USGA8 GREEN SECTION Record November/December 1996 Volume 34, Number 6 M ♦ < Z COURSE IS OPEN CARTS COURSE COND TION CROSSOVERS PERMITTED EXCELLENT COURSE RULES SUMMER Communication & Golf Course Maintenance A PUBLICATION ON TUBFGRASS MANAGEMENT BY THE UNITED STATES GOLF ASSOCIATION® NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 1996 Volume 34, Number 6 Cover Photo: Signs can be a very good method of communicating information and updating golfers. Marion Country Club, Marion, Ohio. Record Golf courses have gotten involved in efforts to incorporate more wildlife habitat into managed landscapes to promote bird diversity. See page 10. Communication and Golf Course Maintenance Communication is ultimately more important than agronomics in the daily conditioning of a golf course! By Bob Brame 6 Taking Spikeless Shoes Public Why not for the public player? By Sam Meredith 8 Keep Your Edge Grinding techniques can strengthen a turf maintenance program. By Keith Happ 10 The Bird Communities of Prairie Dunes Country Club and Sand Hills State Park “All wilderness areas, no matter how small or imperfect, have a large value to land-science” — Aldo Leopold, wildlife biologist By Max R. Terman, Ph.D. 15 Integrated Pest Management for Land Managers Looking at the Big Picture on a daily basis. By Ron Dodson 17 Don’t Be Shortsighted Replacing equipment when necessary is an essential part of long-range planning for good turf conditions. By Keith Happ 18 News Notes 19 USGA Green Section Record Index Volume 30, Number 1,1992, through Volume 34, Number 6,1996 A sign of the times for the recent trend on golf courses. See page 6. 38 Turf Twisters COMMUNICATION AND GOLF COURSE MAINTENANCE Communication is ultimately more important than agronomics in the daily conditioning of a golf course! by BOB BRAME WE LIVE in a world of con­ tinual interaction with others. Contrary to the beliefs of some, it’s not just winning or losing, but how you play the game. In other words, how we communicate is actually more important than the day-to-day, visual results of our work. This is as true in the golf course management industry as it is in other aspects of our lives. For example, how many times has a super­ intendent been fired even when the course was in good condition? Con­ versely, it’s not uncommon for a course to experience significant turf loss/ damage and the superintendent’s employment remain secure. We’ve all seen or heard about both situations. The difference is communication. Good communications can bridge the gap when course conditioning falls off, but an immaculately maintained golf course does not protect a poor com­ municator. Most turf managers invest a significant amount of time on the agronomics of golf course mainte­ nance. At the very least, equal time should be given to improving com­ munication strategies and techniques. Over the past few years the Green Section staff has been surveyed several times to draw on their expertise and field experience. In two previous sur­ veys the top ten and ultimately the top 20 pitfalls of golf course mainte­ nance were identified (Table 1). This listing, based upon Green Section staff consensus, unanimously identi­ fied communications as the number- one potential pitfall of golf course maintenance. Unfortunately, communication is not given enough attention in most golf course maintenance operations. The focus of this article is a third staff survey, which identifies sub-headings (Table 2) under the number-one pitfall, communications. The purpose is to share some thoughts from the Green Section staff to help strengthen com­ munications in golf course manage- Hand-held communication radios enhance the speed and efficiency of golf course maintenance. Seeing the superintendent using the tools of the trade helps enhance the image golfers have of the superintendent and the entire operation. ment. Regardless of how successful or inadequate your past communications efforts have been, staying innovative and positive is very important. Seven categories have been identified and prioritized under the heading “How can golf course maintenance com­ munication and public relations be improved?” Specific ideas/thoughts are covered under each of the main headings. Maintain a Professional Image Every golfer has an image of the superintendent who maintains the course he/she plays. That image will directly affect their interactions with the superintendent. Do the players at your course have confidence in what is being done in the maintenance pro­ gram? Or do they continually question and argue? In the final analysis it is the responsibility of each superintendent to make sure his/her image is positive and professional. When the superintendent presents a professional image, players are more willing to discuss turf loss or general course conditioning needs from a calm, rational perspective. If the superintendent’s image is weak, players often become emotional in their desire for improved conditioning. How often have you heard, “Gee, my yard looks great; why doesn’t the golf course? Our superintendent must not know what he’s doing.” Why not have a home lawn improvement night? Open the door for golfers/members to ask about their lawns. It’s a perfect opportunity to discuss the differences between a home lawn and the golf course. Demonstration areas and/or test plots can help convey the message and gain support for needed resources. NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 1996 1 At Westwood Country Club in Cleveland, Ohio, all golf course information is placed on large marker boards that are easily altered as needed. Golfing events are combined with course maintenance activities (i.e., aerification) to give golfers the complete picture. Positive, effective communication will require an investment of time. As the superintendent, make sure golfers see you on the course using tools of the trade (soil probe, hand lens, camera, disease detection kit, com­ munication radios, outside consultants, etc.). Dress in a manner that reflects the position you hold. Provide the grounds staff with uniforms (or at least a shirt), to present a neat and united team appearance. Make sure employees understand their assignments and, as a result, stay busy. Keep the equipment, maintenance building, and surround­ ing area clean. Maintaining a project book or portfolio, containing pictures, can be an excellent tool for meetings or contract review time. Do not rely on golfers’ memories of how it was. Be innovative and proactive in estab­ lishing and maintaining a professional image. What worked yesterday may not work tomorrow. Post Information We’re past the days of providing only minimal information and trying to blend into the woodwork. Golfers want to know what’s going on and be given the freedom of making their own decision about how it affects them. While it is true that some golfers will 2 USGA GREEN SECTION RECORD not read information that is posted or sent to them, we have a responsibility to those who do want to know. Even those who don’t appear to be interested often will respond if the right approach is used. Posting information can be done in a number of ways, but it boils down to getting information where it will be seen or heard. Course maintenance information can be posted on bulletin boards, at the first and/or tenth tees, at the halfway house out on the course, in locker rooms, in the pro shop, in the club­ house, and even on carts. Also, getting the information out can be done through mailings to players’, neigh­ bors’, and/or employees’ homes. A detailed annual calendar of mainte­ nance activities may have greater impact if mailed. On the other hand, the condition of the course or products being used on a particular day would be best communicated on a prominent on-site bulletin board. Maintenance work, such as aerifi­ cation, should be posted in advance and on the actual day work is to be done. How about posting weekly or monthly maintenance summaries? As an exception, do not post Stimpmeter readings. The condition of a course cannot be distilled down to a number. Concerns and/or problems should be spelled out clearly so rumors don’t be­ come the primary flow of information. Chemical applications, as well as per­ tinent integrated pest management (IPM) strategies should be posted. A picture and a short biography of the grounds employee of the month could be displayed. Occasionally, it may be helpful to post pictures and names of the entire grounds staff. On the other hand, pictures and names of green committee members could be posted in the employee lunch room. Posting also can be done with a dedicated phone line and answering system. A course information hotline with frequently (several times a day) updated messages would allow players to call and hear the latest. Creative, fresh, and current posting of informa­ tion can enhance golf course mainte­ nance communication. Participate in the Course Newsletter Contributing to a course/club news­ letter is similar to posting in that it is a valuable method of distributing infor­ mation. However, information pre­ sented in a newsletter can be more comprehensive. A newsletter is a good format for dealing in detail with past and present issues and how they may affect the future. It is also a good place to combine specific information perti­ nent to the course with general industry news/trends. A course newsletter is a great format for discussing specific maintenance strategies like no-mow or natural areas. Environmental concerns and how they are being addressed should be included in the newsletter. Available resources like the Audubon Cooperative Sanctu­ ary Program for Golf Courses can be discussed, both in concept and specific involvement. Pesticides being used on the course could be listed with expla­ nations about their safety and purpose. A newsletter is an excellent format to inform golfers about course setup details, like hole rotation and tee marker placement. Articles about dif­ ferent members of the staff can improve golfers’ familiarity with the crew, while strengthening employee morale. Special interest articles, like the current move­ ment away from metal spikes on shoes, will generate interest and can open discussion applicable to your course. The green committee chairperson also should contribute to a course mainte­ nance newsletter. In many cases the superintendent’s boss can discuss issues more candidly and from a differ­ ent perspective. Recognizing the value of a news­ letter, the superintendent should con­ tribute to each and every issue. If your course does not have a newsletter, start one. Maybe two or three times a year at first, expanding as time and money allow. Depending upon the actual structure and needs of your course, there may be value in having a dedi­ cated golf course maintenance news­ letter, especially if the existing one is for social and/or clubhouse information. Schedule, Attend, and Speak at Meetings This category of communication deals with the value of well-time meet­ ings, the importance of being at meet­ ings that concern course maintenance, and getting involved in the presentation of information at such meetings. We have all sat through meetings that were a complete waste of time. Conversely, a well-organized gathering can be a valuable communication