles Walker, chairman and managing di­ rector of Jute Industries, was nomin­ ated captain-elect of the R&A. He served as a Lieut. Colonel in World War II. He succeeds Dr. William Tweddell. It was also announced that C.B.D. Grace has been appointed hon­ orary treasurer. He succeeds his late father in this post which has been held by the family for well over a century. New House for Caddies College-bound caddies from Ohio will have their own home at Ohio State University this fall. The Evans Scholars Foundation is establishing both an Evans Chapter and an Evans Chapter House on the University campus. With new scholarships the Founda­ tion will have 25 scholars at the school, a minimum for a new Chapter. There are currently 443 Scholars en­ rolled in 26 universities with the majority in the seven schools where the Foundation owns and maintains Chapter Houses. More than 1,200 scholarships have been granted since the program was initiated by Chick Evans in 1930. USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: JULY, 1962 1 pack. He finished the details about 1:30 a.m., slept an hour and left for Oakmont at 3 a.m. to make a 9 a.m. starting time. In the meantime a member of his club — an automobile dealer —- sug­ gested Smith take one of his 1962 autos because “it wouldn’t look right for you to show up down there in your old car.” The driver in the new auto planned to arrive in Oakmont at about 7 a.m. However, he was stopped 40 miles east of Elyria by a highway patrolman, who escorted him back to a small town where Smith was tried and convicted for speeding and fined $20. He lost about 45 minutes because of this and arrived at Oakmont around 7:45. Acquiring credentials consumed more time, so did eating breakfast. He went to the practice tee, hit 12 shots with a driver, then on the practice green stroked 24 putts. Smith scored 42-41-83 in his first Open Champion­ ship round. He had never seen the Oakmont course before. Fix Yours And One More At the Portland, Ore., Golf Club you may win a golf ball for replacing a divot. It is all part of the club’s “Fix Yours And One More” club whose purpose is to help insure a well-maintained course. The pledge card, which members sign, requires: “On Fairways: To replace my divots and one more; “On Greens: To fix my ballmark and one more; “In bunkers: To smooth my foot­ prints and one more; “And to alwTays put paper cups, bot­ tles, and wrappings in refuse con­ tainers or tee boxes.” Periodically small cards are placed under a number of loose divots. A member who replaces such a divot may trade in the card for a new golf ball. Charles P. Stevenson Charles P. Stevenson, of Buffalo, N. Y. has been elected to the USGA Executive Committee to fill the unex­ pired term of the late William C. Chapin, of Rochester, N. Y. Mr. Stevenson is president of the Buffalo District Golf Association and has served on the USGA Junior Cham­ pionship Committee since 1951. He has been a Director of the Western Golf Association and served three terms as Treasurer of the New York State Golf Association. He is a member of the Country Club of Buffalo, Piping Rock Club, Shinnecock Hills Golf Club and the National Golf Links of America. Mr. Stevenson is a graduate of Yale University. He is secretary and trea­ surer of the Eastman Machine Co., secretary of Magna Driver Corpora­ tion and a director of the Manufac­ turers & Traders Trust Co. Alternate Smith's Troubles Dow Finsterwald’s father died on the eve of the Open Championship and Dow was replaced late that night by alternate Charles G. Smith, a profes­ sional from Elyria, Ohio. Smith had to cancel lessons for 25 members, notify his assistant, and 2 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: JULY, 1962 Books Reviewed HOW TO COACH AND PLAY CHAMPIONSHIP GOLF, by Dave Williams, Golf Coach, University of Houston. (Prentice-Hall, New Jersey. $5.35) Coach Williams explains for both golfers and coaches a step-by-step plan for organizing and training golf teams. 253 pages. Still Up In Air Richard D. Davies, 31, of Pasa­ dena, Calif., became the 12th Ameri­ can to win the British Amateur Cham­ pionship when he defeated Welshman John Povall 1 up at Royal Liverpool Club on June 16. He lets us in on his feelings with the following letter: Two For Carol Miss Carol Sorenson of Arizona State University defeated Miss Judy Hoetmer, University of Washington, 5 and 4, to win the Women’s Collegiate Championship recently on the Uni­ versity of New Mexico course. Miss Sorenson was USGA Girls’ Junior Champion in 1960. Miss Hoet­ mer won the Collegiate in 1961. The second week of July saw Miss Sorenson win another big title. She defeated Miss Barbara Fay White 8 and 7 in the final of the Western Amateur at South Bend, Ind. Coldman In French Final David Goldman, Dallas business­ man, went to the final round of the French Amateur Championship the first week in June before closing to Frenchman Gaetan Morgue D’Algue. The score was 3 to 1 in the 36-hole final at the Chantilly Golf Course, Chantilly, France. Goldman, 53, lost to W. Lawson Little, Jr., in the final of the 1934 USGA Amateur Championship at The Country Club, Brookline, Mass. Necrology It is with deep regret that we record the death of: George Sargent, of Atlanta, Ga., 1909 USGA Open Champion. He was president of the Professional Golfers’ Association from 1921 to 1926. His son, Harold, is professional at East Lake Country Club, Atlanta, and is past president of the PGA. TO THE USGA: Though my feet are still not back to earth, I have had a won­ derful two days of reflection upon the hard, frustrating and ever costly days of my apprenticeship of striving for the championship I set out to find. Actually, this letter is to advise you of my intentions to enter our National Amateur at Pine­ hurst. I shall not return from the British Open at Troon until the end of July, and do not want to take the slightest chance of being late with my entry. Therefore, if you are unable to enter me, please forward an entry blank to me at Troon. (I still can’t believe I do not have to qualify). Also the thought of achieving one of my goals in being able to meet Mr. Jones and play in the Masters is more than I can presently com­ prehend. June 16th was a long, lonely and tension filled day, and as you know, the clubhouse of the Royal Liverpool faces to the west, and as I stood to receive my trophy, I could look across the beautiful links of Hoylake, past the Dee Estuary and out upon the white­ capped Atlantic into a glorious westerly sunset, homeward to my beloved family, friends and coun­ try, for without their love, affec­ tion and prayers these God-given moments would never have been achieved. Richard D. Davies USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: JULY, 1962 3 SMALL MOMENTS REVEAL JACK NICKLAUS’ QUALITIES By JOSEPH C. DEY, JR. USGA Executive Director iiTT That sort of young man is Jack VV Nicklaus — that is, aside from his golf skill?” the questioner wanted to know. Small incidents are often revealing in such matters. Here are some, plucked from memories of Jack before he became the current National Open Champion: Item: Charlie Coe was recalling the final hole in the 1959 Amateur Championship at Broadmoor in Colo­ rado. He and Jack Nicklaus were all square. Charlie’s third shot, a re­ covery from heavy grass behind the green, failed to drop by half a turn of the ball. “ Then, ” Charlie reminisced, “ I went forward and picked up my ball. All of a sudden it dawned on me that Jack hadn’t asked me to lift the ball and hadn’t conceded my next stroke, and so I had no right to touch it. I said as much to Jack. “ ‘Forget it,’ Jack replied, and he proceeded to roll in an eight-footer for a birdie 3 to win. Jack Nicklaus is a sportsman.” Item : In the same Championship during a match, Nicklaus asked the referee some rather penetrating ques­ tions about Rules as they walked along. The referee was moved to re­ mark that Jack seemed to know the Rules very well indeed. “It pays to,” said the talented young man. “The Rules contain a lot of rights for the player.” Item : They were having the An­ nual Players’ Dinner in the 1961 USGA Junior Amateur Championship at Cornell University. The main speaker was Jack Nicklaus. He had come there, at his own expense, just Arnold Palmer, left, and Jack Nicklaus watch progress of a Nicklaus tee shot during 62nd USGA Open Championship. Jack, the winner, and Arnold, the defender were paired for 54 holes including playoff. Photo by John Zimmerman to play the Cornell course and now, after dinner, to give a blackboard talk on tactics to use on that particular course. His young auditors were spellbound, and Jack himself was so enthused about the subject that he spoke for an hour or more. Only four years before Jack had been on the other side of the speakers’ table. Item : It was the day before the Walker Cup Match last year in Seattle. Jack Nicklaus was on the fringe of the practice putting green, chipping balls toward a cup. “Trying something new,” he said. “Jack Westland (Team Captain) told me that instead of cutting the ball 4 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: JULY, 1962 on this shot, I might do better by hooding a 4-iron and letting the ball run.” It seemed to be working . . . Three hours and 400 chips later, Jack guessed he’d better stop — “Back’s hurting a little.” But he had been willing to give himself utterly to the problem for three solid hours — one little shot. Item: Two weeks later, Jack was at Pebble Beach trying to win the National Amateur for the second time. He succeeded convincingly. In one match, Jack and his opponent hit almost identical drives on the eighth hole, near the edge of a deep and dangerous chasm of Carmel Bay; the chasm stretched ahead almost to the edge of the green. The referee wondered a bit as to who was away. “Let’s see you pace it off” Jack suggested slyly. Item: Now the scene is Oakmont, and the time is the fourth round in the 1962 National Open. On the sixth green Jack Nicklaus’ tee shot comes to rest less than three feet from the hole. It looks as if it may have settled in the indentation of an old ball mark which had not been fully repaired. Jack lifts his ball to repair the indentation if it is in fact an old ball mark — but no, it is a spike mark, and he must leave it as it is. With extreme care, he placed the ball back exactly in the indentation. It was one of those critical moments in the fortunes of a Championship, for a birdie 2 here would help close a five-stroke lead held by the front­ running Arnold Palmer. But from the little depression in the green the ball hopped to one side. Jack Nicklaus merely did the right thing. For him, it had been more im­ portant to replace the ball truly than to try to take some other course, no matter the consequence. From these impressions, it would be a valid conclusion that golf is for­ tunate to have a young man of such character as the United States Open Champion — just as it has been fortunate to have Arnold Palmer, Gene Littler, Gary Player and other fine young gentlemen as leading ex­ emplars. One Over Par for Three Opens Those who have watched Jack Nick­ laus since his days in the USGA Junior Championship are not at all surprised by his victory last month at the Oakmont Country Club, near Pittsburgh. Now that Jack has scaled the heights of the Open, at age 22, in his first professional year, it is worth looking back at some features of his golfing record, quite aside from his prodigious driving. He is a remarkable score player. When he won the National Amateur for the second time at Pebble Beach last year, he was 20 under par for 138 holes. In the 1960 World Amateur Team Championship at Merion, near Phila­ delphia, he scored 66-67-68-68—269— 11 under par over one of the greatest courses. Now see Nicklaus’ scoring record in the last three National Opens (he was an amateur in the first two) : 1960 1961 1962 Cherry Hills Oakland Hills Oakmont 71 71 69 71 — Total: 282 Par: 284 Place: Second 75 69 70 70 — 284 72 70 72 69 — 283-71 in play-off 284-71 Tied 4th Winner 280 In fine, Nicklaus is one over par for 13 rounds, under stern Champion­ ship tests. Oakmont has long been one of the greatest of tests. This was the fourth Open there, and all have been dis­ tinguished in requiring real skill of the Champion. It is fair and will USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: JULY, 1962 5 With periscopes up, most of the Open gallery of 19,971 watch Nicklaus putt out at end of second round at the Oakmount Country Club. Photo by Don Bindyke yield low scores to the deserving — a last-round 67 