USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT TWO USGA CHAMPIONS Near the end of August two USGA Championships were played. Miss Mary Lou Daniel, left, of Louisville, Ky., won the Girls' Junior and Miss JoAnne Gunderson, Kirkland, Wash., won her third Women's Amateur Championship. Girls' Junior details begin on page 21, Women's Amateur page 8. SEPTEMBER, 1962 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT Published by the United States Golf Association 1962 by United States Golf Association. Permission to reprint articles or material in the USGA © Journal and Turf Management is granted to publishers of newspapers, periodicals and books (unless specifically noted otherwise), provided credit is given to the USGA and copyright protection is af­ forded. Neither articles nor other material may be copied or used for any advertising, promotion or commercial purpose. VOL XV, No. 5 SEPTEMBER, 1962 Through the Green................................................................................................. 1 A View of Golf History Through Pinehurst Eyes .......................................... 5 Fun Emphasized When Miss Gunderson Plays.................... Frank Hannigan 8 Growth of Vandalism Plagues Golf Courses..................Eddie L. Ervin, Jr. 11 American Team Brilliant in Curtis Cup Team Match .... Frank Hannigan 16 It Appears So Easy ......................................................... Joseph C. Dey, Jr. 19 Girls’ Junior Abounding in Talent .......................... P. J. Boatwright, Jr. 21 The Referee: Decisions Under the Rules of Golf .......................................... 24 Turf Management ................................................................................................. 28 26 Teams in World Cup ..................................................................................... 33 Published seven times a year in February, April, June, July, /lugust, September and November by the UNITED STATES GOLF ASSOCIATION 40 EAST 38th St., NEW YORK 16, N. Y. Subscription: $2 a year. Single copies: 30£. Subscriptions, articles, photographs, and correspondence should be sent to the above address. Second-Classs Postage paid at Rutherford, N. J Editor: Joseph C. Dey, Jr. Managing Editor: Eddie L. Ervin, Jr. All articles voluntarily contributed. USGA COMPETITIONS FOR 1963 For 1962 Schedule, see page 2 Championship or Team Mafch (1) Walker Cup Open Qualifying Entries Close Rounds — — May 8 Local: May 27 **Sectional: June 11 Dates of Event Location Turnberry, Scotland May 24-25 June 20-21-22 The Country Club, Brookline, Mass. Amateur Public Links *May 29 flJune 16-23 July 8-13 Haggin Oaks Municipal Golf Course, Sacramento, Calif. Women’s Open July 3 — Junior Amateur June 26 July 16 Girls’ Junior Women’s Amateur July 26 — July 31 — July 18-19-20 Kenwobd Country Club, Cincinnati, Ohio July 31-Aug. 3 Florence Country Club, Florence, S. C. (to be determined) August 12-16 August 19-24 Taconic Golf Club (2) Americas Cup — — Sept. 6-7 Amateur August 7 August 27 Sept. 9-14 Senior Amateur Sept. 4 Sept. 24 Oct. 7-12 Senior Women's Amateur Oct. 16 — Oct. 30-Nov. 1 Williamstown, Mass. Wakonda Club, Des Moines, Iowa Wakonda Club Des Moines Iowa Sea Island Golf Club, Sea Island, Ga. The Country Club of Florida Village of Golf Delray Beach, Fla. ** OPEN CHAMPIONSHIP: Date of Sectional Qualifying Championships may be changed to Monday, June 10 if local authority in charge deems advisable. * AMATEUR PUBLIC LINKS CHAMPIONSHIP: Entries close with each Sectional Qualifying Chairman. fl Exact date in each Section to be fixed by Sectional Chairman. (1) WALKER CUP MATCH: Men’s Amateur teams—Great Britain vs. United States. (2) AMERICAS CUP MATCH: Men’s Amateur teams—Canada vs. Mexico vs. United States. ENFORCEMENT OF FEDERAL LAWS ON GAMBLING By JOHN W. WINTERS, JR., USGA PRESIDENT In view of recent activity by agents of the Internal Revenue Service, we call attention to the opinion of the USGA General Counsel, Philip H. Strubing, concerning Federal tax liabilities involving Calcutta pools and other forms of organized gambling. This opinion was distributed in 1959 and follows under separate heading. The Internal Revenue Service has been active in at least one large area in enforcing the pertinent Federal tax laws. Following are examples: Case 1: Two Internal Revenue Service agents appeared at a club just before a Calcutta pool was to be conducted. They advised that the club would have to' buy a Federal gambling stamp and would have to pay 10% of the pool to the Government if the club were to proceed with the Calcutta. The club bought the gambling stamp and paid the Government 10% of the pool. The agents demanded a list of every purchaser, amounts paid, and winners’ shares, presumably for purposes of individual income tax. Two, days later the agents returned to the club and asked for 10% on Calcuttas held in the last five years, not barred by the statute of limitations. The club settled the retroactive feature for $5,000. Case 2: After a Calcutta sponsored by individuals, Government agents insisted that they be provided with names of participants and amounts won, which are subject to individual income tax. The club was advised that if it had conducted the Calcutta, it would have been liable for 10% of the receipts, and its exemption from Federal income tax would have been jeopardized. The USGA’s Position The USGA has long disapproved of gambling in connection with golf tournaments because of the harm it can do to the best interest of the game. Golf is a game to be played primarily for its own sake, especially amateur golf. When it is played for gambling motives, evils can arise to injure both the game and individual players. The United States Golf Association urges its Member Clubs, all golf associations and all other sponsors of golf competitions to prohibit gambling USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: SEPTEMBER, 1962 in connection with tournaments, not only to serve the best interests of the game but also to avoid possible serious legal and tax dangers. FEDERAL TAX LIABILITIES ON CALCUTTA POOLS By PHILIP STRUBING, USGA GENERAL COUNSEL Clubs as well as hotels and other organizations would do well to study the Federal tax laws before running a Calcutta pool in connection with a golf tournament or other sports eveont. If part of the proceeds of such a pool are retained by the club to meet any kind of expense, the club has received a direct benefit and the pool will be considered by the Treasury Department as having been conducted for profit. Moreover, even if the club does not retain any portion of the pool, the Treasury has ruled that “it must be assumed that . . . there is an expectancy of other benefits, such as advertising the establishment or increasing attendance at a tournament to which there are charges for admission.” It is considered by the Government that this expectancy of indirect benefits constitutes “profit” for purposes of the wagering tax. See Revenue Ruling 56-72. What are the wagering tax consequences of running a pool for profit? First, the club, as operator of the pool, is liable for the wagering excise tax of 10 percent of the total of the amount for which the tickets on players are sold and the amount for which the players are auctioned. Section 4401, Internal Revenue Code of 1954. Second, not only the club, as operator, but each individual (including officers) who receives wagers on the club’s behalf is liable for the special $50 tax imposed by Section 4411 of the Code. Third, it has been ruled by the Treasury that, as to each winner of $600 or more, an information return on Form 1099 must be filed by the club, on pain of a penalty which could run to $1,000 under Section 6652 of the Code. Clubs contemplating the operation of a Calcutta pool in connection with a tournament may well conclude that the “benefits” to be derived aren’t worth the assumption of these tax responsibilities. USGA COMPETITONS FOR 1962 1) Amateur Championship, Sep­ tember 17-22, Pinehurst Coun­ try Club, Pinehurst, N.C. 2) Senior Amateur Championship, October 1-6, Evanston Golf Club, Skokie, Ill. Qualifying round September 13 (with exceptions). 3) World Amateur Team, Octo­ ber 10 -13, Fuji Golf Course, Kawana, Japan. 4) Senior Women’s Amateur Championship, October 17-19, Manufacturers’ Golf & Country Club, Oreland, Pa. Entries close October 3. Four Switch-Hitters A foursome at the Country Club of Buffalo, Williamsville, N. Y., has found an unusual way to add spice to their matches. The group consists of Sam D. Wett­ laufer, father of former Walker Cup player Ward, and his partner Thorne Reineman against Jack Trefts and Ted Platt. Wettlaufer and Reineman have handicaps of 7, Trefts is 9 and Platt 11. Trefts and Platt play left-handed. They compete against each other regularly but once a year everything is reversed. In the latest match the Wettlaufer-Reineman side won 2 up. Medal scores were Wettlaufer 62-61— 123, Reineman 68-72—140, Trefts 59- 65—124 and Platt 85-76—161. 2 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: SEPTEMBER, 1962 Score For Our Side Crows are the greatest hazard to golf ball owners at a course in Eng­ land. The birds have been carrying away scores of balls from the fair­ ways in recent years. There apears to be only one way to stop them; use the American size ball. Golfers say our ball is too big to get into the crow’s beak. The Eng­ lish ball has a minimum diameter of 1.62 inches while the American ball is not less than 1.68 inches in dia­ meter. Hands Across The Border The Columbia Country Club, Chevy Chase, Md., was the scene recently of a junior competition that featured boys from the District of Columbia Golf Association against a team from Mexico. Play followed the pattern of the Walker Cup Match, except there were six players on each team instead of eight. Mexico led by 5 to 4 after the first day’s play of foursomes and singles but the next day saw the Dis­ trict boys outscore their visitors by 7 to 2 for an overall score of 11 to 7 in the District’s favor. Rodrigo Medellin, Treasurer of the Mexican Golf Association, served as captain of his country’s team while Frank Emmet, member of the USGA Junior Championship Committee and director of the District of Columbia junior golf program, was captain of the District’s winning team. The host club made all players and officials welcome and everyone enjoyed the companionship of this first inter­ national junior event. Mexico has in­ vited a District team to visit that country next year in a continuation of the series. U. S. AND MEXICAN YOUTHS PLAY MATCH The Mexican team is shown at front in dark coats. Members are, left to right, Jaime Escudero, Jose Palacios, Raul Drive, Alfonso Garcia Mendez, Guillermo Coghlan, Riccardo Urrea and, standing, Captain Rodrigo Medellin. The District Golf Association team members, standing, light coats from left: Captain Frank Emmet, Bob Roberts, Jimmy Galvin, Ricky Meissner, John Cavin, Kent Kittle and Jim Duffy. — Photo by Joe Gambatese USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: SEPTEMBER, 1962 3 Coif — The Game of Truth If you are not among the estimated five million Americans enjoying the great and growing game of golf today — why not? There are now nearly 7,000 golf courses in the United States from which to choose and as you read these words, wherever you are, there is a nearby course to satisfy your needs. Many years ago Sarah N. Cleghorn, in commenting upon oppressive child labor conditions in some steel mills, wrote: “The golf links lie so near the mill That nearly every day The laboring children can look out And see the men at play.” All this, of course, has changed. Golf is no longer only for the few, nor is it a “rich man’s game.” Golf now is for children. Golf is democracy, And Golf is truth. Why is golf a great game? Golf is a fine physical condi­ tioner. Ask your doctor. Golf knows no age barriers. Nine or ninety, you do yourself a favor every time you play. Golf is pleasure. And often, like when you sock a controlled, low drive some 200 yards straight into the teeth of the wind, golf is sheer exhiliration. But golf is an humbling game. It is discipline, and self control. You can’t fret about finances and personal prob­ lems while belting that ball straight down the middle. Golf is beautiful—a natural game of nature, played a million miles outside the confines of modern man’s self­ imposed steel and asphalt jungle. You walk on thick, green grass, under shade trees, sunshine and bright blue sky. But above all, golf