opportunity. The golf course superintendent should attend any and every meeting that addresses course maintenance issues. The concerns of course mainte­ nance should not be passed to a green committee chairperson, a general man­ ager, or any other individual not in­ timately familiar with the day-to-day supervision of course conditioning. Unquestionably, the superintendent’s boss should also attend key meetings related to course maintenance, but not as a substitute for the superintendent. This would include meetings with the green committee, board of directors, community/neighborhood associations, and various course golf groups/associ- ations, like the ladies’, men’s, juniors’, etc. Green committee meetings provide the setting for detailed discussion on desired course conditioning and rele­ vant budget, weather, and/or agro­ nomic concerns. Oral and pictorial presentations can be combined with an occasional field trip to strengthen the decision-making process. These meet­ ings should be scheduled frequently enough to keep members informed and to determine direction well in advance. Committee requests/desires should then be passed on to the board of directors by the superintendent and chairperson. The protocol can vary for privately owned courses and munici­ palities, but regular meetings with appropriate individuals are important. The superintendent occasionally should volunteer to speak at general membership and golf group (ladies’, men’s, etc.) meetings. Opening day ladies’ luncheons and/or stag days can be golden opportunities. Such gather­ ings provide a good opportunity to articulate concerns, accomplishments, and/or answer questions. Neighbor­ hood association meetings offer an­ other great opportunity to establish goodwill and a positive exchange of information. The organizers of these meetings will not always search out the course superintendent. Take the initiative with these and other groups; let them know you are available and willing to participate. Have a Friendly Attitude While this may seem a little sim­ plistic, a friendly attitude is not always easy to remember when the grass is wilting or just after the hydraulic hose breaks. However, if we remember that positive communication will carry us further than healthy (or dead) grass, it may help bring our attitude back into perspective. Think about it — the only thing we have absolute control over ia Test plots make it possible to more accurately discuss maintenance strategies with committee members. An untreated area provides good information to help decide whether a product should or should not be used in the maintenance program. NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 1996 3 our attitude. We cannot control much of what randomly happens in life, cer­ tainly not what Mother Nature and others may do. However, we can con­ trol our response. A friendly and sincere attitude is something people remember. The superintendent should try to be visible and accessible on the course. When Mr. Jones starts driving toward you to ask another potentially dumb question, click on a friendly attitude. Sure it will take a little time, and you may need to answer a question that has already been answered many times. Nevertheless, a friendly attitude will pay dividends. Plan time when you can be available to players to answer questions. How about spending a little time at the first tee or practice green on Saturday morning, after the course work is done? Be available just before the ladies’ shotgun. Following the golf professional’s announcement of the play format over the public address system, jump in and give a quick over­ view of course conditions/concems. Tell them why carts need to stay on paths. Remind them how important it is to fix ball marks immediately. Thank them, in advance, for replacing divots and raking bunkers. Explain why roughs are being treated with herbicide. Be proactive, using poten­ tially negative issues, to establish posi­ tive communication. Get to know the names of players. Nothing diffuses an explosive confron­ tation like calling a person by name. Think about the outbursts that occa­ sionally occur, for many of us, when driving a car. If we knew the name of the guy who cut us off, wouldn’t it temper some of the emotions? A big part of a friendly attitude is the art of listening. When folks know you’re really listening to them, it’s a lot easier to disagree and still maintain mutual respect. This is true for players, the staff, and/or the boss. Listening means putting your agenda on hold, turning off all distractions, keeping your mouth shut, and concentrating on what’s being said. It’s easy to under­ stand why most of us don’t listen well. However, when we listen carefully it’s amazing how much better our response becomes. Sometimes, good listening is the only response needed. Involve Players and Officials Take the green chairperson, presi­ dent, golf professional, and/or manager to conferences. The more they know about course maintenance, the easier it will be to communicate with them. Regional conferences conducted by the Green Section are geared towards the different interests and needs of course department heads and officials. We need to know where others are coming from. Meet with key indi- TABLE1 The Top 20 Pitfalls of Golf Course Maintenance 1. Communication and Public Relations 2. Overwatering 3. Fast Green Speeds 4. Use of Pesticides 5. Continuity of Course Officials/ Green Chairperson 6. Pesticide Storage and/or Maintenance Buildings 7. Tree Management 8. Amount of Play 9. Labor: Not Enough and/or Under Qualified 10. Equipment: Not Enough and/or Poor Quality 11. Time on the Golf Course 12. Documentation 13. The Bandwagon Syndrome 14. The Rules of Golf and Marking the Course 15. Lack of Outside Interests 16. Test Plots 17. Staying Current with Technology 18. Long-Range Planning 19. Training and Delegation 20. Managing Carts and Cart Paths “If they’re not dangerous, why do you use so much protective equipment?” Take advantage of such questions to educate golfers about pesticides used on the golf course, their safety, and the impact on the environment. viduals regularly; get to know their concerns and needs. Take them out on the course frequently so they can see the concerns of daily course condition­ ing. It takes time to get others involved, but it’s time well invested. The Audubon Cooperative Sanctuary Program for Golf Courses is an excel­ lent tool for involving others. In fact, in order to become a certified site, com­ munity involvement is required. What a great opportunity to tell what is being done to enhance the environmental friendliness of the course and, as a result, the entire community. Whether neighbors or golfers, they will appreci­ ate what is being done. This is a great opportunity to strengthen community relations. The Green Section Turf Advisory Service (TAS) is another excellent tool for involving players and officials. In­ viting course officials to attend TAS visits can open the door for construc­ tive dialogue about past, present, and future maintenance strategies. It’s even possible to schedule full committee or membership meetings for a time of questions and answers following a TAS tour of the course. A home lawn night, maintenance facility open house, and/or special improvement project work day are just a few examples of ways to involve others in ongoing course maintenance. Play Golf with Others at the Course It is amazing to me that there are superintendents who do not play golf at all. It is easy to understand why a superintendent doesn’t want to play golf after being on the course all day (I’ve been there). Playing golf on the course you are responsible for main­ taining is work. However, it does not change the fact that a working knowl­ edge of the game is vital to proper course conditioning. A superintendent must be able to understand course conditioning desires from a golfer’s perspective. The only way this can occur is through regular playing. It seems very reasonable to expect the course superintendent to play the course he/she maintains at least every other week. Weekly would be much better. Playing the course you’re re­ sponsible for conditioning should be considered part of the workday re­ sponsibilities. In other words, a super­ intendent should play during regular weekday work hours and not be expected to work a full day and play in the evening. It’s possible to combine the impor­ tance of the superintendent playing golf regularly with involving others and general communication. Why not establish a weekly tee time with the golf professional, manager, and one course official — a great opportunity to see the course in detail and dis­ cuss playability. A superintendent may also find value in having a regular tee time with three openings. This would allow others to occasionally play a round of golf with their course super­ intendent. Clearly, this needs to be custom-fitted to the personality and policies of your course. Nevertheless, a superintendent should play the game regularly, and involving others can strengthen communication efforts and credibility. The Audubon Cooperative Sanctuary Program for Golf Courses (ACSP) is an invaluable tool for improving the golf course while involving others in the process. ACSP involvement is an excellent topic for an ongoing column in the course newsletter. Schuyler Meadows Club, Loundonville, New York. TABLE 2 The Top Seven Ways Golf Course Maintenance Communication and Public Relations Can Be Improved 1. Maintain a Professional Image 2. Post Information 3. Participate in the Course Newsletter 4. Schedule, Attend, and Speak at Meetings 5. Have a Friendly Attitude 6. Involve Players and Officials 7. Play Golf with Others at the Course Conclusion Be creative, positive, and proactive with golf course maintenance com­ munication. At the very least, invest as much time towards improving com­ munication as you’re investing in stay­ ing current with agronomics. When agronomics falls short, and it occasion­ ally will for us all, good communication is the vehicle that holds it all together. When all is going well agronomically, communication is what allows us to share the moment with others. How we communicate is the core of who we are. Think about it — it’s not about grass! BOB BRAME is the director of the Green Section’s North-Central Region. NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 1996 5 A group of public golf course operators in the greater Tulsa, Oklahoma, area got together to promote the idea of public golf courses adopting a spikeless policy at area courses. A promotional day was held at Forest Ridge Golf Club to help inform area media. Taking Spikeless Shoes Public Why not for the public player? by SAM MEREDITH MANY CONVERSATIONS have occurred in recent months re­ garding the spikeless golf shoe issue. In my opinion, there really isn’t any legitimate argument for the con­ tinued use of metal spikes in and on our golf facilities. Even so, there are still those who are resistant to moving forward with a spikeless program. Today, many private golf clubs all over the country have spikeless policies, and members and their guests are be­ ginning to see the benefits of using spikeless shoes. The most obvious benefits are the increased quality in the appearance and