by Deane Beman, ama­ teur, was the best of the tournament; it is not punishingly long in terms of modern Open standards — 6,894 yards, with a par of 71; but it requires thought and accuracy all the way round. Oakmont, product of the Fownes family, has stood up so well over the years that Claude Harmon was moved to remark this time: “It is a shrine of golf.” Bob Goalby said with convincing simplicity: “The well- groomed condition of the course gave all contestants the opportunity to do their best.” It is on the putting green that Oak­ mont is severest. Normally the greens are lightning-fast; the Club has long cut them at 5/32 inch as a matter of routine for club play, whereas the USGA norm for Championships is 3/16. A deluge closed the course the last scheduled practice day and left the greens relatively slow. But they speeded up as the Championship pro­ gressed. If one single factor was decisive in determination of the Champion, it was putting. Arnold Palmer three-putted seven greens in the regulation four rounds and three more in the play-off he lost to Nicklaus — a total of 10 three-putters. Nicklaus three-putted once. In respect of the competition, it was a classic Open. Gene Littler started his title defense with a 69 for the first-round lead; Palmer had 71 and Nicklaus 72. At 36 holes, Palmer had moved into a tie for the top with Bob Rosburg at 139, Palmer scoring 68 and Rosburg 69 in the second round. Nick­ laus had 142. The double round on the third day brought its usual abundance of shifts in the lead. The third day of the Open 6 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: JULY, 1962 is perhaps the greatest in all sports, requiring as it does that the Champion sustain his skill throughout the day and producing as it does the ultimate in keen competition. In the morning round Palmer had 73 for 212, and 26-year-old Bobby Nichols 70 to tie Arnie for the lead. But many others were nipping at their heels — the first ten were bunched between 212 and 216; Nicklaus was at 214 after a 72. Twelve holes from the finish Palmer was sailing along with a five-stroke advantage over Nicklaus. But Arnie took a 6 at the ninth, where he always has reasonable hope of a bird 4, and dropped another to par at the short 13th. Even so, he was around in par 71, for 283. But Nicklaus played the last twelve holes in three birdies and nine pars, and his 69 gave him 283 also. The 283s were two strokes better than the next best. Nichols, with a closing 73, tied at 285 with Phil Rod­ gers, still only 24 years old. Rodgers might have been the winner but for (a) involvement with a small ever­ green which cost him an 8 on the 292- yard 17th in the first round, and (b) four-putting the 10th in the second round. The Nicklaus-Palmer play-off was their third round together in the Open. Nicklaus had begun the tourna­ ment with three birdie 3s running. Now, in the play-off, he took the lead at the first hole with a par 4, holed a bird 4 at the fourth for a two-stroke advantage, and suddenly, with a 2 at No. 6, was four strokes ahead when Palmer three-putted. A characteristic Palmer surge of birdies at 9, 11 and 12 reduced Arnie’s deficit to a scant stroke. Three putts at 13 were his undoing, and at the finish it was: Nicklaus 71; Palmer 74. There was a record entry of 2,502 accepted, pared to 2,475 by later scratches, and everything about the event was illustrative of why The Open is what it is. It is the genius of the event that every qualified play­ er, be he professional or an amateur with a handicap not exceeding 2, may have a try at it. The 51 who quali­ fied for the last 36 holes included a predominance of touring pros — 34; but there were 12 club pros and 5 amateurs who outscored all the re­ mainder from among the original 2,502. And the lowest single round was amateur Beman’s 67. Gene Littler defended gallantly and was in the thick of it until his closing 75. He was a splendid champion in every way. For the first time in many years play was by twos throughout. Oak­ mont has always been a slow course, with its requirement of careful play around the greens, and it was hoped that play in couples might make mat­ ters more enjoyable for everyone. But the modern pace of tournament golf is simply very tedious indeed, and there was no improvement this time. Matters were not helped when fog delayed play 22 minutes at the start of the second day and 12 minutes the third day. But it was a brilliantly-planned tournament in respect of Oakmont’s preparations. The Club was unusual­ ly fortunate in having a number of low-handicap golfers in key positions on its committees, headed by Jack Ma­ haffey, Jr., as General Chairman, and they brought unusual appreciations and values to the work. Among them were Jack Brand as Vice-Chairman and Sam Parks, Jr., the 1935 Open winner at Oakmont, who headed the vast scoring system. H. E. McCamey is Oakmont’s President. It was well that the Club was so well prepared, for it was called upon to handle the vastest crowds in the history of the Open. Count was kept USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: JULY, 1962 7 of all who passed through the gates, with the following results: 1962 Oakmont 17,837 19,971 24,492 Previous Record 14,067 in 1960 15,225 in 1961 20,439 in 1961 Thursday Friday Saturday 62,300 8,653 Playoff: Approximately 175 newspapers, magazines and radio stations were represented in the press quarters. Prize money of $73,800 in the Cham­ pionship proper included bonuses of $2,500 each to Nicklaus and Palmer in the play-off; Nicklaus received $17,500 all told. Additionally, $7,800 was awarded to professionals in the 13 Sectional Qualifying Champion­ ships. Thus, the grand total of prize money was a new high of $81,600. Ben Hogan, who won the last pre­ vious Open at Oakmont in 1953, was prevented by bursitis in a shoulder from trying to qualify sectionally. THE SCOREBOARD P ar 4445434 3 5-36 44534434 4-35-71 JACK NICKLAUS 1st Round 33354444 7-37 44534443 4-35-72 2nd Round 34444344 5-35 44534434 4-35-70 3rd Round 45355342 5-36 44544443 4-36-72 4th Round 54454333 4-35 43534434 4-24 -69 Play-off 44444244 5-35 44534434 5-36-71 ARNOLD PALMER 1st Round 46443343 5-36 55633333 4-35-71 2nd Round 34454333 4-33 54534433 4-35-68 3rd Round 54544353 5-38 54534432 5-35-73 4th Round 43444343 6-35 44544434 4-36-71 P’av-off 54454444 4-38 43444434 6-36-74 HOW THE LEADERS STOOD AFTER EACH ROUND 18 HOLES Gene A. Littler . . . . ..................... 69 Bobby Nichols ......................... 70 Robert R. Rosburg ........................ 70 Robert Schoener, Jr............ 71 J. C. Goosie . .............................. 71 Arnold D. Palmer ............ 71 Frank Boynton .............................. 71 Billy Maxwell ................................ 71 Gary Player..................... . 71 *Eugene C. Francis ....................... 72 Jack Nicklaus . ............... 72 *John H. Guenther, Jr. ................. 72 Stan Leonard ............ 72 36 HOLES Robert R. Rosburg . .......................139 Arnold D. Palmer . .........................139 Billy Maxwell .......... 141 Jack Nicklaus ............ . ........... 142 Gary Player ..................... 142 Bobby Nichols . . ........... . . 142 Miller Barber, Jr.......... ............ 143 Gene A. Littler............. . . 143 Dave Douglas ......................... . 144 Don Whitt .................................. 144 Phil Rodgers ............ 144 54 HOLES Bobby Nichols................................ 212 Arnold D. Palmer ....................... 212 Phil Rodgers .................................. 213 . . 213 Robert R. Rosburg........... . Gary Player..................... 214 Jack Nicklaus ............... .... 214 Gene A. Littler .......................... 215 Bo Wininger .................................. 216 Dave Douglas ...................................216 Billy Maxwell ................................ 216 72 HOLES Jack Nicklaus .......... 283 Arnold D. Palmer ............ 283 Phil Rodgers ... 285 Bobby Nichols ............ 285 Gay Brewer ..................................... 287 Tommy Jacobs ............................. 288 Gary Player.................................... 288 Gene A. Littler ............... ... 290 Billy Maxwell ............ 290 Doug Ford ......... .. 290 Play-off: 18 HOLES Jack Nicklaus .................................. 71 Arnold D. Palmer .......................... 74 *Amateur 8 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: JULY, 1962 JAPANESE ARCHITECT TOURS THREE CONTINENTS Sees Many Top Courses in the United States The USGA unoffically celebrated Japan Day recently when three citizens of that country paid a visit to “Golf House” — Seiichi Inouye, noted golf course architect; Takeshi Nakagawa, of New York, who served as interpreter for Mr. Inouye when necessary, and Takeaki Kaneda, of Tokyo. Mr. Inouye and Mr. Kaneda were on separate missions and by chance met at “Golf House”. Mr. Inouye is on a trip to North America, Europe and Asia to visit famous courses to sup­ plement his already vast knowledge. Mr. Kaneda, a member of his coun­ try’s team in the Second World Ama­ teur Team Championship, was here to confer with Joseph C. Dey, Jr., USGA Executive Director, about the official program for the Third World Ama­ teur Team Championship. It will be played October 10-13 at the Fuji Golf Course, Kawana, Japan, a course which Mr. Inouye will be in charge of during the match. Mr. Inouye’s journey is to consume more than two months. His trip is being sponsored by Baron Oukra, Chairman of the corporation which owns the Kawana course, and Shigeo Mizuno, president of the Sankei news­ paper in Tokyo. In this country Mr. Inouye visited Pebble Beach, Augusta National, Pinehurst, Baltusrol, Shinnecock Hills, Bethpage State Park and other courses. Messrs. Inouye and Kaneda collaborated to present several inter­ esting facts on golf in Japan. The first course was built in Japan by the British about 1902-1904, near Kobe. In 1946 there were about 17 courses in operation; now there are 300, and Peter V. Tufts, right, manager of Pinehurst Country Club, N. C., shows the club's five courses to Japanese architect, Seiichi Inouye. Photo by John G. Heminer 50 more are being planned. Mr. In­ ouye has designed 20 of the present courses. Mr. Kaneda said that all of the 300 courses are privately owned and only about 10 are open to the general public. There are approxi­ mately 200,000 golfers in Japan. Public interest is being whetted by a great number of driving ranges, and municipal authorities may be forced to provide additional public facilities. There are 500 driving ranges in Tokyo, almost all indoors. Fees present differing aspects at different courses where taxes are levied by local governments. There are three classes of taxes, and the range is from 70 cents to $1.50 per round. For example, the better clubs USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: JULY, 1962 9 charge about 60 cents for green fee for members and tax is $1.50; A guest pays about $1.20 for green fee and $1.50 tax. The two men esti­ mated the average income of Japan’s golfers to be $100 per month. Improvement in transportation has contributed materially to the growth of golf in Japan. Mr. Inouye said that in the United States builders can pick their spots for courses but that his country is 85 per cent mountainous. He also pointed up a difference when he said, “All courses in Japan are built with an aim toward champion­ ships — yours are built for fun, some for championships. A golf course is an Oriental luxury.” He said the average course in the States appears to be about 6,400 yards while in Japan the average is 7,000 yards, even though the average Japanese golfer is not considered to be a long hitter. Most Japanese courses have two greens on each hole and are alternated summer and winter or at any other time it is necessary. Zoysia Japonica, a grass that had its origin in Korea and used somewhat in the United States, is on all Japanese greens. USGA PUBLICATIONS OF GENERAL INTEREST (Publications are available from the United States Golf Association, 40 East 38th Street, New York 16. Please send payment with your order.) RULES GREEN SECTION THE RULES OF GOLF, as approved by the United States Golf Association and the Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St. Andrews, Scot­ land. Booklet 25 cents (special rates for quan­ tity orders, more than 500). GOLF RULES IN PICTURES, published by Grosset and Dunlap, compiled by Joseph C. Dey, Jr., USGA Executive Director. 