is truth. From scorecard to handicap rating you are really playing your self. Golf is a gentlemen’s game of honor. You must play the truth. And when you do, you will win—even when the scorecard says you lose. — FRED ROHRS Necrology It is with deep regret that we record the death of: A. L. (LOB) EXLINE, Dallas, Texas, a member of the USGA’s Sectional Affairs Committee since 1950. A prom­ inent businessman as well as golf enthusiast, he was cited in May by the Dallas Golf Association for contribu­ ting most to the area’s golf in 1961. NEW MEMBERS OF THE USGA REGULAR Calif. Conn. Conn. Fla. III. Sharon Heights Golf & Country Club Menlo Park Orange Country Club Orange Rolling Hills Country Club Wilton Plant City Golf & Country Club Plant City Danville Country Club Danville Iowa Boone Golf & Country Club La. Md. Mass. Mass. Minn. Miss. N. J. N. Y. N. C. Ohio Ohio Pa. S. C. Tex. Va. Wise. Calif. Conn. Fla. N. Y. Wash. Bayou Country Club Thibodaux Mt. Pleasant Golf Club Baltimore Indian Ridge Country Club Andover Country Club of Natick Natick Executive Golf Club of Minnesota Minneapolis Columbia Country Club Columbia Atlantis Country Club Tuckerton Cedar Brook Golf Club Old Brookville Southern Pines Country Club Southern Pines Adams County Golf Club West Union Greene Country Club Yellow Springs Culbertson Hills Golf & Country Club Edinboro Waynesboro Country Club Waynesboro Spring Valley Country Club Columbia Laredo Golf Association Laredo Bow Creek Golf & Country Club Lynnhaven Bull's Eye Country Club Wisconsin Rapids ASSOCIATE Vandenburg Golf Club Vandenburg AFB Pleasant View Golf Course Meriden Sunset Golf Course Hollywood Twin Ponds Golf & Country Club New York Mills Cedarcrest Golf Course Marysville 4 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: SEPTEMBER, 1962 A VIEW OF GOLF HISTORY THROUGH PINEHURST EYES No. 2 Offers Stern Challenge Sept. 17-22 Golf has been played at the Pine­ hurst Country Club, Pinehurst, N. C., since a nine-hole course was built in February, 1898. Though steeped in tradition and internation­ ally known as a fortress for all that’s good in the game, Pinehurst has never seen a USGA competition. Pinehurst’s attraction for thous­ ands of golfers every winter season is explained by its several tourna­ ments, chief among them the North and South Championships for men and for women and for Senior men and women. It is unique, however, in that the basic plan of resort has re­ mained unchanged; the village has not been allowed to become industrial­ ized. The smallness and quietness ap­ peal as do the five 18-hole courses, all of which have their starting and end­ ing points near the clubhouse. It is upon this scene that 200 golfers will converge for the week of Sep­ tember 17-22 to compete in the 62nd USGA Amateur Championship, with all play to be held on the No. 2 course. It was in 1907 that the No. 2 course became 18 holes and at that time it measured 5,860 yards. A fair­ way sprinkler system was installed in 1933 and during 1934-35 grass greens were sodded, replacing the old sand “greens”. For the Amateur Championship the course will measure 7,051 yards, making it the longest course in the history of all USGA Championships. Par for the course is 36-36—72. Although the USGA is taking its first Championship to the area, profes­ sional golfers were there in competi­ tion as early as 1903 in the North and South Open. That tournament con­ tinued for 49 playings. The PGA Championship was there in 1936, with Denny Shute defeating Jimmy Thom­ son 3 and 2 for the title, and in 1951 Pinehurst was host for the Ryder Cup Matches. The old North and South Open must hold a high place in the memories of one Ben Hogan for it was in 1940 he won his first circuit tournament as a professional. Pinehurst’s golf successes have fostered others in the same area. In addition to the five courses at Pine­ hurst there is the Southern Pines, N.C., Country Club, Pine Needles Lodges and Country Club, Mid Pines Club and Whispering Pines, for a total of nine 18-hole courses within a six-mile radius. Spectators attending the Amateur Championship will have the oppor­ tunity to purchase a new book “The Scottish Invasion”* in lieu of the usual Championship program. The book is authored by Richard S. Tufts, Chairman of the Board of Pinehurst, Inc., who served as President of the USGA in 1956-57 after having been Chairman of seven different USGA Committees. The foreword, written by USGA Executive Director Joseph C. Dey, Jr., in part says, “These are golfing chronicles with a difference: they tell not only what happened but why. They take you behind the superficial scenes and show you some of the causes of golf development in the United States. “This story does not seek to be different; it is, in fact, told with simplicity and without self-conscious *(c) 1962, Richard S. Tufts. Published by Pinehurst Printers, Box 1146, Pinehurst, N. C. $2.50. USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: SEPTEMBER, 1962 5 This aerial view shows the Pinehurst Country Club clubhouse and several holes of the No. 2 course where the Amateur Championship is to be played. At extreme left is first tee, first hole and second fairway. From top right is the 18th fairway leading to 18th green immediately over top of clubhouse. At lower right are two huge putting greens. Photo by John G. Hemmer effort to draw attention to its distinc­ tive qualities. But, given Richard S. Tufts as author, the book could not possibly be other than a thoroughly informed study. It mirrors some of the knowledge, the love and the appre­ ciation of golf which have long dis­ tinguished a most modest gentleman.” How and Why In June of 1895, the same year the USGA was born, Mr. James W. Tufts purchased some 5,000 acres of cut- over timberland in the Sandhills of North Carolina. At this time the sandy land was considered to have little value except for the growth of timber. Mr. Tufts’ main purpose, however, was to have a resort for people of modest means who, like himself, needed to seek a warmer health-giving climate. He paid $1 per acre. “The soil was so poor that it was said to be necessary to bury a person with commercial fertilizer in order to afford some prospect of rising on the day of judgment.” By February 1898 nine holes had been completed and golf was on its way at Pinehurst. In the fall of 1903 the Pinehurst golf activities were formalized by the organization of the Pinehurst Golf Club. Three events gave Pinehurst golf the forward im­ petus which has made the village one of the world’s great centers of golf. The first was the visit of the famous English professional, Harry Vardon, in March, 1900; the second, arrival of Donald J. Ross, in December 1900, who was a professional but whose real talents lay in architecture—during his life time he did work on more than 600 courses; the third was the association with Frank Presbrey which started in 1901-02. Presbrey, in the advertising business, helped attract attention to the new resort through the conduct of golf tournaments. In writing about the No. 2 course as it will play for this year’s Amateur Championship, Richard Tufts said that Donald Ross frequently remarked that 6 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: SEPTEMBER, 1962 golf and sand seem to go together as, aside from the architectural advan­ tages, the turf does well and the course is playable during wet weather. What to Expect “For the 1962 Amateur an effort has been made to bring Mr. Ross’s plans into line with modern play. The feat­ ures formerly used to restrict the tee shot are easily passed by today’s bet­ ter players. Therefore, restrictive feat­ ures have been added at the 240-to-270- yard range from the tee and where pos­ sible the player has been presented with the option of a challenging carry or of playing into a gradually narrowing area. These changes are not intended to affect the play of the average golfer who would not normally reach these new features, even from the shorter tees, and his troubles have been miti­ gated by providing wider fairways for both his tee and second shots. Thus the ideal is approached of providing a more severe test for the expert player and of requiring less from those who are more prone to create their own trouble. It is the best answer that the game can find to the increasing dis­ tances to which the ball is being struck.” USCA "GOLF HOUSE" FILM LIBRARY Films are available for rental at $20 each (group units less) from the United States Golf Association, 40 East 38th Street, New York 16, N. Y. Rules of Golf Dramatizations "THE RULES OF GOLF—ETIQUETTE" A family four-ball match stresses the importance of right relations to other players and to the course. Ben Hogan appears in several scenes. Robert T. Jones, Jr., makes the introductory statement. A 17’/2 minutes "must" for every golfer. "PLAY THEM AS THEY LIE" The Rules of Golf for fairway and rough. Johnny Farrell, the 1928 U. S. Open Champion, acts as in­ termediary between Wilbur Mulligan, a beginner of unimpeachable integrity, and Joshua P. Slye, a past master in the art of breaking the Rules. Filmed at Baltusrol Golf Club, Springfield, N.J. 161/2 minutes "ON THE GREEN" The Rules governing situations on the putting green. Photographed at the Mid-Ocean Club, 17 minutes Bermuda. Entertainment, History, Travel "GREAT MOMENTS IN GOLF" Eight Champions are seen with the many interest­ ing exhibits in "Golf House," home of the USGA Golf Museum and Library, and in flashbacks of their playing days. Robert T. Jones- Jr., during his "Grand Slam" . . . Ben Hogan . . . Francis Quimet Gene Sarazen . . . Charles Evans, Jr. . . . Findlay S. Douglas . . . Mrs. Glenna Collett Vare . . . Margaret Curtis. Black and white. 28 minutes "WALKER CUP HIGHLIGHTS" Historic events in golf's oldest team competition between Great Britain and the United States. Robert T. Jones, Jr., Francis Quimet and other great players are shown. First half, black and white; second half, beautiful color sequences of the 1959 Match at Muirfield, Scotland. 16 minutes "FIRST WORLD AMATEUR TEAM CHAMPIONSHIP FOR EISENHOWER TROPHY" Twenty-nine countries compete in golf's newest major event at St. Andrews, Scotland. Climaxed by play-off in which Australia defeats the United States to become the first winner of the Eisenhower 14 minutes Trophy. "SECOND WORLD AMATEUR TEAM CHAMPIONSHIP FOR EISENHOWER TROPHY" International friendships are furthered as 32 countries play at Merion Golf Club near Phila­ delphia. The United States is the winner- paced by remarkable play by Jack Nicklaus. President Eisenhower is shown receiving the American and the Australian teams at the White House. 17 minutes "GOLF'S LONGEST HOUR" Cary Middlecoff sets a target at which Ben Hogan, Julius Boros and Ted Kroll aim in vain, as Dr. Middlecoff wins the 1956 U. S. Open Championship at Oak Hill Country Club, Rochester, 1714 minutes N. Y. "ST. ANDREW'S, CRADLE OF GOLF" Beautiful scenes of the historic town of St. Andrews in Scotland and its Old Course, with un­ usual interior scenes of the Royal and Ancient Golf Club. An award winner for 1959. "FAMOUS GOLF COURSES: SCOTLAND" Picturesque and famous holes on the great courses at Troon, Prestwick, Carnoustie- St. Andrews, North Berwick and Murifield. The distinctive aspects of Scottish linksland are seen at their finest. 