JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT WORLD CHAMPIONS AND THEIR CADDIES The United States' World Amateur Championship Team joins its Japanese girl caddies in admiring the Eisenhower Trophy. Team members, left to right, are Labron Harris, Jr., William J. Patton, Richard H. Sikes, non-playing Captain John D. Ames, and Deane R. Beman. World Wide Photo USGA JOURNAL TURF MANAGEMENT AND Published by the United States Golf Association 1962 by United States Golf Association. Permission to reprint articles or material in the USGA © Journal and Turf Management is granted to publishers of newspapers, periodicals and books (unless specifically noted otherwise), provided credit is given to the USGA and copyright protection is af­ forded. Neither articles nor other material may be copied or used for any advertising, promotion or commercial purpose. VOL. XV, No. 6 NOVEMBER, 1962 Through the Green ................................................................................................. 1 World Cup Runneth Over in Friendship and U. S. Skill . . Joseph C. Dey, Jr. 5 Novel Handicap Method for Convention Events ............................................. 11 Yesterday’s Stars Fall to Youth in '62 Amateur..................Frank Hannigan 13 Carlsmith Is Dominant in Senior Championship.......... P. J. Boatwright, Jr. 17 Club Operating Costs up 43% in 10 years......................................................... First Senior Women’s Amateur to Miss Orcutt.......... P. J. Boatwright, Jr. 21 The Referee: Decisions Under the Rules of Golf.............................................. 23 Turf Management ................................................................................................... 26 It’s Your Honor: Letters....................................................................................... 33 Published seven times a year in February, April, June, July, August, September and November by the UNITED STATES GOLF ASSOCIATION 40 EAST 38th St., NEW YORK 16, N. Y. Subscription: $2 a year. Single copies: 30?!. Subscriptions, articles, photographs, and correspondence should be sent to the above address. Second-Class Postage paid at New York, N. Y. and Rutherford, N. J. Editor: Joseph C. Dey, Jr. Managing Editor: Eddie L. Ervin, Jr. All articles voluntarily contributed. USGA COMPETITIONS FOR 1963 Championship or Team Match (1) Walker Cup Open Qualifying Entries Rounds Close — — May 8 Local: May 27 **Sectional: June 11 Dates of Location Event Turnberry, Scotland May 24-25 June 20-21-22 The Country Club, Brookline, Mass. Amateur Public Links *May 29 IfJune 16-23 July 8-13 Women’s Open Junior Amateur Girls’ Junior Women’s Amateur July 3 — July 16 June 26 July 26 — July 31 — (2) Americas Cup — — Haggin Oaks Municipal Golf Course, Sacramento, Calif. July 18-19-20 Kenwood Country Club, Cincinnati, Ohio July 31-Aug. 3 Florence Country Club, Florence, S. C. August 12-16 Wolfert’s Roost Country Club Albany, New York August 19-24 Taconic Golf Club, Williams College, Williamstown, Mass. Sept. 6-7 Wakonda Club, Des Moines, Iowa Amateur August 7 August 27 Sept. 9-14 Senior Amateur Senior Women's Amateur Sept. 24 Sept. 4 Oct. 16 — Oct. 7-12 Oct. 30-Nov. 1 Wakonda Club Des Moines, Iowa Sea Bland Golf Club, Sea Island, Ga. The Country Club of Florida Village of Golf Delray Beach, Fla. OPEN CHAMPIONSHIP: Date Monday, June 10 if local authority in charge deems advisable. AMATEUR PUBLIC LINKS CHAMPIONSHIP: Entries close with each Sectional Qualifying Chairman. Exact date in each Section to be fixed by Sectional Chairman. H (1) WALKER CUP MATCH: Men’s Amateur teams—Great Britain vs. United States. (2) AMERICAS CUP MATCH: Men’s Amateur teams—Canada vs. Mexico vs. United States. Qualifying Championships may be changed to _ of Sectional . „ . . THROUGH THE GREEN Caddies and Golf Shop Employees Benefited by New Amateur Rules Effective January 1, 1963, it will not be a violation of golf’s amateur status rules to receive at any age com­ pensation for serving as: (1) a caddie (2) a caddie-master or assistant caddie-master (3) an employee engaged in making, repairing or cleaning clubs or selling golf merchandise in a golf shop at a place where golf is played, practiced or taught. The Rules presently prohibit work in these fields after the 21st birthday. The change, made by the USGA Ex­ ecutive Committee at a recent meeting, is based on the belief that persons en­ gaged in the above activities have no more advantage over the amateur golfer than do persons employed as club managers or greenkeepers; amateur status is not denied club managers and greenkeepers. It was also decided to revise the language of the exception to the Rule prohibiting giving instruction for com­ pensation. The revised language will make it quite clear that the exception benefits only faculty members of edu­ cational institutions whose instruction is incidental to academic duties and is given without additional compensation. The exception does not apply to physical education teachers and camp counselors. The Executive Committee was con­ fronted with the question of whether a player must take overt action toward becoming a professional before he is deemed to violate the Rule which pro­ hibits “taking any action which clearly indicates the intention of becoming a professional golfer”. The Committee held that it is not necessary to take overt action to violate this Rule. This means that a player who merely states that he plans to turn professional at some time in the future is in violation of this Rule. 67 by Mrs. Finch A most unusual score for a lady — 67 —was made by Mrs. E. C. Kip Finch in a semi-final match of the club championship of the Country Club of New Canaan, Conn. After a concession of a short putt at the first hole, Mrs. Finch holed out at all remaining greens and had a score of 32-35—67, compared with ladies’ par USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: NOVEMBER, 1962 I of 36-37—73. She used 25 putts. Her hapless victim was Mrs. William Tingue. Mrs. Finch is a member of the USGA Women’s Committee. General Numerical Draw Is Changed The General Numerical Draw, located on page 60 of the current Rules of Golf book, has been amended by the USGA Executive Committee. Formerly, for purposes of determin­ ing places in the draw, ties in qualify­ ing rounds other than those for the last qualifying place have been decided by a blind draw. The amendment changes this to: “For purposes of determining places in the draw, ties in qualifying rounds other than those for the last qualifying place shall be decided by the order in which scores are returned, the first score to be returned receiving the lowest avail­ able number, etc. If it be impossible to determine the order in which scores are returned, ties shall be decided by a blind draw.” This revision will appear in the 1963 edition of the Rules book. Male Ego Deflated “Miss JoAnne Gunderson, with a slight following wind, rocketed her drive out just under 300 yards, then hit a No. 5 wood to within 12 feet of the pin. Her evenly-stroked putt was in the hole as it left the club head for an eagle three.” Thus said the Brighton- Pittsford Post, in Rochester, describ­ ing Miss Gunderson’s prowess on a 525- yard hole. In the same story, which told of Miss Gunderson’s victory in the Women’s Amateur Championship, the newspaper remarked, “And the gentlemen of the Country Club, taking back their course, were blinking owlishly as if they had spent 10 days in a fallout shelter—and wondering if they would ever have the gall to again speak of ‘men’s par’ and ‘men’s tees’ ”. Books Reviewed THE WORLD OF GOLF by Charles Price, (Random House, $12.50). In his history of golf Mr. Price traces the origin of the game from the 15th century Scots. The first 44 pages are crammed with interesting details on the ball, clubs, courses and con­ tributing personalities which point up author Price’s dedicated research of his subject. The author advises at the start that “One of the most irritating things about this very irritating game is that npbody except other golfers seems to understand why it’s played.” Mr. Price suggests in “The Pioneers” section that the feather ball was not the first ball used but rather it was one made of wood, as were the balls used in many other games of that period. The history also deals with the genesis of golfing terms and in this respect offers understanding to those who would have even a passing interest in the game. By the same token, it gives education to all. Gene Sarazen said of the book, “I was fascinated by Price’s interpretation of how the game began and learned things about golf’s history I never knew.” From golf’s origin, the book takes the reader step-by-step to the present and along the way the narrative is filled with lively and humorous anec­ dotes. The well-written text is sup­ ported by some of the finest golf pictures available. There are more than 200 illustrations with eight pages in full color; these alone would make a book worthwhile. In the forward Bobby Jones says, “Unfortunately, the avid interest of the golfer does not always attach itself to those stroke-by-stroke recitals so fre­ quently provided by average golfers in average locker-rooms; but the lore of the game, the story of its develop­ ment and of the stirring deeds of the great players of the past must always command the respectful attention of all who play golf at all regularly . . . ” 2 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: NOVEMBER, 1962 Three More USGA Competitions Set The 1963 USGA Girls’ Junior Championship will be held at Wolfert’s Roost Country Club, Albany, N. Y., August 12-16. With the acceptance of the site and dates of this event the 1963 USGA schedule of competitions is completed. (See complete schedule on inside front cover). Two other Championship sites and dates have been selected for 1964. The Amateur Public Links Champion­ ship will be played at the Francis A. Gross Golf Course, Minneapolis, July 13-18. The Junior Amateur Championship of 1964 will be held July 29 through August 1 at the Eugene Country Club, Eugene, Ore. This marks the first time the Junior event has been scheduled in the Northwest. Golf In The Congo United Nations forces in the Congo have been required to adjust to unique problems when they want to play on the Royal Elisabethville Golf Club. For instance: 1. A commanding officer of one of the companies bivouacked among the trees by the first fairway removed his troops to a safer location after several soldiers were almost hit by wayward golf balls. 2. Local rules provide “a ball may be lifted out of mortar-shell holes,” and “ball may be dropped when found in mortar-bomb container,” but “the ball must be played where it lies when lodg­ ing in a shell case.” 3. Indian officers have really taken to the game and the higher the rank, the more caddies. When a UN Deputy Com­ mander played, a platoon of soldiers caddied; found balls on the double and stood at attention until the officer played his shot. The soldiers, inci­ dentally, take a very dim view of players who concede putts. For them, the summit of success is the ball disap­ pearing into the hole. 1962 USGA TEAM AND INDIVIDUAL CHAMPIONS Open: Jack W. Nicklaus Amateur: Labron Harris, Jr. Women’s Open: Mrs. Murle Lindstrom Women’s Amateur: Miss Jo Anne Gunderson Amateur Public Links: Richard H. Sikes Junior Amateur: James Wiechers Girls’ Junior: Mary Lou Daniel Senior Amateur: Merrill Carlsmith Senior Women’s Amateur: Miss Maureen Orcutt Curtis Cup Match: United States World Amateur Team: United States Club Pro of the Year Tom LoPresti of Sacramento, Calif., is the 1962 PGA Club Professional- of-the-Year. He was chosen by an anonymous committee of amateur golfers. LoPresti will be honored at the PGA President’s Dinner on Nov. 27 at Palm Beach, Fla. LoPresti is professional at Haggin Oaks Golf Course in Sacramento, site of the 1963 USGA Amateur Public Links Championship. Former Curtis Cupper Wed Miss Meriam Bailey, a member of the United States Curtis Cup Team in 1958, was recently married to Lt. Lyle Leonard Leeke. Lt. and Mrs. Leeke are making their home in Germany where Lt. Leeke is stationed. Joins 'Hill of Fame' The 13th member of the “Hill of Fame” at Oak Hill Country Club, Rochester, N. Y., is Joseph C. Dey, Jr., USGA Executive Director. An Oak tree was dedicated to Mr. Dey by Dr. John R. Williams, Sr. Other members include former Presi­ dent Eisenhower, Bob Jones and Ben Hogan. USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: NOVEMBER, 1962 3 Valentine Retires Joe Valentine, Golf Course Super­ intendent of the Merion Golf Club, Ardmore, Pa., for more than 50 years, has retired. Mr. Valentine, now 76, won recogni­ tion as the discoverer of Merion Blue­ grass, an improved bluegrass that is now being used on many golf courses. Also among his many achievements in the field of golf maintenance and turf management was his act of per­ suading the Pennsylvania Legislature to appropriate the first money for turf­ grass research in his state. Amateur Status Reinstated The USGA Executive Committee has reinstated to amateur status the fol­ lowing : Dr. Adie P. Geiser, Taft, Calif. Ernest L. Hanks, Greeley, Colo. Berkley Parkinson, Rexburg, Idaho Robert M. Gunnell, Jamestown, N. Y. Champion Doing Well Arnold Palmer, Gene Littler, Billy Casper and Jack Nicklaus, in that order, lead the 1962 professional tour in money winnings. They are the past four USGA Open Champions. USCA PUBLICATIONS OF GENERAL INTEREST (Publications are available from the United States Golf Association, 40 East 38th Street, New York 16. Please send payment with your order.) RULES GREEN SECTION THE RULES OF GOLF, as approved by the United States Golf Association and the Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St. Andrews, Scot­ land. Booklet 25 cents (special rates for quan­ tity orders, more than 500). Clubhouse edition, suitable for hanging, 614" x 914"; supply limited. $1.50. GOLF RULES IN PICTURES, published by Grosset and Dunlap, compiled by Joseph C. Dey, Jr., USGA Executive Director. 