96 pages, 8’/2 x 10% inches, $1.95. DUTIES OF OFFICIALS UNDER THE RULES OF GOLF, a reprint of a USGA Journal article that contains a check list of the duties of the referee and other committee members on the course. No charge. HANDICAPPING USGA GOLF HANDICAP SYSTEM FOR MEN, containing recommendations for com­ puting USGA Handicap and for rating courses. Booklet 25 cents. USGA Slide Rule Handicap­ per 25 cents. Poster 15 cents. THE CONDUCT OF WOMEN’S GOLF, contain­ ing suggestions for guidance in the conduct of women’s golf in clubs and associations, includ­ ing tournament procedure, handicapping and course rating. 35 cents. COURSE RATING POSTER for certifying ho e by hole ratings to a club; for association use, size 81/i x 11 inches, 5 cents, $3.50 per 100. COURSE RATING REPORT, a form for rating a course hole by hole; for association use, size 4% x 7 inches. 10 cents, $7.50 per 100. USGA HANDICAP RECORD FORM, revised in 1961, provides for the listing of 75 scores. It is designed for ease in determining the last 25 differentials from which to select the lowest 10 when more than 25 scores are posted. $3 for 100. HANDICAPPING THE UNHANDICAPPED, a reprint of a USGA Journal article explaining the Callaway System of automatic handicap­ ping for occasional players in a single tourna­ ment. No charge. A GUIDE FOR GREEN COMMITTEE MEM­ BERS OF GOLF CLUBS, 16-page booklet. 25 cents. GOLF COURSE REBUILDING AND RE­ MODELING — FACTORS TO CONSIDER, article in USGA Journal by A. M. Radko. No charge. THE GOLF COURSE WORKER—TRAINING AND DIRECTION. No charge. HOW TO MEET RISING COSTS OF GOLF COURSE MAINTENANCE, PARTS I & II, panel discussions. No charge. MISTER CHAIRMAN, reprint of USGA Journal article. No charge. WATER USE ON THE GOLF COURSE, panel discussions. No charge. COMPETITIONS PREPARING THE COURSE FOR A COM­ PETITION, reprint of USGA article by John P. English. No charge. TOURNAMENTS FOR YOUR CLUB, a reprint of a USGA article detailing various types of competitions. No charge. GENERAL ARE YOU A SLOW PLAYER? ARE YOU SURE? A reprint of a USGA Journal article by John D. Ames. No charge. A JUNIOR GOLF PROGRAM FOR YOUR CLUB AND DISTRICT, a 16-page booklet on organizing and developing junior golf programs at different levels by the USGA Junior Cham­ pionship Committee. No charge. COSTLY FIRES IN GOLF CLUB PROPER­ TIES, lists potential fire hazards and damage to golf club properties. No charge. PROTECTION OF PERSONS AGAINST LIGHTNING ON GOLF COURSES, a poster. No charge. USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT, a 33-page magazine published seven times a year. $2 a year. 10 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: JULY, 1962 BRITISH ISLES SEEK TO REGAIN CURTIS CUP Teams to Play at Broadmoor on August 17-18 The Broadmoor Golf Club, Colorado Springs, Colo., will present a stern challenge to Curtis Cup Team members of the United States and the British Isles when the 12th match is played August 17-18. Broadmoor is accustomed to cham­ pionship play. It annually stages tournaments of its own and was host to the 1959 USGA Amateur in which Jack Nicklaus defeated Charlie Coe for his first of two Amateur Cham­ pionships. The United States now has posses­ sion of the Curtis Cup, having won it by 6V2 to 2% in 1960 at Lindrick Golf Club, Worksop, England. It was the first victory for the United States since 1954. The team selected by the USGA to represent this country in Curtis Cup play includes three National Amateur Champions. Five of the eight mem­ bers have played previously in the competition. Mrs. Gordon P. (Judy Eller) Street, Jr., Chattanooga, Tenn., was elected to the team for the second time, but since has withdrawn because she is expecting the birth of a child in several months. She has been replaced by the first alternate, Miss Jean Ashley of Chanute, Kans. Other alternates are Miss Roberta Albers, Temple Terrace, Fla., and Miss Marjorie Burns, Greensboro, N. C. The British team, scheduled to ar­ rive in New York on August 6, is the first to be composed entirely of Eng­ lish players. BRITISH ISLES Miss Jean Roberts, 19, is the 1962 English Amateur Champion and last year went to the final of the British Girls’ Championship. She works for her father who is a solicitor in Birm­ ingham. Miss Ann Irvin, 19, played as a left-hander until five years ago. In 1960 she was runner-up in the Girls’ Championship and was a semi-finalist last year. Mrs. Angela Bonallack, 25, was also a member of the Curtis Cup Team in 1956-58-60. In 1955 she won the Swedish and German Championships; in 1956 the Scandinavian title and in 1957 the Portugese Championship. She won the English Championship in 1958. Mrs. Bonallack’s husband, Michael, is British and English Cham­ pion. They have two daughters. Mrs. Alistair (Diane Robb) Frear- son, 18, last year was runner-up in the British Ladies’ Amateur Cham­ pionship and also in the French Girls’ Championship and winner of the Bri­ tish Girl’s Championship. She is a newly wed. Her husband is a farmer and good player himself. Miss Sally Bonallack, 24, reached the semi-final of the English Cham­ pionship last year. She won the Essex Championship in 1958 and has re­ tained it ever since. Michael Bonal­ lack is her brother. Miss Ruth Porter, 23, won the English Championship in 1959 and 1961. She also won the British Girls’ Amateur in 1956. She was a member of the 1960 Curtis Cup Team. Following are condensed biograph­ ical data about the two teams: Miss Sheila Vaughan, 20, won the British Girls’ Championship in 1959. USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: JULY, 1962 11 Left to right: Miss JoAnne Gunderson, Mrs. Jay D. (Anne Quast) Decker, Miss Barbara McIntire ana Mrs. Michael Bonallack. The Americans are USGA Women's Amateur Champions. Miss Gunderson won in 1957-60; Mrs. Decker in 1958-61 and Miss McIntire in 1959. Mrs. Bonallack, member, of the British Curtis Cup Team for the fourth time, won the English Championship in 1958. She went to the semi-final of the 1962 English Championship. Miss Vaughan is a radiographer. Miss Marley Spearman, 34, was a member of the 1960 Curtis Cup Team but was unable to take part. Last year she won the British Ladies’ Open Championship. She has represented England in Home International Matches since 1955 and never been a loser in foursome play and lost only three singles. Mrs. Francis Smith, Captain, 38, has represented her country in the match six times. In 1949 she won the French Championship and the British Ladies’ Amateur Open Championship. She won the British title again in 1954. In 1948-54-55 she won the Eng­ lish Amateur. UNITED STATES Miss Judith May Bell, 26, Wichita, Kans., was a member of the 1960 team. She has won the Kansas State Cham­ pionship three times, reached the quarter-final of the 1959 Women’s Amateur and lost in the final of the 1961 North and South Championship. She is partner with Miss Barbara Mc­ Intire in a clothing business at Broadmoor. Miss Clifford Ann Creed, 23, Alex­ andria, La., is making her first ap­ pearance on the team. She has won her State amateur title every year since 1955 and this year has won the Southern and North and South Cham­ pionships. She was second amateur in the recent USGA Women’s Open. She is a school teacher. Miss Jean Ashley, 23, Chanute, Kans., is on the team for the first time. She is a graduate of the University of Kansas and is an elementary school teacher. She won the Kansas State Amateur in 1955-61 and was runner- up in the 1960 USGA Women’s Ama­ teur. Miss Phyllis Ann Preuss, 23, Pom­ pano Beach, Fla., was runner-up in the 1961 USGA Women’s Amateur. She has had many successes in Florida tournaments. She is on the team for the first time. Miss JoAnne Gunderson, 23, Kirk­ land, Wash., is on the team for the third time. She has won the Women’s Amateur twice, 1957-60; National Col­ legiate in 1960; USGA Girls’ Junior in 1956; Western Amateur, 1959, and the Trans-Mississippi in 1961. She was low amateur in the 1962 USGA Wo­ men’s Open. Mrs. Les (Ann Casey) Johnstone, 41, Mason City, Iowa, is no stranger 12 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: JULY, 1962 to international competition having been selected for the team for the third time and with experience in the British and French Amateurs of 1960. She is a member of the USGA Women’s Committee. Miss Barbara McIntire, 27, Colorado Springs, Colo., won the USGA Wo­ men’s Amateur in 1959 and the British Amateur in 1960. She lost a play-off for the 1956 USGA Women’s Open Championship. She is making her third appearance on the Curtis Cup Team. Mrs. Jay D. (Anne Quast) Decker, 25, Seattle, Wash., is on the team for the third time. She is current USGA Amateur Champion and also won in 1958. She won the Western Amateur last year. Mrs. Decker is a teacher and a member of the USGA Girls’ Junior Committee. Miss Polly Ann Riley is the non­ playing Team Captain. She has played for the United States six times. She was runner-up in the 1953 Women’s Amateur and has won the Southern Amateur six times including 1961. She reached the semi-final of the British Women’s Amateur in 1956. USCA "GOLF HOUSE" FILM LIBRARY Films are available for rental at $20 each (group units less) from the United States Golf Association, 40 East 38th Street, New York 16, N. Y. Rules of Golf Dramatizations "THE RULES OF GOLF—ETIQUETTE" A family four-ball match stresses the importance of right relations to other players and to the course. Ben Hogan appears in several scenes. Robert T. Jones, Jr., makes the introductory statement. A "must" for every golfer. 171/2 minutes "PLAY THEM AS THEY LIE" The Rules of Golf for fairway and rough. Johnny Farrell, the 1928 U. S. Open Champion, acts as in­ termediary between Wilbur Mulligan, a beginner of unimpeachable integrity, and Joshua P. Slye, a past master in the art of breaking the Rules. Filmed at Baltusrol Golf Club, Springfield, N.J. I6V2 minutes "ON THE GREEN" The Rules governing situations on the putting green. Photographed at the Mid-Ocean Club, 17 minutes Bermuda. Entertainment, History, Travel "GREAT MOMENTS IN GOLF" Eight Champions are seen with the many interest­ ing exhibits in "Golf House," home of the USGA Golf Museum and Library, and in flashbacks of their playing days. Robert T. Jones, Jr., during his "Grand Slam" . . . Ben Hogan . . . Francis Quimet Gene Sarazen . . . Charles Evans, Jr. . . . Findlay . Mrs. Glenna Collett Vare S. Douglas . . . . Margaret Curtis. Black and white. 28 minutes "WALKER CUP HIGHLIGHTS" Historic events in golf's oldest team competition between Great Britain and the United States. Robert T. Jones, Jr., Francis Quimet and other great players are shown. First half, black and white; second half, beautiful color sequences of the 1959 Match at Muirfield, Scotland. 16 minutes "FIRST WORLD AMATEUR TEAM CHAMPIONSHIP FOR EISENHOWER TROPHY" Twenty-nine countries compete in golf's newest major event at St. Andrews, Scotland. Climaxed by play-off in which Australia defeats the United States to become the first winner of the Eisenhower 14 minutes Trophy. "SECOND WORLD AMATEUR TEAM CHAMPIONSHIP FOR EISENHOWER TROPHY" International friendships are furthered as 32 countries play at Merion Golf Club near Phila­ delphia. The United States is the winner, paced by remarkable play by Jack Nicklaus. President Eisenhower is shown receiving the American and the Australian teams at the White House. 17 minutes "GOLF'S LONGEST HOUR" Cary Middlecoff sets a target at which Ben Hogan, Julius Boros and Ted Kroll aim in vain, as Dr. Middlecoff wins the 1956 U. S. Open Championship at Oak Hill Country Club, Rochester, 171/2 minutes N. Y. "ST. ANDREWS, CRADLE OF GOLF" Beautiful scenes of the historic town of St. Andrews in Scotland and its Old Course, with un­ usual interior scenes of the Royal and Ancient Golf Club. An award winner for 1959. "FAMOUS GOLF COURSES: SCOTLAND" Picturesque and famous holes on the great courses at Troon, Prestwick, Carnoustie, St. Andrews, North Berwick and Murifield. The distinctive aspects of Scottish linksland are seen at their finest. 