18 minutes USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: SEPTEMBER, 1962 7 FUN EMPHASIZED WHEN MISS GUNDERSON PLAYS By FRANK HANNIGAN USGA Tounament Relations Manager The silence was almost deafening as Miss JoAnne Gunderson ad­ dressed a putt of six feet on the Country Club of Rochester’s 18th green. She had to hole that putt to avoid defeat in her match against Miss Barbara Williams in the quarter­ final round of the USGA Women’s Amateur Championship last month. Miss Gunderson drew back her put­ ter. It trembled in her hands. Then she remembered that golf, after all, is supposed to be a game and not a nerve-shattering experience. She hesitated for an instant, chuckled, and walked off the green, to the accompaniment of laughter from a gallery of more than 1,000. The tension dissolved, JoAnne walked back to the ball and quickly dispatched it into the center of the cup. Two; holes later she won the match. Two days later she won the Championship by defeating 17-year- old Ann Baker of Maryville, Tenn., by 9 and 8 in the final match, sched­ uled for 36 holes. And so Miss Gunderson, who has a degree in education, again taught her lesson that golf, and winning golf at that, can be fun. This talented young lady from Kirkland, Wash., makes golf easy to watch, too. The first 18 holes of the final match consumed only 2 hours 58 minutes. Nine more holes were played in 1 hour and 20 minutes. The qualities of Miss Gunderson’s personality are such that these over­ shadowed her golfing prowess in ac­ counts of the Championship—no small feat since she was three under par for 28 holes of the final. “Gundy” (she was called nothing else throughout the week by players and spectators alike) continued her long-time habit of applauding the good efforts of opponents; would occasionally duck under the gallery lines to chat with spectators while walking down the fairways; and every round, without fail, would pluck an apple from an orchard adjoining the 9th fairway before continuing her pleasant stroll in the sun. When she threw the core out of bounds, and thereby avoided the pos­ sibility of a sticky loose impediment ruling (see Definition 17), everyone in attendance smiled. They were hav­ ing a good time watching a good player at her best. Indeed, JoAnne described her Sat­ urday performance as the single best day of golf in her career. She was credited with a 70, two under par, for the first 18 holes, which were featured by her phenomenal number of 3s, eight in all. She recorded four birdies and one eagle. After one of the birdies, which came about after a long iron shot had been drilled to within 6 feet of the hole, Miss Baker turned to an official and complained “JoAnne makes my pars look like double-bogies.” Exceptional Hitter The eagle occurred on the 10th hole, a par-5 of 525 yards, where male visitors to the Country Club of Rochester are likely to be intimidated for years to come by their hosts who will tell them that a girl got home in 2 with a drive and a No. 5 wood shot, then downed a 7-yard putt. 8 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: SEPTEMBER, 1962 Connoiseurs of the long drive will be interested to know that Miss Gunderson’s drives averaged approxi­ mately 220 yards during the final. Often, as on the 10th, she will fly one a good deal longer. JoAnne, the USGA Girls’ Junior Champion in 1956, has now won the Women’s Amateur Championship three times. Her other triumphs came in 1957 and 1960. She was runner-up in 1956, at age 17. As a three-time Champion, she joins such illustrious companions as Miss Beatrix Hoyt, Miss Margaret Curtis, Mrs. Dorothy Campbell Hurd, Miss Alexa Stirling and Miss Virginia Van Wie. Mrs. Edwin H. Vare, Jr., in a class by her­ self, won the Championship six times. Throughout the week JoAnne was questioned about the possibility of her becoming a professional. Her reply invariably was “no”, that golf would lose its appeal if “I had to play it every day.” On her way to the final, Miss Gunderson defeated Miss Nancy Gunther, 7 and 5; Mrs. Joseph Nes­ bitt, 4 and 3; Mrs. Natasha Matson Fife, 5 and 4; Miss Nancy Holmes, 5 and 4; Miss Williams in 20 holes; and Miss Phyllis Preuss, 3 and 2. A Narrow Escape The match against Miss Williams was something of a classic. Miss Wil­ liams, who is only a bit larger than a brassie, was 3 down after 10. She made a remarkable comeback while conceding an average of 50 yards off the tee. Miss Williams won 12 with a par and 13 and 15 with birdies to draw even. On 16, a par-3, she came within two feet of a hole-in-one, to go 1 up. Miss Gunderson won 17 with a par and eventually won on the 20th, a par-5, when Miss Williams missed her third shot , the ball coming to MISS JOANNE GUNDESON THE CHAMPION! Photo by James Drake rest on the bank of a water hazard short of the green. The precocious Miss Baker, one of a swarm of talented youngsters, who went over to Rochester from the Country Club of Buffalo after com­ peting in the Girls’ Junior Champion­ ship, lost in the final match just as Miss Gunderson did at age 17 six years ago to Mrs. Marlene Stewart Streit. Miss Baker served notice that she USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: SEPTEMBER, 1962 9 had Championship aspirations by beating Mrs. Les Johnstone, a member of the USGA Curtis Cup Team, 7 and 5 in the first round. She then won from Miss Maureen Crum, 3 and 2; Miss Sally Carroll, 7 and 6; Miss Brenda High, 5 and 4; Miss Marcia McLachlan, 2 and 1; and Miss Pat­ ricia Hahn, 1 up. Against Miss Hahn, Miss Baker executed a grand shot from a bunker beside the 18th green to come within a few feet of the cup. The shot en­ abled her to halve the hole in par. Miss Baker, a straight-A student, is a high school senior and plays basketball outside the golf season. Mrs. Jay D. Decker, nee Anne Quast, the defending Champion, be­ gan her defense of the title as though she might again dominate the Championship as thoroughly as she did in 1961 at Tacoma. Mrs. Decker breezed through her first four matches. She was only two over par for the 57 holes these re­ quired. No other player approximated such figures through the four rounds. Two factors brought about Mrs. Decker’s downfall in the quarter-final round. First, Miss Hahn played the first nine holes in 35, one under par; second, Mrs. Decker’s normally im­ peccable short game went awry. Miss Hahn raced to a lead of five, and eventually won by 5 and 4. The other semi-finalist was Miss Phyllis Preuss, who has won more matches during the past two Champ­ ionships than any other player. Last year she lost to Mrs. Decker in the final round. This year she fully ex­ tended Miss Gunderson on one of the latter’s very good days in the semi­ final round. Fine Foreign Field The competition was enhanced by the presence of many foreign entrants. Twelve came from Canada. Five British Curtis Cup Team members competed. Mrs. Frances Smith, the non-playing British Captain, and Miss Sheila Vaughan, both advanced to the fourth round. The luck of the draw brought about a second-round match between mother and daughter—Mrs. Jean Trainor and Miss Anne Trainor, members of the host club. Mrs. Trainor, who hasn’t yet lost to her daughter in competi­ tion, won this time by 4 and 3. In the very next round Mrs. Trainor was eliminated by her house guest, Mrs. Decker, by 3 and 2. Althea Gibson, the former United States and Wimbledon tennis champ­ ion, was among the entrants. Miss Gibson defeated Miss Jeanie Butler, Harlingen, Texas, by 2 and 1 before losing to Mrs. Paul Dye, Jr., Indian­ apolis, by 2 up. All eight playing members of the USGA Curtis Cup Team competed, as did non-playing Captain Miss Polly Riley. Miss Gunderson, Miss Preuss and Mrs. Decker advanced to the quarter-final round. The fall of many prominent players in the early rounds only emphasized what was apparent on the eve of the tournament, that is, there are more good women players in this country than ever before and that the number increases yearly. The Country Club of Rochester, site of the first USGA Women’s Open Championship in 1953, again proved to be a completely gracious and effi­ cient host. The thanks of the USGA is ac­ corded to Scott Stewart, Jr., the Gen­ eral Chairman, and the hard-working members of his committees, who over­ looked nothing in their efforts to stage a successful competition while assuring the comfort of the visitors. io USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: SEPTEMBER, 1962 GROWTH OF VANDALISM PLAGUES GOLF COURSES By EDDIE L. ERVIN, JR. USGA Public Information Manager Vandalism on golf courses is plague- ing many clubs as their maintenance costs continue to increase. Repairing and cleaning up damage done by tres­ passers often require unexpected ex­ penditures and, consequently, some con­ structive projects suffer. In a recent survey, the USGA found that vandalism is a great concern throughout the country. How costly vandalism can be is shown by the following records supplied by the Atlanta Athletic Club for its East Lake Courses, Atlanta, Ga. APRIL, 1962 4- 2—Two hoses, 9 tee markers, 1 bench ....$ 44.50 4- 3—Three flagsticks, 4 tee plates ........ ..$ 30.00 4- 6—One flagstick ___ ____ ____ ___________ $ 9.25 4-10—Two flagsticks, 7 tee plates .................. $ 27.25 4-11—One flagstick, 1 tee plate ___________ $ 10.75 4-16—Eight flagsticks, 2 ball-washers ............ $115.50 4-23—One sprinkler, 50 feet of hose ........... ..$ 30.00 4-29—One flagstick ............................. . .............. $ 9.25 $277.00 MAY, 1962 5- 4—Two hoses, three sprinklers ......... $ 79.00 5-16—Two hoses, 1 sprinkler, 2 flagsticks ....$ 61.50 5-17—One ball-washer ......... $ 25.75 5-26—Three flagsticks, 2 hoses, 4 tee plates ..$ 58.75 5-31—Four tee plates __ __________ _____ ....$ 6.00 $231.00 JUNE, 1962 6- 5—Three flagsticks ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ..$ 57.75 6- 7—Four flagsticks __ _______ ______ ____ $ 37.00 6-16—Eight flagsticks, 4 ball-washers ____ $176.50 6-19—One flagstick ........ ..................... ................$ 9.25 6-28—Three flagsticks, 4 tee plates ___ ___$ 30.00 JULY, 1962 7- 3—Three flagsticks, 4 tee plates ________$ 30.00 7-11—Five hoses ....................... .$ 62.50 7-19—Six flagsticks ........ ..$ 55.25 7-21—One bench, 1 sprinkler, 3 tee plates ..$ 28.50 7-31—One flagstick ........ $ 9.25 $280.50 $185.50 These thefts totaled $974.00 in the four months. The Club in the past has employed guards, and in the near fu­ ture contemplates erecting a steel fence. Easy access and interesting chal­ lenges to the vandals often prompt their actions. Roy Herrick, Chairman of the Green Committee, Hillcrest Country Club, Boise, Idaho, says: “Un­ fortunately we have a large canal flow- through our course and this means a lot of tee markers and flagsticks find their way into the canal. We have an electric escalator or car mounted on rails and it has been damaged several times, once to the extent of damaging a hoist motor so it had to be rewound.” To combat vandalism the Club has posted signs offering $100 reward for information leading to the arrest and conviction of anyone damaging club property, but Mr. Herrick says it has not brought results. Putting Greens Suffer Most of the real damage occurs on putting greens and generally is of three types: automobiles or other ve­ hicles driven over greens or sharply turned on them; spilling or spreading of a foreign substance (usually gaso­ line) over greens; digging of the turf with flagsticks, shovels or other object. About a year ago a club on the west coast experienced several weeks of in­ tensified vandalism on greens. The damage was caused by motorcycles; turf was thrown in every direction, and it was a major sodding operation to repair them. A special policeman was hired; he finally caught two young men;, one a son of a club member. A dog was caught burying a bone in a green in Asheville, N. C. The dog was tied to a tree and the owner was shown the evidence early the next morning. The dog has not been seen on the course since. Perhaps the most unique damage to putting greens in the west, reports William H. Bengeyfield, Western Di­ rector of the USGA Green Section, is at the Cypress Point Club, Monterey, Calif. The deer population seems to USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: SEPTEMBER, 1962 11 Typical of damage inflicted upon puffing greens delight in continually prancing across fairways and greens. However, the deer are such a joy to the membership that turf seems to be a small price to pay for their presence. In 1957 there was a report of damage in the excess of $20,000 to greens at a club in the east. Greens had been poisoned with a mixture of sodium arsenite and calcium phos­ phide. Only recently a club in North Carolina reported damage of approxi­ mately $10,000 to its greens when vandals drove golf carts on nine of the 18 greens, ripping up the sod. Texas has an unique problem. Some smaller clubs in central and south Texas not blessed with much moisture are confined to watering just tees and greens. After nightfall armadillos sometimes partake of a feast on young grass roots and worms in the tees and greens that have had water applied. One armadillo can make a green look like it has been plowed. The situation was so bad recently that teen-age boys were sent out at night with flashlights and shotguns to keep the mammals away. The Bellevue Country Club, Syracuse, N. Y., has had a problem which appears, on the surface, not to be unique but it was the only reply of its kind received in the survey. It seems that during the early evenings, neighborhood golfers were regularly playing and practicing on the course far away from the clubhouse. The damage was becoming so great that the Club was forced to hire a uniformed police officer to patrol the grounds after 6 