playability of the putting surfaces and greater comfort to the golfer. Most golfers, however, fail to recog­ nize the enormous costs attributable directly to metal spike damage. The damage occurs in all areas of the golf course operation. For example, when a piece of mowing equipment hits a loose metal spike on the course, the cutting unit must be taken out of service and repaired or replaced. In addition to the cost involved (a single reel can exceed $500, not including labor costs), the downtime can have 6 USGA GREEN SECTION RECORD an immediate impact on the quality of golf course conditioning. Golf cart fleets sustain considerable amounts of damage as a result of steel spikes. Worn and scratched floor mats, brake pedals, dash areas, fenders, and windshields are the result of spike wear. For facilities that own golf cart fleets, this damage translates into lost value at the time of trade-in. According to Chip Cutler, president of Justice Golf Car (the Oklahoma distributor for Club Car), trade-in value could be increased by $50 to $100 per cart for vehicles without spike damage. Since many public operations have 100 carts or more, the savings are significant, to say the least. The areas in and around the club­ house also are victims of spike wear. Carpeting, tile, and other floor cover­ ings take a beating from spikes. Also consider the damage done to dining and locker room furniture as a result of steel spikes. The rationale for spikeless is apparent! Nonetheless, the idea of public golf courses adopting a spikeless policy might seem highly unlikely. To mandate and enforce a spikeless policy in the public arena can be much more diffi­ cult than at private clubs. Despite the fact that most public facilities receive far more play, and therefore suffer much greater damage from steel spikes, the common response is, “You can’t mandate a spikeless policy at a public course!” It would seem that the challenges confronting the operators of public facilities to adopt a spikeless policy would be insurmountable. As a result, public golf operators and public course golfers would be unable to enjoy the many benefits being realized by their private club counterparts. Surely no operators could implement a spikeless policy at public facilities, could they? Recently, a group of public golf course operators in the greater Tulsa, Oklahoma, area got together and said, “Why not?!” The movement started to unfold this way: After many weeks of telephone conversations and meetings of the golf course operators concern­ ing spikeless golf at the public facilities, it was agreed that if all the area public facilities worked together in this com­ mon effort, the spikeless campaign could be successful. A wide variety of information and support materials were presented at these meetings. Reports, including agronomic impact studies that showed the effects of spike damage to the plant, cost analysis that indicated real dollars spent each year on repairs to course property and equipment, and the fact that all of the private clubs in the area have already implemented mandatory spikeless policies, would be used in support of the city-wide ban of steel spikes. This information would also be used to convince the owners, parks com­ missioners, boards of directors, and the management personnel of these public facilities that a spikeless policy could be placed into effect without adversely affecting the number of rounds played and, ultimately, revenues. The next step was to address the debatable issues surrounding a man­ datory metal spike ban. What about cost? The cost to convert the players from steel spikes to a spike replace­ ment alternative could be justified by savings in facility repairs. Also, local golf tournaments would be conducted, not only to generate funds to offset expenses for the purchase of steel spike substitutes and to change them out, but also to create greater public awareness and acceptance. Would a course be at risk from a liability standpoint by mandating a spikeless policy? Common sense dic­ tates that any steep slopes or uneven terrain might foster insecure footing. Under certain turf conditions the po­ tential exists to lose traction, no matter what type of spike or spikeless system is used. Therefore, it was recommended that all courses post warnings, regard­ less of the footwear policy that is in place. It just might be that the element of risk is higher by allowing steel spikes to be worn while walking on slick tile floors and concrete walkways than by disallowing the use of metal spikes on the turf. The next question addressed during the planning meetings was whether or not it would be possible to implement and successfully administer a spikeless program, given the perceived image of the public golf course consumer. After the discussions, the general consensus was that it could be done through a well-planned educational effort. By the end of the meetings, those present felt that the idea of a city-wide spikeless shoe policy was feasible and worth pursuing. This coalition of public course operators would now seek the approval of their respective leaderships to go forward with the adoption of a spikeless referendum. Next, a plan was developed for an extensive education and awareness program, leading up to a target date when steel spikes would no longer be accepted. This cutoff date would be set far enough in advance to facilitate the completion of the education process. How much lead time would be neces­ sary to make the transition and be effective in getting this information to the golfing public? After several dis­ cussions with a university professor of sociology, it was determined that nearly a year would be needed to accomplish these goals, depending on the size and scope of the education process and public awareness campaign. We are currently in the midst of the education phase. During the period prior to the cutoff date, each facility will take advantage of every oppor­ tunity to get the word out. By dividing the practice putting area and allowing only spikeless traffic on one half, the players have been able to see the difference between the putting green surface exposed to metal spikes and the surface used by spikeless golfers. The automated tee-time system at the various golf courses will automatically notify those requesting tee times of the upcoming cutoff date. Also, by utilizing various vehicles of exposure, such as local print and broadcast media, on­ site signage, press releases, newsletter articles, men’s and women’s golf associ­ ation involvement, and videos and posters provided by the manufacturers of alternative spikes, the objectives of this phase of the plan will be met. The announcement of the city-wide ban on metal spikes, beginning May 1, 1997, was made at a press conference and was followed by a spike-free day of golf on August 28,1996, at Forest Ridge Golf Club in Tulsa, Oklahoma. The promotional day was attended by the area’s golf course superintendents, golf professionals, and a number of media representatives. The result was a num­ ber of positive news stories in print, radio, and on television news. Having seen the positive effects of spikeless golf at the local country clubs, most players in this area of the country are excited about the idea of spikeless golf going public. As a result of the cooperation between the public golf operators in our community, we will soon provide better putting quality to our players, while at the same time reduce repair costs to our facilities. These efforts result in a positive benefit for all of us. SAM MEREDITH is director of golf for Forest Ridge Golf Club in Tulsa, Oklahoma. He has served in this capacity since 1989, when this privately owned, public course was opened. The sight of golf course personnel changing shoe spikes is becoming a more frequent occurrence as the spikeless golf issue becomes more prevalent around the country. Metal spikes can cause significant damage to non-turf areas. The counter-sunk bolts on this bridge have been exposed as metal spikes have worn away the wood on the trafficked portion of the bridge. NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 1996 7 KEEP YOUR EDGE Grinding techniques can strengthen a turf maintenance program. by KEITH HAPP A dull mower blade results in a poor quality of cut that can lead to many turf problems. Wounds created on the leaves are potential infection sites for disease development. ASK ANY turf manager to name ZA important management strate- JL Agies, and arguably one of those mentioned will be using good mowers. Good mowers do not have to be new mowers, however. To support sound agronomics, good mowers can be defined as functional units that provide a good-quality cut. And regardless of the budget a course has to work with, sharp mowers are a critical component of a good turf maintenance program. Using sharp mowers to maintain turf is not new. Grinding equipment has always been integral to proper mower maintenance because sharp mowers can help to minimize many problems. First and foremost, the grass is cut cleanly, helping to produce the top-quality playing conditions today’s golfers enjoy. Secondly, the potential for disease or other stress-related prob­ lems is diminished. When the turf is cut with sharp mowers, the grass blades are not torn, twisted, or bruised. There are fewer infection sites; therefore, disease incidence is culturally reduced and surface performance enhanced. Finally, sharp mowers are energy effi­ cient, saving up to 50% in fuel costs compared to dull mowers. For reel-type cutting units to func­ tion well, two primary surfaces must be adjusted and maintained. These components consist of the bedknife, which is stationary, and the reel, which spins to create the scissors or cutting action. In addition, when the sharpen­ ing process is performed, new bearings 8 USGA GREEN SECTION RECORD and other working parts are adjusted or replaced. Everything is put in order so that when the machines are used for the first time, they perform like new equipment. Grinding Techniques Relief grinding has been a standard grinding practice for many years. This technique creates a very sharp leading edge, but on rough terrain the blades of the reel as well as the bedknife are more likely to be damaged. To create this edge, more metal is removed from both reel blades and bedknives, making the cutting unit more susceptible to damage from tree roots, rocks, or other debris. If this occurs, the sharpening process must be repeated, and to do so, the cutting unit must be disassembled. Basically, it takes more time to relief grind, but an advantage is that the mowers tend to stay sharper for a longer period of time. The relief grind technique is still utilized by many golf course mechanics, and the results can be quite good. Spin grinding provides the option to grind reels quickly, even during the season. It allows a reel to be ground into a true cylinder, which minimizes bearing wear and reduces drag (un­ necessary metal-to-metal contact), and it can be performed without completely disassembling the cutting unit. Also, the bedknife does not have to be re­ moved. Nevertheless, it is recognized that spin-ground mowers tend to be­ come dull more quickly. There are many elements of this grinding technique that save time and