18 minutes USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: JULY, 1962 13 GENERAL EISENHOWER GIVES NO. 5 WOOD TO “GOLF HOUSE” Replaces Club He Broke in Hitting a Shot General Dwight D. Eisenhower, who as President of the United States during the period 1953-1961 gave a boost to the game through his love for it, is one of the latest to make a gift to the USGA’s Museum in “Golf House”. General Eisenhower has presented a No. 5 wood. With the club, General Eisenhower sent a letter to John D. Ames, former President of the USGA, explaining his choice. The letter fol­ lows : “The club I am sending you is a replacement I secured a few years ago for one that formed the basis of a personal story, the circumstances of which will explain why I cannot send the original. “At Augusta National I was once playing with a foursome. “On number four — a par three — I was first up and selected a number five wood as my club. I started a normal swing, but at the precise in­ stant that my club struck the ball something happened, startling me so much that I practically jumped off the ground. It was a second or two before I gained any inkling of what had occurred; actually I stood there stupidly staring at my club shaft, which I gradually came to understand had lost its head, while my friends, not immediately aware of the accident began to laugh at my frozen position and bewildered expression. But when I turned toward them and, still speech­ less, held out the headless shaft, they, too, realized that something unusual had occurred. “We looked around the tee and found a few shattered pieces of the club head. Since no one present had John D. Ames, left, former President of the USGA, presented World Amateur Team medal to Gen. Dwight D. Eisenhower on the White House lawn in 1958 when Gen. Eisenhower was President of the United States. known of a prior experience of this kind we kept talking for a couple of minutes and indulged in some hilarity, not so much because of the destruc­ tion of the club but at my reaction to the sudden strangeness of its feel in my hands. It was some time before anyone thought of the ball, but as the most interested of the party I finally came up with the obvious ques­ tion; “Where did the ball go?” No one knew, but after looking over all the foreground we discovered it lying only inches from the flag on the green. “So the club that I send you is not only a replacement for the only one that I ever saw disintegrate as the result of a clean stroke, it is also a reminder to me of the occasion on which I came closest to a ‘hole-in-one’. Sincerely, Dwight D. Eisenhower” 14 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: JULY, 1962 AMATEUR — PRO RELATIONS OF GOLF UNIQUE IN SPORTS By JOSEPH C. DEY, JR. USGA Executive Director They had just holed out at Augusta National after the second round of the Masters tournament in April. The young amateur, a college student, had played well but had failed to make the 36-hole cut-off, and he was crest­ fallen. One of his fellow-competitors, a seasoned touring professional, attest­ ed the amateur’s card, handed it over to him, and said, “You certainly play­ ed a lot of fine shots. Now keep work­ ing at your game, and you’ll get there pretty soon. I enjoyed the round with you — thanks a lot.” The young amateur brightened. He began to see things from a little broader perspective. Now he need not cut his throat; after all, lots of fel­ lows must have failed to survive the Masters 36-hole dividing line on their first try. That little episode expresses the wholesome relationship between ama­ teur and professional which is typical in golf. It is a relationship rare in sport — rare not so much for its friendly nature but because the amateur can always compete seriously with the professional, either at scratch or with the help of a handicap. And yet the nature of their competition (what pro wants to lose to an amateur?) never seems to affect their friendli­ ness. On the other hand, the imagination rebels in trying to picture the New York Yankees playing a serious game with a college baseball team, or Pan­ cho Gonzalez being extended to his limit by a member of our Davis Cup tennis team. Furthermore, in some games the relationship between amateur and professional is affected by a legalism — the amateur’s purity of status is “contaminated” if he plays against professionals. But golf from the beginning has had its open competitions — open to amateurs as well as pros. In the USGA’s first National Open in 1895, A. W. Smith, an amateur from Tor­ onto, tied for third place, three strokes away from the winner. Just last year Charles Coe finished a stroke shy of tying the Masters winner. Jack Nick­ laus, when an amateur, finished sec­ ond in the National Open in 1960 and tied for fourth last year. Club Pro, Members The relationship is even more con­ spicuous in golf club life. The pro plays more or less regularly with the members and, golf being an essenti­ ally sociable game, fun and friend­ ship are usually the keynote. Em­ ployer-employee relations in other fields are not ever thus. But golf has a way of minimizing differences be­ tween people. Given such a spirit at the grass roots of the game, it was only natural that there should develop a good re­ lation between the Professional Golf­ ers’ Association of America and the United States Golf Association — between the organization of the in­ dividual professionals and the agency of the clubs where most of the pro­ fessionals work. The two organizations consult of­ ten on matters of mutual concern. In modern times, starting with Horton Smith in 1954, the PGA President has been invited to meet with the USGA Executive Committee annually at its USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: JULY, 1962 15 January meeting. Since 1957 PGA representatives have conferred with USGA officials at the time of th? National Open concerning the Rules of Golf and tournament matters. In February, 1962, John M. Winters, Jr., USGA President; Wm. Ward Foshay, a Vice-President, and the Executive Director met with the PGA Executive Committee in Florida. Much understanding has resulted. Much good can always come of much understanding. Go back to 1926 and you will find George Sargent, PGA President, pro­ posing a widespread series of Sec­ tional Qualifying Rounds for the National Open — a system that was adopted and has been used ever since. Go back to 1928 and you will find the PGA — a young organization — pressed for funds to send a Ryder Cup Team abroad the next year for the first overseas match in the series. You will find the USGA giving a help­ ing hand with a contribution of $500. Go back to 1895 and you will find that prize money for professionals really started with the USGA’s first National Open Championship — the winner received a $50 gold medal and $150 cash. All this has been typical of the best aspects of the USGA’s relations with the PGA. Not All Sweetness Now lest it be assumed that all has been sweetness and light between the two organizations, it must be recorded that there have been dark moments. Last year when the PGA Tournament Committee unexpectedly announced certain “trial” rules for its circuit tournaments, the USGA was quick to deplore such a departure from the Rules of Golf. The USGA requested the PGA to abandon the experiments as being contrary to the best interests of golf. Even today the USGA, while recognizing the merit of some of the PGA “trial” rules, is un­ happy over their continuance because of the confusion they create in the minds of golfers generally. The USGA is convinced that one code, and only one code, is essential for the good of the game. But exceptions such as that only emphasize the unusual and healthy amateur-professional relationship in golf. It is taken for granted in club affairs. The pro is a teacher not only of strokes but of sportsmanship to youngsters — a leading interpreter of the Rules of Golf to the members — in many cases, a sort of high priest of the mysteries of the cult of golf. At the top of this little list must be placed his influence as a character­ builder of juniors. Many a leading citizen today can testify that some of his best lessons in sportsmanship — in growing out of selfishness into bigness of character — were learned at golf from another citizen who serv­ ed in quiet modesty, as the club pro. There was a day when the amateur was identified in tournament records by the title “Mr.”; that day is long gone. There was a day when the pro did not enter the clubhouse at many clubs; now, after appropriate service, he is sometimes elected an honorary member. Now why should all this be? Why should an employee or an independent contractor — a man who earns his living from the game — have a status which prompts his employers, or his customers, to hold him in the unusual regard which is the lot of most good club pros? It is because the pro, for all his commercialism, is an overgrown ama­ teur at heart. To be sure, he is in the game as a business, but he is also in it for real love of it — and an amateur is one who does some­ thing for love of it. He is in the game as a sportsman — and that is his chief stock in trade. Should he lose the element of sportsmanship, he 16 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: JULY, 1962 would lose his present position. Macdonald Smith won an open tournament many years ago and at the prize-giving was presented with a check. “But where’s the medal?” Mac asked. “It’s a medal play tourna­ ment.” A medal hadn’t been provided, but so badly did Mac want a perma- net token of his victory that one was later made for him. Here is part of a letter recently received by the USGA from Leo Fraser, President of the Philadelphia Section of the PGA: “I have just re-read the USGA Rules of Amateur Status. I suppose all these rules are the culmination of many years of attention to the im­ portant subject — and how very im­ portant it is when one considers the many opportunities that arise to tempt amateur golfers today. “Without knowing the temptations and other ‘fringe benefits’ that could be gained by some pseudo-amateurs, an inexperienced person might read into these rules some very harsh measures, but as a professional for nearly thirty-five years it is very gra­ tifying to be part of a game whose ruling body has tried and does try to keep the status of amateur golf at the proper level.” The USGA amateur code makes a sharp distinction between amateur and professional, and this is best for both. Hypocrisy is not generally pres­ ent in golf. A Different Class In relatively recent years a rather new class of professional has come conspicuously to the fore. The tourna­ ment professional often does not have a club connection, yet he exerts a tremendous influence on the game through his example week after week, all over the country. His num­ bers are not large but his effect on golfers’ playing manners is consider­ able. Characteristic of tournaments on the professional circuit is the volun­ tary labors of the amateurs who make the tournaments possible, in large measure. Heads of businesses serve as marshals, lawyers help with the score-keeping, stock-brokers sell tic­ kets. They contribute thousands of man hours toward preparations, all without money recompense. If they had to be paid for their services, the tournament circuit would be quite different, if it existed at all. So we ask the old question once more — Now why should all this be? Why should amateurs give endless hours of free labor toward helping the business of a professional? The answer is still the same — because of love of golf. It was, as we saw, a big reason why the pro became a pro in the first place. It is the reason why the amateur does what he does for the pro’s tournaments. And if you look closely enough, you will see it to be the force that binds together all of golf’s diverse elements into a rare unity. For golfers respect their game, and they there­ fore respect one another. Canine Chicanery Club members in Westerhope, North­ umberland, England, believe that trained hunting dogs are being used to steal golf balls, reports Golf Illus­ trated of London. The club president said, “The thieves — and the dogs — are amaz­ ingly efficient. It was some time before anyone connected the fantastic dis­ appearance of golf balls with dogs wandering on the course.” The “huntsmen” have never been spotted but golfers sometimes have heard a soft call of “Fetch it!” from the bushes. They are fast, too. One player was searching for his lost ball when a friend happened by. The friend had bought the player’s ball on his way into the course area. USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: JULY, 1962 17 WE CALL IT "CRIP” 96 Pages of Golfing Knowledge, by The Rules The USGA publication “Golf Rules in Pictures” even has a golfing connotation in its initials; G.R.I.P., and is know as GRIP by the “Golf House” staff. The first printing of the book was soon exhausted, a second printing has been depleted and a third much lar­ ger printing is now being readied. It has 155 illustrations of basic Rules, is 8y2 by 10% inches and may be purchased for $1.95 from the USGA, bookstores and many professionals’ shops. Since appearing early in the Spring the