p.m. The Club says this has cut damage to a minimum but the hiring of a guard is expensive. Many other courses employ regular patrolmen or have someone on occa­ sional patrol at night. The celebration of holidays prompts abnormal outbreaks of destruction. The exploding of firecrackers in ball washers and putting cups does ex­ tensive damage. This was reported by many clubs in all sections of the country. Damage has offered a serious prob­ lem to the White Bear Yacht Club, White Beach Lake, Minn. Professional 12 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: SEPTEMBER, 1962 Len Mattson lists the following occur­ rences over the last four months: two dozen flagsticks stolen or broken; a dozen tee markers stolen; one ball washer anchored in concrete dug up and taken; a rain shelter set afire and almost demolished; greens mu­ tilated; sand put into gas tanks and crankcases of two tractors. The worst damage, however, has been done to golf carts—four of them were smashed against one another. Mr. Mattson reveals that one of the main­ tenance crew has now been deputized and sleeps in the house where golf carts are parked. He adds, “I believe if vandals were caught and prose­ cuted and the case well publicized in any given area, it would do more to stop this than anything.” Golf carts have been targets of many vandals. In Phoenix, Ariz., carts were taken to the top of a nearby mountain, accelerators were depres­ sed and the carts allowed to crash in a heap at the bottom. The boys re­ sponsible were caught. The enterprises of golf course tres­ passers knows no bounds. Last year at a mid-wetern course vandals filled a putting cut with gasoline and allowed the gasoline to run from the cup to puddle in a low area on the green. A fuse arrangement was attached to the gasoline and ignited. It exploded with frightening results. The culprits, ap­ prehended later, were fined $900. The USGA survey leads to a con­ clusion that most of the damage ap­ parently is inflicted by youngsters— one correspondent pinned it down to ages 12 through 15. However, boys as a group are not solely responsible. On one course an enterprising man took about 1,000 square feet of sod from a course to use in his own yard. Adults rode horses across greens at another course. Others were appre­ hended after breaking and entering and stealing from clubs. Recently the Los Angeles Country Club has become concerned over van­ dalism. The most serious is the turn­ ing on of water hoses and washing sand out of bunkers. The proximity of main roads to courses gives opportunity to those w’ho are bent on destruction. Fircrest Golf Club in Tacoma, Wash., recently erected a cyclone fence around the entire perimeter at a cost exceeding $23,000. There is no sure solution. Several clubs with fences reported damages. In the midwest and northwest, winter and Christmas season often prompt theft of trees from fenced courses. What is being done about van­ dalism and what methods serve best as deterrents? In Birmingham, Ala., club officials occasionally suggest to parent-mem­ bers that their children be taught to protect club properties. They are tolerant with neighboring non-mem- ber children by permitting them to fish early in the mornings in the several course lakes. The children have been told they should leave the course when golfers come in view. The lack of vandalism points to the success of this type program. Palma Ceia Golf Club, Tampa, Fla., was bothered by young trespassers several years ago, but club officials got together with school athletic de­ partments and now the club allows school golf teams to use the course. The result has been surprisingly good. James B. Moncrief, Agronomist, USGA Green Section in Athens, Ga., suggests fences but admits cost is prohibitive to some courses. He says the use of Pyracantha, where adapted as border plants, will do wonders. These plants produce beautiful ber­ ries for appearance but also have very sharp thorns. If small plants are placed at 2-to-3 feet intervals they soon will form a continuous line of shrubs. USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: SEPTEMBER, 1962 13 2 PLANS FOR CLUB CHARGES NOT SUBJECT TO DUES TAX By PHILIP H. STROBING USGA General Counsel Two recent tax cases will be of interest to clubs throughout the country. Both were brought to a sat­ isfactory conclusion by the efficient works of the Greater Milwaukee Country Club Association, which de­ serves great credit for its successful efforts. The cases involved the application of the 20% tax on dues imposed by Section 4241 of the Internal Revenue Code. In the first case, Ozaukee Country Club passed a by-law that a “Supple­ mentary dues charge” might be levied by its Board of Directors against any member who did not spend at least $20 during any month for green fees and house charges. The Internal Rev­ enue Service took the position that the amounts actually spent by mem­ bers for house charges and green fees were taxable, because, in effect, the provision for the “supplementary dues charge” made the amount paid for house charges and green fees an “as­ sessment.” In Club’s Favor Suit was instituted by Ozaukee Country Club in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Wisconsin. Before the action was brought to a conclusion, the Depart­ ment of Justice approved an admin­ istrative settlement under which the full amount of the taxes paid by the Club under protest, plus statutory interest at the rate of 6% per annum, was paid to the Club. In other words, the refund to the Club was in the full amount the Club would have received had it prevailed in the litigation, ex­ cept for court costs. For practical purposes, this means that country clubs will be relatively safe in adopting a supplemental dues program similar to that of the Ozaukee Country Club. The results of this litigation is more than an inter­ pretation of the Internal Revenue Code by the Commissioner of Internal Revenue; it is an administrative de­ cision by the Department of Justice that the Department does not feel that there would be reasonable chance of success in defending an excise tax on moneys spent for house charges and green fees under the supple­ mental dues program. The decision does not affect, of course, the IRS ruling (Rev. Rul. 58-460, effective Nov. 1, 1958) which holds that where a member of a club is required to pay a stated minimum for food and drink during the year as a requisite to continued membership in the club, the minimum charge is to be considered dues and subject to the 20% tax. Degree of Use The second case consists of a ruling by the Internal Revenue Service on a “variable monthly service charge” to restaurant and bar expenditures, based on degree of use. This system was adopted by Brynwood Country Club. It had the effect of adjusting a member’s charges to reflect a vol­ ume element which is related to the actual cost of service. The greater the use, the lower the charge, to the point of crediting members for high expenditures. In applying for a ruling from the Commissioner, the Club stated that the service charge was devised to re­ cover fixed costs and to serve as an incentive or an inducement for a 14 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: SEPTEMBER, 1962 member to increase his patronage of Club facilities. The service charges and brackets were as follows: A Service Charge — $20.00 added to expenditures less than $ 10.00 B Service Charge — $16.00 added to expenditures less than $ 20.00 C Service Charge — $12.00 added to expenditures less than $ 30.00 D Service Charge — $ 8.00 added to expenditures less than $ 40.00 E Service Charge — $ 4.00 added to expenditures less than $ 50.00 F Service Credit — $ 5.00 deducted from expenditures over $ 75.00 G Service Credit — $10.00 deducted from expenditures over $100.00 By ruling dated November 22, 1961, the Internal Revenue Service held that 20% dues tax did not apply to the total charges for food and drink, including the service charges, made against the members of the Club under the circumstances described. It based the ruling on two factors: the total amount paid by a member for food and drink was not a required minimum expenditure for such items, and no specified amount was required to be spent as a condition to continued enjoyment of the facilities of the Club. USCA PUBLICATIONS OF GENERAL INTEREST (Publications arc available from the United States Golf Association, 40 East 38th Street, New York 16. Please send payment with your order.) RULES GREEN SECTION THE RULES OF GOLF, as approved by the United States Golf Association and the Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St. Andrews, Scot­ land. Booklet 25 cents (special rates for quan­ tity orders, more than 500). Clubhouse edition, suitable for hanging, 614" x 9 %"; supply limited. $1.50. GOLF RULES IN PICTURES, published by Grosset and Dunlap, compiled by Joseph C. Dey, Jr., USGA Executive Director. 96 pages, 8’/i x 10% inches, $1.95. DUTIES OF OFFICIALS UNDER THE RULES OF GOLF, a reprint of a USGA Journal article that contains a check list of the duties of the referee and other committee members on the course. No charge. HANDICAPPING USGA GOLF HANDICAP SYSTEM FOR MEN, containing recommendations for com­ puting USGA Handicap and for rating courses. Booklet 25 cents. USGA Slide Rule Handicap­ per 25 cents. Poster 15 cents. THE CONDUCT OF WOMEN’S GOLF, contain­ ing suggestions for guidance in the conduct of women’s golf in clubs and associations, includ­ ing tournament procedure, handicapping and course rating. 35 cents. COURSE RATING POSTER for certifying ho’e by hole ratings to a club; for association use, size 8Vi x 11 inches, 5 cents, $3.50 per 100. COURSE RATING REPORT, a form for rating a course hole by hole; for association use, size 4% x 7 inches. 10 cents, $7.50 per 100. USGA HANDICAP RECORD FORM, revised in 1961, provides for the listing of 75 scores. It is designed for ease in determining the last 25 differentials from which to select the lowest 10 when more than 25 scores are posted. $3 for 100. HANDICAPPING THE UNHANDICAPPED, a reprint of a USGA Journal article explaining the Callaway System of automatic handicap­ ping for occasional players in a single tourna­ ment. No charge. A GUIDE FOR GREEN COMMITTEE MEM­ BERS OF GOLF CLUBS, 16-page booklet. 25 cents. GOLF COURSE REBUILDING AND RE­ MODELING —■ FACTORS TO CONSIDER, article in USGA Journal by A. M. Radko. No charge. THE GOLF COURSE WORKER—TRAINING AND DIRECTION. No charge. HOW TO MEET RISING COSTS OF GOLF COURSE MAINTENANCE, PARTS I & II, panel discussions. No charge. MISTER CHAIRMAN, reprint of USGA Journal article. No charge. WATER USE ON THE GOLF COURSE, panel discussions. No charge. COMPETITIONS PREPARING THE COURSE FOR A COM­ PETITION, reprint of USGA article by John P. English. No charge. TOURNAMENTS FOR YOUR CLUB, a reprint of a USGA article detailing various types of competitions. No charge. GENERAL ARE YOU A SLOW PLAYER? ARE YOU SURE ? A reprint of a USGA Journal article by John D. Ames. No charge. A JUNIOR GOLF PROGRAM FOR YOUR CLUB AND DISTRICT, a 16-page booklet on organizing and developing junior golf programs at different levels by the USGA Junior Cham­ pionship Committee. No charge. COSTLY FIRES IN GOLF CLUB PROPER­ TIES, lists potential fire hazards and damage to golf club properties. No charge. PROTECTION OF PERSONS AGAINST LIGHTNING ON GOLF COURSES, a poster. No charge. USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT, a 33-page magazine published seven times a year. $2 a year. USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: SEPTEMBER, 1962 15 AMERICAN TEAM BRILLIANT IN THE CURTIS CUP MATCH By FRANK HANNIGAN USGA Tounament Relations Manager The British Isles team of Miss Ann Irvin and Miss Sheila Vaughan were 2 up against Miss Clifford Ann Creed and Miss Jo Anne Gunderson after 10 holes in the foursomes phase of the Curtis Cup Match last month at Colorado Springs. Strolling down the 11th fairway, a par-5 at the Broadmoor Golf Club, Miss Creed turned to her partner and said, “We’d better do something soon.” Miss Gunderson replied, “How about now?”, whereupon she whaled a long iron to within 10 feet of the hole. The British team made 4, but when Miss Creed holed her putt the visitors had suffered the experience of scoring a birdie and losing the hole. Miss Creed and Miss Gunderson came on to win the 36-hole match by 4 and 3. This incident is relatively descriptive of the entire competition which the United States team won by 8 to 1. It was not that the British played poorly, but rather