money. For example, the need for backlapping (a honing process by which the tolerance between the cut­ ting surfaces is matched) is greatly reduced. No longer do units have to sit, spinning endlessly, on the shop floor to create a sharp cutting surface. Sharp­ ening can be implemented and com­ pleted in very little time, significantly less when compared with relief grind­ ing. Thus, in-season grinding can be performed without compromising the turf manager’s ability to prepare the course. Spin grinding actually creates ap­ proximately 2 to 3 degrees of relief grind. What is more important, if the reel is ground correctly and the bed­ knife equally well, the final tolerance between the cutting surfaces is reduced to about .002 inches. This provides a very sharp cutting unit that performs well, even under wet, saturated con­ ditions. For example, during heavy spring turf growth, reduction of turf tearing and twisting results in stronger turf prior to the onset of stressful (high heat and humidity) summer weather. Once the reel is sharpened, creating a sharp edge on the bedknife is equally important. There are two surfaces that are ground on the bedknife: the face grind and the surface grind. The face grind is the most important edge be­ cause it is the first surface that comes into contact with the turf. A special grinding machine is needed to accu­ rately grind these important surfaces, and initially it requires that the mower be disassembled. New bedknives must be ground separately prior to being installed on the cutting unit, but during the season, the practice of removing the bedknives is not necessary unless serious damage has occurred. There are several strategies that can be used during the season to maintain the edge on the bedknife. A common strategy is to use a body grinder to dress up and create a clean face grind on the bedknife only. The mower does not have to be disassembled to use this technique. In the hands of an experi­ enced operator, this sharpening process can be completed in a few minutes and provide excellent results. Caution must be exercised so as not to damage a reel blade. Once this procedure is complete, the newly sharpened leading edge pro­ vides a consistent, clean cut. New tools now are available to maintain a consistent face grind for the entire season. Magnetically mounted grinders, for example, have been de­ veloped and have significantly reduced sharpening time while increasing the accuracy of this process. In as little as five minutes per unit, sharpening is complete, allowing this to be done on an as-needed basis and minimizing reliance on backlapping. During the off-season, the time needed to perform this maintenance procedure is of little concern. How­ ever, during the playing season and particularly in sections of the country where golf is a year-round activity, taking equipment out of service to sharpen mowers can make it difficult to mow the course for daily play. Ob­ viously, the more backup equipment you have, the easier it is to take a mower unit out of service to sharpen it. Some golf courses have an abundance of equipment, which affords the oppor­ tunity to sharpen mowers frequently during the playing season. For most courses, however, and particularly those that function on a shoestring budget, the decision to perform mid­ summer grinding is a difficult one. The logistics and time needed to com­ plete this procedure are burdensome, and if mowers are down for an extended period of time, complaints from golfers can increase. Fortunately, significant technological advancements have been realized in grinding tools and procedures, allow­ ing for in-season sharpening with minimal equipment downtime. Course preparation can take place as sched­ uled and good surface quality can be maintained. Proper Equipment Grinding equip­ ment is part of the infrastructure of the golf course opera­ tion. Shop equip­ ment, particularly grinding tools, are often overlooked elements of an equipment replace­ ment program. New mowers can be in­ troduced into the equipment inven­ tory on an annual basis, but if they cannot be sharp­ ened properly, their value to the opera­ tion is reduced. If new grinding equip­ Newer grinding equipment provides the flexibility to sharpen mowers during the season in a very short period of time. During the golf season, a body grinder can be used to maintain a sharp face on the bedknife. In the hands of an experienced mechanic, five minutes is all that’s needed to make the mower ready to go! ment cannot be purchased, an outside contractor can be utilized. In fact, mobile services are available to perform the necessary grinding procedures at the course. There is an ever-increasing demand for accuracy in the game of golf and turfgrass management. The accuracy with which mowers are sharpened and adjusted is just as important as accurate fertility, pest management, and irrigation techniques. Further­ more, whether Integrated Pest Manage­ ment (IPM) is practiced by choice or as a budgetary necessity, utilization of sharp mowers is an essential compo­ nent of IPM. Mowers and the quality of performance they provide are the basis upon which other management practices are determined. If the quality of cut is compromised, the health of the turf also is compromised. Help keep your edge; investing in grinding equipment can provide long- lasting benefit and better playing conditions, which translates into happier golfers . . . something we all need more of. KEITH HAPP is agronomist for the Mid-Atlantic Region of the USGA Green Section. NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 1996 9 The extensive natural border areas on the golf course provide a natural buffer zone that separates the golf course from some of the nearby housing developments. The Bird Communities of Prairie Dunes Country Club and Sand Hills State Park IN THE WAKE of alarming declines ‘All wilderness areas, no matter how small or imperfect, have a large value to land-science” — Aldo Leopold, wildlife biologist in the populations of wild birds, wildlife experts and other con­ cerned persons are calling for increased efforts to incorporate more wildlife habitat into managed landscapes. Many golf courses, both old and new, have incorporated wild areas into their designs. This is, in part, due to a desire to give the course more character, but more recently, to meet the growing public desire for environmentally re­ sponsible golf developments. How effective are the habitats on a golf course in promoting bird diversity? One way to answer this question is to compare the birds using a naturalized golf course with a similar nearby natural area. While golf courses are not natural areas, this kind of study may inform us about what kinds of birds utilize golf courses and which do not. This in turn may lead to more informed decisions about how to promote a higher diversity of birds on human- dominated landscapes. Study Areas and Methods This article reports the results of a three-year study of the birds found on 10 USGA GREEN SECTION RECORD by MAX R. TERMAN, Ph.D. TABLEI Site Descriptions and Overall Bird Census Numbers Prairie Dunes Country Club Sand Hills State Park Description Human use Naturalized, links-style golf course surrounded by a natural buffer zone and housing development 35,000 rounds of golf/year highly maintained Size of total area (hectares) 105 (260 acres) Size of survey area (hectares) 64.8 (160 acres) Transect surveyed (kilometers) 4.4 (4,812 yards) Number of bird species 57 (10/93-10/95) Species/hectare Total number of birds Birds/kilometer 0.88 2,020 459.1 Natural prairie with public trails Light-moderate use by hikers, horseback riders 455 (1,123 acres) 56.7 (140 acres) 3.5 (3,820 yards) 63 1.11 1,000 285.7 the Prairie Dunes Country Club in Kansas and a nearby natural area, Sand Hills State Park. This study is part of an innovative cooperative arrange­ ment between Prairie Dunes Country Club and Tabor College. Sponsored by the USGA Green Section, this unique team approach combines the resources of the academic and golf communities in the important endeavor to under­ stand and preserve biodiversity on human-dominated landscapes. Prairie Dunes and Sand Hills present an ideal situation for an ecological study of this type. With the exception of tees, fairways, greens, and buildings, Prairie Dunes is very similar to Sand Hills State Park in topography and vegetation. Both have native prairie plants and rolling dunes typical of the sand hills biotic region of Kansas. The public trail used for the bird census in the park is approximately the same shape and distance as a loop through both nine-hole layouts of the golf course. Prairie Dunes is a highly regarded, intensively managed golf course that hosts more than 35,000 rounds of golf per year. Approximately 74 percent of the country club property is in a natural state, with native plants growing not only in the roughs and out- of-play areas, but also in a natural buffer zone that partially surrounds the course, separating it from some of the nearby housing developments. Under the leadership of superinten­ dent P. Stan George, C.G.C.S., Prairie Dunes has achieved full certification in the Audubon Cooperative Sanctuary Program administered by Audubon International for its efforts to be environmentally responsible. Even prescribed burning of on-course grass areas is carried out when conditions allow. Sand Hills State Park is a valuable natural area under the control of the Kansas Department of Wildlife and Parks. To control woody plant in­ vasions and maintain the dominant herbs and grasses, the park is burned periodically. Local residents treasure the natural beauty of the sand dunes, grasslands, wetlands, and woodlands. Located approximately four miles from Prairie Dunes, its 1,123 acres contain public walking trails accessible only to walkers and permitted horseback riders. Compared to the golf course, the park is a low-impact area with minimal human disturbance to the wildlife. Birds were censused in good weather on transects (paths) located on the TABLE2 Numbers (birds/kilometer) and Relative Abundance (percent of total) for Birds at Prairie Dunes Country Club (PD) and Sand Hills State Park (SH) Arranged in Descending Order of Prairie Dunes Bird Numbers Birds/Kilometer Relative Abundance Species American robin European starling American tree sparrow House sparrow Harris sparrow Bam swallow Eastern kingbird Common grackle Mourning dove Northern cardinal Blue jay Black-capped chickadee Dark-eyed junco House wren American goldfinch Northern oriole Bell’s vireo Field sparrow Western kingbird Northern flicker Brown-headed cowbird Cattle egret Northern bobwhite Eastern meadowlark Red-winged blackbird Canada goose Killdeer Chimney swift Gray catbird Brown thrasher Song sparrow American crow Franklin’s gull Red-headed woodpecker Wild turkey Common yellowthroat Eastern bluebird Grasshopper sparrow Orchard oriole Red-tailed hawk Yellow-rumped warbler Downy woodpecker Great blue herron Upland sandpiper American kestrel Belted kingfisher Mississippi kite Ring-necked pheasant Yellow-billed cuckoo Chipping sparrow Dickcissel Great crested flycatcher House finch Northern harrier Northern mockingbird Red-bellied woodpecker Turkey vulture Bewick’s wren Blue grosbeak Carolina wren Rufous-sided