book has prompted many com­ ments. A few of them follow: From Bunny Mason, Professional, Portland, Ore.: “Would you please send me 25 copies of ‘Golf Rules in Pictures’. This is the greatest thing that ever happened to us working pros. “Thanks for the new pro price struc­ ture. This will enable us to get greater distribution of this fine work.” From Warren Orlick, Professional, Orchard Lake, Mich.: “May I add my congratulations to all the people who made ‘Golf Rules in Pictures’ possible. This without a doubt, in my opinion, is the most satis­ factory way to learn the Rules of Golf. “I recommend that every golf pro­ fessional, assistant professional, golf chairman (men, ladies and junior), green chairman, green superintendent and caddie-master purchase one of these valuable books. “Thank you for making my job easier.” From Hon. Joseph W. Vickers, Los Angeles, Calif.: “Congratulations upon, your ‘Golf Rules in Pictures’. It not only is an excellent exposition of the Rules of Golf, but also makes the Rules very easy for the average golfer to under­ stand. “It has created renewed interest in rules at my own club, where many of the members have shown their interest by the purchase of copies. “Our club’s monthly bulletin contains a special article on ‘Golf Rules in Pic­ tures’. It was prepared by the club’s Rules of Golf Committee, of which I happen to be Chairman.” From William 0. Blaney, Boston, Mass.: “I have read ‘Golf Rules in Pictures’ and am convinced it is a tremendous contribution to the game of golf be­ cause it more clearly explains the rules than the mere reading of words. “I was especially interested to see that spike scuff marks could not be smoothed over or pressed down. People here-abouts have been doing this with the weight of their putters for so long that I imagined it was permitted by the Rules. But your book certainly changed my opinion. Now I suppose I will get in wrong with everyone I warn against such procedure.” From Winston Brooke, Anniston, Ala.: “I wish to take this opportunity to compliment you on the excellence of the USGA Journal and also on your recent publication ‘Golf Rules in Pictures’. I think both are excellent and I think that each of these publi­ cations has done a great deal for golf in the United States. 18 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: JULY, 1962 “GUESS WHAT?” I WON THE OPEN” Qi By FRANK HANNIGAN USGA Tournament Relations Manager “Hello, honey. “Guess what. “I just won the Open. “Are you still there?” The speaker was Mrs. Murle Mac- Kenzie Lindstrom. Holding the tele­ phone receiver on the other end was her husband, Fred, who was home minding the store at the Cape Girar­ deau Country Club in Missouri where he is the professional. Fred’s wife, calling from the press headquarters at the Dunes Golf and Beach Club, Myrtle Beach, S. C., on June 30, had achieved the grandest upset in the 10-year history of the USGA Women’s Open Championship by tapping in a short putt on the 72nd green for a 72-hole total of 301. Mrs. Lindstrom, who had never won a professional tournament before, en­ tered the Women’s Open with the in­ tention of making it her last competi­ tion of 1962. She planned to return home to celebrate her first wedding anniversary on July 3 and then to settle down to the job of assistant professional to Fred Lindstrom. An outstanding high school athlete in St. Petersburg, Fla., Mrs. Lindstrom has been a professional since 1956. She was regarded around St. Peters­ burg as something of a prodigy both as a golfer and as a second-baseman on girl’s softball teams. Her triumph in the 1962 Women’s Open was a paragon of consistency. With the exception of the 550-yard 13th hole, Mrs. Lindstrom recorded no score higher than 5 on any hole — a feat unmatched by any other player in a field of 67. “A Funny Feeling” Five strokes behind entering the last round, Mrs. Lindstrom said she first became aware of the proximity of victory while walking down the 10th fairway after playing the first nine in par 36. “It gave me a funny feeling in my stomach.” Her reaction was to birdie the 10th and then to lose only one stroke to par for the next seven holes despite the annoyance of a persistent rain. She scored 5, one over par, on the last hole to finish two strokes ahead of her closest pursuers, Miss Ruth Jessen and Miss JoAnn Prentice. The Champion’s rounds were 78, 74, 76 and 73. Her deficits were six, four and five strokes after each of the first three rounds. The Dunes course, measured at 6,400 yards for the Women’s Open, was expected to be a stringent test for the women even during serene weather. High winds, however, con­ fronted the field for three rounds. Some contenders welcomed the rain during the fourth round as a pleasant alternative to the wind which present­ ed grave tactical problems on many holes, particularly those on which water is a factor. No account of a tournament at the Dunes course would be complete with­ out some mention of the 13th, aptly named “Waterloo”, and surely the most demanding of the water holes. To begin, it requires that a player place an accurate tee shot in a zone bounded by a lake to the right and a ditch to the left. When this is accomplished the play­ er must then determine how much of the lake he can carry en route to the green — a route which bends sharply to the right. The more water traversed, the shorter the third shot will be. “Waterloo” took a terrible toll dur- USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: JULY, 1962 19 Mrs. Murle Mackenzie Lindstrom, left foreground, receives applause of officials and players as she accepts first place check and trophy after winning USGA Women's Open Championship at the Dunes Golf and Beach Club, Myrtle Beach, S. C. Mrs. Henri Prunaret, Chairman of the USGA Women's Committee, partially hidden by microphone, makes presentation. ing the Women’s Open. During the first round it yielded up but eight pars and one birdie from among the 68 starters. The birdie, the only one at No. 13 during the entire tourna­ ment, was made by Mrs. Helen Sigel Wilson, of Philadelphia, an amateur, who was forced to withdraw after the first round because of illness. Even Miss Mickey Wright, whose normal approach to par-5 holes is that of a hungry lioness happening upon a gimpy antelope, was not able to cope with No. 13. She recorded scores of 6, 5, 6 and 7 there. Last year Miss Wright’s cumulative total for Baltusrol’s par-5 holes was 7 under par. 81 Stops Mickey Miss Wright, who hoped to become the first four-time winner of the USGA Myrtle Beach Sun News Photo Women’s Open, seemed ideally placed to just do that after 36 holes, when she was tied with Miss Jessen at 148. On Saturday morning, however, she soared to 81 and then made 77 in the afternoon to conclude with 306, in a tie for fourth place with Miss Louise Suggs. Miss Jessen, the first-round leader with 72, tied for the lead after 36, and again was the sole leader after 54 holes with 223. She relinquished her advantage to Mrs. Lindstrom on the final nine. She, too, came to grief at No. 13 with 7 when 5 would again have tied her for the lead. Miss Prentice who, like Mrs. Lind­ strom had never won professionally, approached the final nine with a one- stroke edge over both Mrs. Lindstrom and Miss Jessen but then lost one stroke to par on four of the final nine Mrs. Lindstrom s hole-by-hole scores, with par: 445 434 45 3—36 455 444 55 3—39 455 425 35 4—37 545 534 45 4—39 544 434 35 4—36 Par ----- ------------------------ 1st ___________________ 2nd ___________________ 3rd ___________________ 4th ___________________ 4 4 3 5 4 5 4 5 3 7 5 4 4 5 4 5 4 4 4 4 2 6 5 5 3 5 2 6 4 5 4 3 4—36—72 4 3 4—39—78 4 3 4—37—74 4 3 4—37—76 4 3 5—37—73 20 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: JULY, 1962 RUTH JESSEN JO ANN PRENTICE holes to lose her chance. Miss Suggs, whose first-round score was 80, played commendably there­ after with rounds of 77, 74 and 75. By doing so she continued her record of being the only player to finish in the leading ten ever since the USGA adopted sponsorship of the tourna­ ment in 1953. The purse for the winner was $1,800. Miss Jessen and Miss Prentice both won $1,000. Miss Wright and Miss Suggs earned $575 each. In all, there were 18 money prizes awarded totaling $8,000. Gunderson Low Amateur Miss JoAnne Gunderson, the Wo­ men’s Amateur Champion in 1957 and 1960, was the low amateur at 313. Second among the amateurs was Miss Clifford Ann Creed, of Alexandria, La. Her score was 316. Miss Mary Anne Lopez, of Miami, Fla., and Miss Nancy Roth, of Hollywood, Fla., tied as third low amateurs with totals of 220. The tournament marked the first Photos by James Drake national Championship at the Dunes Club which has been in existence only since 1949. It is unquestionably a test that would serve well as the site for any Championship. The USGA is indebted to the mem­ bers of the Dunes Club for the hospi­ tality accorded the players and mem­ bers of the Women’s Committee. The General Chairman was G. W. (Buster) Bryan. The USGA records its grati­ tude to him, to the committee chair­ men, to Jimmy D’Angelo, the profes­ sional, and to Ken Hill, the course superintendent. Round-by-round scores of leaders with 72-hole totals : Mrs. Murle Lindstrom - 78-74-76-73—301 Miss Ruth Jessen ____ 72-76-75-80—303 Miss JoAnn Prentice 75-77-73-78—303 Miss Louise Suggs 80-77-74-75—306 Miss Mickey Wright 75-73-81-77—306 Miss Shirley Englehorn - 81-72-79-75—307 Miss Mary Lena Faulk ____ 78-74-78-77—307 Mrs. M. Bauer Hagge 76-75-81-76—308 Miss Shirley G. Spork .. 77-77-79-75—308 Miss Mary Mills _____ 78-79-77-75—309 Miss Kathy Whitworth __ 80-78-73-78—309 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: JULY, 1962 21 EASIER - TO - PLAY GOLF COURSES ARE BEING BUILT Hazards Minimized io Increase flow of Traffic Somewhat easier-to-play golf courses are now being built across the country with the average golfer in mind rather than the professional. That is one of the trends noted in a survey compiled by Col. Harry C. Eckhoff, Director, Eastern Region of the National Golf Foundation. Many of the courses, he says, mini­ mized hazards in order to increase the flow of traffic on busy weekends. Greens are generally larger than heretofore — 7,000 square feet instead of 4,000 feet on average. Courses now are usually built for 400 rather than 200 members. Some of the recent trends noted by Col. Eckhoff: Many local city governments have purchased private golf clubs and con­ verted them to community recreation centers which include golf. Public golf courses are becoming more pre­ valent in county and state park sys­ tems . . . More 27-hole courses are being built. The extra nine is not too costly when added to a new pro­ ject . . . Golf course-real estate deve­ lopments continue to be popular. Dur­ ing 1961 forty percent of all new private country club projects were built in conjunction with real estate ventures . . . More semi-private courses, privately owned but open to the public on a daily fee basis, are coming into being. This type has had the greatest growth — doubled in number during the past 10 years . . . Federal funds are becoming more readily available for golf course con­ struction. The Small Business Admin­ istration reveals some requests for loans on course construction are be­ ing approved. This has resulted in the birth of Small Business Invest­ ment Corporations. The Housing and Home Finance Agency looks with special favor on projects involving senior citizens’ housing. In discussing golf’s popularity, Col. Eckhoff says, “There are many theories. Among them: private clubs have become ‘family recreation cen­ ters’; swimming pools have drawn every member of the family to the club — the natural thing is to want to try the golf course next. “Major golf tournaments and golf television programs have an influenc­ ing effect. People become interested in watching the game, then cannot wait until they try it. “The greatest increase in golfers in the past five years has been among women — an increase of 36%. Like­ wise there is an increasing junior golf population. More women and junior golfers are largely the factors that keep golf courses busy on weekdays. Many more schools and colleges are adding golf to their physical educa­ tion programs. “Many older people are taking up the game of golf, thanks to the powered golf car. “With a higher standard of living and increased earning power, golf is now within the financial reach of many more persons. Proof is that golf rushes during the week begin mainly at 4 p.m. when offices and factories close. “Popularity and the