that the Americans played so well. The best score ever made by a woman in stroke play competition at Broadmoor is 75, and this from tees that made the course somewhat shorter than the 6,427 yards it measured for the Curtis Cup Match. Mrs. Anne Quast Decker, the United States champion at the time, was credited with a 74 in the morning round of her singles and then played the first nine holes in the afternoon in 36; Mrs. Decker and Miss Barbara McIntire produced 74 in foursomes; Miss Phyllis Preuss scored 75 in singles; Miss Creed 76. For the British, there was consider­ able promise of better things to come. “This was a beginning”, said Mrs. Francis Smith, the Captain, at the conclusion of the event. She was refer­ ring to the training program spon­ sored by the Ladies’ Golf Union for juniors. Five of the eight playing members of the British side had not performed in the Curtis Cup Match before; three are still in their teens; all are likely to be improved players when the com­ petition resumes abroad in 1964. Mrs. Alastair Frearson, 18 years of age, was responsible for the lone British point by virtue of her 8-and-7 victory over Miss Judy Bell. She made a striking Curtis Cup debut. Mrs. Frearson had 74 in the morning and surged to a lead of 7 holes. Miss Bell was only 2 over par for the balance of the match, 11 holes, but found her­ self one hole worse off than after 18. The Americans have traditionally enjoyed an advantage in length off the tee, but not against Mrs. Frearson. One of her drives, and by no means an unusual effffort, was paced off at 233 yards. Miss Jean Roberts also made a gal­ lant try against Miss Preuss. Five down after the morning round, Miss Roberts played the next 14 holes in one under par but bowed eventually to Miss Preuss’ steadier play by 1 hole. The USGA is deeply grateful to the Broadmoor Club and William Thayer Tutt, President, for the boundless courtesies extended to the players and the Committee. Mrs. William Elliot, Chairman of Broadmoor’s Curtis Cup Committee, and her colleagues, including Ed Dud­ ley, professional, also won enduring thanks. 16 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: SEPTEMBER, 1962 The value of international matches goes well beyond the competition. This was again apparent at Broadmoor, where the atmosphere is most condu­ cive to good spirit. A few incidents surrounding the Curtis Cup Match are offered in evidence: The British players were every bit the good ambassadors as the British regard Arnold Palmer. The gallery re­ sponded warmly to the charm of the visitors. The American Captain, Miss Riley, requested earnestly that the British Champion, Mrs. Marley Spearman, be allowed ample time to recover from an indisposition that afflicted her just be­ fore she was scheduled to begin singles play. The ultimate in American tributes was paid to the British Team by their caddies, a group of teenagers. So taken were the caddies by the visitors that the boys held a meeting just prior to the competition and decided to forego the practice of chewing gum while in the employ of the British. Finally, for any who may think that women’s amateur golf, even on the level where only the most skilled can compete, is all work and no play, the verses below are offered. The first was written and recited by Captain Riley at a dinner honoring both teams after the Match. The second was sung to the tune of “When You Wore a Tulip” by the entire American Team; all eight members and their Captain had a hand in its creation. Copyright privileges are hereby waived. THE NIGHT BEFORE ’Twas the night before the Matches And all through the hotel Not a creature was stirring, Not even Judy Bell. Golf clubs were stored In the pro shop with care, In the hopes in the morning They still would be there. The players were nestled All snug in their beds, While visions of birdies Danced in their heads. Bunty in her curlers, And Polly with her night cap, Had just settled down For a half hour’s nap When over the Broadmoor There came a new day, For the Curtis Cup The two Teams would play. Then out on the course There rose such a clatter The Captains sprang from their beds To see what was the matter. What to their wondering Eyes did appear — Joe Dey setting pins, First far and then near. With a flash and a flurry They put on their shoes. Each was so sure Her Team couldn’t lose. They raced down the halls Calling their packs. Up Gundy, up Ashley, Up Vaughan and Bonallacks. On Decker, On Spearman, On Roberts and Preuss. Away to the first tee With swings strong and loose. Go Johnstone, go Porter, Go Frearson and Creed. Both Bunty and Polly Want a first-day lead. Play McIntire, play Irvin Forget shaking knees. Play away, play away, Play away, please. AT THE BROADMOOR We came to the Broadmoor, The beautiful Broadmoor, To play in the Curtis Cup. The greens were so tricky They slipped us a mickey — We thought that down was up. But we played and we practiced We knew we could hack this And win for the U. S. A. The Cup we all wanted But could not be daunted We’d have it on Saturday. Big galleries all rooted The team was well-suited, Here in the Broadmoor sun. To win is important — But just as important, Each of us had fun. And now that it’s ended And the Cup we’ve defended These words we want to say: We thank the Committee, As we sing this ditty, For asking us to play! USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: SEPTEMBER, 1962 17 RAISING OF FLAGS AT THE BROADMOOR 1962 INTERNATIONAL MATCH FOR THE CURTIS CUP Held at Broadmoor Golf Club, Colorado Springs, Colorado August 17 and 18 FOURSOMES BRITISH ISLES UNITED STATES Points Points Mrs. Michael Bonallack and Mrs. Marley Spearman .... ........................................... 0 Miss Ann Irvin and Miss Sheila Vaughan 0 Mrs. Alastair Frearson and Miss Ruth Porter ..... ......... 0 Mrs. Jay D. Decker and Miss Barbara McIntire (7 and 5) ..... 1 Miss Clifford Ann Creed and Miss JoAnne Gunderson (4 and 3) ... 1 Miss Jean Ashley and Mrs. Les Johnstone (8 and 7) ......... 1 Total 0 Total .......... 3 SINGLES Mrs. Marley Spearman ................. 0 Mrs. Michael Bonallack .... .... 0 Mrs. Alastair Frearson (8 and 7) ..... 1 Miss Jean Roberts ........... 0 Miss Sally Bonallack ..................................... 0 Miss Sheila Vaughan ......... 0 Mrs. Jay D. Decker (5 and 4) ________ 1 Miss JoAnne Gunderson (2 and 1) ............... 1 Miss Judy Bell ............. 0 Miss Phyllis Ann Preuss (1 up) ......... 1 Miss Clifford Ann Creed (6 and 5) .......... 1 Miss Barbara McIntire (5 and 4) ..... ......... 1 Total .................... 1 Total ...................... 5 Grand Total—British Isles ....................... 1 Non-playing Captain—Mrs. Frances Smith Grand Total—United States Non-playing Captain—Miss Polly Ann Riley 8 18 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: SEPTEMBER, 1962 IT APPEARS SO EASY By JOSEPH C. DEY, JR. USGA Executive Director A golf championship must appear to be a wonderfully simple af­ fair to the casual onlooker: the players drive from the first tee like clockwork—they progress around the course at a comfortable walk— spectators casually arrive, park their automobiles, follow play decorously behind ropes which keep them off tees, fairways and greens—food and beverages are available for thousands of persons—scores of the leaders are posted at several ’vantage points around the course. But the degree of simplicity in the facade of a golf championship is in almost direct proportion to the amount of effort which the entertaining club expends in preparations. An incred­ ible number of details go into the making of a tournament such as the National Amateur at Pinehurst. Part of the story is told in a USGA booklet “Golf Championship Manual” which guides clubs in readying for USGA competitions. The Manual com­ prises some 30,000 words. The main sectional titles give an inkling of what is involved: Grounds, House, Admis­ sions, Gallery, Caddies, Scoring, Pub­ lic Information, Program, Transporta­ tion, Parking, Accommodations, Fin­ ance. Any sporting event involving paid admissions and food provisions for the public has complexities of man­ agement. But golf has a problem peculiar to itself in the fact that play and watching occur over a vast outdoor stage of some 140 acres— a moving stage whose many focal points must be kept in apple-pie order, the while being subject to the chang­ ing moods of nature. In most other sports no flexible controls are needed for either players or spectators—their range of movement is closely confined in a baseball park or a football stad­ ium. In contrast, for gallery control at Pinehurst the USGA installs some 2,000 metal posts and ten miles of rope. A club has to be an accordion to hold a national golf championship. The average club is designed to ac­ commodate some 350 members and their families and guests—and all are never there at once. But when the club takes on a national champion­ ship, it must suddenly expand its facilities to care for not only a large field of the best players but thous­ ands of birdie-watchers—all for just a few days. And what is the club’s reward? There is really only one compensation —the same one which comes from any labor of love. For holding a golf championship is a true labor of love. Thousands upon thousands of man-hours are expended by club committee members with no material compensation whatever. The cold fact is that if those same mem­ bers had to be paid in money for their efforts at anything approaching the rate they receive from their occupa­ tions and professions, any champion­ ship would be a financial failure. Thus, all golf tournaments without exception exist on the bounty of ama­ teurs, including those on the profes­ sional circuit with large money prizes. They are made possible by labors of love. This is an encongruous thing in today’s world of commercialized sport. But at its heart is the same spirit of amateurism which animates all golf. USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: SEPTEMBER, 1962 19 SENIOR MEN AND WOMEN LOOK TO CHAMPIONSHIPS Both Groups Are To Compete In October Senior golfers in the United States will converge on Illinois and Pennsylvania in October where they will be drawn by good fellowship and a common bond of golf. Men amateur golfers 55-years-old and over will be playing in their eighth USGA Senior Amateur Cham­ pionship October 1-6 and women amateurs 50 and over will be in their first Senior Women’s Championship two weeks later. The addition of the Senior Women’s tournament, submitted to and ap­ proved by the Executive Committee last January, now affords every man, woman and child golfer a chance to compete in a USGA Championship. The Senior Amateur will be played at the Evanston Golf Club, Skokie, Ill., and the Senior Women’s Cham­ pionship October 17-19 at the Manu­ facturers’ Golf and Country Club, Ore- land, Pa. The men’s event is match play while the women compete over 54 holes ita. stroke play. Dexter H. Daniels of Winter Haven, Fla., is the defending Senior Amateur Champion. He defeated William K. Lanman, Jr., Golf, Ill., by 2 and 1 in the final round last year at Southern Hills Country Club, Tulsa, Okla. Thirty-one others will enter the Cham­ pionship through an 18 hole qualify­ ing round at the championship site on Monday, October 1. J. Clark Espie of Indianapolis, Ind., is the only player ever to win two Championships, 1957 - 59. He was runner-up in 1956. J. Wood Platt won the first in 1955, Frederick J. Wright in 1956; Thomas C. Robbins in 1958; and Michael Cestone in 1960. The deadline for Senior Amateur Championship entry has past but the Chairmen of the USGA Senior Committees are Mrs. Theodore W. Hawes and Harold A. Moore. ladies have until October 3 to file their entry. There were 527 entered in the men’s tournament. There were 517 entries in 1960. Mrs. Theodore W. Hawes of Sum­ mit, N. J., is chairman of the USGA Senior Women’s Championship Com­ mittee while Harold A. Moore, Chi­ cago, is chairman of the Senior Cham­ pionship Committee. Women competitors to be eligible must reach their 50th birthday by October 17 and have handicaps not over 15 strokes under the USGA Golf Han­ dicap System. The field will be limited to 120 players; entries will be ac­ cepted from applicants with the low­ est handicaps. Later vacancies will be offered to alternates in the order of handicaps. United States residents must be members of USGA Regular Member Clubs. With the end of the Senior Women’s Championship also is culminated the 1962 USGA competition. Upon its completion the USGA will have con­ ducted or aided in 11 championships within five months, starting last June. 20 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: SEPTEMBER, 1962 GIRLS’ JUNIOR DIVISION ABOUNDS WITH TALENT By P. J. BOATWRIGHT, JR. USGA Assistant Director After the draw at the 1962 Girls’ Junior Championship at the Country Club of Buffalo, Williamsville, N. Y. someone raised the question: “How many girls under 17 years of age are in the Championship Flight?” It would be logical to assume that no more than half of the Championship Flight would be made up of young ladies un­ der 17, the maximum age, but research revealed that 21 of the 32 players will have at least one more opportunity at the Girls’ Championship, and one of them, Miss Marcha Houghton, of Modesto, Calif., will be eligible in 1967; she is only 12! Miss Houghton, who is only slightly bigger than a minute (she stands about 4 feet 11 inches tall and weighs 91 pounds), was the darling of the gal­ leries, which were the largest in his­ tory, numbering close to 500 on the last day. She qualified with a fine 84 in high winds and won her first match against Jacqueline King, of Alameda, Calif., one up. With a sizeable gallery following her in her second round match against Bonnie Werne, 17, Memomonee Falls, Wise., she stood five up after seven holes, but Miss Werne refused to yield and whittled away at the lead, eventually winning the match on the last green. Many others who made good show­ ings will be eligible to compete again next year. Among them are: ROBERTA ALBERS, 15, Temple Terrace, Fla.