96 pages, 81/2 x 103,4 inches, $1.95. DUTIES OF OFFICIALS UNDER THE RULES OF GOLF, a reprint of a USGA Journal article that contains a check list of the duties of the referee and other committee members on the course. No charge. HANDICAPPING USGA GOLF HANDICAP SYSTEM FOR MEN, containing recommendations for com­ puting USGA Handicaps and for rating courses. Booklet 25 cents. USGA Slide Rule Handicap­ per 25 cents. Poster 15 cents. THE CONDUCT OF WOMEN’S GOLF, contain­ ing suggestions for guidance in the conduct of women’s golf in clubs and associations, includ­ ing tournament procedure, handicapping and course rating. 35 cents. COURSE' RATING POSTER for certifying hole by hole ratings to a club; for association use, size 81/2 x 11 inches, 5 cents, $3.50 per 100. COURSE RATING REPORT, a form for rating a course hole by hole; for association use, size 41,4 x 7 inches. 10 cents, $7.50 per 100. USGA HANDICAP RECORD FORM, revised in 1961, provides for the listing of 75 scores. It is designed for ease in determining the last 25 differentials from which to select the lowest 10 when more than 25 scores are posted. $3 for 100. HANDICAPPING THE UNHANDICAPPED, a reprint of a USGA Journal article explaining the Callaway System of automatic handicap­ ping for occasional players in a single tourna­ ment. No charge. A GUIDE FOR GREEN COMMITTEE MEM­ BERS OF GOLF CLUBS, 16-page booklet. 25 cents. GOLF COURSE REBUILDING AND RE­ MODELING — FACTORS TO CONSIDER, article in USGA Journal by A. M. Radko. No charge. THE GOLF COURSE WORKER—TRAINING AND DIRECTION. No charge. HOW TO MEET RISING COSTS OF GOLF COURSE MAINTENANCE, PARTS I & II, panel discussions. No charge. WATER USE ON THE GOLF COURSE, panel discussions. No charge. COMPETITIONS PREPARING THE COURSE FOR A COM­ PETITION, reprint of USGA article by John P. English. No charge. TOURNAMENTS FOR YOUR CLUB, a reprint of a USGA article detailing various types of competitions. No charge. GENERAL RECORD BOOK OF USGA CHAMPIONSHIPS AND INTERNATIONAL EVENTS, 1895 through 1961. Hard cover, 224 pages, 9 x 11 inches. $5.00. ARE YOU A SLOW PLAYER? ARE YOU SURE? A reprint of a USGA Journal article by John D. Ames. No charge. A JUNIOR GOLF PROGRAM FOR YOUR CLUB AND DISTRICT, a 16-page booklet on organizing and developing junior golf programs at different levels by the USGA Junior Cham­ pionship Committee. No charge. PROTECTION OF PERSONS AGAINST LIGHTNING ON GOLF COURSES, a poster. No charge. USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT, a 33-page magazine published seven times a year. $2 a year. 4 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: NOVEMBER, 1962 WORLD CUP RUNNETH OVER IN FRIENDSHIP AND SKILL By JOSEPH C. DEY, JR. USGA Executive Director The Eisenhower Trophy had just been presented to the United States team. Now the amateur golfers of 23 countries, lined up alongside the flagpoles flying their national colors, were about to break ranks on the ter­ race of a lovely, secluded Japanese resort overlooking the vast Pacific. This was the end of the third World Team Championship. But no! From the handsome hotel behind the terrace came the moving strains of “Auld Lang Syne” (thought­ fully arranged by the hotel’s director, Kiyoshi Sawakuri). Spontaneously, those who knew the words started to sing, and in a jiffy everybody was joining in. An Australian player, Tom Crow, crossed his arms and clasped the hands of the men on each side of him, and before the singing had reached the second “should auld acquaintance be forgot”, everybody was united in a double, arm- crossed handclasp. You could have easily counted the dry eyes. This, then, was the true if unsched­ uled ending of the World Championship last month—an ending which confirmed the renewal of old friendships and the start of new ones—an ending, and yet a beginning. Even in the flush of the American victory, a visitor from the United States apprehended far deeper values than those of golf competition. For this is what the World Amateur Golf Team Championship is all about. Japan contributed generously to the development of that spirit, first with boundless hospitality and, secondly, with a remarkably fine home for the event. The Kawana Hotel near Ito, some 75 miles southwest of Tokyo, is a golfer’s Shangri-La. It has two golf courses, in a spectacularly beautiful location on high bluffs bordering the ocean. The hotel and the courses were reserved for the players and others associated with the Championship. The fact that all the principals were under one roof gave a special flavor to the tournament and a special opportunity for people to know one another. The Fuji Course, scene of the tourna­ ment, is a Championship test by any standard. It was played at 6,587 yards with a par of 70. Fuji has some steep hills and odd bounces to accentuate the problems of its excellent golfing design. Nothing was spared to keep it in ex­ cellent order. The turf cover is “Korai” (Korean) grass, or zoysia, with a fine-bladed hybridized type used on the putting greens. Zoysia is a stiffish grass which affords marvelous lies in the fairway, comparable with our very best Ber­ mudagrass. On the putting green, it demands a truly made stroke, else errors are accentuated. Although this was their first experience with zoysia for nearly all the players, most of them learned to deal with it effectively. There were 13 sub-par scores in the 368 rounds played by 92 competitors; six were made in the final round. Three players scored 66. The United States was represented by not only a winning team but also a corps of fine ambassadors—Deane R. Beman of Bethesda, Md., 24; Labron Harris, Jr., of Stillwater, Okla., the National Amateur Champion, who turned 21 on September 27; William J. Patton, of Morgantown, N. C., 40; and Richard H. Sikes, 22-year-old college student of Springdale, Ark. Their non­ playing Captain was John D. Ames, of Chicago, former USGA President, one USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: NOVEMBER, 1962 5 AT THE WORLD AMATEUR Gary Cowan of Canada, above left, was low individual scorer in recent World Amateur Team Championship, scoring 72- 68-71-69—280. He was three shots ahead of Richard H. Sikes, above, who led the winning U. S. team with 283. Below is the flag-raising prior to start of play, at the Kawano Hotel, Ito, Japan. 1 ' of the original organizers of the World Amateur Golf Council and a first Joint Chairman. To appreciate the victory of the Americans, the novel scoring system of the World Championship must be un­ derstood. The competition is 72 holes stroke play. Each team’s four players play all four rounds; the team’s score consists of the best three individual scores in each round. Thus, the results may well be in doubt until the last player of each team finishes. So it was at Kawana. Going into the last round, the United States led Canada by merely two strokes, which is really no lead at all in this style of play. The experienced Billy Joe Patton was America’s first player in the climactic round, but he came a cropper and finished with 81. For the other Americans, this meant that each of them needed to keep the ball rolling, with little or no margin for error. Here is what those young men did when they had to do it: Beman, 66; Harris, 70; Sikes, 69;—a total of 205, tying the second-best single-round score since the Championship was in­ augurated. It was a gallant finish, particularly as Harris and Sikes were new to international team play. Cheer­ ing them on after he finished was Billy Joe Patton, who is always an inspiring fellow to have around. Canada is Second Best The United States’ winning score was 854. Canada was second with 862, followed by Great Britain and Ireland, 874; New Zealand, 882; and Mexico 887. One of the great surprises was the fine play by the Republic of China team; their 892 won sixth place by a stroke over Australia, which had been runner-up to the United States in 1960 and winner of the first Championship in 1958. Then came South Africa, 896. Japan made a splendid showing to be ninth with 902. Canada duelled with the United States from the outset. After the first round, the USA led with 212, to Canada’s second-place 215. The lead shifted during a rainy second round; when it ended Canada was ahead, 432 to 438, with New Zealand holding a close third position. The Americans rebounded strongly, wiped out Canada’s six-stroke lead, and went ahead by two at the 54-hole point, 649 to 651. They were not to be denied in the stretch run. Young R. H. Sikes, our National Public Links Champion the last two years, won a host of admirers by both his personality and his play in scoring three 69s and a 76. His personal total of 283 was the second best of the event. Except for a second-round 80, Deane Beman played superlative golf with two 70s and a 66. His 286 was the third lowest individual total. Labron Harris had 292 and made a grand finish which had much to do with his team’s victory. Patton was our lowest scorer in the rain of the second round. In the two previous World Champ­ ionships Canada finished sixth. This time Gary Cowan set a pace that made his side a leader from the start. Cowan played marvelous golf and re­ turned’ the lowest individual total, 72-68-71-69—280, level with Kawana’s exacting par. His teammates were Bill Wakeham, Nick Weslock, and Bob Wylie, under the captaincy of Dr. Jack E. Leddy, President of the Royal Canadian Golf Association. Three of the first five teams were from North America. Mexico’s prog­ ress in golf development was empha­ sized when its team took fifth position. Juan Antonio Estrada, a fine golfer on any course, had the fourth best indi­ vidual score of 287. He and Ronnie Shade, of Great Britain and Ireland, made 66s along with Deane Beman. Following are the 72-hole scores of all the teams: 1. United States of America 2. Canada 3. Great Britain and Ireland 4. New Zealand 854 862 874 882 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: NOVEMBER, 1962 7 HANDS ACROSS THE SEAS Impromptu clasping of hands and singing of "Auld Lang Syne" concluded the Eisenhower competition in Japan. Left to right, at left, are C. W. Benedict, United States; Shun Nomura, Tournament Chairman; Yuji Ko- dera and Masakazu Oka, Vice- Chairmen. Below, reading from top of circle clockwise, are Dr. W. D. Ackland - Horman, Australia; Henry H. Turcan, Great Britain; Mitsujiro Iskii, President, Japan Golf Association; Gabriel Tu- dela, Peru; Brig. W L. Steele, Great Britain; H. S. Malik, India (in turban); Joseph C. Dey, Jr., United States. 887 892 893 896 902 905 912 926 929 931 942 943 947 961 964 980 985 1,036 1,056 5. Mexico 6. Republic of China 7. Australia 8. South Africa 9. Japan 10. Argentina 11. Italy 12. Germany 13. Philippines 14. India 15. Hong Kong 16. Sweden 17. Switzerland 18. Spain 19. Brazil 20. Bermuda 21. Peru 22. Malaya 23. Pakistan Visitors to Kawana were impressed with the excellence of the course conditioning under the diligent super­ intendence of S. Takemoto. There were dozens of maintenance workers, mostly women, on the course throughout play; after a shot had been played from a greenside bunker, the sand was raked almost before the player left it. Before the tournament it was fascinat­ ing to watch the staff at work. Greens were rolled with a very large and heavy roller propelled by five women and two men (the men often merely guided the device). Fairway divots were prompty filled with top-dressing; caddies in Japan carry little bags of top-dressing for the purpose. Kawana has a number of out of bounds, care­ fully defined by white posts. Each post is numbered for its hole in se­ quence, starting at the boundary point nearest the tee; for example, on the 15th hole, the posts are identified as 15-1, 15-2, 15-3, etc.