growing enthu­ siasm for the par-3 is influencing many to take up golf. The shorter courses tend to equalize competition in the game between the weak and the strong; the young and the old.” 22 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: JULY, 1962 THE REFEREE Decisions by the Rules of Golf Committees Example of Symbols: “USGA” indicates decision by the United States Golf Association. “R & A” indicates decision by the Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St. Andrews, Scotland. “62-1” means the first decision issued in 1962. “D” means definition. “R. 37-7” refers to Section 7 of Rule 37 in the 1962 Rules of Golf. FAIRLY STRIKING AT BALL USGA 61-41 R. 19-1 Q: A player found his tee shot to a par 3 hole on the side of an elevated green. The grass was quite thick and had prevented the ball from running down a steep bank. When placing his 9-iron behind the ball the grass was released and, although the ball did not move, the player realized that if the club were moved backward the ball would roll down the bank. He knew he could not shove the ball onto the green, whereupon he held the club with his left hand and struck the club a blow with his right hand, thereupon propelling the ball to the green, which enabled him to make a par. Was this in accordance with the Rules of Golf? Question by: Allan Brown Manchester, Vt. A: The fact that the club could not be moved backward without permitt­ ing the ball to move tends to indicate that the ball in effect rested against the club face. If so, the ball was not fairly struck at with the head of the club and this constituted a violation of Rule 19-1. If there had been space between the club face and the ball through which the club could have moved to strike the ball, there would not have been a violation. COMMITTEE MAY NOT REDUCE ROUNDS DURING COMPETITION USGA 61-26 D. 29; R. 7-2, 36-1, 36-4c, 37-6b Q: The tournament was a 72-hole medal play open scheduled to be play­ ed in four consecutive days, 18 holes each day. In the afternoon of the third day, due to heavy rain, the course became unplayable and the Committee order­ ed a temporary suspension of play. By that time a good number of competit­ ors had finished their 18 holes while many others were still playing the second 9. However, all of them had completed the first 9 holes. Bad weath­ er continued through the rest of the afternoon, making it impossible to resume play. In view of this, the Com­ mittee decided to cancel the second 9 holes of that day and to reduce the tournament from 72 to 63 holes, thus USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: JULY, 1962 23 remaining only 18 holes to be played the last day. The Committee based its decision on Definition 29 (Stipulated Round). However, many players were of the opinion that the applicable provision should have been Rule 36-4c and that the scores for the complete 18 holes in question should have been cancelled and the round repeated the following day, playing 36 holes the last day or extending the tournament one more day; otherwise, for those who had not finished, to resume play the following day from where they had discontinued it and then play the last 18 holes. But und^r no circumstance they felt that the Committee had the power to re­ duce the 72 holes stipulated for the tournament. We would like to know whether the decision of the Committee was cor­ rect and, if incorrect, which should be the right procedure for such occur- ence. Question by: Dario Gallo Zuluaga, Secretary Asociacion Colombiana de Golf Bogota, D.E., Colombia A: The Committee’s reduction of the competition from 72 to 63 holes was not in accordance with the Rules of Golf. Rule 36-1 provides that the Committee shall lay down the condi­ tions under which a competition is to be played. Neither this nor the last clause of Definition 29 permits a Com­ mittee to change the stipulated num­ ber of rounds while a competition is in progress. See also Rule 7-2. When the Committee considers that the course is not in a playable condi­ tion, the Committee has power in stroke play, under Rule 36-4c, to: (1) Suspend play temporarily, or (2) Declare play null and void, and cancel all scores for the round. In this case when it was found that play could not be resumed the same day, the Committee had two alterna­ tives : (1) It could have ordered resumption of play on a subsequent day from the various places on the course where the players had discontinued, and then scheduled the last 18 holes that day or later (see Rule 37-6b); or (2) The Committee could have can­ celled the round and ordered that it be replayed on a subsequent day, 36 holes to be played that day or the com­ petition to be extended one more day. The circumstances of each particu­ lar case should guide the Committee in deciding whether to order a tem­ porary suspension of play or to can­ cel all scores for the round in ques­ tion. There is no hard-and-fast Rule or custom, and the Committee should exercise its best judgement in making a decision as fair as possible to all concerned, consistent with the condi­ tions prevailing, including any neces­ sity which may exist to complete the competition within a prescribed period. BALL MOVED: ACCIDENTALLY OR PURPOSELY BY CADDIE USGA 62-6 R. 27-lb, 27-2a Q: A ball is driven into rough. The players walk toward the area where it landed. In advance of them, the boy caddying for the opponent of the man who drove the ball, either deliberately or inadvertently stepped on the ball. What, if any, penalty is invoked? Question by: Dexter B. Farnsworth Kent, Wash. A: If an opponent’s caddie acci­ dentally moves the player’s ball, the opponent is subject to a penalty of one stroke and the moved ball shall be replaced (Rule 27-2a), unless the caddie moved the ball during search, in which case there would be no pen­ alty and the ball would be replaced (Rule 27-lb). The Rules of Golf assume that golf­ ers and caddies are honest and there­ fore they do not provide for the deliberate moving of a player’s ball by the opponent or his caddie. In such circumstances, the Committee would be justified in disqualifying the op­ 24 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: JULY, 1962 ponent if the facts indicate that the caddie moved the ball on the oppon­ ent’s directions. If the facts indicate that the caddie did it on his own, the opponent should be penalized one stroke under Rule 27-2a. OBSTRUCTION: MEASURING ACROSS OR UNDER PROHIBITED Revised USGA 61-9 R. 31-2 NOTE: Answer 1 below cancels Ans­ wer 1 in original Decision 61-9, dated February 21, 1961. Q.l: What is meant by the follow­ ing provision in Rule 31-2: “The play­ er may not measure through the ob­ struction?” Does this mean that a ball at rest alongside a water pipe, which runs along about two inches above the ground, must be dropped only on the side of the pipe on which it lies? A.l: Yes. In this case it might be argued that the player was measuring across or under and not “measuring through” the obstruction, but, in all cases, the player must adhere to the principle that, in obtaining relief from such obstructions, the ball must be dropped on the side of the obstruction on which it lies. OBSTRUCTION: PLAYER MUST MEASURE IN STRAIGHT LINE IN OBTAINING RELIEF Q.2: A player’s ball comes to rest against a side of a small enclosed shelter house three feet long on each side. He wishes to invoke Rule 31-2. If he drops two club-lengths away in a straight line, he will be dropping in an unplayable area of dense under­ brush, regardless of the direction in which he measures. The area opposite an adjacent side of the shelter house is void of under­ brush. The player cannot drop around the corner into this area without measuring through the obstruction unless it be permissible for him to measure one club-length parallel to the side on which the ball lies and then measure a second club-length at a 90-degree angle to the first. Would it be permissible for him to do this? A.2: No. A player must always measure in a straight line when ob­ taining relief from an obstruction. Questions by: J. Walter McGarry Vero Beach, Fla. DEFINITION OF “MOMENTARY DELAY” USGA 62-7 R. 6-2, 35-lh, 37-7, 40-3c Q: In a singles match, A’s ball stopped on the lip of the hole. After 45 to 60 seconds, B requested A to lift his ball. A declined, contending that the ball was still moving. B knocked A’s ball away in concession, stating that the momentary delay period was at an end. (a) Was B justified in knocking A’s ball away? (b) How long is a momentary delay? —is it five seconds?—20 seconds? Questions by: Sam Maniaci Philadelphia, Pa. A: The decision would depend en­ tirely on the question whether A’s ball had in fact come to rest, and as to this, the opponents were in direct conflict. In such instances, an au­ thoritative decision would be appro­ priate only if based on information as to all relevant circumstances. On the basis of the limited data presented, the officials concerned would appear justified in concluding that A had been afforded the “mo­ mentary delay” permitted under Rule 35-lh and referred to on the back of the cover page of the Rules book as meaning a very short period, such as a few seconds not minutes, that since the ball had not dropped into the cup within the period it must have come to rest, and that therefore B was justified in conceding the next stroke under Rule 35-2d. This assumes the absence of overriding evidence not presented showing conclusively that the ball was still moving as A con­ tended. USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: JULY, 1962 25 Comparing Percentages of Green Mixtures By JOHN PAIR and RAY A. KEEN Graduate Research Assistant, and Associate Professor of Horticulture, respectively, Department of Horticulture, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas Introduction Soil mixtures for golf greens are a main discussion topic among golf course personnel. Even with current research on percentages of sand, soil, and organic matter to be incorporated into a given mixture, several discrep­ ancies exist in expressing quantities of these three constituents. The mechanical analyses of a soil to be used in a green mixture give quan­ tities of sand, silt and clay expressed as percentages by weight. Yet quanti­ ties of this soil to be mixed with sand and organic matter are given in per­ centages by volume. Kunze (2) recog­ nized this difference between weight and volume of a given quantity of soil and reported quantities of soil incor­ porated into one of several mixtures as 5 to 10% by volume or 2 to 4% by weight. This weight-volume ratio var­ ies considerably with the density and the moisture content of the soil when it is measured. So, the two units of measurement must be correlated if both are to be used in calculating proper proportions to be mixed to produce a high quality putting green mixture. Methods and Procedure The experimental green at Kansas State University was constructed us­ ing ten different soil mixtures con­ taining from 65 to 100% sand of two different grades, from 0 to 20 percent topsoil and from 0 to 15 percent peat moss, all based on volume. A mechanical analysis by the Bouy- oucos hydrometer method (1) on a random, composite sample from each of the soil mixtures, after one season of growth, compared relative quanti­ ties of sand, silt, and clay in each mix­ ture with volume proportions of sand, soil, and peat originally used. These figures were compared with calculated percentages of sand, silt, and clay ex­ pected in control samples of each mix­ ture based on an individual mechani­ cal analysis of the topsoil and sand used in the mixtures. The control samples were carefully measured and mixed in the laboratory using the same volume percentages 26 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: JULY, 1962 of sand, soil, and peat as were used in the experimental green. Bulk densities were determined for the two grades of sand and the topsoil in a loose condition similar to that of the sand and soil prior to mixing in the field. An exact duplication of the bulk den­ sity of the sand and soil used in the construction of the green was not pos­ sible, but a similar bulk density was established before laboratory meas­ urements. All sand and soil was then oven dried before measuring, and each volume proportion then was measured by weight on an oven-dry basis to in­ sure the same volume measurements in each sample. The volume of peat moss used was measured by weight also, based on the bulk density of the peat in the bale. Half of the samples were mixed, including the peat moss. The other half