—Miss Ablers was a pre­ tournament favorite based on her showing in the 1961 Women’s Amateur in which she went to the semi-finals. She justified her favorite role in the qualifying round by shooting a great 74 on the 6,102 yard course, five strokes better than anyone else in the field. This broke by one stroke the wo­ men’s course record at the Country Club of Buffalo, and tied the record for the lowest qualifying score in the Girl’s Junior, set by Miss Mary Mills in 1956. JANIS FERRARIS, 15, San Fran­ cisco.—Miss Ferraris defeated Miss Albers in the third round. She is very long off the tee. RENEE M. POWELL, 16, East Canton, Ohio—Miss Powell is the first Negro to compete in the Girls’ Junior Championship. In the first round she defeated Ann Baker, Maryville, Tenn., a quarter-finalist last year and runner- up to Miss Albers for 1962 medalist honors. Miss Powell was beaten in the third round. MICHELLE YAPP, 16, Santa Cruz, Calif.—Miss Yapp also went to the third round (quarter-final). In her sec­ ond round match she recorded the low­ est first-nine score of the tournament, a 35, one under par. SUE LANCE, 15, Woodland Hills, Calif.—Miss Lance went to the semi­ finals. In spite of the fine showing by these younger girls, two experienced 17- year-olds were left for the final: Mary Lou Daniel, Louisville, Ky., the pre­ sent Western Girls’ Junior Champion and Miss Mary Alice Sawyer, Balti­ more, Md., the present Maryland State Women’s Champion. After losing the first two holes in the final, Miss Daniel came back to lead by two holes at the end of nine. She maintained this advantage going into 17, (a 459 yard par 5 hole) but there Miss Sawyer appeared to be making a rally reminiscent of one she USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: SEPTEMBER, 1962 21 Mrs. John Pennington, left, Chairman of the Girls' Junior Committee, admires Girls' Junior Championship trophy with 1962 Champion Mary Lou Daniel, center, and runner-up Mary Alice Sawyer. produced in her quarter-final match to get even, then won on the 21st hole. On 17, Miss Sawyer pulled her tee shot behind a tree, and skied her sec­ ond, advancing the ball only a few yards. Miss Daniel in the meantime had played two nice wood shots to within 50 yards of the green. Miss Sawyer’s third shot was a tremendous fairway wood which traveled well over 200 yards and came to rest about 25 feet from the hole. From there she two-putted and won the hole when Miss Daniel pulled her short approach and three-putted. On the 385 yard par 4 eighteenth hole, Miss Sawyer played two beauti­ ful wood shots to the center of the green. Miss Daniel, who is not quite as long off the tee, was about 30 yards short of the green in two. However, Miss Daniel played an approach to within three feet of the hole, a shot she will long remember. Miss Sawyer was 10 feet short with her first putt, which was some 50 feet long. She missed from there and Miss Daniel Photo by Robert J. Koch calmly holed her short one to win the final match, 2 up. 115 of the record entry of 124 were on hand to vie for the title. The pre­ vious record entry was 96, set in 1959. It required to a score of 88 to be assured of a spot in the Championship Flight. One player, Miss Patricia Reeves, Seattle, Wash., managed to get into the select group with a score of 89, but she did it the hard way— in a sudden-death play-off with seven other girls. The Association is indeed grateful to the Country Club of Buffalo for its generous hospitality in entertaining the 14th Girls’ Junior Championship. The golf course was praised by all who attended. Appreciation is also due Mr. Hugh Johnson, General Chairman, and his Committees who not only worked diligently in preparation for the event, but also made arrangements with the weatherman for perfect weather throughout the week. Mrs. John Pennington, Chairman of 22 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: SEPTEMBER, 1962 the USGA Girls’ Junior Committee and a member of the Country Club of Buf­ falo, and the 14 members of her Com­ mittee who attended, are also to be thanked for the efficient manner in which they conducted the event. In addition to the Championship Flight, there were five subsidiary flights of 16 and a stroke play consola­ tion for the first round losers at Cherry Hill Golf Club, Ridgeway, Ont., Canada. The stroke play event was won by Ann Baker with 79. Final-round results in the subsidiary flights: Third Flight Rebecca Glasscock, Pine Bluff, Ark., defeated Linda Crockford, Framing­ ham, Mass., 1 up. Fourth Flight Diane Kiesendahl, Portland, Ore., defeated Christine Zivney, Phoenix, Ariz., 3-1. Fifth Flight Connie Hirschman, York, Pa., de­ feated Julie Hollingsworth, Davenport, Iowa, 6-5. Second Flight Sixth Flight Joan Edwards, Portland, Ore., de­ feated Treasure Ann Sullivan, Lake­ view, Ore., 1 up. Mary K. Baier, Hamburg, N. Y., de­ feated Mary Newton, Ann Arbor, Mich., 5-4. Handicap Decision COMMITTEE: SHOULD NOT PROHIBIT FROM COMPETITION PLAYERS WITH LESS THAN 10 SCORES POSTED Men—4-2, 6-2b, 8-lb, 8-3a Women—15-2,17-2b, 19-lb, 19-3a Q: Some of the members of our Committee feel that a USGA Handi­ cap computed when less than ten scores are posted is likely to be un­ fairly high in relation to handicaps computed when more than ten scores are posted. Would our Committee be justified in prohibiting from handicap competitions players who have not posted at least ten scores? Question by: Mrs. C. Joseph Burnett Executive Secretary Women’s Golf Assn, of Philadelphia Philadelphia, Pa. A: Yes. Under Rule 36-1 of the Rules of Golf, the Committee has the right to lay down the conditions under which a competition is to be played. However, the USGA would not recommend that a player be deemed ineligible unless she has at least ten scores posted. Handicaps computed when five to nine scores are posted should be just as acceptable as handicaps of those who have returned ten or more scores. We do not agree with the idea that players who have fewer than ten scores posted are likely to obtain higher handicaps than others. To the contrary, in most cases it works the other way, as players with fewer than 25 scores posted are penalized on a graduated scale by having a smaller percentage of their best scores used in computations. The penalty becomes less as more scores are posted. For example, the handicap of a player with only five scores posted is com­ puted from the lowest 20 percent of his scores (the lowest one of five), while the handicaps of players with 10 and 25 scores posted are computed respectively from 33 1/3 percent and 40 percent of their scores. Further, to require players to have ten scores in the current and the im­ mediately preceding years (Section 15-2 of The Conduct of Women’s Golf) could eliminate from competition players who play very little golf. In the isolated case where a player with less than 25 scores appears to have an unfairly high handicap, the Committee is justified in: (1) revising the handicap more frequently under Section 19-lb, or (2) arbitrarily reduc­ ing the handicap under Section 19-3a. USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: SEPTEMBER, 1962 23 Example of Symbols: “USGA” indicates decision by the United States Golf Association. “B & A” indicates decision by the Boyal and Ancient Golf Club of St. Andrews, Scotland. “62-1” means the first decision issued in 1962. “D” means definition. “R. 37-7” refers to Section 7 of Rule 37 in the 1962 Rules of Golf HOLE: SHOULD BE CUT ON THE VERTICAL, REGARDLESS OF SLOPE USGA 62-16 D. 15, R. 34-3 Q: There has been considerable dis­ cussion regarding the proper method of sinking putting cups on greens. Should they be sunk (a) plumb with the contour of the green, or (b) verti­ cal, allowing the flagstick to be in absolute vertical position, leaving the distance on one side of the cup a little lower or higher than the oppo­ site side? Question by: J. Bruce Morford Daytona Beach, Fla. A: There is no requirement in the Rules of Golf. A firm requirement would not be practical because it would not leave room for variations which inevitably arise in such a hand operation as hole-cutting. The USGA recommends that holes be cut as nearly on the vertical as possible. This permits the flagstick to be placed “in its normal position in the center of the hole and as near­ ly upright as possible” — see Rule 34-3. It is not required that all points on the rim of a cup-liner be equidis­ tant from the putting green surface, but they should be at least one inch below the surface — see Definition 15. The question is not likely to arise or be of importance if the hole is cut so as to avoid sharp slopes, in accord­ ance with USGA practice and recom­ mendation. LOCAL RULE: SHRUBBERY AROUND PRACTICE PUTTING GREEN USGA 62-17 R. 31-2, 35-lk; L.R. Q: We have a practice putting green directly behind the ninth green. Shrubbery is planted around the prac­ tice green, about 20 yards from the back edge of the ninth green. A local Rule permits a free drop in a nearby drop circle if a ball over­ played on the ninth hole comes to rest beyond the center line of the shrubbery. 24 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: SEPTEMBER, 1962 The center line is sometimes hard to determine; further, if a ball is just short of the center line, the player has no shot whatsoever. Question by: George F. Skinner Portsmouth, Va. A:: Rule 36-7 provides that the committee shall make and publish local Rules for abnormal conditions, having regard to the policy of the USGA as set forth in the Appendix to the Rules. The USGA Appendix does not in­ clude relief from shrubbery among the matters for which Local Rules may be advisable, because of the fun­ damental of playing the ball as it lies insofar as natural objects are concerned. In general, we oppose Local Rules providing for relief from shrubbery. On the other hand, Rule 36-7 con­ templates that the local committee shall determine whether particular conditions are sufficiently abnormal to justify Local Rules. The enumera­ tion in the Appendix of matters con­ sidered appropriate for Local Rules implies that other matters are not re­ garded as appropriate. Nevertheless, the committee is not limited to the enumerated subjects, as it is in the best position to determine the particu­ lar needs of its course. The following possible treatments of your situation occur to us: 1. Allow no relief without penalty for a ball interfered with by the shrubbery. This means that a ball on the practice green would be dropped in the shrubbery after Rule Rule 35-lk were applied. 2. Treat the shrubbery and the practice green as out of bounds. 