towhee Eastern wood-peewee Hairy woodpecker Indigo bunting Lark sparrow Least flycatcher Rose-breasted grosbeak N. rough-winged swallow Vesper sparrow White-breasted nuthatch White-throated sparrow Yellow-breasted chat TOTALS PD 91.6 70.5 51.1 23.9 21.8 17.0 16.8 15.5 12.7 12.7 12.5 9.3 8.0 7.7 7.0 7.0 6.8 6.1 6.1 5.2 4.1 3.4 3.4 3.2 3.0 2.7 2.5 2.3 2.3 2.0 2.0 1.8 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.1 1.1 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 459.1 SH 26.0 2.6 8.0 0.0 10.6 0.9 12.0 4.6 8.3 12.6 8.9 20.3 8.9 10.3 15.1 5.4 4.3 4.0 1.1 16.6 2.6 0.3 9.4 4.3 11.7 1.4 0.3 0.3 5.7 3.7 0.6 13.4 0.0 2.9 0.0 6.0 1.7 5.1 0.3 4.3 0.6 1.7 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.9 0.0 0.6 0.0 9.4 1.1 0.0 0.6 0.3 2.3 2.0 0.3 0.3 0.6 3.1 0.6 0.6 0.3 0.3 0.6 0.6 0.3 0.9 0.3 2.3 0.6 285.7 PD 20.0% 15.3% 11.1% 5.2% 4.8% 3.7% 3.7% 3.4% 2.8% 2.8% 2.7% 2.0% 1.7% 1.7% 1.5% 1.5% 1.5% 1.3% 1.3% 1.1% 0.9% 0.7% 0.7% 0.7% 0.6% 0.6% 0.5% 0.5% 0.5% 0.4% 0.4% 0.4% 0.4% 0.3% 0.3% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 100.0% SH 9.1% 0.9% 2.8% 0.0% 3.7% 0.3% 4.2% 1.6% 2.9% 4.4% 3.1% 7.1% 3.1% 3.6% 5.3% 1.9% 1.5% 1.4% 0.4% 5.8% 0.9% 0.1% 3.3% 1.5% 4.1% 0.5% 0.1% 0.1% 2.0% 1.3% 0.2% 4.7% 0.0% 1.0% 0.0% 2.1% 0.6% 1.8% 0.1% 1.5% 0.2% 0.6% 0.2% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.3% 0.0% 0.2% 0.0% 3.3% 0.4% 0.0% 0.2% 0.1% 0.8% 0.7% 0.1% 0.1% 0.2% 1.1% 0.2% 0.2% 0.1% 0.1% 0.2% 0.2% 0.1% 0.3% 0.1% 0.8% 0.2% 100.0% NOVEMBER/DECEMBER1996 11 public trail in Sand Hills and on the golf course proper at Prairie Dunes. Another trained observer, Paul Jantzen, and I counted and recorded by species all birds seen along the public trail in the park and near the tees, fairways, roughs, and greens on the golf course proper. To adequately sample all birds using the areas in different seasons, we performed a total of 12 censuses over three years, with five censuses occur­ ring during the autumn, one during winter, two during spring, and four during summer. The off-course natural areas at Prairie Dunes were not censused, and all Prairie Dunes bird observations are restricted to the golf course proper. Future studies will census the natural areas at Prairie Dunes. Results Tables 1, 2, and 3 provide an overall synopsis of important statistics and comparisons. Both the golf course and the natural area supported com­ plex bird communities, sharing many species in common (Table 2). In terms of the number of species using the two areas (species richness), the golf course compared favorably to the natural area, and a statistical comparison indicated no significant differences in this measure of species diversity. However, there were significant differences in other measures. Statistical tests com­ paring indices of relative abundance (the specific kinds, numbers, and pro­ portions of the total in each kind) re­ vealed that the kinds of birds and the numbers per species were different between the two areas. Measures of community similarity and species diversity also indicated noticeable differences. Sand Hills had more species of birds than Prairie Dunes, but fewer indi­ viduals. Figures 1 and 2 graphically illustrate the comparisons in species richness and relative abundance. Sand Hills had 15 species that did not occur on Prairie Dunes and 9 species occurred on the golf course but not in the park (Table 2). For the most part, birds with larger natural habitat re­ quirements and perhaps less tolerance for disturbance (e.g., least flycatcher, yellow-breasted chat) occurred more frequently in the state park, while those with less restrictive habitat needs and higher tolerances for disturbance fre­ quented the golf course (e.g., American robin, common grackle, eastern king­ bird). 12 USGA GREEN SECTION RECORD Native prairie vegetation lines the golf holes at Prairie Dunes Country Club in Hutchinson, Kansas. TABLES Summary of Statistics Statistical Tests for Significant Differences 1. Chi-square contingency table analysis for differences in kinds and numbers of birds in the two sites. Chi-square value = 195.73, df = 27, pc.001 (statistically significant differences). 2. Chi-square contingency table analysis for differences in species richness between the two sites. Chi-square value = 13.286, df = 11, p>.10 (no statistically significant differences). Community Similarity Indices (0 = no similarity, 1 = nearly the same) Jaccard Coefficient Hom Index Morisita’s Index Proportional Similarity 0.680 0.721 0.566 0.504 Species Diversity Indices Species richness Number of individuals/kilometer Number of equally abundant species Simpson diversity (range 0-1) Sheldon evenness (range 0-1) Prairie Dunes Sand Hills 57 459 19.59 0.912 0.343 63 286 34.12 0.964 0.541 Summary Are the areas the same regarding the bird communities? How do they differ? How are they the same? Yes and no — There are no significant differences in the number of species in the two areas. However, they do differ in the specific kinds and relative abundance of the birds. The community similarity and species diversity indices indicate that the two areas are moderately similar. The golf course has different species and higher densities in fewer kinds. The natural area has fewer individuals but they are more evenly spread among more kinds. The natural area has 15 species that did not occur on the golf course. The golf course has 9 species that did not occur in the natural area. Because the golf course has natural habitat, it supports almost as many bird species as the natural area (but not the same kinds in the same proportions). Discussion Is it worthwhile to include natural habitat areas on golf courses? If pro­ viding a home for a significant number of birds is important, the answer is yes. Fifty-seven species of birds used Prairie Dunes in my survey, and knowledge­ able observers have added 15 to 20 more species to the list. Some birds using Prairie Dunes, such as the grass­ hopper sparrow, yellow-billed cuckoo, and Mississippi kite, have experienced significant regional declines in their populations. My students have studied other golf courses (unpublished data) without wildlife habitat in the area, and seldom does the species count exceed 27, and rarely do we find as many sensitive species such as the yellow-billed cuckoo, grasshopper sparrow, and dickcissel. In truth, the bird community on Prairie Dunes dif­ fers from these conventional courses in much the same way that Sand Hills differs from Prairie Dunes. On natural­ ized golf courses, the occurrence of sensitive species is much more frequent and the distribution of individuals among the species is more even and stable. Providing habitat on privately managed landscapes does attract an exceptional number of birds. Further­ more, these areas may be especially important to migratory birds needing a place to stop and refuel (yellow­ rumped warbler) or to spend the winter (Harris sparrow). Are naturalistic golf courses’ natural areas the same in the kinds of bird com­ munities they support? The answer here is no, since there are many birds that require the larger, less-fragmented and impacted habitats found in un­ disturbed areas away from human activities. The large amount of patchi­ ness and edge habitat on golf courses is problematic for many birds that FIGURE 1 Number of Species Per Census ■ Prairie Dunes Sand Hills preferentially choose large, connected habitats. For this reason, natural areas may lose many species of birds, depending on the type of golf course constructed on the site. This is an important consideration in decisions regarding the siting of golf courses. It is unknown whether golf courses that include larger areas of undisturbed habitat (such as the approximately 100 acres of natural area on Prairie Dunes) will lose fewer numbers of bird species. Our future studies of these undisturbed areas on Prairie Dunes should provide more information in this regard. Naturalistic golf courses (those using the natural environment of a region as a development template) offer much promise in the larger struggle to preserve plant, animal, and eco­ system diversity. If managed correctly, naturalistic courses fit well into the emerging new philosophy of ecosystem management that recognizes the im­ mense potential of smaller parcels of public and private lands for preserving nature. With the involvement of ecolo­ gists, golf courses — commonly thought to be environmental problems — can now become ecological assets in the effort to increase the survival chances of many plants and animals. Especially attractive in this regard are the natural­ ized golf courses built on already disturbed land such as old mines, landfills, and highly eroded or other­ wise negatively impacted landscapes. In theory, the ecological role of golf courses and smaller habitat parcels may be to serve as population sinks for the population sources of natural areas. Larger natural areas such as Sand Hills State Park give a wide variety of species a chance to repro­ duce, and individuals spread out across the countryside from these reproduc­ tive fountains. Dominant individuals secure territories on the natural area and younger individuals then move out as the area fills up with offspring dispersing from the nests. Prairie Dunes then receives these dispersing indi­ viduals (like a sink) and provides them a home if they can adapt to the smaller habitat patches and human activity of the golf course. Not all the species can adapt, but a good number do find a home. How to increase this number is the critical question engaging ecolo­ gists. Answers await more ecological research. However, the stakes are high as the fate of many of our favorite birds and other wildlife hangs in the balance. Undisturbed, pristine habitats com­ monly are the choice of ecologists in search of knowledge about the machin- NOVEMBER/DECEMBER1996 13 ery of nature. However, with the spread of urbanization, it is time for ecological scientists to also study human-domi­ nated landscapes such as golf courses. Many opportunities exist for helping the golf community make ecologically sound decisions. This present study is an example of one cooperative effort between a golf course and an academic institution, and a rewarding relation­ ship has developed which benefits us both. Another cooperative effort sup­ ported by the USGA is the arrangement between Sienna College and Schuyler Meadows Country Club in New York. For ecologists who happen to be golfers, the relationship between science and golf is quite natural. Both cultures have become intertwined in my life (see Terman, M. 1996, Messages From An Owl, Princeton University Press) to where ecology is more than just a career and golf more than just a game. Both activities bring to my life the best in human relationships — friendship, honesty, integrity, a respect for tradition, a sense of fair play, and decision-making based on objective evidence. With these shared ideals, the common ground between the science of ecology and the golf community becomes fertile soil for future coopera­ tive efforts to protect our common natural heritage. In the final analysis, we are both stewards of the same gifts of creation — those special places for which John Muir so eloquently pleaded with these words: “Man needs beauty as well as bread, places