—no chance for error here in omitting a post or in identifying the place where a ball went out of bounds. Prince, Princess Welcome Guests The loving care given to the golf course was characteristic of the cease­ less work by the Japan Golf Associa­ tion in its efforts to make this a su­ perlative Championship. The proceed­ ings began with a beautiful reception at the handsome new Hotel Okura in Tokyo. Prince Takamatsu, brother of the Emperor, was Honorary Chairman of the tournament and, with his charming Princess, welcomed the guests at the reception, along with Mitsujiro Ishii and Shun Nomura, the Japan Golf Association’s President and Vice-President, respectively. Well-organized transportation by railroad took all players and delegates to Kawana in a happy group the next morning. There they spent eight de­ lightful days and came to know beyond peradventure the warm hospitality and great diligence of their Japanese friends in providing a first-class golfing experience. Special mention must be made of Yuji Kodera, the Tournament Chairman; Masakazu Oka, Toyohiko Inui, Takeaki Kaneda, who published a magnificent program; Ichizo Oguri, and Mrs. Setsuko Kudo. Much of the behind-scenes organiza­ tion was done by Ryohei Hanta, a tireless worker, whose knowledge of English and calm, happy disposition made him an excellent liaison. But the guiding spirit for Japan was Shun Nomura, whose many friends in America rejoice in the fulfillment of his dream in having the Champion­ ship in his country. Five years ago he suggested a team match between high- handicappers of Japan and the Uni­ ted States. Although this never came about, it led to the creation of the World Amateur Golf Council and the meaningful biennial Championship for the Eisenhower Trophy. One of the best contributions to the events at Kawana was made by the girls and young ladies who served as caddies. They were completely capable and charming in their blue trousered uniforms, white caps and veils, gloves and sneakers. The Japan Golf Asso­ ciation provided complimentary caddie service for the 92 players, plus 35 forecaddies. To do this, it was ne­ cessary to import 79 from 10 Tokyo suburban clubs and to provide their transportation and living expenses. It was quite a sight to see perfect USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: NOVEMBER, 1962 9 caddie service and manners. The players were unanimous in their ap­ preciation—and the Japanese girls were appreciative of their players, for many a golfer went home from Kawana with woolen clubhead covers for his woods, newly knitted on the spot by his admiring caddie. Nothing was more expressive of the spirit of Kawana. DELEGATES AND DUFFERS CUP A pleasant side event to the Champ­ ionship is the Delegates and Duffers Cup, for officials and non-playing captains. It is at 36 holes stroke play. Over Kawana’s Oshima course, a short but tricky and hilly test, Manuel J. (Dindo) Gonzalez was the winner. He is President of the Philippine Amateur Golf Association. He scored 73-72—145, deducted 14 handicap strokes, and his net 131 took a one- year lease on the trophy. Second was Shigeso Inoue, of Japan, with 76-73— 149—12—137. In the Guest Division, Hord W. Hardin, USGA Treasurer, returned the low score of 74-75—149—8—141. Run­ ner-up was Julio Orvananos, Mexico, 85-76—161—14—147. There were 48 participants. 1964 CHAMPIONSHIP IN ROME The 1964 World Amateur Team Championship will be played at the Olgiata Golf Club, Rome, Italy, it was decided at the biennial meeting of the World Amateur Golf Council. The probable dates are in the second week of October. The Delegates decided to continue the Joint Chairmanship of the Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St. Andrews and the United States Golf Associa­ tion. Henry Turcan represented the R and A as Joint Chairman at Kawana, and C. W. Benedict repre­ sented the USGA, in substitution for John M. Winters, Jr., USGA President. Joseph C. Dey, Jr., of the USGA, was re-elected Secretary. In the Administrative Committee of the Council, Peru replaced Argen­ tina, and India replaced New Zealand. Re-elected to the Committee were Italy, Japan, and Australia. The following were present: 1. Argentine Golf Association Dr. E. H. Maglione 2. Australian Golf Union Dr. W. D. Ackland-Horman 3. Bermuda Golf Association J. Thomas Smith 4. Brazilian Golf Association Nestor Sozio, Sr. 5. Royal Canadian Golf Association Dr. J. E. Leddy 6. Golf Association of the Republic of China George Chi-min Chen 7. German Golf Association H. 0. Krings 8. Royal & Ancient Golf Club of St. Andrews, of Scotland Henry H. Turcan Brig. W. L. Steele 9. Royal Hong Kong Golf Club Graeme Nicholl 10. Indian Golf Union P. R. Surita 11. Italian Golf Federation Conte Giuseppe Sabini 12. Japan Golf Association Shun Nomura 13. Federation of Malaya Golf Association Tun Sir Henry H. S. Lee 14. Mexican Golf Association Rodrigo Medellin 15. New Zealand Golf Association Douglas 0. Whyte 16. Pakistan Golf Union Tajuddin Salimi 17. Peruvian Golf Federation Gabriel Tudela 18. Philippine Amateur Golf Ass’n. M. J. Gonzalez 19. South African Golf Union Justice H. E. P. Watermeyer 20. Spanish Golf Federation Juan Antonio Andreu 21. Swedish Golf Union (absent) 22. Swiss Golf Association Erich Pfister 23. United States Golf Association Clarence W. Benedict Wm. Ward Foshay Secretary, Joseph C. Dey, Jr. 10 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: NOVEMBER, 1962 NOVEL HANDICAP METHOD FOR CONVENTION EVENTS "Durham System" arranges flights from 9-hole scores The USGA Golf Handicap System is the approved method for deter­ mining handicaps but, like every other system, it will not solve some of the unusual problems which face handi­ cappers. One of the most difficult problems is that of determining fair allowances for convention and resort tournaments which attract novice and occasional players who do not have USGA Handicaps. Obviously, the man who never plays except during his two-week vacation at Sloping Valley, or at the trade convention tournament, is entitled to a fair share in the com­ petition for prizes. The Callaway Handicap System, de­ vised by Lionel F. Callaway, and the kickers’ tournament, in which each player selects his own handicap and then shoots at a score which has been drawn blind, have been the most com­ monly-used for such competitions. Another method has now come to attention,. It was devised by James R. Durham, of Raleigh, N. C. The USGA although it has had no experience with this system, is pleased to present the Durham System as another possible aid to committee chairmen, 1. The Durham System divides en­ trants in an 18-hole stroke play com­ petition into flights. It is designed to place players of relatively equal abil­ ity in the same flight by determining flights on the basis of 9-hole scores. 2. The maximum scores for the flights, based solely on nine-hole scores, are predetermined by the com­ mittee, based on the number and rela­ tive skill of entrants. The range of scores for the flights should not be available until play is completed. 3. 9-hole scores used for flight de­ termination is optional: Option (A). The first 9 holes. At the end of 9 holes, the entrant’s gross score automatically places him in a flight. The scorer posts the entrant’s name in, the appropriate flight. However, hole-by-hole scores are not posted until play has been com­ pleted. Option (B). The lower of the two 9-hole rounds is used to determine the flight for each entry. This option encourages everyone to play his best on both rounds but might delay the scorer in posting flight position and gross scores. 4. Flight winners are determined by the lowest gross score for 18 holes in each flight. A maximum score for a hole (perhaps 8) may be set by the Committee. 5. In event of a tie in any flight, the committee may decide it in any of the following ways: (1) Declare the winner to be the player with the lowest first-nine score; (2) Conduct a play-off; (3) match scorecards (award the prize to the player who first won a hole, beginning with hole 1); (4) Toss a coin. (Note: The USGA does not recommend that option 3 be used). 6. It is possible that no entrant will qualify in one or more flights. To assure that awards are given in each flight, the committee may declare the winner of a vacant flight to be that entrant who posted the lowest score in the flight immediately below it. For example, should there be no qualifier for Flight I, the lowest scorer in Flight II can be declared the Flight I winner. The runner-up in Flight II then becomes the winner of Flight II. Examples of how Mr. Durham has determined flights at competitions he has conducted are as follows: USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: NOVEMBER, 1962 11 FLIGHT DETERMINATION (Based on 1st 9 hole total score) 6 FLIGHTS (Average and below golfers) (Championship Flight) 6 FLIGHTS (Better than average golfers) 39 or under 40 - 42 50 or less 43 - 45 anticipated 46 - 49 50 - 53 54 or over (Championship Flight) 1st Flight 2nd Flight 3rd Flight 4th Flight 5th Flight 39 or under 40 - 41 42 - 44 45 - 47 50 - 100 48 - 50 anticipated 51 - 53 54 - 56 57 - 59 60 or over (Championship Flight) 1st Flight 2nd Flight 3rd Flight 4th Flight 5th Flight 6th Flight 7th Flight Sth Flight 42 or under 43 - 45 46 - 48 49 - 52 53 - 56 57 or over 42 or under 43 - 44 45 - 47 48 - 50 51 - 53 54 - 56 57 - 59 60 - 62 63 or over 1st Flight 2nd Flight 3rd Flight 4th Flight 5th Flight 1st Flight 2nd Flight 3rd Flight 4th Flight 5th Flight 6th Flight 7th Flight 8th Flight 9 FLIGHTS 9 FLIGHTS (Championship Flight) NEW MEMBERS OF THE USGA California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Idaho Illinois Kentucky Maine Massachusetts Mississippi Missouri Nebraska New Jersey New York North Carolina Oregon Pennsylvania South Carolina Tennessee Texas Virginia West Virginia Wisconsin Illinois Michigan New Mexico New York REGULAR Peach Tree Golf & Country Club Broomfield Country Club The Farms Country Club Green Hill Golf Club, Inc. Madison Country Club Chatmoss Country Club, Inc. Windsor Forest Golf Club Broadmore Country Club Franklin County Country Club Palos Country Club Seneca Golf Club Inland Winds Golf Course Cummaquid Golf Course Wampatuck Country Club of Canton West Point Golf Club Mexico Country Club Lochland Country Club Englewood Golf Club Silver Lake Country Club Montgomery County Country Club Richmond County Country Club Mt. Hood Golf & Country Club Lehman Golf Club Sharon Country Club Fairdale Country Club Lakeside Country Club Marlboro Country Club Cookeville Golf & Country Club Mimosa Hills Golf & Country Club Sweetwater Country Club Meadow Brook Country Club, Inc. Williamsburg Golf Association Princeton Elks Country Club, Inc. Oshkosh Country Club South Hills Club ASSOCIATE South Bluff Country Club American Legion Golf Club New Mexico State Univ. Golf Course Poxabogue Golf Course Marysville Broomfield Cheshire Wilmington Madison Martinsville Savannah Nampa West Frankfort Palos Park Louisville Loring AFB, Limestone Yarmouth Port Canton West Point Mexico Hastings Englewood Perry Troy Rockingham Welches Dallas Sharon Fairfax Laurens Bennettsville Cookeville Lubbock Sweetwater Richmond Williamsburg Princeton Oshkosh Fond du lac Peru Holland University Park Bridgehampton 12 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: NOVEMBER, 1962 YESTERDAY’S STARS FALL TO YOUTH IN ’62 AMATEUR By FRANK HANNIGAN USGA Tournament Relations Manager Youth, sometimes not content merely to be served, can appear downright greedy. The 1962 Amateur Championship, played on the No. 2 course of the Pine­ hurst Country Club in North Carolina during September, was remarkable for the inroads made on the reputations of esteemed players by an assortment of younger men whose feats had not been extolled previously beyond the circulation of their local newspapers. What one witness termed “the slaughter of the ancients” was almost complete when the round of 16 dawned. Only three of the survivors had achieved the antique age of 30. Only one, Billy Joe Patton, of Morganton, N.C., was eligible to be President of these United States, having celebrated his 35th birthday five years earlier. The Champion is one of the youngest. Labron Harris, Jr., of Enid, Oklahoma, 20 year old, defeated Downing Gray, of Warrington, Fla., by 1 up in a 36-hole final match that saw the fortunes of the competitors spin like cars on a ferris wheel. Makes Up Five Holes Five holes behind after the morning round, Harris needed but to play eight more holes to overcome this deficit. When Harris won the 28th hole he went ahead for the first time. He re­ mained in front through the final hole where he made a touchy putt of four feet for his par. The lesson to be learned from the 1962 Amateur is that it is nearly impos­ sible for a small, select group of players to dominate a national competition year in and year out. There are simply too many gifted, if hitherto obscure, young players ready to accept the chal­ lenges offered by yesterday’s heroes. Not one of the players in the quarter­ final round had been that far before in the Amateur. Patton, who lost by 3 and 1 to Harris in a semi-final match, was the only man in the quarter-final who had ever been selected for a USGA international team. The others were Harris; Homero Blancas, a senior at the University of Houston who was runner-up in the 1962 NCAA Championship; James R. Gabrielson, of Athens, Ga., a 20-year- old University of Georgia student; Charles Coody, of Fort Worth, a 25- year-old Air Force officer; William Newcomb, 22, of Royal Center, Ind., a student of architecture at the Univers­ ity of Michigan; Paul Desjardins, 20, of Miami Shores, Fla., the son of a former Olympic diving ace; and Gray. Gray, who is 24 and an insurance