3. Adopt a Local Rule in terms similar to those of Rule 31-2 dealing with immovable obstructions. In any event, we would recommend that your present scheme not be con­ tinued because of the difficulties in­ herent in the “center-line” aspect. With regard to your drop area, the USGA Appendix deems such areas advisable only when it is not feasible to proceed exactly in conformity with the Rules for immovable obstructions or water hazards. FOUR-BALL COMPETITION: BALL OF MUTUAL PARTNER OF THREE PLAYERS LIFTED WITHOUT AUTHORITY BY ONE PLAYER’S CADDIE USGA 62-14 R. 11-3, 23-3, 27-la, 41-la, 41-8 Q. 1: Amateurs A, B and C were competing with D, a professional, in a four-ball stroke play competition. They comprised three sides — AD, BD and CD. A’s caddie lifted D’s ball on the putting green before it was holed out. It was ruled that A was penalized two strokes for breach of Rule 41-8. It was also ruled that D incurred a penalty of two strokes under 23-3 and 41-9, and that this penalty applied to all three sides — AD, BD and CD, and not just AD. Was this corerct? A. 1: The Rules of Golf do not con­ template a four-ball stroke play event being played in this manner, and, un­ der Rule 11-3, the Rules of Golf Com­ mittee must decline to give an answer. We would suggest that when such competition are played, the local com­ mittee adopt and announce in advance local Rules to cover such situations. The following is for guidance in the present case: A should not be pena­ lized under Rule 41-8 or otherwise, since he did not infringe any rule. D, in his capacity as A’s partner should be penalized two strokes, un­ der Rules 23-3 and 41-la, for the lift­ ing of his ball by the caddie of his partner. D should not be penalized as a member of side BD or CD; in each of such capacity D was entitled under Rule 27-la to replace the ball without penalty since the ball was moved by the caddie of a fellow-competitor. USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: SEPTEMBER, 1962 25 FLAG: TUCKING BETWEEN FLAGSTICK AND FLAGHOLDER NOT A VIOLATION USGA 62-15 D. 12; R. 34-3 Q: A and B are playing a match. The wind is blowing and the flag on the flagstick is waving briskly, caus­ ing the flagstick to shake and rattle in the hole. It is A’s turn to putt. A goes forward and tucks the flag be­ tween the flagstick and the flagholder. This stops the waving of the flag and the wiggling of the flagstick in the hole. I contend that this is not in ac­ cordance with the Rules, which state that the flagstick may be adjusted by placing it as upright as possible in its normal position in the center of the hole. Question by: A. D. Kirkland Denver, Colo. A: A’s action is not prohibited by the Rules. Definition 12 provides in part: “The ‘flagstick’ is a movable straight in­ dicator provided by the Committee, with or without bunting attached, centered in the hole to show its posi­ tion.” Thus, it is not required that there be a flag attached to the flag­ stick, and Rule 34-3 relative to ad­ justment of the flagstick does not apply since the flag alone was affected. Upon completing play of the hole, A should restore the flag to its orig­ inal position. PENALTY: NOT APPLIED IN IN­ DIVIDUAL EVENT WHEN BREACH APPLICABLE ONLY IN FOUR-BALL EVENT PLAYED CONCURRENTLY Q. 2: In this same competition, there were prizes awarded to the pro- fesionals returning to the lowest score. Should D be penalized two strokes for A’s actions insofar as this event is concerned? A. 2: The Rules of Golf do not con­ template combining individual and four-ball stroke play events. There­ fore the Rules of Golf Committee must decline to give an answer. For guidance, in our opinion the local committee would be justified in not applying a penalty to D’s score in the individual professional com­ petition. Questions by: Warren Orlick Tam O’Shanter Country Club Orchard Lake, Mich. PROVISIONAL BALL: MAY BE­ COME “SECOND BALL” WHEN DOUBT ARISES IN STROKE PLAY. STROKE PLAY. DOUBT AS TO PROCEDURE: WHEN POVISIONAL BALL BECOMES “SECOND BALL” USGA 62-19 R. 11-5, 30 Q: In stroke play the player is in doubt as to whether his drive may be out of bounds. He plays a pro­ visional ball under Rule 30. After inspecting the lie of the original ball, he cannot determine whether it is out of bounds or not. Under Rule 11-5 he can play out the hole with his original ball (“the ball in play”) and also complete the play of the hole with a second ball. Can he now consider the provisional ball played under Rule 30 as his “second ball” under Rule 11-5 and complete the play of the hole with it? Question by: John Marshall, Jr. Louisville, Ky. A: Yes. In invoking Rule 11-5 after playing a provisional ball under Rule 30-1, the player must treat the pro­ visional ball as a “second ball” under Rule 11-5. The reason for playing the provisional ball — that is, doubt as to the position of the original ball and to speed play — was the same as it would have been had the player waited until he saw the position of the original ball before invoking Rule 11-5. Although Note 2 to Rule 11-5 provides: “A second ball played under Rule 11-5 is not a provisional ball under Rule 30”, the reverse is not true in the present case, nor is it necessarily true. 26 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: SEPTEMBER, 1962 Further, the principle in Rule 30-2 that a provisional ball always be­ comes the ball in play when the orig­ inal ball is out of bounds supersedes any conflicting provisions of Rules 11-5 and 30. If it were otherwise, inequities could arise. For example, suppose A and B both hit drives which may be out of bounds. Both invoke Rule 30 and play provisional balls. Both pro­ visional balls are found out of bounds. A finds his original ball also out of bounds. His only procedure is to re­ turn to the tee, playing 5. There is question as to whether B’s original ball is out of bounds, and he elects to invoke Rule 11-5. If he were per­ mitted to abandon the provisional ball in such circumstances, he would be avoiding the penalty for a second ball out of bounds (the provisional ball) if it were subsequently ruled that his original ball was out of bounds. ILLUSTRATION FROM \IAI USGA BOOK BALL IN MOTION STOPPED OR DEFLECTED,': 1. Outside agency No penalty Rule 26-la 2. Match play Player's own caddie Player loses hole Rule 26-2a 3. Match play Opponent's caddie Opponent loses hole Rule 26-2b 4. Stroke play Player's own caddie Two-stroke penalty Rule 26-3a 5. Stroke play Fellow-competitor's caddie No penalty, but see Rule for exceptions Rule 26-3b (Drawing from "Golf Rules in Pictures". Book may be purchased from the USGA, many book stores and golf professionals' shops for $1.95) USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: SEPTEMBER, 1962 27 Effect Of Tree Roots On Turf By HOLMAN M. GRIFFIN Agronomist, USGA Green Section, Southwestern Office Many a hot and tired golfer has found comfort under the spread­ ing branches of a large tree during a round of golf and then at the end of play, enjoyed from the clubhouse the view of a beautiful tree laden land­ scape. From the standpoint of scenery the picture may be superb but from the standpoint of turf maintenance we should examine the situation more thoroughly. Although they are different types of plants, trees and grass require many of the same environmental factors and quite often they compete with each other for the same elements of their environment. If left to grow naturally over a period of years, trees would be the resulting climatic vegetation of the landscape in a large part of the world. Because of this tendency for grass to come out second best in com­ petition with trees, special maintenance practices are required to make them more compatible in turf areas. Prune Tree Roots Quite often trees are removed or thinned to allow more sunlight to fall on, the grass and improve air circula­ tion in tight areas. These are drastic measures which should only be con­ sidered as a last resort when all else has failed. A much better approach to the problem would be to prune the tree roots. This action will substantially re­ duce the competition between grass and tree roots and will leave the ap­ pearance of the course essentially the same above ground as before. It is also possible that this treatment will be all that is needed to bring the grass on. Approximately 10% of the wood mass of a tree is found underground in the form of roots. From this figure and considering the minute size of most feeder roots it is possible to bet­ ter appreciate the intricate maze of roots produced by the average tree. These roots move out into the soil, sometimes many feet beyond the branch spread of the tree and coalesce into an extensive system which robs the grass roots of moisture and nu­ trients. One authority estimates that an average tree may use 80 gallons of water a day and a sizable oak may use as much as 28,000 gallons of water during one growing season. The effects of such competition are certainly evi­ 28 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: SEPTEMBER, 1962 dent in turf areas and must be cor­ rected in order to grow healthy grass. Our choice of corrective measures will be determined by whether we shall try to supply the needs of both trees and grass without disturbing their root systems or whether we prune tree roots and eliminate the source of the prob­ lem. Since judicious root pruning of trees seldom, if ever, causes damage to the tree this would seem to be the wise choice. In some ways the tree may even benefit from the pruning opera­ tion by being forced to forage deeper into the earth in search of food and water. As the roots increase their growth downward the tree becomes better anchored against wind damage and more able to withstand drought periods which dry out the surface layers of the soil. Special Attention Required Nearly everyone is familiar with the problems that exist when roots from nearby trees extend themselves into a golf green. The grass is weak and off color and needs to be watered and fed more frequently than the re­ mainder of the green. These unsightly areas require special attention and seldom, if ever, look as good as the rest of the green regardless of how much attention they receive. More often than not, the cause of localized dry spots or those places where, mys­ teriously, the grass just will not grow can be attributed to tree roots. Tree roots cause or add to many un­ favorable conditions related to the growth of turf. As the grass is weakened by competition, effects of traffic become more severe and the soil is left bare, providing an excellent op­ portunity for weeds to encroach or algae to take over. Where the turf is unthrifty it may also be more suscep­ tible to disease. As the cover thins out, soil temperatures rise and the grass is more subject to scald when excess water is applied or to desiccation from increased transpiration and evaporation when underwatered. Generally speak- Poplar tree roof removed from a green. Mass of Siberian elm free roots in a piece of puftng green sod. ing, each of these undesirable factors contributes to the development of all of the others. We can hardly expect grass to grow well under these con­ ditions. Methods to Consider To control root growth of trees at least three mechanical methods should be considered. The effectiveness of these methods will depend on the species of the tree, soil and climatic conditions, and the control method used, but each procedure may be modi­ fied to fit the existing needs. 1. Ditching and edging. Trenches dug to a depth of one foot are suffi­ cient to eliminate surface feeder roots. These trenches may be dug with a USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: SEPTEMBER, 1962 29 hand tool or with the aid of a ditch digging machine. Before replacing the soil one side of the trench is lined with tin or some other type of sheet metal, polyethylene, or several thick­ nesses of a good grade of roofing paper. This type of control may last as little as two years or as much as ten years or longer. 2. Ditching and backfilling. In this method, a narrow trench is dug and then backfilled with fresh cinders of coarse crushed rock. In the case of cinders, the sulfuric acid contained in fresh cinders will keep out new roots for almost the same period of time as the less permanent types of edging un­ der similar conditions. Where coarse crushed rock is used, a condition of severe layering is set up and new roots are reluctant to penetrate the large, dry air spaces between the rock particles. 