to play in and pray in where nature can heal and cheer and give strength to body and soul alike.” — John Muir, naturalist Acknowledgments I would like to thank Tabor College and the USGA for supporting this study, which is part of a larger coopera­ tive project to produce a book on Golf Course Ecology with Audubon Inter­ national and Ann Arbor Press of Chelsea, Michigan. My thanks also go to P. Stan George, superintendent of Prairie Dunes Country Club; Paul Jantzen, friend and naturalist; and Brent Konen, wildlife technician, Kansas Department of Wildlife and Parks, for their assistance in this study. DR. MAX TERMAN is a professor in the Department of Biology at Tabor College, Hillsboro, Kansas. Sand Hills State Park is 1,223 acres of sand dunes, grasslands, wetlands, and woodlands. The habitat is very similar to Prairie Dunes Country Club. 14 USGA GREEN SECTION RECORD ON COURSE WITH NATURE The Oregon Golf Club, in West Linn, Oregon, is blessed with a mild environment. This climate has allowed the golf course to make the commitment to not using insecticides, herbicides, or fungicides in their integrated pest management program. INTEGRATED Pest Management (IPM) is a very common term used in the golf course management business. IPM strategies have been used by golf course superintendents and many other land managers for a longtime. For example, IPM principles have been applied in agriculture for more than 30 years. Recently, the U.S. Department of Agriculture launched a plan that would implement IPM methods on 75% of the total crop acre­ age in the United States by the year 2000. But what is IPM? The generally accepted definition is ‘A system of controlling pests in which pests are identified, action thresholds are estab­ lished, all possible control options are evaluated, and selected controls are implemented. Control options that include biological, chemical, cultural, manual, and mechanical methods are used to prevent or remedy unaccept­ able pest activity or damage.” Put simply, IPM is a land-management practice by which you assess and choose measures to control pest prob­ lems in order to maintain healthy turf. The most effective IPM programs begin with an assessment of the prob­ lem, as well as appropriate control measures. To make this assessment, land managers should start by asking the following questions: • How effective is the proposed con­ trol measure? • What is the environmental impact? • What are the site characteristics? • What is the health and safety impact on people? • What are the economic factors? After you’ve considered these ques­ tions, the next step is to create your IPM program by using the following six basic components. 1. Monitoring. Establish a schedule to routinely check the course for pest populations and environmental conditions. 2. Determination. Find out the level of damage being created by the pests. 3. Decision Making. Develop and integrate all biological, cultural, and chemical control strategies. 4. Education. Continuously educate yourself and your personnel on all bio­ logical and chemical control strategies. 5. Timing and Spot Treatment. Apply all appropriate control measures only when they are needed, where they are needed, and when the state of the environment is appropriate. 6. Evaluation. Monitor your efforts to determine success of the control measures taken to document any problems. Now that you have the basics for a plan, you need to focus on the fol­ lowing components for protecting turf on a golf course through IPM. 1. Regulatory. Use only certified seed, sod, and sprigs to establish turf. 2. Genetic. Select only turfgrass cultivars that are adapted to the in­ tended use and that are suited for the ecological region in which they will be used. 3. Cultural. Turf is able to resist attacks by pests when it is healthy and strong. Proper turfgrass cultural prac­ tices should always be used. 4. Physical. Isolate areas where pests are a problem. 5. Biological. When possible, favor the use of natural predators to control pests. 6. Chemical. Use selectively and only as labeled. NOVEMBER/DECEMBER1996 15 soil and turf with beneficial microbes. Using chemicals only upsets the natural balance of healthy soil, making the turfgrass system dependent on pesti­ cides rather than stronger and indepen­ dent of chemicals. Biological controls, such as milky spore and nematodes, are chosen over synthetic chemicals. Old Westbury further shows its commit­ ment to managing in an environ­ mentally sensitive manner through its participation in such programs as “An­ other Way to Be Green” and Phil’s regular radio shows that focus on reducing the golf industry’s reliance on pesticides. An extensive composting program is another highlight of Old Westbury’s IPM efforts. The Ivanhoe Club (Ivanhoe, Illinois) Pete Leuzinger, superintendent at Ivanhoe, successfully reduced insecti­ cide use at the course by 90%. This reduction was achieved by: 1) permit­ ting some insect damage and 2) con­ tinually scouting turf conditions to make decisions on spot-spraying versus wholesale broad-spectrum dosages. Pete gives an example: “If I were concerned about grub damage in my fairways, I would have to make a de­ cision on spraying 45 acres of fairway ground to treat the grub problem. That is one choice. Another choice might be to ignore the problem and hope the damage is only minimal and the quality of the golf course is not sacrificed. My third option would be to find out exactly where the grubs are causing damage and treat those small areas in the fairways, thus reducing the treated area from 45 acres down to perhaps two or three acres. Cutworm damage on a green may occur several times a year. In most cases, the damage can be tolerated because the population of the insect is low enough that only an expert eye can find the damage. Some people like living on the edge. I like the challenge of saving money, saving work, and saving the insects for the birds. To me it’s kind of like a game, and the less I mess with insecticides, the better off our golf course is going to be.” The course is also in the midst of researching the impacts of using com­ post instead of pesticides to reduce pest problems. RON DODSON is president of Audubon International, based in Selkirk, New York. He coordinates the “On Course With Nature” feature for the USGA Green Section Record. The Ivanhoe Club (Ivanhoe, Illinois) currently is working with Dr. Mike Cole from the University of Illinois and the Green Cycle Corporation to investigate the impacts of compost topdressing on pests and pesticide use. Old Westbury Golf and Country Club (Old Westbury, New York) has an extensive composting facility on-site. A portion of the composted material is used as topdressing on the golf course to improve soil and turf health. Audubon Cooperative Sanctuary Program for Golf Courses — Spotlight on IPM Many fully certified Audubon Co­ operative Sanctuaries have outstanding examples of IPM programs. High­ lighted below are just a few of the fully certified golf courses that have made exemplary efforts to design and imple­ ment not only effective IPM programs, but ones that consider environmental impact an essential part of their plan. The Oregon Golf Club (West Linn, Oregon) The Oregon Golf Club has worked hard to show how far you can take a solid integrated pest management pro­ gram — no pesticides, herbicides, or fungicides are used on the course. A variety of practices have led to this incredible reduction in chemical use at the course. A strong scouting and monitoring program, along with the use of biological controls, such as nema­ todes, were two key components. Daily scouting, with particular focus on indicator areas, and setting threshold 16 USGA GREEN SECTION RECORD levels also helped in this reduction, leading to a savings of $36,000. Finally, a comprehensive cultural program using soil and tissue samples to deter­ mine turf health and aerification, top­ dressing, vertical mowing, and over­ seeding programs to maintain good turf health further helped in the elimi­ nation of chemical use on the course. Certainly, climate plays a large role in disease and insect pressures at their site, but The Oregon Golf Club is committed to maximizing IPM in its golf course management programs. Old Westbury Country Club (Old Westbury, New York) Maintaining a healthy soil is the key to Old Westbury’s 50% reduction in chemical use on the course and cor­ responding $50,000-60,000 savings. Phil Anderson, superintendent at Old Westbury, strongly believes in the philosophy that a healthy, active soil makes it a lot easier to maintain healthy turf that is more pest resistant. A large part of his program focuses on using organic products to help infuse the ALL THINGS CONSIDERED DON’T BE SHORTSIGHTED IT IS AN understatement to say, Replacing equipment when necessary is an essential part of long-range planning for good turf conditions. “The game of golf has evolved a great deal.” From the days of hickory shafts, we now have titanium by KEITH HAPP and graphite. As this new equipment is developed, it is placed in pro shops and rapidly put to test on the course. Along with the evolution of the playing equipment, course conditions have improved dramatically. Most courses today are maintained at a level that, not long ago, was thought to be obtainable by only a select few. In fact, today’s courses are routinely main­ tained in a manner that would have been considered championship quality in the mid to late 1970s. Granted, re­ sources play a key role in course con­ ditioning, as does the level of expertise of the turf manager. And to meet the conditioning demands, surveys show that, on a cost-per-hole basis, a steady increase in the cost of course mainte­ nance has occurred. Many times, the level of turf manage­ ment skill and the demands for per­ fection have increased at a greater rate than the purchase of equipment needed to meet the demands. Still, the super­ intendent will strive to produce more with less. Unfortunately, this level of effort often perpetuates an ongoing battle during budget meetings for capital improvement dollars. In my travels, I encounter many golf course operations that produce tremen­ dous turf conditions with equipment that is all but worn out and ready to be scrapped. However, when the request for new equipment is presented, the response is, “What do you need it for? The course looks great!” This type of shortsightedness can result in catastrophic consequences. If prob­ lems like scalping or hydraulic leaks develop, the faltering equipment will not be blamed for turf loss — the turf manager will bear the brunt of the complaints. Simply put, turf manage­ ment equipment should be replaced at regular intervals, and the time frame should be determined by the level of intensity of equipment use. Through the years, Green Section agronomists have promoted the de­ velopment and implementation of long-range planning. The goal of a long-range plan is to identify, prioritize State-of-the-art in the early 1920s at Ashtabula Country Club (Ohio); it took 12 hours to cut 25 acres with this equipment. and then fund projects or expenditures, on an annual basis, that allow for continued improvement in the condi­ tion of the golf course. I can’t tell you how many times a superintendent prepares