salesman, made an extraordinary debut. He had never even filed entry for the Amateur before. Gray beat Dick Crawford, of El Dorado, Ark., 3 and 2; Marion E. Heck, Columbiana, Ohio, 1 up; Allan Sussel, Villanova, Pa., 20 holes; Marion C. Methvin Jr., Little Rock, Ark., 3 and 2; Desjardins, 1 up; and Coody by 3 and 2. And what of yesterday’s heroes? Charlie Coe, of Oklahoma City, Ama­ teur Champion in both 1949 and 1958, succumbed in the very first round to 19-year-old William R. Gerringer, of Hampton, Va., by 3 and 2. Gerringer, singularly unawed, played the first nine in 33, three under par. Deane Beman, of Arlington, Va., the 1959 British Amateur and 1960 USGA Amateur Champion as well as low Ama­ teur in the 1962 Open, bowed to Blancas in 24 holes in the fourth round. The emphasis on youth is such that Beman, USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: NOVEMBER, 1962 13 With thanks, Labron Harris Jr., greets sinking of putt on 18th green in his final match against Downing Gray. Photo by John G. Hemmer now 24, is generally written of as “the veteran Beman”. Bill Hyndman, of Huntingdon Val­ ley, Pa., was a first-round loser by 1 up to big Ray Terry, of Jacksonville, Fla. Terry is the son of Bill Terry, the former first-baseman and later manager of the New York Giants baseball team. Dudley Wysong, of McKinney, Texas, runner-up to Jack Nicklaus last year, was ousted by 23-year-old Ed Justa, of Rocky Mount, N. C., by 1 up in the second round. Charlie Smith, of Gastonia, N. C., who played brilliantly in the earlier rounds, was victimized by Desjardins’ sub-par golf during the second part of their match in the fifth round. Des­ jardins won by 1 up. Bob Gardner, of Essex Fells, N. J., runner-up to Beman in 1960, had the slight consolation of losing to one of his own generation. He was beaten by John Penrose, of Philadelphia, who is 48. Penrose’s margin over Gardner, who is 41, was 4 and 2 in the first round. The quick turnover of players every year in the Amateur Championship is correctly viewed as an indication of the health of amateur golf. Only 48 players out of a starting field of 200 qualified for both the 1961 and 1962 Championships. The new Champion is a tall, scholarly- appearing young man. As a matter of fact, he is a scholar, having been grad­ uated from Oklahoma State University last June with an academic index of 3.54 out of a possible perfect score of 4.00. This puts him well under par in academic circles. Harris plans to study further, toward a Master of Science degree in the field of statistics. He has in mind too the possibility of a Ph.D. Reserved and taciturn while on the course, Harris displays a good deal of charm off the course. Not the least of this charm is his readiness to admit that it is entirely possible to lose a golf match. Every morning at Pinehurst he would check out of his hotel room only to return almost apolo­ getically in the evening with the re­ quest that his stay be extended. As for his game, Harris is a long but not overpowering hitter; is very ac­ curate with all his iron shots; and is exceptionally deft around the greens. On many occasions when Harris 14 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: NOVEMBER, 1962 missed the greens he would go to his putter to negotiate the swells that are so characteristic of the No. 2 course. Invariably he would get down in two. Harris, who became Oklahoma Ama­ teur Champion earlier this year, is a son of the professional who also coaches the University golf team on which his boy was the star. On his way to the final Harris bested Roger Ginsberg, of Riverdale, N. Y., 2 and 1; Don Placke, of St. Louis, 2 and 1; Donald Stickney, of Columbus, Ohio, 2 and 1; Ed Hopkins, of Abilene, Texas, 5 and 4; Dick Sikes, of Springdale, Ark., the Amateur Public Links Champion, in 21 holes; Blancas, 2 and 1; and Patton by 3 and 1. Par Rigidly Defended In all, Harris played 174 holes and was credited with scores totaling 19 over par. If these statistics seem ordinary it should be noted that the definition of par—“the score that an expert golfer would be expected to make for a given hole”—is rigidly defended by the No. 2 course. The USGA is again indebted to Mr. Richard S. Tufts, Chairman of the Board of Pinehurst, Inc. and a former President of the Association, who made the course available for the Championship when players at the 1960 Amateur Championship requested he do so. The Pinehurst Committees, headed by Peter V. Tufts, General Chairman, painstakingly prepared for the event and were rewarded by the satisfaction of a smooth operation to the delight of all the competitors. Two historic happenings added to the significance of the Championship. First, Charles Evans, Jr., of Chicago, com­ peted in the Amateur Championship for the 50th time—a record likely to stand forever. A scroll attesting to Mr. Evans’ contributions to the game was pre­ sented to him at the players’ dinner before the Championship began. Secondly, former President Eisen­ hower interrupted a busy tour to view a portion of the afternoon round of the final match. Gen. Eisenhower’s schedule permitted him to watch play from the 29th through the 33rd holes. Chick Evans9 Remarks at Contestants9 Banquet (Digest of the text of Chick Evans’ remarks at the Contestants’ Banquet at the 1962 USGA Amateur Championship, Pinehurst, N. C. on Sept. 15, 1962) Players and friends, I am glad to be with you tonight. I am proud of the fact that I am in the same room with you and will play on the same course and in the same championship. All of you players should be proud of the privilege of playing in the National Amateur and of the honor and credit it gives you. Whenever I think of golf champion­ ships it always has seemed to me that in every way the foremost of all is the National Amateur. Use your own imagination and ideas on how I feel in playing in the National Amateur for the 50th consecutive year! I no longer am a bouncing walker on the fairways; in fact, I am a little rickety on the hind legs, making it difficult to transfer my weight or hold my old swing. My body is a little decrepit but the carburetor is working fine and the motor is not missing any cylinders. I am even more enthusiastic about golf and if it were not for the fact that 1890 from 1962 leaves 72, I would refuse to admit that the calendar does not lie. However, I am disinclined to admit that I am an antique and cannot play winning golf any more. In my opinion one never is too old . . . or too young ... to play in a golf championship. I cannot hope to put on an act which will convince spectators that I am a threat, but I’m taking it all with a grin. Just to be playing in this Amateur Championship is a joy to me, and I do derive consolation from the USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: NOVEMBER, 1962 15 fact that I cannot be classed as a “never-waser”. As I stand before you tonight I consider myself one of the most fortunate men who ever lived on the face of this earth. I have been asked often why I never turned professional, particularly when the golden door of opportunity came to me at a time while I held both the Open and the Amateur Championships of the United States for three years. Actually I never thought of golf as a basis for making my business career. I was sure one could find pleasure in business as well as in golf; I never cared how much golf I played as long as I gave business preference. To me, the game of golf alway seemed to be a not-source-of-income sport, more of a game for honor and credit—something intended for exercise and the pleasure of wonderful companionship, and prized not for its championships but for its recreation and the healthful cleanliness qualities of the out-of-doors which en­ courages moral cleanliness as well. I gave a lot of thought to this question of turning professional. I could see where it would change the entire pattern of my life; in particular, the thought of all the wonderful friendships I had made in amateur golf, and I was dis­ turbed as to whether they could fit into a new life as a professional. We know that we must have profes­ sionals to teach a sound swing. I always have thought that golf is like a sleigh which has two equal runners—profes­ sionals and amateurs, and if one is de­ stroyed, the sleigh cannot run. Over the many years I have been asked for advice concerning an amateur turning profes­ sional. I will give the same answer to­ night I have given many times in the past: if your position financially is ample, remain an amateur. One should follow the course which gives the greatest contentment and happiness. Over the years I probably have judged too harshly some of the golfers who seem to take so much from amateur golf and return so little. But with the A scroll commemorating his 50th appearance in the Amateur Championship was presented to Chick Evans, left, during the recent Championship at Pinehurst. John M. Winters, USGA President, makes the presentation. — Photo by John G. Hemmer possible fantastic earnings of a golf professional today, it is difficult to see how an individual could remain an amateur if he had unusual ability. . . . My memory is unimpaired and it brings fresh memories, rich and happy experiences, of rare moments in the last 50 National Amateur Champion­ ships. Now I hope to see all of you at other championships even though this 50th, the Golden Anniversary, has special significance. I would like to play in at least six more, God and the USGA willing. My first caddy badge at Edgewater was No. 56 and the number has been my lucky number ever since. Excuse me for perhaps sounding self­ ish. I am not; it is only the interest of a man who loves the game of golf and loves to play it. 16 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: NOVEMBER, 1962 CARLSMITH IS DOMINANT IN SENIOR CHAMPIONSHIP P. J. BOATWRIGHT, JR. USGA Assistant Director When Merrill L. Carlsmith, 56- year-old Hawaii attorney, ac­ cepted the Championship trophy follow­ ing the final match in the 8th USGA Senior Amateur Championship, he said he had never played in an event in which the competitors exhibited better sportsmanship. Earlier in the week, Larry Murphy, veteran caddie-master at Evanston Golf Club, Skokie, Ill., where the Championship was played, commented that the seniors were the most congenial group he had ever had the pleasure of serving. Sportsmanship and congeniality — these two words sum up the atmosphere which always prevails when the coun­ try’s best amateur golfers who have reached 55 years of age get together to determine a Champion. To earn the right to take home the Championship Trophy, Mr. Carlsmith qualified with 75 and then defeated Eugene Brown, Wyomissing, Pa.; George Dawson, the 1962 U. S. Seniors Golf Association Champion from Glen Ellyn, Ill., who had beaten him last year in his first attempt for the Senior title; Frank D. Ross, W. Hartford, Conn.; Michael Cestone, the 1960 Champion from Montclair, N. J.; and Willis H. Blakely, Portland, Ore. Mr. Carlsmith saved his best golf for his last two matches. In his semi-final match against Mr. Cestone, he played 17 holes on the par 70 Evanston course in even par. In the final, he played almost as well, being just one over par when he closed out Mr. Blakely, 4 and 2. After his semi-final match, Mr. Cestone commented that he played about as well as he could, but that it was just not enough to cope with the 5-feet, 6-inch, 190-pound attorney, who is the second Hawaiian to win a USGA Championship. Mrs. Jacqueline Pung won the 1952 Women’s Amateur Championship. Two other Hawaiians have come close, both in the Amateur Public Links Championship. This year Hung Soo Ahn, of Honolulu, was run­ ner-up to Dick Sikes in the Public Links and in 1934, Arthur Armstrong, also of Honolulu, reached the final only to lose to David A. Mitchell. In the final, Mr. Blakely, a member of the USGA Senior Championship Committee, was one up after three holes, but lost four consecutive holes— two to birdies and two to pars—to go three down. Mr. Blakely, holder of the Oregon State and Pacific Northwest Senior Championships, narrowed the margin to two holes with a 25-foot birdie putt on the eighth hole, but he lost the ninth when his tee shot found a bunker. At the tenth, Mr. Blakely again cut the deficit to two holes with another fine birdie, but after halving in par 4 and 437-yard eleventh, he again went three down when his tee shot on the short twelfth was bunkered and he failed to get his par. The remainder of the holes were halved except for the 16th and last hole, which Mr. Carlsmith won with a par. In the qualifying round, three new­ comers to the Senior ranks tied for medalist honors with scores of 72, only one stroke more than the record of 71 established by J. Clark Espie at Monte­ rey Peninsula Country Club, Pebble Beach, Calif, in 1958. The 72 shooters were James M. Johnson, LaDue, Mo., William S. Terrell, Charlotte, N. C., and Henry L. Robison, Albuquerque, N. M. Both Mr. Terrell and Mr. John­ son were defeated in the first round. USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: NOVEMBER, 1962 17 Merrill L. Carlsmith, left, won the 8th USGA Senior Championship defeating Willis H. Blakely, Portland, Ore., right, 