3. Slicing of roots by dragging a special blade through the soil. This method was developed by Mr. James Haines, Superintendent of Grounds at the Denver Country Club. Root prun­ ing in this manner must be done fre­ quently for good control but the method is relatively inexpensive and fast. All turf areas on an average size 18-hole golf course can be root pruned in one day without interfering with surface playing conditions. There are doubtless many mechanical and chemical methods of controlling tree roots other than the three men­ tioned here but each requires an ex­ penditure of time, effort and money and, short of removing the tree, is only a temporary measure. Ultimately, the time to arrange for control of tree roots is in the planning stage. Much of the problem could be eli­ minated by selection and placement of trees in strategic locations. It is hard to conceive of any tree not sending out some feeder roots into the sur­ rounding soil but it would be wise to avoid the use in critical areas of trees such as cottonwoods, willows, maples, elms, poplars, and eucalyptus, which are notorious for their massive system of feeder roots. By selected deeper rooted trees and placing them well away from critical areas we automatically and permanently eliminate the tree root problem. Establishing W inter Bermuda Putting Turf By R. E. SCHMIDT & R. E. BLASER Assistant Professor and Professor of Agronomy, Respectively Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Blacksburg, Va. The successful development of a win­ ter turfgrass on dormant bermuda­ grass depends on the grass or grasses used, date of seeding, watering, and cultural method. In this paper we dis­ cuss the results from an experiment on date and method of overseeding cool season grasses on bermudagrass greens. The experiment was conducted at the James River Golf Course of the Country Club of Virginia, Rich­ mond, Va. Methods of Seeding Areas were prepared for overseed­ ing on September 14 and October 4, 1962 on a 4,000 sq. ft. Tifgreen putting green. The seedbed preparation treat­ ments were: (1) undisturbed bermuda­ grass turf, (2) moderate to heavy vertical mowing, (3) aerifying, and (4) topdressing with % cu. yd. per 1000 sq. ft. of a “topdressing” soil after seeding. These methods were used alone and in combination as shown in Fig. 1. All plots were overseeded separately with 20 lbs. of Penn lawn creeping red fescue* and 50 lbs. of common ryegrass per 1000 sq. ft. The seed- * Better winter turf was obtained when Penn- lawn was seeded at 301b/1000 sq. ft. See U. S. G. A. Journal and Turf Management. Vol. XIV, No. 5. S'pt. 1961. 30 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: SEPTEMBER, 1962 bed treatments were arranged in a split plot design and repeated three times at each of two seeding dates. After overseedings were finished, all plots were kept moist until the cool season grasses were well established. A mowing height was maintained at 5/16 of an inch. The plots were mowed often enough so that not more than 1/3 of the total top growth was mowed off at any one time. The turf cover was estimated during October 1960 to June 1961. Common ryegrass provided quicker cover than red fescue, but the Pennlawn creeping fescue produced a denser sod during the rest of the season. (Fig. 1). This was especially evident during spring when the sod cover of common rye­ grass dropped from 70% on June 6 to 5% two weeks later, while on the other hand, the creeping red fescue still had a 64% sod cover on June 20. This gradual reduction of turf cover with Pennlawn creeping red fescue gave an almost unnoticeable spring transition to Bermuda. Turf cover of Creeping Red Fescue and common ryegrass overseeded on Bermuda Putting Turf as influenced by time of overseeding. The overseedings made in early October gave better turf cover than the overseedings made in mid-Septem- ber (Fig. 2). Comparison of the dens­ ity estimation of grasses sown at different dates (Fig. 2) shows that this later seeding date gave greater cover especially in the late fall and winter months. The average January turf cover of plots overseeded in mid- Average turf cover of two cool season grasses overseeded on Bermuda putting turf. September was 55% ; the early October overseedings averaged 64%. Therefore, it may be concluded that the younger seedlings appeared more capable of tolerating cold weather than the older seedlings. The proper time to overseed will dif­ fer with location, depending on lati­ tude and altitude. However, the data compiled from this experiment indi­ cate that overseeding on Bermuda should begin when soil temperatures start to decline. The preparation of Bermuda putting greens for overseeding drastically influenced the quality of winter turf. Both creeping red fescue and common ryegrass turf quality was similarly affected by the various seedbed pre­ parations (Fig. 3). Turf density was increased propor­ tionally to the degree of soil-seed con­ tact. Overseeded plots that received no seedbed preparation averaged only 45% winter turf cover for creeping red fescue and 25% for ryegrass. Both USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: SEPTEMBER, 1962 31 topdressing and vertical mowing in­ creased winter turf cover. However, the best turf for the entire season occurred on plots that received the combination treatment of vertical mowing and top­ dressing. These plots averaged 73% cover for ryegrass and 82% for Penn- lawn. Hollow tonged aerification at time of overseeding did not increase winter turf quality (Fig. 3). This may be attributed to the fact that the seeds tended to collect in the aerifier holes and cause spotted stands upon germ­ ination. It may be concluded that method of preparation and time of overseed­ ing greatly influenced winter turf quality on Bermuda putting greens. There is also an indication that Penn- lawn creeping red fescue under the condition of this experiment was superior to common ryegrass for winter turf, especially during the spring transition to Bermuda. For best results overseeding of cool season grasses on bermudagrass should be scheduled when soil temperatures start to decline. Immediately prior to the overseeding operation the Bermuda sod should be vertically mowed mod­ erately heavy. After seeding, the seed should be covered with soil topdres­ sing and water applied frequently to insure adequate moisture for seed germination and seeding development. N No preparation - seed sown on undisturbed Bermuda T JA cu. yd. soil top dressing after seeding V Vertical mowing (2 x) prior to seeding A Aerification □ Pennlawn (g) 20 Ibs./IOOO sq. ft. B Common ryegrass (6> 50 Ibs./IOOO sq. ft. 32 USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: SEPTEMBER, 1962 26 TEAMS IN WORLD CUP Foster Friendship and Sports- J- manship Among the Peoples of the World” proclaims the Eisenhower Trophy, which will be played for in the Third World Amateur Team Championship October 10-13 at the Fuji Golf Course, Kawana, near Ito, Japan, This biennial competition will bring together teams from 26 coun­ tries. The Championship is sponsored by the World Amateur Golf Council, which was created in conferences on May 2-3, 1958, in Washington, D. C. English is the official language of the Council. There are now 43 member countries. The Championship consists of 72 holes stroke play, with 18 holes played on each of four days. Each country’s team may have three or four players, as the country prefers. In each 18- hole round the total of the three lowest scores by players from each team constitutes the team score for that round. The four-day total of these daily three-player team-scores is the team’s score for the Championship. Twenty-nine teams entered the first Championship held at the Old Course, St. Andrews, Scotland, in 1958. Australia won the trophy, named for General Dwight D. Eisenhower, who was President of the United States at the time of the Council’s inception. Australia de­ feated the United States, 222 to 224, after they had tied at 918 in 72 holes. The team of Great Britain and Ireland was third, one stroke back. There were 32 teams at the Merion Golf Club, Ardmore, Pa., for the second Championship in 1960. With phenomenal individual scoring by Jack W. Nicklaus and his teammates, the United States triumphed by 42 strokes over runner-up Australia. Great Britain-Ireland again finished third. Nicklaus, on the par 70 course, scored 66-67-68-68—269, 11 under par. With him on the American side were Deane R. Beman, Arlington, Va., Robert Gardner, Essex Fells, N. J., and William Hyndman, III, Hunting­ don Valley, Pa. John D. Ames, of Chicago, former President of the USGA, is non-playing Captain of the 1962 United States Team. Team members have not yet been determined; this will be done at or near the end of the USGA Amateur Championship being played this month at Pinehurst, N. C. Before the Championship nine players were under consideration: Beman, Gardner, Hyndman, Charles R. Coe, Oklahoma City, Okla.; William J. Patton, Morganton, N. C.; Richard H. Sikes, Springdale, Ark.; Charles B. Smith, Gastonia, N. C.; Dr. Edgar R. Updegraff, Tucson, Ariz., and H. Dudley Wysong, Jr., McKinney, Texas. Ames in the 1958 Championship pro­ gram said of the event, “There are many strands in the ties that bind people the world over. If the world of golf can do its bit in thus serving the larger world of Life, we shall be content.” The 26 countries to be represented in the Championship in Japan are: Argentina, Australia, Bermuda, Brazil, Canada, Ceylon, Republic of China, Germany, Great Britain and Ireland, Hong Kong, India, Italy, Japan, Malaya, Mexico, New Zealand, Pakistan, Peru, Philippines, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United Arab Republic, United States, Venezuela. USGA JOURNAL AND TURF MANAGEMENT: SEPTEMBER, 1962 33 USGA OFFICERS, EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE AND COMMITTEE CHAIRMEN OFFICERS PRESIDENT: .................................................................... John M. Winters, Jr., Tulsa, Okla. VICE-PRESIDENTS: ...................................... Clarence W. Benedict, White Plains, N. Y. Wm. Ward Foshay, New York, N. Y. SECRETARY: ................................................................ Bernard H. Ridder, Jr., St. Paul, Minn. TREASURER: ......................................................................... Hord W. Hardin, St. Louis, Mo. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE The above officers and Fred Brand, Jr., Pittsburgh, Pa. William C. Campbell, Huntington, W. Va. Robert F. Dwyer, Portland, Ore. Edward L. Emerson, Boston, Mass. Edwin R. Foley, San Francisco, Calif. Robert K. Howse, Witchita, Kans. Harold A. Moore, Chicago, III. Eugene S. Pulliam, Indianapolis, Ind. Henry H. Russell, Miami, Fla. Charles P. Stevenson, Buffalo, N. Y. GENERAL COUNSEL Philip H. Strubing, Philadelphia, Pa. EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR Joseph C. Dey, Jr., New York, N. Y. ASSISTANT DIRECTOR: P. J. Boatwright, Jr. USGA HEADQUARTERS "Golf House", 40 East 38th Street, New York 16, N. Y. COMMITTEE CHAIRMEN RULES OF GOLF: Wm. Ward Foshay, New York, N. Y. CHAMPIONSHIP: Clarence W. Benedict, White Plains, N. Y. AMATEUR STATUS AND CONDUCT: Philip H. Strubing, Philadelphia, Pa. IMPLEMENTS AND BALL: Hord W. Hardin, St. Louis, Mo. MEMBERSHIP: Edwin R. Foley, San Francisco, Calif. GREEN SECTION: Henry H. Russell, Miami, Fla. WOMEN'S: Mrs. Henri Prunaret, Natick, Mass. SECTIONAL AFFAIRS: Eugene S. Pulliam, Indianapolis, Ind. PUBLIC LINKS: Fred Brand, Jr., Pittsburgh, Pa. HANDICAP: Clarence W. Benedict, White Plains, N. Y. HANDICAP PROCEDURE: Herman M. Freydberg, New York, N. Y. JUNIOR CHAMPIONSHIP: Robert K. Howse, Wichita, Kans. SENIOR CHAMPIONSHIP: Harold A. Moore, Chicago, III. GIRLS' JUNIOR: Mrs. John Pennington, Buffalo, N. Y. SENIOR WOMEN'S CHAMPIONSHIP: Mrs. Theodore W. Hawes, Summit, N. J. MUSEUM: Edward L. Emerson, Boston, Mass. BOB JONES AWARD: Henry H. Russell, Miami, Fla. GREEN SECTION AWARD: Henry H. Russell, Miami, Fla. FINANCE: Hord W. Hardin, St. Louis, Mo. PUBLIC INFORMATION: Bernard H. Ridder, Jr., St. Paul, Minn. NOMINATING: John D. Ames, Chicago, III. USGA GREEN SECTION EASTERN REGION Northeastern Office: 814 Raritan Ave., Highland Park, N. J. Alexander M. Radko, Director, Eastern Region Raymond E. Harman, Northeastern Agronomist Charles E. Croley, Northeastern Agronomist Lee Record, Northeastern Agronomist Southeastern Office: P. O. Box 4213, Campus Station, Athens, Ga. James B. Moncrief, Southeastern Agronomist MID-CONTINENT REGION Southwestern Office: Texas A. and M. College, College Station, Texas Dr. Marvin H. Ferguson, Director, Mid-Continent Region and National Research Coordinator Mid-Western Office: Room 241, LaSalle Hotel, Chicago 2, III. Holman M. Griffin, Southwestern Agronomist James L. Holmes, Mid-Western Agronomist Western Office: P. O. Box 567, Garden Grove, Calif. William H. Bengeyfield, Director, Western Region WESTERN REGION