his or her budget for equip­ ment replacement and is told that the funds aren’t available. However, it is amazing how often carpeting, furniture, and clubhouse addition expenditures are approved by governing boards. The members come in contact with these things more frequently than they do with turf equipment, so it is easy to understand how they sometimes put their needs ahead of those of the golf course. When it comes to the course, the final product (turf conditions) is the main concern, and within reason, the methods and materials used to achieve the end result become secondary. This mind-set is frustrating to turf managers because, after all, the course is the main asset, isn’t it? Player demands have been a driving force behind the quest for both im­ proved playing equipment and play­ ing conditions. Channeling these same demands into strategies that fuel regu­ lar equipment replacement programs could be equally beneficial for the game and the course. Mechanization with modem equipment can lead to a higher level of efficiency which, in turn, can help to control rising operating costs. There is a saying, “Build it and they will come.” I propose that, for turf management, the saying should be, “Maintain it and they will stay.” In both cases, providing the proper tools is a must for player enjoyment and satis­ faction. Don’t be shortsighted and overlook the importance of replacing wom-out and tired equipment on a regular basis. KEITH HAPP is agronomist for the five states comprising the Mid-Atlantic Region. The opinions expressed in “All Things Considered” are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of the USGA Green Section. NOVEMBER/DECEMBER1996 17 NEWS NOTES In August 1996, research scientists from around the world gathered for a research workshop at Michigan State University, highlighting Recent Cellular and Molecular Genetic Approaches to Turfgrass Improvement. The workshop was co-sponsored by Michigan State University, the USGA Green Section, the Golf Course Superintendents Association of America, and the Michigan Turf grass Foundation. Over the last decade, tremendous efforts have been made to improve turfgrass species by traditional breeding and cellular and molecular techniques. Many scientists conducting these studies have not had the opportunity to discuss their research results in a national or international workshop format, and little collaboration exists among scientists working on the different aspects of turfgrass improvement. The workshop was successful in bringing together experts for idea sharing, problem solving, networking, and the identification of research needs. TGIF on the Web! Many turf professionals have become familiar with the Turfgrass Information File (TGIF) since its genesis as a cooperative project of the USGA Turfgrass Research Program and the Michigan State University Libraries in 1984. TGIF was developed as a bibliographic database that would ultimately provide access to all published materials reporting on aspects of turfgrass and its maintenance. Since that time, TGIF has grown steadily in size and accessibility, beginning with dial­ up modem access in 1988 and internet access in 1993. Now TGIF is even closer to your fingertips, through the World Wide Web! The full scope of the turfgrass research and management literature, from abscisic acid to zymograms, is now available with a more user-friendly face than ever. It’s even possible to use your mouse to do an entire search without typing, or use several of the other available search options. Check out: http://www.lib.msu.edu/tgif. STATEMENT OF OWNERSHIP, MANAGEMENT, AND CIRCULATION (Act of October 23,1962; Section 4369, Title 39, United States Code.) 1. Title of Publication — USGA GREEN SECTION RECORD. 2. Date of Filing — September 30, 1996. 3. Frequency of issue — Bimonthly: January/ February, March/April, May/June, July/August, September/October, and November/December. 3A. Number of issues published annually — 6. 3B. Annual Subscription Price — $15.00. 4. Complete mailing address of known office of publication — USGA, Golf House, P.O. Box 708, Far Hills, Somerset County, N.J. 07931-0708. 5. Complete mailing address of the head­ quarters of general business offices of the publisher — USGA, Golf House, P.O. Box 708, Far Hills, Somerset County, N.J. 07931-0708. 6. Names and addresses of Publisher, Editor, and Managing Editor: Publisher — United States Golf Association, Golf House, P.O. Box 708, Far Hills, N.J. 07931-0708. Editor—James T. Snow, USGA, Golf House, P.O. Box 708, Far Hills, N.J. 07931-0708. Managing Editor — James T. Snow, USGA, Golf House, P.O. Box 708, Far Hills, N.J. 07931-0708. 7. Owner (If owned by a corporation, its name and address must be stated and also immediately thereunder the names and addresses of stockholders owning or holding 1 percent or more of total amount of stock. If not owned by a corporation, the names and addresses of individual owners must be given. If owned by a partnership or other unincorporated firm, its name and address, as well as that of each individual must be given. If the publication is published by a nonprofit organi­ zation, its name and address must be stated.) — United States Golf Association, Golf House, P.O. Box 708, Far Hills, N.J. 07931-0708; President — Judy Bell, USGA, Golf House, P.O. Box 708, Far Hills, N.J. 07931-0708; Vice Presidents — F. Morgan Taylor, Jr., and Trey Holland, USGA, Golf House, P.O. Box 708, Far Hills, N.J. 07931-0708; Secretary — Gerald A. Stahl, USGA, Golf House, P.O. Box 708, Far Hills, N.J. 07931-0708; Treasurer — Reed K. Mackenzie, USGA, Golf House, P.O. Box 708, Far Hills, N.J. 07931-0708; 8. Known bondholders, mortgagees, and other security holders owning or holding 1 percent or more of total amount of bonds, mortgages, or other securities — None. 9. For completion by nonprofit organizations authorized to mail at special rates — The purpose, function, and nonprofit status of this organization and the exempt status for Federal income tax purposes has not changed during preceding 12 months. 10. Extent and nature of circulation — Average No. Copies Each Issue During Preceding 12 Months 16,983 Actual No. Copies of Single Issue Published Nearest to Filing Date 17,300 A. Total No. Copies (Net Press Run) B. Paid and/or Requested Circulation 1. Sales through dealers and 22 carriers, street vendors, and counter sales (not mailed) Physical Soil Testing Laboratories* The following laboratories are accredited by the American Association for Laboratory Accreditation (A2LA), having demonstrated ongoing competency in testing materials specified in the USGA’s Recommendations for Putting Green Construction. The USGA recommends that only A2LA-accredited laboratories be used for testing and analyzing materials for building greens according to our guidelines. BROOKSIDE LABORATORIES, INC. 308 S. Main Street, New Knoxville, OH 45871 Attn: Mark Flock • (419) 753-2448 • (419) 753-2949 FAX THOMAS TURF SERVICES, INC. 1501 FM 2818, Suite 302, College Station, TX 77840-5247 Attn: Bob Yzaguirre / Jim Thomas • (409) 764-2050 • (409) 764-2152 FAX TURF DIAGNOSTICS AND DESIGN 310-A North Winchester, Olathe, KS 66062 Attn: Chuck Dixon • (913) 780-6725 • (913) 780-6759 FAX 2. Paid or Requested Mail Subscriptions C. Total Paid and/or Requested Circulation (Sum of 10B1 & 10B2) D. Free Distribution by Mail (Samples, Complimentary, and Other Free Copies) E. Free Distribution Outside the Mail F. Total Free Distribution (Sum of D and E) G. Total Distribution (Sum of C and F) H. Copies Not Distributed 1. Office Use, Leftovers, Spoiled 2. Return from News Agents I. Total (Sum of G, Hl and H2) Percent Paid and/or Requested Circulation 16,261 16,283 25 269 294 16,577 17,250 406 None 16,983 98 50 None 17,300 98 *Revised October 21, 1996. Please contact the USGA Green Section (908-234-2300) for an updated list of accredited laboratories. I certify that the statements made by me above are correct and complete. JAMES T. SNOW, Editor 18 USGA GREEN SECTION RECORD 130 16,795 16,925 125 200 325 USGA Green Section Record Index Volume 30, Number 1,1992, through Volume 34, Number 6,1996 SUBJECT CATEGORIES 1. All Things Considered [editorial comments] ..................20 2. Architecture - Golf Course Design and Construction .. 20 3. Drainage................................................................................20 4. Environmental Issues.......................................................... 21 A. Pesticides..........................................................................21 B. Water.................................................................................22 C. Nutrients...........................................................................22 D. Wildlife..............................................................................23 E. Miscellaneous...................................................................23 5. Fairways.................................................................................23 6. Fertilization ...........................................................................24 7. Golf Course Management and Budgets...........................24 A. Equipment and Buildings.............................................. 24 B. Labor .................................................................................25 C. Budget ...............................................................................25 D. Computer..........................................................................25 E. Maintenance Philosophy............................................... 25 F. Green Committee.............................................................26 G. Miscellaneous...................................................................26 8. Golf Greens...........................................................................26 A. Construction ....................................................................26 B. Management.....................................................................27 C. Topdressing.......................................................................28 D. Stimpmeter and Green Speed...................................... 28 9. Grasses...................................................................................28 A. Warm-Season Grasses................................................... 28 B. Cool-Season Grasses ..................................................... 29 10. Green Section Information and Awards.......................... 29 11. Irrigation................................................................................30 12. Pest Control...........................................................................31 A. Disease..............................................................................31 B. Insects and Nematodes.................................................. 31 C. Weeds................................................................................. 31 D. Integrated, Alternative, and Other .............................. 31 13. Ponds and Streams...............................................................32 14. Research.................................................................................32 15. Roughs ................................................................................... 