4 and 2. Johnny Revolta, center, is the professional at tournament site, Evanston Golf Club, Skokie, III. — Chicago Tribune Photo Mr. Terrell lost to John J. Driver, a long hitter from Detroit, by one hole, and Mr. Johnson was the victim of Joseph Morrill, Jr., Great Barrington, Mass., by 2 up. Mr. Robison lasted to the quarter-final, where he lost to the 61-year-old Mr. Blakely on the 19th hole. It took a score of 77 to qualify for the Championship Flight of 32. There was no play-off for the qualifiers’ places since there were 31 scores of 77 or better. Dexter H. Daniels, the de­ fending champion from Winter Haven, Fla., automatically occupied the 32nd position. The score of 77 is the lowest re­ quired to qualify in the history of the event; the 1955, 1956, and 1958 Championships had previously shared this record. Mr. Daniels was defeated in the first round by David E. Rose, Cleveland, Ohio, the runner-up in 1960. Mr. Rose stood 4 up after seven holes, with two birdies and 5 pars. Mr. Daniels staged a fine comeback, winning holes 8, 9, 11, and 12 to square the match, but Mr. Rose’s birdie at 14 gave him the lead again and he retained it, winning by 2 and 1. There was a record entry of 524, 16 more than the previous record set in 1960, and 522 of the entrants vied for 115 places in the Championship proper at 32 Sectional Qualifying sites. Five players were exempt from Sectional Qualifying. In addition to the Championship Flight, there were four consolation match play flights of 16 and a consola­ tion stroke play event for all first round losers. This latter event was won by John E. Lehman, Chicago, with a score of 73. Following are final match results in the consolation match-play flights: First Flight — Dr. John C. Mercer, Fitchburg, Mass., defeated William J. McGlone, Minneapolis, Minn., 2 and 1. Second Flight — Neil Smith, Ard­ more, Okla., defeated H. D. (Dutch) Ackerman, Kansas City, Mo., in 20 holes. Third Flight — Joseph S. Garske, St. Paul, Minn., defeated Reginald S. Wilson, Burlington, N. C., 2 and 1. Fourth Flight — Clarence P. Kay, Oklahoma City, Okla., defeated George L. White, Chicago, Ill., 1 up. The Association is indeed grateful to George L. Hardy, General Chairman, and his Committee for the many long hours spent in preparation for the Championship and to the Evanston Golf Club for permitting the use of its excellent facilities for the event. 18 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: NOVEMBER, 1962 CLUB OPERATING COSTS UP 43% IN 10 YEARS Payroll Expenses Increase Individual Dues by 50 Per Cent The impact of inflation and its re­ sultant decrease in the purchas­ ing power of the dollar has been the major contributing factor in increas­ ing the costs of operating a golf club by 43 percent during the past decade. The figure and conclusion is offered by the New York accounting firm of Harris, Kerr, Forster & Company. Based on the sampling of 50 coun­ try clubs, a survey showed operating revenue, per club member, averaged $607 during 1961-1962 with $273 re­ presenting food purchases, $178 bever­ ages, $58 sports activities and $98 all other purchases. In addition, annual dues averaged $390 per regular mem­ ber and $167 for all other membership classifications. The current year’s total gross re­ venue and dues income of 26 million dollars for the country club group exceeded last year by $153,000 but this gain was more than absorbed by an increase of $662,000 in total oper­ ating costs and expenses. Ninety-nine cents of each dollar of total revenue and dues had to be set aside during the current year to meet payroll and other operating costs and expenses. The firm’s survey shows the 1961- 62 maintenance cost to be $3,307 per hole, up $125 over that for the pre­ ceding year. During the past 10 years there has been an uninterrupted in­ crease in golf course maintenance costs, and the 1961-62 average of $3,307 per hole exceeded by 45 percent the 1952-53 cost of $2,278. In the last 10 years, the club mem­ ber’s expenditures have increased by about 50 percent for his dues and 37 percent for his various purchases. The greatest increase in expense has been for payroll and related costs, up 54 percent. All other operating costs have advanced by 34 percent. Restaurant operations for the 50 clubs yielded a 1961-62 departmental net in­ come of 10.4% based on total food and beverage sales. Departmental expenses absorbed 49.6% of total sales, of which payroll and related costs represented 40.4%. The number of food covers served decreased by 1.6% from last year’s level but the average food receipt of $3.10 per cover represented a gain. USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: NOVEMBER, 1962 19 USGA OFFICERS NOMINATED FOR RE ELECTION IN 1963 John M. Winters, Jr. Would Again Hold Presidency John M. Winters, Jr., of Tulsa, Okla., has been re-nominated for another term as President of the United States Golf Association. In addition, the USGA Nominating Committee has, with one exception, re-nominated all officers and members of the Executive Committee for 1963. Proposals for all officers and members of the Executive Committee will be con­ sidered at the Association’s 69th An­ nual Meeting on Saturday, Janury 26, in New York City at the Biltmore Hotel. The slate of other officers re-nomin­ ated is: Vice-Presidents — Clarence W. Benedict of White Plains, N. Y., and Wm. Ward Foshay of New York City; Secretary — Bernard H. Ridder, Jr., of St. Paul, Minn.; Treasurer — Hord W. Hardin, of St. Louis, Mo. The new nominee for the Executive Committee is Morrison Waud, of Lake Forest, Ill. Mr. Waud would succeed Harold A. Moore, Chicago, Ill., who has made himself unavailable for nom­ ination. Mr. Waud was graduated from Princeton University in 1932 and the Northwestern Law School in 1935. He is an attorney with the firm of Gardner - Carton-Douglas & Chilgren. Mr. Waud is a member of Old Elm Club Fort Sheridan, Ill., Onwentsia Club, Lake Forest and Pine Valley Golf Club, Clementon, N. J. He was Captain of the 1932 Princeton golf team and has been Champion at Onwentsia. He also earned a wrestling letter at Princeton. Re-nominated to the Executive Com­ mittee (besides Messrs. Winters, Bene­ dict, Foshay, Ridder and Hardin) are: Fred Brand, Jr., of Pittsburgh, Pa. William C. Campbell, of Huntington, W. Va. Robert F. Dwyer, of Portland, Ore. Edward L. Emerson, of Boston, Mass. Edwin R. Foley, of San Francisco, Calif. Robert K. Howse, of Wichita, Kansas Eugene S. Pulliam, of Indianapolis, Ind. Henry H. Russell, of Miami, Fla. Charles P. Stevenson, of Buffalo, N. Y. Mr. Stevenson in June was named to fill the unexpired term of William C. Chapin, of Rochester, N. Y., who was killed in an airplane crash. Philip H. Strubing of Philadelphia has been re-nominated to be General Counsel. Richard S. Tufts of Pinehurst, N. C., has been proposed as Chairman of the 1964 Nominating Committee, along with C. Harold Weston, Jr., of Port­ land, Oregon; Raymond Salmen, New Orleans, La.; Emerson Carey, Jr., Den­ ver, Colo., and Dr. George M. Trainor Rochester, N. Y. John D. Ames, of Chicago, is Chair­ man of the current Nominating Com­ mittee. His colleagues are Frederick L. Dold, of Wichita, Kans.; Hon, Joseph F. Gagliardi, of Larchmont, N. Y.; Carl A. Jonson, of Seattle, Wash., and Roy D. Moore, of Memphis, Tenn. 20 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: NOVEMBER, 1962 FIRST SENIOR WOMEN’S AMATEUR TO MISS ORCUTT By P. J. BOATWRIGHT USGA Assistant Director The view from the first tee at Manu­ facturers’ Golf and Country Club, Oreland, Pa., is quite breath­ taking. The tee is situated high atop a hill overlooking the valley and the golf course below. In the early morn­ ing of October 17, this view was particularly picturesque. The autumn leaves were in full color, the fairways of the well-manicured course looked particularly green in the early morn­ ing sun and the bright blue sky was without a cloud. It would have been appropriate if the USGA Senior Women’s Amateur Championship could have its begin­ ning in such a setting, and so it did when, at 8:24 a.m. on that day, Mrs. Lloyd W. Dennis, Jr., of Arlington, Va., teed her ball, took her stance, and sent a well-struck ball sailing down the middle of the first fairway. The first Champion is Miss Maureen Orcutt, Englewood, N. J., a golf writer for the New York Times. Miss Orcutt, was a prime contender for the Wo­ men’s Amateur Championship for many years, but she was never able to win it. Her best efforts came in 1927 and again in 1935 when she lost in the finals. She commented at the presentation of prizes that she was quite happy to now have her name on the list of USGA Champions after so many frustrating years in the Women’s Amateur. She was, however, a member of the first four Curtis Cup Teams. Miss Orcutt was a model of con­ sistency in the Championship. She scored three consecutive 80’s in the 54 hole stroke play event to beat her nearest competitor, Mrs. Edwin H. Vare, Jr., Byrn Mawr, Pa., Amateur Champion six times, by seven strokes. Miss Maureen Orcutt displays the Senior Women's Amateur Championship trophys after her recent win. The wee one is a permanent possession; the larger trophy, presented by friends of Senior Golf, was manufactured in Dublin, Ireland, in 1897. Photo by A. Laneiro Third was Mrs. Allison Choate, Rye, N. Y., who had 250. Finishing fourth, fifth and sixth: Mrs. William Hocken- jos, Jr., Springfield, N. J., 251; Mrs. Maurice Glick, Baltimore, Md., 253; and Mrs. Charles F. Bartholomew, Dedham, Mass., 254. Only two players were able to break 80 in the three days of play. Mrs. John Pennington, Buffalo, N. Y., did it in the second round with 79; Mrs. Henry B. Jackson, Milton, Mass., had the same score in the final round. Mrs. Pennington finished with 255 for seventh place, and Mrs. Jackson shot 256 to tie for eighth place with Mrs. Theodore W. Hawes, Summit, N. J., Chairman of the USGA Senior Wo­ men’s Championship Committee. USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: NOVEMBER, 1962 21 When queried about the high scores, most competitors charged them to the lightning-fast greens, which according to Mrs. Harrison F. Flippin, Ardmore, Pa., many times winner of the U.S. Senior Women’s Golf Association Championship, were as fast as those at Merion Golf Club, Ardmore, Pa. Prizes were awarded to Miss Orcutt, Mrs. Vare and Mrs. Choate for their performances in the Championship, winners, and runners-up in three age groups. Following are these prize­ winners: Age Group A (50 through 54 years) Winner—Mrs. Allison Choate, Rye, N. Y.—250 Runner-up—Mrs. Maurice Glick, Baltimore, Md.—253 Age Group B (55 through 59 years) Winner — Miss Maureen Orcutt, Englewood, N. J.—240 Runner-up—Mrs. Edwin H. Vare, Jr., Bryn Mawr, Pa.—247 Age Group C (60 years and over) Winner—Mrs. Theodore W. Hawes, Summit, N. J.—256 Runner-up—Mrs. J. Stuart Brown, Sewickley, Pa.—271 The Association is indeed grateful to Mr . Ernest M. Brown, General Chairman and his Committees, and to the Staff at Manufacturers’ Golf and Country Club for preparations. USCA "GOLF HOUSE" FILM LIBRARY Films are available for rental at $20 each (group units less) from the United States Golf Association, 40 East 38th Street, New York 16, N. Y. Rules of Golf Dramatizations "THE RULES OF GOLF—ETIQUETTE" A family four-ball match stresses the importance of right relations to other players and to the course. Ben Hogan appears in several scenes. Robert T. Jones, Jr., makes the introductory statement. A "must" for every golfer. 1714 minutes "PLAY THEM AS THEY LIE" The Rules of Golf for fairway and rough. Johnny Farrell, the 1928 U. S. Open Champion, acts as in­ termediary between Wilbur Mulligan, a beginner of unimpeachable integrity, and Joshua P. Slye, a past master in the art of breaking the Rules. Filmed at Baltusrol Golf Club, Springfield, N.J. I6V2 minutes "ON THE GREEN" The Rules governing situations on the putting green. Photographed at the Mid-Ocean Club, Bermuda. 17 minutes Entertainment, History, Travel "GREAT MOMENTS IN GOLF" Eight Champions are seen with the many interest­ ing exhibits in "Golf House," home of the USGA Golf Museum and Library, and in flashbacks of their playing days. Robert T. Jones, Jr., during his "Grand Slam" . . . Ben Hogan . . . Francis Ouimet Gene Sarazen . . . Charles Evans, Jr. . . . Findlay S. Douglas . . . Mrs. Glenna Collett Vare . . . Margaret Curtis. Black and white. 28 minutes "WALKER CUP HIGHLIGHTS" Historic events in golf's oldest team competition between Great Britain and the United States. Robert T. Jones, Jr., Francis Ouimet and other great players are shown. First half, black and white; second half, beautiful color sequences of the 1959 Match at Muirfield, Scotland. 16 minutes "FIRST WORLD AMATEUR TEAM CHAMPIONSHIP FOR EISENHOWER TROPHY" Twenty-nine countries compete in golf's newest major event at St. Andrews, Scotland. Climaxed by play-off in which Australia defeats the United States to become the first winner of the Eisenhower 14 minutes Trophy. "SECOND WORLD AMATEUR TEAM CHAMPIONSHIP FOR EISENHOWER TROPHY" International friendships are furthered as 32 countries play at Merion Golf Club near Phila­ delphia. The United States is the winner, paced by remarkable play by Jack Nicklaus. President Eisenhower is shown receiving the American and the Australian teams at the White House. 