were mixed omitting the peat moss, to determine the effects of this organic material on the results of the mechanical analysis of the mix­ tures. Bouyoucos (1) found very little effect from organic matter in the hy­ drometer method of mechanical analy­ sis when the organic matter was not destroyed prior to the analysis. Results and Discussion The bulk densities determined for the two grades of sand, topsoil, and peat moss used in the laboratory samples were as follows: Blue mason sand, 1.74 g/cm3, Kaw blow sand, 1.68 g/cm3, topsoil, .86 g/cm3, and peat moss, .15 g/cm3. The percentages by volume of sand, soil, and peat moss used in the con­ struction of the green appear in Table I, along with the results of a mechani­ cal analysis of a random composite sample of each of the mixtures. The quantity of peat moss is not measured by the hydrometer method and, therefore, the weight of peat moss shown in the calculations is dis­ tributed among the fractions of sand, silt and clay. An examination of the data in Table II indicates a close re­ lationship between the calculated and the actual percentage of sand, silt, and clay in the laboratory samples. The peat moss comprised .51 to 1.74 percent of the weight in the calculat­ ed percentages which the mechanical analysis results did not account for. This organic matter apparently is re­ sponsible for some of the variations in the quantities of soil particles. It can be seen from the table that the hy­ drometer method indicated, in most cases, more sand and less silt than was expected. The clay content was usually a little higher than expected. In observing the soil columns dur­ ing the mechanical analyses, the peat moss appeared to settle out with the sand or between the sand and silt layers, which could easily affect the amounts of these two constituents. The finer particles of organic matter, which remained in suspension longer, could have increased the clay con­ tent reading to a small degree. In comparing field samples in Table I with the laboratory samples in Table II, one would conclude that more soil, or a volume of soil with a higher bulk density, was used in the construction of the green than was used in the con­ trol samples. This was possible be­ cause the stock pile of soil at the site of the green settled somewhat during the winter, increasing the bulk den­ sity, whereas, the soil measured in the laboratory was compacted less. The volume-weight comparisons of the soil in the control mixtures (Table II) indicate a somewhat heavier soil than Kunze (2) used, 5 to 10 percent by volume or 2 to 4 percent by weight. In the 5 to 10 percent by volume of soil in the laboratory samples, the per­ cent by weight was found to be 2.8 to 5.6 percent. Soil including large quantities of silt and sand would be expected to be denser than soils with smaller proportions of silt and sand. Conclusions These soil analyses were conducted in an attempt to determine the pro­ USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: JULY, 1962 27 portions of sand, silt, and clay con­ tained in a golf green mixture and to correlate these figures with current recommendations given in volume pro­ portions. The mechanical analysis data do not furnish an accurate indication of the exact volume proportions of the mix­ tures in the field. The data from sam­ ples composed of sand and soil with a known bulk density represent a cor­ relation which is relatively close and indicate the possibility of using the Bouyoucos hydrometer method in es­ timating the proportions of sand, silt, and clay contained in golf green mix­ tures, provided analyses of the topsoil and sand included in the mixture are available. References (1) Bouyoucos, D. J. A recalibration of the hy­ drometer method for making mechanical an­ alysis of soils. Agro. Jour. 1951, 43:434-438. (2) Kunze, Raymond John. The effects of com­ paction of different golf green solid mixtures. USGA Journal and Turf Management, Novem­ ber 1957, 10 (6) :24-27. Table I. Soil mixtures used in the construction of the green. Composition of Mixtures Results of Mechanical Analyses Kind of Sand Used Kaw River Blow Blue River Mason Kaw River Blow Blue River Mason Kaw River Blow Blue River Mason Kaw River Blow Blue River Mason Kaw River Blow Blue River Mason % Sand % Soil % Peat % Sand 65 65 75 75 85 85 90 90 100 100 20 20 15 15 10 10 5 5 — — 15 15 10 10 5 5 5 5 — — 85.1 84.6 87.4 88.8 92.3 92.2 94.8 94.5 98.4 97.9 % Silt 9.9 10.5 8.4 7.1 4.2 4.7 2.6 3.0 .2 .6 % Clay 4.9 5.1 4.2 4.3 3.5 3.2 2.6 2.6 1.6 1.6 The percentages of sand, silt and clay in the laboratory mixed control samples were calculated, based on content of the topsoil and other amendments added. Mechanical analyses of the topsoil used indicated 10% sand, 58% silt, and 24% clay. A small quantity of silt and clay contained in the 2 grades of sand influenced the calculations to a small degree. These calculations, along with actual quantities shown in the mechanical analysis, can be compared in Table II. Table II. Calculated and actual percentages in control samples. Mixture 65KB 65BM 75KB 75BM 85KB 85BM 90KB 90BM 100KB 100BM Sand 86.48 86.93 90.41 90.76 93.73 94.05 96.03 96.12 100 100 Calculated Percentages Results of Mechanical Analyses Silt %Sand %Silt %Clay Peat Clay 7.75 7.77 5.32 5.43 3.28 3.44 1.60 1.83 — — 4.04 3.87 3.18 3.03 2.46 2.33 1.86 1.85 — — 1.74 1.69 1.06 1.03 .55 .52 .53 .51 — — 89.6 88.2 92.2 91.0 95.6 93.6 97.0 96.1 98.7 98.5 6.6 7.8 4.8 5.6 1.8 3.9 1.0 1.7 0.0 .3 3.8 4.3 3.0 3.5 2.6 2.5 2.0 2.3 1.3 1.2 28 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: JULY, 1962 Greenkeeping as a Profession By PROFESSOR L. S. DICKINSON Massachusetts Agriculture College, Amherst, Mass. Speech delivered at the National Greenkeepers Convention at Buffalo, Feb. 15, 1929 (EDITOR’S NOTE: These words were presented more than thirty-three j ears ago. The thoughts contained are just as applicable now as then. Professor Dickinson was chosen to receive the Green Section Award in 1962. (USGA Journal, Feb. 1962.) The 1929 speech is one small part of the teachings of this gentleman, but it is illustrative of the philosophy that has endeared him to so many students. To those who have not known him, it will give some small indication of the quality of his teaching.) First I want to express my apprecia­ tion for the honor your association has conferred upon me by inviting me here to speak. I feel it is an honor to be considered as having done some­ thing which has merited your recogni­ tion. Also! I am grateful for the two days of education I have had by talking with you gentlemen. I have learned new methods of greenkeeping, and have added greatly to my collection of experiences. No one appreciates more than I do, the delicacy of the subject I have been asked to speak upon, “The Education of the Greenkeeper.” However, what­ ever general opinion is, I believe one should speak with the conviction of mind, and let others judge the merits. I will begin with a story. It does have a point, but you may not even laugh at it, yet unlike some of the other stories, it can be applied directly to the subject of the lecture. “Little Tommy was asked by his uncle, what he learned in school that day. T learned lots of things,’ replied Tommy, ‘And one of them was that this world is round and turns on a swivel thing like the great globe in the schoolroom.’ ‘Did you,’ asked his uncle, ‘What do you think of that.’ ‘I think,’ said Tommy after pondering a while, ‘that teacher is asking me to believe a good lot for a small boy’.” Tommy’s answer showed that he had not been properly prepared for the phenomenon or he would have accepted and understood the fact without doubt. He believed it, because of faith in his teacher. A demonstration would have given him more confidence, the teacher, however, had a complete understanding of the child’s mind, his handicaps, and joys, and with such an understanding created the confidence. Later on in life “Tommy” learned the scientific principles involved. The turf expert’s advice in many instances obviously seems a “whole lot for me to believe.” The Greenkeeper believes the advice either because he has faith in the expert, or because he can think of no counter argument, or because the chairman tells him to believe it. If the advice works, faith in the expert is increased and all is well. If for some reason the advice fails, such as poor manipulation, care­ lessness, or because the expert failed to have a complete understanding of the whole situation, faith is weakened and confidence lost. Who is at fault? The expert as much as the greenkeeper, for a complete understanding by him would have instilled confidence into the greenkeeper and made him realize the necessity for proper technique and carefulness. Who Is Qualified? The next logical question is, “Who is qualified to be a teacher to educate the greenkeeper?” This should be decided upon before any educational work is undertaken. A most important qualifi­ cation is that the teachers must be none but those who can actually “feel” the greenkeeper’s part. The sorrows, joys, disappointments, and praises. The teacher must have felt the workman’s emotions. He should have had actual experience with pick, shovel and mower. Those are the first set of requirements for a teacher. USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: JULY, 1962 29 The second set requires that the teacher should have had practical ex­ perience in handling men, especially small groups of men, for I think it is more difficult in many ways to success­ fully boss a gang of twelve men than five hundred. The teacher must also have technical training, all he can get, and in as many lines as possible. Don’t belittle the value of technical training. But, the teacher must use the technical training only to the point of its prac­ tical application to the work at hand. That point of practical application varies on every golf course and with every greenkeeper. If the teacher goes too far beyond that point he looses the confidence of the practical mind. Accepting these qualifications or specifications for a teacher, where are you going to get them? There are very few men available because of the pres­ ent condition of the golfing universe. The greenkeeper who started 20 years ago is the logical man, and will well qualify. But are you going to leave your position to become a teacher at a salary of three-fifths or two-thirds your present wage? Of course you are not; so you are automatically elimin­ ated by the attractiveness of your present position. The college man who has been on the job for three years qualifies well in all ways but the first requirement, that of complete understanding; he also lacks experience. The elimination of these two men places the responsilbility to furnish teachers upon the colleges and the men must come from their staffs. There are many practical men on college staffs. Perhaps you have raised the question, shall or should the greenkeeper be taught or educated, whichever you may call it. Your answer is—“Certainly green­ keeping is a profession”, (it most certainly is). Men are educated in the other professions. Business concerns that spend $20,000 annually employ trained men and a greenkeeper spends at least that amount. Has Many Facets Greenkeeping is comparable to farm­ ing, fruit growing or floriculture and men are taught to become farmers, pomologists and florists. Your arguments appear sound, but I believe greenkeeping should not, at least at the present time, be taught. In other words, one cannot teach green­ keeping. The accepted meaning of teaching is “to tell how.” A teacher of greenkeepers cannot do that, too many influencing factors that are un­ known to the teacher are involved. If it cannot be taught, what can be done? Greenkeeping should be acquired. Assimulated might be a good word. The broad meaning of the word teach­ ing should be used. That broad mean- SUBSCRIBERS TO THE USGA GREEN SECTION VISITING SERVICE EASTERN REGION Conn. Ridgewood Country Club Fla. City of Ft. Walton Beach Municipal Golf Course Rivera Country Club Mass. Cohasse Country Club Walpole Country Club N. Y. Dutchess Golf & Country Club Saratoga Springs Reservation N. C. Quail Hollow Country Club Pa. S. C. Range End Country Club Country Club of Charleston Donaldson AFB Association Rutland Country Club Hidden Valley Country Club Vt. Va. MID-WESTERN REGION Coal Creek Country Club Morris Park Country Club Topeka Country Club Bayou Country Club III. Ind. Kans. La. Minn. Midland Hills Miss. Ohio Texas Brookhaven Country Club Colonial Country Club Ridgewood Country Club Sandy Lakes Country Club Singing Hills Country Club WESTERN REGION Idaho Coeur d'Alene Country Club Nev. Utah Stardust Golf Club Riverside Country Club 30 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: JULY, 1962 ing is “to give intelligence concerning.” To use my pet phrase, “Our course at the Massachusetts Agricultural Col­ lege is for greenkeepers and not in greenkeeping.” I had a very flattering letter the other day from a chairman who wanted a greenkeeper. He wrote “I under­ stand that you give a course which considers the greenkeepers’ problems.” A course with that idea will be success­ ful. It certainly is at M.A.C. To whom shall the opportunity to receive education be given? Any one? NO! Absolutely no! Because the edu­ cation for the position of greenkeeper is just starting, and now is the time to make careful and strict prerequisites. If that is done and continued the sup­ ply of qualified graduates can be con­ trolled as to quality and numbers. Three groups appear qualified. 