17 minutes "GOLF'S LONGEST HOUR" Cary Middlecoff sets a target at which Ben Hogan, Julius Boros and Ted Kroll aim in vain, as Dr. Middlecoff wins the 1956 U. S. Open Championship at Oak Hill Country Club, Rochester, 171/2 minutes N. Y. "ST. ANDREW'S, CRADLE OF GOLF" Beautiful scenes of the historic town of St. Andrews in Scotland and its Old Course, with un­ usual interior scenes of the Royal and Ancient Golf Club. An award winner for 1959. "FAMOUS GOLF COURSES: SCOTLAND" Picturesque and famous holes on the great courses at Troon, Prestwick, Carnoustie, St. Andrews, North Berwick and Muirfield. The distinctive aspects of Scottish linksland are seen at their finest. 18 minutes 22 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: NOVEMBER, 1962 REFEREE Decisions by the Rules of Golf Committees Example of Symbols: “USGA” indicates decision by the United States Golf Association. “R & A” indicates decision by the Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St. Andrews, Scotland. “62-1” means the first decision issued in 1962. “D” means definition. “R. 37-7” refers to Section 7 of Rule 37 in the 1962 Rules of Golf. COMMITTEE: WHEN PERMISS­ IBLE TO CORRECT UNJUSTIFIED DISQUALIFICATION PENALTY. SCORECARD: COMPETITOR NOT SUBJECT TO PENALTY FOR ADDING INCORRECTLY. COMMITTEE: MEMBERS NOT PROHIBITED FROM COMPETING IN EVENT. USGA 62-21 R. 11-lb, 11-3 Q: During the last 18 holes of a 72-hole stroke play team event, with­ out handicaps, one team competitor signed and returned to the scorer his card with all holes marked correctly, but the total of one stroke less than he actually played. The scorer re­ ferred this to the rules committee, and they ruled that the competitor was disqualified under USGA Rule 38-2. This was not protested by the com­ petitor. After the decision was made the competitor and another of his team members left the golf course. After all teams had completed play and scores were added, it was found two teams were tied for first place, since the other team was disqualified. Due to circumstances which would not permit an 18-hole play-off the next day, the rules committee and two team captains agreed on a sudden­ death play-off to determine the first- place team winner and the runner- up team. This was accomplished and one hole decided the first-place and the second-place teams. All team com­ petitors and tournament committee left the golf course to meet later for the Award presentations. When the awards were to be pre­ sented the tournament chairman an­ nounced there had been a misinterpre­ tation of the rules, that the competitor could not be disqualified as ruled earlier for turning in the total of one less stroke than he actually played, since all holes were marked correctly. After adding the scores again, it was found the previously disqualified team was in first place. It was further ruled that the team winning the play-off would be awarded second place. My questions are as follows: 1. After a decision has been reached USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: NOVEMBER, 1962 23 by the rules committee, can that de­ cision be changed as in the incident previously stated? 2. Is a competitor subject to dis­ qualification due to returning to the score committee a card with a total of one stroke less than he actually played, although each hole is marked correctly ? 3. Can the tournament chairman serve on the tournament committee and at the same time compete in tournament play as a competitive team member? Questions by: T/Sgt. Kelly H. Alpin Norton AFB, California A. 1: Yes. The Committee’s decision could be changed any time prior to the official announcement of the result of the competition. See Rule 11-lb. A. 2: No. The competitor is only responsible for returning the correct score for each hole. If he totals the score incorrectly, it is the Committee’s duty to correct the error without pen­ alty to the competitor. See Rule 38-2. A. 3: There is nothing in the Rules to prevent a member of a Committee from participating in the competition. WRONG BALL PLAYED BY FELLOW - COMPETITOR: COMPETITOR PENALIZED FOR PLAYING FROM WRONG POSITION USGA 62-20 R. 1, 11-4, 21-3, 27-3 Q: In a stroke play event, two players in the same group hit their second shots into a trap guarding the green. Because of their positions in the trap, neither ball was identifiable. A hit one of the balls but did not get out of the hazard, at this point, he dis­ covered he had hit the wrong ball. B then proceeded to hit the same ball, but he did not return it to its original position. It was not until his third shot that he finally was able to reach the green. At this point he was told by a spectator that he should have returned the ball to its original position. He then proceeded back into the trap, put another ball on the origi­ nal spot and played that ball up to the green. At this point, he holed out both balls in two putts. (Player A meanwhile played out the hole with his proper ball without incident). A search of the Rule book failed to provide an answer to this situation. Question by: TOM FLYNN Vineland, N. J. A: A incurred no penalty because under Rule 21-3 there is no penalty when a competitor plays a stroke in a hazard with a ball other than his own. B’s score for the hole was the score made with the ball placed on the spot from which A wrongly played B’s original ball, plus a penalty of two strokes — see Rules 21-3 and 27-3. The Rules do not permit play of a ball from a place to which it has been wrongly played by another competitor — see Rule 1. By applying the rule of equity (Rule 11-4), the principle established in Rule 21-3 concerning play of a ball other than the player’s is followed. If B had failed to correct his error he would have been subject to disoualification for breach of Rule 1. LIFTING BALL: TO DETERMINE WHETHER BALL IN BURROWING ANIMAL HOLE, PERMISSIBLE U'SGA 62-18 R. 11-4, 23-1, 32-1, 35-lk Q. 1: May a player lift a ball to determine whether or not it lies (not below the surface) in a hole made by a burrowing animal, reptile or bird, when its position indicates an unusual depression below the ball, or must the player risk penalty for an improper lift, Rule 16? A. 1: The Rules of Golf do not spe­ cifically cover the matter, but equity (Rule 11-4) would permit a player to lift his ball without penalty, in the presence of his opponent in match play or marker in stroke play, as Rule 23-1 requires in the case of 24 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: NOVEMBER, 1952 lifting a ball for identification. GREEN: DROP Q. 2: How close to the nearest point off the putting surface must a ball be dropped or placed when it comes to rest on a wrong putting green Rule 35-lk? This question arises because players dislike chewing up the putting surface with their spikes or taking divots on the collar or apron of the green, yet are without specific instructions as to the proper pro­ cedure. A. 2: Rule 35-lk provides: “A ball lying on a putting green other than that of the hole being played must be lifted and dropped off the putting green as near as possible to where the ball lay but not nearer to the hole and not in a hazard, without penalty.” The words “as near as possible” need not be taken so literally as to require the player to drop so near the green that he would have to stand on the green to play his stroke. The object of the Rule is to protect the putting greens. The matter of divots being taken from collars and aprons must be disregarded in applying the Rule. Questions by: A. Stickel Sylvania, Ohio HANDICAP DECISIONS NOT UP TO 50 USGA Handicap Decision 62-5 Misc. Q: Are we correctly interpreting the “spirit” of the USGA Handicap System when we limit the amount of handicap that a player may receive? Does it seem fair that a handicap limit of 30, for example, be enforced, when there is no reason to limit a field? I refer both to a club and to an association where membership is by invitation. If a player’s best 10 of the last 25 scores figure a handicap of 34, for example, should the player have to play with only 30? Question by: Mrs. Homer Lichtenwalter Springfield, N. J. A: The USGA Golf Handicap System does not contemplate an artificial maximum limit on handicaps except that the USGA chart does not provide for handicaps beyond 50. SCORES NOT RETURNED REGULARLY: (1) HANDICAP MAY BE WITHDRAWN (2) RAISING HANDICAP NOT AUTHORIZED USGA Handicap Decision 62-7 References: Men — Section 8-4d Women — Section 19-3b Q: A golfer wants to keep her handicap low because: (1) She wants to be eligible to join or maintain her membership in golf­ ing asso'Ciations with handicap limits, (2) She wants to be eligible to enter certain USGA - sponsored or other tournaments with handicap limits, (3) And the human element that she doesn’t want to admit to herself that her golf is slipping. She likes the status symbol of being a 7 or 9 or 10 or even a 17 or 19 instead of the relatively higher handicap she plays to. The result is she never turns in any scores that could possibly raise her handicap. Even though she may play 15 or 20 or more times at her club or a few rounds outside, she doesn’t post a “No Card”. She doesn’t post anything. She wants to hang on to those ten ( sometimes fabricated) scores that give her her illusory han­ dicap. This has many unfortunate ramifications. Team-wise, other play­ ers suffer as well as associations vic­ timized by synthetic handicaps. Question by: Mrs. A. A. Dreyspool New York, N. Y. A: Clubs or associations would be justified in withdrawing the handi­ cap of a player who does not co­ operate in returning scores — see Section 19-3b of “The Conduct of Women’s Golf.” The USGA Handi­ cap System makes no provision for arbitrarily raising the handicaps of such a player. USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: NOVEMBER, 1962 25 Plants and Light By DR. MARVIN H. FERGUSON Mid-Continent Director, National Research Coordinator, USGA Green Section The 1962 Yearbook of Agriculture is entitled “After A Hundred Years.” It is a review or “a sampler” of progress in the field of agriculture in the 100 years since the establishment of the U. S. Department of Agriculture. One area in which new knowledge has had a tremendous impact on plant man­ agement is that of light influences upon plants. The following paragraphs are quoted from an article written by Dr. Harry A. Borthwick. The article appears in the 1962 Yearbook. Dr. Borthwick is one of the world’s out­ standing authorities on the effects of light upon plants. Dr. Borthwick and Dr. Sterling Hendricks, a co-worker, have just been announced winners of the Hoblitzelle prize for 1962. “Two men in the United States De­ partment of Agriculture in 1918 set themselves the task of finding a way to make a certain tobacco plant flower. Most tobacco plants flower without any prompting, but this particular plant was different. It arose as a mutation and had great promise for commercial use if only seed could be produced. But seeds come from flowers, and plants like this one, seen occasionally in pre­ vious years, had always been killed by frost before they could flower. As autumn approached in 1918 and no flowers were evident, the men moved the plant into a greenhouse so it could continue to grow. The plant flowered about Christmastime and produced seed. The immediate problem thus was solved. “This event attracted little attention at the moment because only a few per­ sons were aware of it and understood its significance. But to W. W. Garner and H. A. Allard, the two men with the problem, the production of those to­ bacco flowers opened up an entirely new area of plant science. They had discovered the fundamental principle that the relative length of day and night controls flowering. They named the phenomenon photoperiodism. They tested the principle of photo­ periodism on several other plants and found it worked on many. Some kinds, the ‘short-day’ plants, like the tobacco, they learned, flower when days are short and nights are long, but do not flower under other conditions of day- length. Other plants, the ‘long-day’ ones, such as spinach, flower only when the days are long and nights are short. Still others, ‘day-neutral’ ones, 26 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: NOVEMBER, 1962 have no preference as to daylength. “When that one tobacco plant flowered in 1918, probably even Garner and Allard did not appreciate the im­ pact their discovery would presently have on agriculture and on scientific understanding of the growth and devel­ opment of plants. It led to the essential knowledge on which the multimillion- dollar industry of year-round produc­ tion of blooms of chrysanthemums was founded. It gave the wheat breeder a tool that permitted three times the former rate of progress in producing disease-resistant strains, a tool that was used when strain 15B of stem rust threatened ruination of the country’s wheat production. It opened the door to understanding many problems of plant production not outwardly related to flowering. It prepared the way for basic investigations of the response of plants to environment. Research on photo­ periodism at an ever-increasing rate is creating a backlog of knowledge use­ ful in new ways to improve further our agricultural efficiency and contribute to our enjoyment of flowering plants. “The story of the further develop­ ment of our knowledge of the control of flowering by daylength is the story of how a single bio-chemical reaction of plants to light not only controls flower­ ing but also prepares trees and other plants of temperate climates for the onset of cold weather; causes seeds of some crops and many kinds of weeds to germinate; controls the coloring of apples, tomatoes, and other fruits; and brings about other plant responses. The discovery of photoperiodism was turned immediately to practical use—for ex­ ample, in the control of time of flower­ ing in commercial production of chrysanthemums. Garner and Allard found chrysanthemums to be short-day plants in their original experiments. Artificial light added to the end of short autumn or winter days to make the days long and the nights short de­ layed blooming until later, more desir­ able dates. Conversely, shortening the exposure to light and lengthening the dark periods artificially in the summer induced early, out-of-season blooming. “Scientists have wondered, however, why chrysanthemums require an in­ terruption of darkness of as much as 3 or 4 hours while the soybean, another short-day plant, requires only 3 or 4 minutes to prevent flowering. We now have the answer. Chrysanthemums do not require 3 or 4 hours of light. They can be kept from flowering by much less than 3 or 4 hours if the light is divided into short periods and distri­ buted throughout 3 or 4 hours, near the middle of the night. For instance, 18 minutes of continuous light given at midnight does not prevent flowering; but if it is divided into nine 2- minute exposures at 30-minute inter­ vals throughout a 4-hour period in the middle of the night, the total of 18 minutes is as effective as continuous light for 4 hours. Other equally effec­ tive lighting schedules have been found, and better ones may be possible. “This method of cyclic lighting dur­ ing a part of the night was just being developed when this was written. It has promise of profitable application by the grower because it permits him to use a limited amount of power for lighting a large area. By lighting each of several small areas briefly, in succession, in­ stead of a big area continuously for a long period, he greatly reduces both the demand charge for service and the actual amount of current he uses. Prog­ ress in applying light to chrysanthe­ mums since 1925 has come largely as a byproduct of fundamental studies of the action of light on plants in general. One of the first underlying facts scientists discovered about photoperiod­ ism was that red light is more effective than that of any other color when used as a dark-period interruption to control flowering. This discovery has obvious practical importance; it indicates the best kind of lamps to use. Lamps giving light that is rich in the red are more efficient than those giving light that is poor in red. “A second major discovery was that USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: NOVEMBER, 1962 27 the action of red light on flowering is nullified by light having somewhat longer wavelengths in the near in­ frared, the so-called far red. Thus, after one exposes a soybean to enough red light in the middle of the night to prevent flowering, the capacity to flower is easily restored by an exposure to far red immediately afterward. This discovery was very important, because these red and far-red wavelengths of light also caused peculiar reversals of the ability of certain seeds to germ­ inate. Some kinds of seeds must have light to germinate, and the kind they need is red light. After they receive the red light, however, the seeds can be kept from germinating by promptly giving them far red. Since the same wavelengths of red and far-red light, respectively control both seed germina­ tion and flowering in the same revers­ ible way, these two plant processes must be set in action by the same basic light reaction. This is startling, be­ cause germination of seeds and flower­ ing are so different in appearance as to seem quite unrelated. “The occurrence of reversibility in the ability of seeds to germinate and of plants to flower suggested the pos­ sibility that such photo-reversibility might also occur in other plant re­ sponses. A careful survey revealed that it is, in fact, involved in several other phenomena. It has much to do with the regulation of length of stems and the size of leaves and with pigmentation of fruits and other plant parts. It proba­ bly is responsible for many other re­ sponses not yet demonstrated. Dis­ covery of the effectiveness of red light and the reversal of its action by far red led to a further step in the knowl­ edge of how light affects plants. Red light obviously causes effects that other visible wavelengths either do not cause or cause far less effectively than red. The energy of light, of course, must be absorbed to induce these effects. Absorption of red in preference to light of other colors requires the presence of an absorbing compound, a pigment that is blue. We therefore look for such a blue compound in plants. Most plants are green, however; even albino plants are white, not blue. Either there is no blue pigment in certain plant parts, or so little is present that we cannot see it. “Where do these studies of the light reactions lead ? The answer in part comes from looking backward. As re­ cently as 1951 we did not know that the photoperiodic reaction was reversible by light. We knew that a pigment was in­ volved, but we did not know about its change of form in darkness. Extraction of the pigment had not been undertaken at the time. Control of many different kinds of plant response by a single re­ versible photochemical reaction was not even imagined in 1951. An obvious answer to the question, is that we can­ not predict where the results of this work will lead in the next few years. We can give assurance, however, that the work will lead to more complete understanding of how plants are in­ fluenced by their environment and will enable farmers and gardeners to grow and use plants to better advantage. “Exactly how results of this kind of work may contribute in the future to more efficient agriculture is also diffi­ cult to predict. Looking backward again, we see many practical applica­ tions already made and many oppor­ tunities not yet realized. Plant breeders use daylength control to make potential parent plants flower at the time desired so they can be hybridized. They grow the progenies on daylengths favorable to flowering and thus shorten the time to maturity and increase the number of generations they can grow in a given time. Physiologists know that plants in different stages of development do not always give the same response to herbicides. Daylength treatments are used therefore to produce plants in vegetative and reproductive states for experimental purposes. “Still another illustration of the action of light on seeds comes from experiments in burying seeds. Seeds 28 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: NOVEMBER, 1962 mixed with moist sand in an unstop­ pered bottle were buried 3 feet deep in soil. The bottle was inverted so as not to accumulate any standing water and left for 80 years. Some of the seeds promptly germinated when they were dug up. How could they remain viable so long? Why did they not germ­ inate earlier? They were moist, had presumably adequate aeration, and surely must have encountered tem­ peratures favorable to germination many times in the 80 years. Then one wonders why they germinated as soon as they were taken from the soil and placed in a seed germinator. It seems that they did not germinate for 80 years because they were in the dark. In the process of being dug up, they received light and germinated im­ mediately. “Examples of how light affects plant growth are almost inexhaustible. Those I have given are merely selected illus­ trations of rather commonplace ways in which light affects our lives through its influence on the plants or plant products that we eat, wear, burn, or admire. Only enough is told of the di­ rection in which the research is cur­ rently leading to indicate its rapid change. An advance in understanding of flowering pointed the way to a new approach to germination of seeds. Progress in extraction and study of the light-absorbing pigment confirmed the conclusions previously reached from physiological studies and provided the basis on which new experiments were designed. In research of this kind there is no new frontier. The ever-advancing old frontier, however, changes so fast that it always seems new and filled with promise.” The foregoing paragraphs are in­ dicative of the state of our knowledge with respect to light. As golf increases in popularity and we hear more of lighted putting greens and even of whole golf courses, we may well find ourselves faced with a need to manipu­ late light quality in order to insure the normal growth of turf. This is an area where turf men will be obliged to borrow the knowledge developed by fundamental research efforts. Questions Frequently Asked Prepared by Southwestern Office, USGA Green Section (Questions asked by superintendents during the past season are remembered. Some of these questions along with our explanations of at least one answer to them are printed here so that others, who likely have asked the same either to themselves or to others, may have our thoughts.) In greens constructed according to USGA Green Section specifications, does all the free moisture drain when the “dumping phenomenon” occurs? Why? Yes. To answer why, one should recall the incidents leading to the formation of the false water table initially. In general, they are as follows: (a) The water enters the seedbed from the surface and fills all the micro­ pores; at this point the soil near the surface reaches field capacity. (b) While the micropores are filled near the surface, many micropores also are filled for short periods of time, This process continues downward until all the soil is wet down to the sand­ gravel interface which is underlying the permeable seedbed. (c) Surface tension of the water holds the free water against the force of gravity (the only force attracting the water downward). (d) As water accumulates, a column is formed. When it becomes high enough so that its weight overcomes the ability of surface tension to retain the free water, the interface is then pene­ trated; and like sheep through a weak fence, each water molecule follows its leader until all the macropores have USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: NOVEMBER, 1962 29 emptied. When this occurs, the seedbed is at field capacity—the driest it can become due to downward drainage alone. The remaining moisture will be removed either by transpiration or evaporation. One superintendent stated he can irrigate until the point just prior to the “dumping phenomenon;” and after ap­ plying a small additional amount of water, much more is drained out than that additional amount added. The question then arose, “If he is so good, why does he need the gravel and sand layers?” He could not do this without the gravel and sand layers under a seedbed of given permeability. Is there any difference between Brownpatch and Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn? Emphatically, yes. This difference is the same as exists between Dollar Spot and Sclerotinia homoeocarpa, F. T. Bennett; between Gray Snow Mold and Typhula itoana Imai; and between any other disease and its causal organism or agent. In short, one is the name of the disease; and the other is the scienti­ fic name of the causal organism. COMING EVENTS December 4-5-6 1962 Oklahoma Turf grass Conference Oklahoma State University Stillwater, Oklahoma December 10-11-12 Texas Turfgrass Conference Texas A & M College College Station, Texas January 25 1963 USGA Educational Meeting Biltmore Hotel New York City, N. Y. January 30-31 Virginia Turfgrass Conference John Marshall Hotel Richmond, Va. February 6-15 34th GCSAA International Turfgrass Conference and Show El Cortez Hotel San Diego, California When should over seeding be done in bentgrass greens which are highly infested with Poa annua? The purpose for overseeding with additional bentgrass is to increase the relative population of bentgrass to Poa anqua. Normally, seeding would be done either in the fall or spring. Seed­ ing during these two seasons should not be discredited or discontinued. However, it is felt that much can be gained from summer overseeding. The procedure followd has been to either power spike in two or three directions to open the turf and permit more seed to contact the soil or to use a verticut with the reel disengaged to accomplish the same effect. Should a summer aerification be warranted, such an overseeding could be made concurrently. Inasmuch as a very close observation is essential dur­ ing the summer and especially if the greens are aerified, the