1. The active greenkeeper and assistant green­ keepers. The majority should come from this group. A school for these men must of necessity come in the winter. 2. Caddies, sons of chairmen, sons of greenkeepers, and professionals. Young men who have not had much experience as workmen on a golf course, yet who have been reared in a golfing atmosphere. A different course can be offered these men. Should they have four years of college? Yes, if they can afford the money and time. They will be broader visioned men if they do take it. Do they require four years of college? No, a two year course can be made sufficient, providing the first summer of such a course is re­ quired to be spent working on a golf course under a successful greenkeeper. Such a method is practiced at the Massachusetts Agricultural College. Need Love of Soil The third group, new men or new blood. This should be the smallest group in numbers but is very impor­ tant, for new blood is always healthful. It is poor practice to inbreed. These young men should be picked from ap­ plicants who are attracted to the pro­ fession because of the love of the soil and a sincere desire to become green­ keepers. They should be discourged by all the doleful tales possible, told of all the trials and tribulations of a green­ keeper, and then, if they still desire to come, take them for they will make good greenkeepers. Training for this group should be two terms in college studying general maintenance problems, such as roads, walks, shrubbery care, and funda­ mentals in soils and grasses. These two terms should be followed by six months training on an approved golf course. The greenkeepers taking these men should be entirely in sympathy with the college idea and should en­ deavor to give the boys as much prac­ tical training as possible. However, the boys must not be favored in any other way than being given a variety of jobs. If they fail to satisfy the greenkeeper fire them from both the course and college. If they live through the ordeal, they should be required to return in October for a full college year of technical training. The responsibility for the selection COMING EVENTS August 7-8 Rutgers Turf grass Field Days August 7 — Lawn and Utility Turf August 8—Golf and Fine Turf Rutgers—The State University New Brunswck, New Jersey August 20-23 1962 Annual Meetings of The American Society of Agronomy and the Soil Science and Crop Science Societies of America Cornell University Ithaca, New York August 28-29-30 Florida Turf grass Conference University of Florida Gainesville, Fla. September 10-11 Midwest Field Days Purdue University Lafayette, Indiana September 26-27-28 Northwest Turf Association Conference Washington State University Pullman, Washington USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: JULY, 1962 31 of this new blood should be equally divided between the colleges and the greenkeepers. What are the duties of a teacher, or what shall be taught? The winter school for active green­ keepers is an intensive course. The men work in class room or laboratory eight hours a day, five days a week. The subjects studied are motors, water systems, equipment, grasses, grass seeds, soils, fertilizers, landscape ar­ rangement, cost keeping and analysis, (you know your costs are not worth much unless they are analysed) and managerial problems. Every bit of the work is done with the practical re­ sults in mind. In the two year course, the men are given enough golf architecture to make them appreciate their unfitness to become golf architects (that is a profession of its own) and to also realize how golf architecture and main­ tenance costs are allied. No Hard, Fast Rules Should there be any hard and fast rules given by the instructor? NO! Of course there are chemical formulas that are fixed, and mechanical laws that cannot be broken, and all the fundamentals of the various subjects should be given as hard facts. Why? Because every tee, every fair­ way green, every trap on every golf course presents an individual problem. Every possible condition should be noted for each general problem. In other words the instructor must be the “Pros” if the “Cons” are the students and the “Cons” if the “Pros” are to be educated. Such training will permit the greenkeeper to be better able to diagnose his turf, machinery, cost, or water system trouble, and properly prescribe for the particular problem. In the study of equipment it is par­ ticularly necessary for the instructor to refrain from any influencing talk, yet, he must see that every good and bad feature of a machine is discussed. I want to say here that if it wasn’t for the help and cooperation given us by all equipment manufacturers, seeds­ men and all the departments of our college, we could not possibly do the successful job that is being done now. With such a training as I have briefly described, given in a practical atmosphere, the greenkeeper will be able to meet the problems with in­ telligence and confidence. Gentlemen: In closing I’m going to quote from Elbert Hubbard because I think he sums up the whole situation: “The only time a man grows is when he is green. The moment he thinks he is ripe, he starts to get rotten.” Who wants to be rotten? Henry H. Russell Chairman Henry H. Russell of Miami, Fla., has been appointed Chairman of the USGA Green Section Committee by John M. Winters, Jr., President. Mr. Russell succeeds William C. Chapin, Chairman since 1957, who was killed in an airplane accident in May. Reminder to Players The Rogue Valley Country Club, Medford, Ore., has two methods to implore its members to take care of the course. In the bulletin it printed, inside a 2^ inch by 5y2 inch box, these words: Golf Course Closed — May, June, July — For Re-Seeding unless you-you-you and YOU start re­ placing your divots! Stapled inside the score card is another reminder: It’s Getting Bad! You are forgetting to repair ball marks on greens and not replacing divots. Grass Like A Beard From the Eastern Turfletter of the USGA Green Section: One Superintendent to another: “The drought sure has kept the grass short and stubby this year.” The other: “Short? Say, if we don’t get a rain soon I’ll have to lather mine to mow it!” 32 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: JULY, 1962 HllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllHIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIlH IT’S YOUR HONOR A NEW PROFESSIONAL | TO THE USGA: I think I would After giving the subject long E and deliberate thinking, I find I can no longer play golf as an E E amateur. This has been in the E back of my mind for awhile and like to play golf g = as a profession; therefore it is S my intent to become a professional. I have enjoyed amateur golf very much and will always re- E spect and admire the work the E USGA performs. (MISS) ANDY COHN Waterloo, Iowa WRITER MISSES CHAPIN | TO THE USGA: Many of us in and around golf g had not heard the news of Bill E Chapin’s tragic death until we ar­ il rived at Oakmont for the Open. One g of the side pleasures of attending s the championships is the chance it | affords to renew one’s pleasant ac- g quaintance with the veteran USGA E officials, and it is difficult to con- S vey how hard we 'were hit when we E learned why it was we hadn’t seen H Bill Chapin’s familiar figure mov- | ing around the course performing E one job or another. Down through the years the g USGA has been fortunate in having | many extremely fine men as its of- = ficers. However, I think it can be = said that few of them struck us as E representing, as well as Bill Chapin did, the very best things about golf, and people. He knew all the facets of the game, and there was such an appealing modesty of nature as he went about his work with such good proportions and such enjoyability. I am sure he had no idea of the fondness and respect so many of us had for him as we got to know him over the years. He was an excep­ tional man, and we will miss him enormously. HERBERT WIND New York, N. Y. GOLDEN GREENS TO THE USGA: We wish to express our great appreciation for your donation of golf balls received today. These golf balls will be used by our pa­ tients on a sand green nine-hole course. The course is unique in that the sand for the “greens” was obtained from the Homestake Gold Mine and contains a minute amount of gold. You may rest assured that this gift will be used to good advan­ tage in our rehabilitation pro­ gram. Your continued interest in our golfing program is sincerely appreciated. HAROLD A. STOKES, M.D. Hospital Director Fort Meade, S. D. (EDITOR’S NOTE: The USGA is sent balls from all manufacturers to test for conformity to Rule 2-3. After testing, balls then are donated to Veterans’ Hospitals.) USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: JULY, 1962 USGA OFFICERS, EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE AND COMMITTEE CHAIRMEN OFFICERS PRESIDENT John M. Winters, Jr., Tulsa, Okla. VICE-PRESIDENTS Clarence W. Benedict, White Plains, N. Y. Wm. Ward Foshay, New York, N. Y. SECRETARY Bernard H. Ridder, Jr., St. Paul, Minn. TREASURER Hord W. Hardin, St. Louis, Mo. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE The above officers and: Fred Brand, Jr., Pittsburgh, Pa. William C. Campbell, Huntington, W. Va. Robert F. Dwyer, Portland, Ore. Edward L. Emerson, Boston, Mass. Edwin R. Foley, San Francisco, Calif. Robert K. Howse, Wichita, Kans. Harold A. Moore, Chicago, III. Eugene S. Pulliam, Indianapolis, Ind. Henry H. Russell, Miami, Fla. Charles P. Stevenson, Buffalo, N. Y. GENERAL COUNSEL Philip H. Strubing, Philadelphia, Pa. EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR Joseph C. Dey, Jr., New York, N. Y. ASSISTANT DIRECTOR: P. J. Boatwright, Jr. USGA HEADQUARTERS "Golf House", 40 East 38th Street, New York 16, N. Y. COMMITTEE CHAIRMEN RULES OF GOLF: Wm. Ward Foshay, New York, N, Y. CHAMPIONSHIP: Clarence W. Benedict, White Plains, N. Y. AMATEUR STATUS AND CONDUCT: Philip H. Strubing, Philadelphia, Pa. IMPLEMENTS AND BALL: Hord W. Hardin, St. Louis, Mo. MEMBERSHIP: Edwin R. Foley, San Francisco, Calif. WOMEN'S: Mrs. Henri Prunaret, Natick, Mass. SECTIONAL AFFAIRS: Eugene S. Pulliam, Indianapolis, Ind. PUBLIC LINKS: Fred Brand, Jr., Pittsburgh, Pa. HANDICAP: Clarence W. Benedict, White Plains, N. Y. HANDICAP PROCEDURE: Herman M. Freydberg, New York, N. Y. JUNIOR CHAMPIONSHIP: Robert K. Howse, Wichita, Kans. SENIOR CHAMPIONSHIP: Harold A. Mopre, Chicago, III. GIRLS' JUNIOR: Mrs. John Pennington, Buffalo, N. Y. WOMEN'S SENIOR: Mrs. Theodore W. Hawes, Summit, N. J. MUSEUM: Edward L. Emerson, Boston, Mass. BOB JONES AWARD: Henry H. Russell, Miami, Fla. GREEN SECTION AWARD: Henry H. Russell, Miami, Fla. FINANCE: Hord W. Hardin, St. Louis, Mo. NOMINATING: John D. Ames, Chicago, III. PUBLIC INFORMATION: Bernard H. Ridder, Jr., St. Paul, Minn. USGA GREEN SECTION EASTERN REGION Northeastern Office: 814 Raritan Ave., Highland Park, N. J. Alexander M. Radko, Director, Eastern Region Charles E. Croley, Northeastern Agronomist Southeastern Office: P. O. Box 4213, Campus Station, Athens, Ga. James B. Moncrief, Southeastern Agronomist Raymond E. Harman, Northeastern Agronomist MID-CONTINENT REGION Southwestern Office: Texas A. and M. College, College Station, Texas Dr. Marvin H. Ferguson, Director, Mid-Continent Region and National Research Coordinator Mid-Western Office: Room 241, LaSalle Hotel, Chicago 2, III. Holman M. Griffin, Southwestern Agronomist James L. Holmes, Mid-Western Agronomist WESTERN REGION Western Office: P. O. Box 567, Garden Grove, Calif. William H. Bengeyfield, Director, Western Region