possibility of losing seedlings due to drying is re­ duced greatly. The rate to seed should be in the range of two or three pounds of seed per 1000 square feet. While this pro­ gram has helped most of those who have tried it, it does not represent a cure-all for Poa annua. Rather it is possibly another step in management to discourage Poa annua. Is any benefit derived from winter fertilization of fairway turf? Virginia tests have demonstrated that winter applications of fertilizer, even on steep roadside slopes, have had little leaching loss. USDA tests have shown that such feeding has an un­ expectedly important influence—there is a great deal of winter root growth even though grass tops are frozen stiff. An experiment at the Lawn Institute in Marysville, Ohio, with the applica­ tion of high rates of urea to frozen bluegrass sod in the middle of January, resulted in just as attractive a spring 30 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: NOVEMBER, 1962 turf as did equal amounts of fertilizer applied in March. Also, the effects of this mid-winter feeding continued through the summer in the darker green color of the experimental area. At least one beneficial effect was that there was no surge of spring growth that aggravates spring mowing. What kind of topdressing mixture is best for greens? Once a topsoil mixture is selected and the greens constructed, every effort should be made to keep the subsequent applications of topsoil as nearly like the original as possible. The best way to go about this is to exercise great care in selecting the original topsoil mixture so that there will be no need for a change later on. Much of the guesswork can be taken out of the selection of the proper soil mixture with a physical analysis. Such an analysis measures the porosity, per­ meability, and moisture retention of a soil mixture. These are important characteristics of any soil mixture; and it follows that it would be much better to test these characteristics before the final selection of a soil mixture is made than to select the mixture, incor­ porate it in a green, and then have it turn out to be undesirable. If it should become necessary to change the structure of soil under turf, every effort should be made to avoid any type of layering. At least one method which has been successful is the incorporation of amendments into the soil by placing them in the aerifier holes after a thorough aerification. If this method does not work, complete renovation may be the only answer. Why does young grass in many greens show a nitrogen deficiency even when greater rates of N are applied than normally required? In most instances when this occurs, raw or readily decomposable organic matter was used in the mixture. For the most part, organic matter break­ down is dependent upon soil microbes. While their growth responds to tem­ perature changes, they, like the grass, require nutrients for growth; and when an organic material is available, they seem to prosper. Inasmuch as the bodies of the microbes are rich in proteins (which are about 6.25 percent nitro­ gen), much of the nitrogen in the soil is tied up in their godies as they grow. The microbes consume the available substrate (the rough organic in this case) until their population becomes too great for it too support. At that point, death of the older and weaker of the microbes begins to occur until an equilibrium in population is established. It is during the period prior to the establishing of the equilibrium that the deficiency develops; during this time supplemental applications of an inor­ ganic and readily available source of nitrogen are warranted. While much nitrogen can be tied up in proteins and complex nucleo­ proteins, later it will become available for turf consumption as those complex compounds are broken down, as de­ scribed above, and also through chemi­ cal decomposition. The deficiency should not cause alarm but should be expected and its manage­ ment planned when such sources of SUBSCRIBERS TO THE USGA GREEN SECTION VISITING SERVICE EASTERN REGION Conn. The Farms Country Club, Chesire Rolling Hills Country Club, Wilton Maine Inland Winds Golf Course Loring AFB, Limestone MID-WESTERN REGION Ohio Mohawk Golf Club, Tiffin Colo. Eisenhower Golf Course, USAF Academy Okla. Rolling Hills Country Club, Tulsa Texas Lakewood Country Club, Dallas WESTERN REGION Calif. Santa Rosa Golf & Country Club Santa Rosa USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: NOVEMBER, 1962 31 organic matter are utilized. It is for this same reason that farmers must fertilize more after a cover crop than when no cover crop was plowed in prior to planting. When establishing U-3 bermuda­ grass, why should one use vegetative material when U-3 seed can be purchased? Even though U-3 bermudagrass pro­ duces viable seed which can be and are harvested and sold, those seed do not produce a uniform population when planted. Many of the seed will produce plants so closely similar to U-3 that for all practical purposes one would say they were identical to the U-3 from which the seed came. However, the many other types of seedlings which will develop from the same source of seed will be quite varied in their characteristics. In “The Lawn Book,” U-3 is a strain of common Bermudagrass selected in 1938 from the Savannah Golf Club, Savannah, Georgia. It was tested for several years at Beltsville, Maryland, by the U. S. Golf Associa­ tion, Green Section, and the USDA and jointly released in 1946-47.” He further states, “Although seed produced from U-3 stolons is now on the market, the pure strain of the grass described here as U-3 must be planted vegetatively.” What about mowing when the grass is wet? There are several drawbacks to mow­ ing when the grass is wet. First of all, there is a good possibility that disease spores will be spread over the turf in this manner. Disease is most active during periods of high humidity and relatively high temperature; so by mowing when the grass leaves are wet, we are most likely to spread disease organisms. Because wet grass tends to stick to itself and everything around it, it is very difficult to do a good mowing job under this condition. The clipped grass blades accumulate in sizeable clumps when wet and tend to slow or clog mowers as well as have a detrimental effect on the turf where they fall. These clumps of grass are a fine medium for disease development; and if not broken up can rot, shade, or otherwise kill the grass underneath. Besides the detrimental effect to the grass, mowing under wet conditions is hard on machinery and makes mainten­ ance somewhat more costly. Course Care Publicized “Help take care of your golf courses” is the theme of an educational program being conducted at Griffith Park golf courses through the cooperation of the Griffith Park Men’s Club, according to Americ Hadley, supervisor of golf in the Los Angeles City Recreation and Park Department. Educational stickers are being placed on tee markers at each hole, on the rental golf carts and on the flagsticks at the Griffith Park courses. These stickers remind players to replace their divots and to keep their golf carts away from tees and greens. The Griffith Park Men’s Club hopes that by putting up the stickers they will persuade each individual golfer to recognize his responsibility for the care of municipal courses. Plan Your Troubles Away Emergencies are less shocking if a plan covering eventualities is thought out ahead. In fact, if planned for care­ fully, most “emergencies” never occur. If we’ll plan “just in case of fire” or “just in case of accident” the action in the emergency situation becomes more orderly and efficient. Then, if we go further to plan against the possi­ bility of fires and/or accidents, you just naturally reduce them. —Turf grass Advisor 32 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: NOVEMBER, 1962 ^iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii^ IT'S YOUR HONOR COMPLIMENTS COUNCIL GOLF RULES POSTERS | TO THE WORLD AMATEUR | GOLF COUNCIL, | C/O THE USGA I wish to extend my deep con- E gratulation for the successful com- E pletion of the Third World Ama- E teur Golf Team Championship for e the Eisenhower Trophy. It was de- E voted effort and true understand- = ing toward international goodwill = for the last two years which | brought forth this successful e championship. I wish to express = my sincere respects to the Ama- E teur Golf Council. This championship has greatly E contributed to the international E goodwill due to the fact that all E members of the teams from many E lands were together under one roof. I am deeply proud and highly E appreciate that this significant e championship was held at the E Kawana Hotel. Yours sincerely, Kishichiro Okura Tokyo, Japan | TO THE USGA: I am planning to play profes- E sional golf. I certainly did enjoy playing at E the Broadmoor in the Curtis Cup | Matches. It was a wonderful expe- E rience for me and I think every girl E should aspire to become a member. CLIFFORD ANN CREED Alexandria, Louisiana TO THE USGA: Thank you for the USGA poster e series depicting the Rules of golf. E The series made it eloquently f easy for anyone interested to learn the Rules with a minimum of e effort. We posted them on our bulletin e board where they may be viewed e by 300 to 500 golfers daily. They e cannot be anything but helpful. HARRY K. ALEXANDER Odana Hills Golf Association | Madison, Wis. NEW PROFESSIONALS TO THE USGA: I am writing to tell you that in e November or December I will be e turning professional. Nothing has e ever been harder to decide than e this. I want to thank you for the many e things done for me, but most | especially for naming me to the E Walker and Americas Cup teams. = In doing so you gave me more e confidence in myself (not only as e a player, but also as a human = being) than any person, or group e of persons, ever has. Please accept E my sincere gratitude. DON CHERRY g Wichita Falls, Texas E USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: NOVEMBER, 1962 33 USGA OFFICERS, EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE AND COMMITTEE CHAIRMEN OFFICERS PRESIDENT: .................................................................... John M. Winters, Jr., Tulsa, Okla. VICE-PRESIDENTS: ...................................... Clarence W. Benedict, White Plains, N. Y. Wm. Ward Foshay, New York, N. Y. SECRETARY: ................................................................ Bernard H. Ridder, Jr., St. Paul, Minn. TREASURER: ......................................................................... Hord W. Hardin, St. Louis, Mo. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE The above officers and Fred Brand, Jr., Pittsburgh, Pa. William C. Campbell, Huntington, W. Va. Robert F. Dwyer, Portland, Ore. Edward L. Emerson, Boston, Mass. Edwin R. Foley, San Francisco, Calif. Robert K. Howse, Witchita, Kans. Harold A. Moore, Chicago, III. Eugene S. Pulliam, Indianapolis, Henry H. Russell, Miami, Fla. Charles P. Stevenson, Buffalo, N. Y. Ind. GENERAL COUNSEL Philip H. Strubing, Philadelphia, Pa. EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR Joseph C. Dey, Jr., New York, N. Y. ASSISTANT DIRECTOR: P. J. Boatwright, Jr. USGA HEADQUARTERS "Golf House", 40 East 38th Street, New York 16, N. Y. COMMITTEE CHAIRMEN RULES OF GOLF: Wm. Ward Foshay, New York, N. Y. CHAMPIONSHIP: Clarence W. Benedict, White Plains, N. Y. AMATEUR STATUS AND CONDUCT: Philip H. Strubing, Philadelphia, Pa. IMPLEMENTS AND BALL: Hord W. Hardin, St. Louis, Mo. MEMBERSHIP: Edwin R. Foley, San Francisco, Calif. GREEN SECTION: Henry H. Russell, Miami, Fla. WOMEN'S: Mrs. Henri Prunaret, Natick, Mass. SECTIONAL AFFAIRS: Eugene S. Pulliam, Indianapolis, Ind. PUBLIC LINKS: Fred Brand, Jr., Pittsburgh, Pa. HANDICAP: Clarence W. Benedict, White Plains, N. Y. HANDICAP PROCEDURE: Herman M. Freydberg, New York, N. Y. JUNIOR CHAMPIONSHIP: Robert K. Howse, Wichita, Kans. SENIOR CHAMPIONSHIP: Harold A. Moore, Chicago, III. GIRLS' JUNIOR: Mrs. John Pennington, Buffalo, N. Y. SENIOR WOMEN'S CHAMPIONSHIP: Mrs. Theodore W. Hawes, Summit, N. J. MUSEUM: Edward L. Emerson, Boston, Mass. BOB JONES AWARD: Henry H. Russell, Miami, Fla. GREEN SECTION AWARD: Henry H. Russell, Miami, Fla. FINANCE: Hord W. Hardin, St. Louis, Mo. PUBLIC INFORMATION: Bernard H. Ridder, Jr., St. Paul, Minn. NOMINATING: John D. Ames, Chicago, III. USGA GREEN SECTION EASTERN REGION Northeastern Office: 814 Raritan Ave., Highland Park, N. J. Alexander M. Radko, Director, Eastern Region Raymond E. Harman, Northeastern Agronomist Charles E. Croley, Northeastern Agronomist Lee Record, Northeastern Agronomist Southeastern Office: P. O. Box 4213, Campus Station, Athens, Ga. James B. Moncrief, Southeastern Agronomist MID-CONTINENT REGION Southwestern Office: Texas A. and M. College, College Station, Texas Dr. Marvin H. Ferguson, Director, Mid-Continent Region and National Research Coordinator Mid-Western Office: Room 241, LaSalle Hotel, Chicago 2, III. Holman M. Griffin, Southwestern Agronomist James L. Holmes, Mid-Western Agronomist Western Office: P. O. Box 567, Garden Grove, Calif. William H. Bengeyfield, Director, Western Region WESTERN REGION