33 16. Sand Bunkers........................................................................33 17. Soils......................................................................................... 34 18. Superintendent Issues......................................................... 34 19. Tees ......................................................................................... 35 20. Traffic...................................................................................... 35 21. Trees and Landscape........................................................... 35 22. Turf Management Related to the Game of Golf..............36 23. Winter Concerns...................................................................36 NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 1996 19 Pinehurst Country Club, Pinehurst, N.C. Article Title Author Year.Issue Volume(no.):pg. 1. ALL THINGS CONSIDERED [editorial comments] Don’t Be Shortsighted Don’t Kid Yourself Great Expectations [golfer playing conditions] Staying on Course [superintendent tenure] The Need for Teamwork “You’ve Gotta Know Your Limits” It’s Still Just a Game A Low-Impact Golf Course? Probably Not! For Heaven’s Sake, Get Some Insurance The Religion of Golf Let’s All Be Responsible Attitude Adjustment How “Green” is Your Course [environmental responsibility] Treat the Symptom ... or Correct the Cause? Hit The Ball! Nice Guys Sometimes Finish Last [superintendent responsibility] Paint ’em Green Employment Contracts: The Missing Link! Why Not Pure Sand Greens? Search Your Sole — Remove Your Spikes! Is the Grass Always Greener on the Other Side? [golf course comparisons] Happ, Keith Brame, R. A. Gilhuly, Larry Foy, John H. Moore, James F. Oatis, David A. Moore, James Francis Happ, Keith A. Oatis, David A. Gilhuly, Larry Vermeulen, Paul Skorulski, James E. Snow, James T. Moore, James Francis Oatis, David A. Moore, James Francis O’Brien, Patrick M. Brame, Robert A. Snow, James T. Gilhuly, Larry W. Foy, John H. 1996. Nov/Dec 34(6): 17. 1996. Sept/Oct 34(5): 16. 1996. Mar/Apr 34(2):20. 1996. Jan/Feb 34(1): 19. 1995. Nov/Dec 33(6):21. 1995. Sept/Oct 33(5):21. 1995. July/Aug 33(4):17. 1995. Jan/Feb 33(1):52. 1994. Sept/Oct 32(5): 17. 1994. July/Aug 32(4):17. 1994. Mar/Apr 33 (2): 17. 1994. Jan/Feb 32(1):23. 1993. Nov/Dec 31 (6):21. 1993. Sept/Oct 31 (5):21. 1993. July/Aug 31(4):21. 1993. Jan/Feb 31(1):19. 1992. Nov/Dec 30(6):21. 1992. Sept/Oct 30(5):21. 1992. July/Aug 30(4) :21. 1992. Mar/Apr 30(2):24. 1992. Jan/Feb 30(l):24. --------------- 2. ARCHITECTURE — GOLF COURSE DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION Choosing The Best Approach Developing Environmental Guidelines for Canadian Golf Courses Bringing in the Hired Guns — How to Choose an Environmental Consultant What Can You Do If Your Golf Course Has Gas? [landfill golf courses] Armchair Architect Sand Bunkers: Old and New Strategies for Successful Long-Term Maintenance of Golf Courses Common Sense Cart Paths Golf Course Construction: Grow-In Philosophies Does Construction Relate to Maintenance Costs? Don’t Underestimate Irrigation, Drainage, and Soil Systems The Environment: Where Environment, Nature, and the Game Can Coexist A Little Summer Project [course renovation] Touching Up The Mona Lisa [Pebble Beach Golf Links] Suck-cess [drainage] Power Drainage for Healthier Turf — No Slope? No Drainage? No Problem! Managing Soil Water Wet Greens — “Let’s Try This First” What Can You Do If Your Golf Course Has Gas? [landfill golf courses] 20 USGA GREEN SECTION RECORD Oatis, David A. Yamada, Teri Beall, Barbara B. 1996. Sept/Oct 34(5):8-10. 1995. Mar/Apr 33(2):8-9. 1995. Mar/Apr 33(2):13-15. Gross, Patrick J. 1994. July/Aug 32(4): 1-4. Gross, Patrick J. Baidy, Joseph G. Crenshaw, Ben Oatis, David A. Buchen, Terry Kroeger, Ricky J. 1994. May/June 33(3):9-10. 1994. May/June 33(3):19-21. 1994. May/June 33(3):26-28, 1994. Jan/Feb 32(1): 1-5. 1993. Sept/Oct 31(5):11-14. 1993. Sept/Oct 31(5):15-17. Jones, Jr., Robert Trent 1993. May/June 31(3):2-5. Bailey, Mike Miller, Ed 1992. Sept/Oct 30(5):6-10. 1992. Jan/Feb 30(l):13-15. 3. DRAINAGE--------------- Gross, Patrick J. Gast, Chuck 1996. May/June 34(3):29. 1995. May/June 33(3):31-32. Zontek, Stanley J. Carpenter, Les & D A. Oatis Gross, Patrick J. 1994. Sept/Oct 32(5): 1-4. 1994. July/Aug 32(4):5-8. 1994 July/Aug 32 (4): 1-4. Article Title Author Year.Issue Volume(no.):pg. 3. DRAINAGE (continued) Mr. Wizard Visits the Golf Course [soils, water quality] Underground Photography Blockbuster Aerification No More Rolling Stones [drainage] Cupit’s Narrows [drainage] Water Retention in Golf Greens: Sub-Root Zone Layering Effects Does Construction Relate to Maintenance Costs? Don’t Underestimate Irrigation, Drainage, and Soil Systems A Quality Control Checklist for Successful Greens Reconstruction Biting the Bullet: Greens Complex Reconstruction at the Country Club of Virginia Drainage Improvement — Remedy Without Reconstruction in New Zealand Moore, James F. Vermeulen, Paul O’Brien, Patrick M. Oatis, David A. Gilhuly, Larry Taylor, Don, F. Williams 1994. May/June 33(3)6-7. 1994. May/June 33(3): 11. 1994. May/June 33 (3): 14. 1994. May/June 33(3):21-22. 1994. May/June 33(3):25. 1994. Jan/Feb 32(1):17-19. & S. Nelson Kroeger, Ricky J. 1993. Sept/Oct31(5):15-17. Moore, James Francis Hess, Alan D 1993. July/Aug 31(4):l-5. 1993. July/Aug 31(4):16-18. McAuliffe, Keith W 1992. Mar/Apr 30(2):6-10. --------------------------------------------- 4. ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES ------------------------------------------------------ 4A. PESTICIDES Integrated Pest Management for Land Managers Water Quality Monitoring at Queenstown Harbor Public Panic Over Pesticides? Environmental Common Sense - A Sample “In-House” Audit The Old Westbury Code of Environmental Conduct What’s Worth Worrying About in Life? The USGA’s Environmental Strategies: What We’ve Got and What We Need Dodson, Ron Shirk, Frank W. Paling, John Moore, James Francis Weber, Arthur P. Kenna, Dr. Michael P. Snow, James T. IPM, Monitoring, and Management Plans — A Mandatefor the Future You Can Bank On It! [stream bank stabilization] Golf and the Larger Environment Contain It, Store It, Recycle It The Greens Against The Greens Developing Environmental Guidelines for Canadian Golf Courses What Happens to Pesticides Applied to Golf Courses? The Fate of Pesticides and Fertilizers in a Turfgrass Environment Potential Movement of Pesticides Following Application to Golf Courses Pesticide Mobility and Persistence in a High-Sand-Content Green Volatilization and Dislodgeable Residues Are Important Avenues of Pesticide Fate Nitrogen and Phosphorus Fate When Applied to Turfgrass in Golf Course Fairway Condition Pesticide Degradation Under Golf Course Fairway Conditions Leaching of Nitrate from Sand Putting Greens Potential Groundwater Contamination from Pesticides and Fertilizers Used on Golf Courses The Impact of Soil Type and Precipitation on Pesticide and Nutrient Leaching from Fairway Turf Turf Benefits Paper Published Beyond Appearance and Playability: Golf and the Environment USGA Responds to Heightened Environmental Awareness Squamish Valley — The Home to Birdies and Eagles Assessing Chemical Hazards on Golf Courses Peacock, Dr. Charles H. & Dr. M. Smart Oatis, David A. Keyser, Jr., F. Ray Zontek, Stanley J. Fumento, Michael Yamada, Teri Kenna, Dr. Michael P. Yates, Dr. Marylynn V. Smith, Dr. Al Snyder, Dr. G. H. & Dr. J. L. Cisar Cooper, Dr. R. J., Dr. J. M. Clark & Dr. K. C. Murphy Starrett, Dr. S. K. & Dr. N. E. Christians Horst, Dr. G. L., Dr. P.J. Shea & Dr. N. Christians Brauen, Dr. Stanton E. & Dr. G. K. Stahnke Branham, Dr. Bruce, Dr. E. Miltner & Dr. P. Petrovic, Dr. Martin A. Let’s All Be Responsible Attitude Adjustment Catch the Drift [pesticide applications] Turfgrass and Golf Course Benefits — A Scientific Assessment Wash Rack Blues Nice Guys Sometimes Finish Last [superintendent responsibility] Bam or Turf Care Center: Which Do You Have? Vermeulen, Paul Skorulski, James E. Manuel, George B. Beard, Dr. James B. & Dr. R. L. Green Gilhuly, Larry Moore, James Francis Connolly, Jim 1996. Nov/Dec 34(6):15-16. 1996. July/Aug 34(4):5-8. 1996. May/June 34(3):11-13. 1996. Jan/Feb 34(l):l-5. 1995. Sept/Oct33(5):13-15. 1995. July/Aug 33(4):10-12. 1995. May/June 33(3):3-6. 1995. May/June 33(3):10-14. 1995. May/June 33(3):15. 1995. May/June 33(3):19-21. 1995. May/June 33(3):22-23. 1995. May/June 33(3):27-29. 1995. Mar/Apr 33(2):8-9. b33(l):l-9. 1995. Jan/Fe b 33(l):10-12. 1995. Jan/Fe b 33(1):13-14. 1995. Jan/Fe 1995. Jan/Feb 33(1):15-18. 1995. Jan/Feb 33(l):19-22. 1995. Jan/Feb 33(l):23-25. 1995. Jan/Feb 33(l):26-28. 1995. Jan/Feb 33(l):29-32. 1995. Jan/Feb 33(l):33-37. tiekc 1995. Jan/Feb 33(1):38-41. 1994. Mar/Apr 33(2):17. 1994. Jan/Feb 32(1):23. 1993. May/June 31(3):9. 1993. May/June 31(3):26-30. 1993. Jan/Feb 31(1):9-10. 1993. Jan/Feb 31(1):19. 1992. Nov/Dec 30(6):l-5. NOVEMBER/DECEMBER1996 21 Anonymous Kenna, Dr. Michael P. Anonymous Banbury, David Borgert, C. J., 1994. Sept/Oct 32(5):16. 1994. July/Aug 32(4):12-15. 1994. May/June 33(3):insert. 1994. Mar/Apr 33(2):6-7. 1994. Mar/Apr 33(2):11-14. S?M. Roberts, R. D. Harbison, J. L. Cisar & G. H. Snyder Article Title Author Year.Issue Volume(no.):pg. Natural Enemies Reduce Pest Populations in Turf Applewood Golf Course: Reintroducing the Shortgrass Prairie and Links-Style Golf The Ten Pitfalls of Golf Course Maintenance Golf Course Management Standards and Practices for a Fragile Environment Biological Control of Diseases on Golf Course Turf Using Computer Simulations to Predict the Fate and Environmental Impact of Applied Pesticides 4A. PESTICIDES (continued) — Potter, Daniel A. Conard, Ron 1992. Nov/Dec 30(6):6-10. 1992. Nov/Dec 30(6):ll-12. Brame, Robert A. Cadenelli, Stephen G. 1992. Sept/Oct 30(5):l-5. 1992. May/June 30(3):30-33. Nelson, Dr. Eric B. Franke, Kevin J. 1992. Mar/Apr 30(2): 11-14. 1992. Mar/Apr 30(2):17-21. 4B. WATER --------------------- Keeping An Eye Out Water Quality Monitoring at Queenstown Harbor Thirsty Turf Environmental Common Sense — A Sample “In-House” Audit The Old Westbury Code of Environmental Conduct The USGAs Environmental Strategies: What We’ve Got and What We Need Golf and the Larger Environment The Greens Against The Greens Bringing in the Hired Guns — How to Choose an Environmental Consultant Turn Off the Faucet! The Fate of Pesticides and Fertilizers in a Turfgrass Environment Potential Groundwater Contamination from Pesticides and Fertilizers Used on Golf Courses Transport of Runoff and Nutrients from Fairway Turfs Turf Benefits Paper Published Beyond Appearance and Playability: Golf and the Environment Maps Can Improve Your Environmental Planning Initiatives Using Effluent On Your Golf Course Restoration of Potash Pond Turfgrass and Golf Course Benefits — A Scientific Assessment Wash Rack Blues Concern for Surface Runoff — More on Water Quality Sprinkler Head Testing Makes Dollars and Sense “Water Watch” Programs: Stream Water Quality Monitoring Golf Course Management Standards and Practices for a Fragile Environment Dodson, Ron Shirk, Frank W. Dodson, Ron Moore, James Francis Weber, Arthur P. Snow, James T. 1996. Sept/Oct 34(5): 13-14. 1996. July/Aug 34(4):5-8. 1996. July/Aug 34(4): 18-20. 1996. Jan/Feb 34(l):l-5. 1995. Sept/Oct 33(5):13-15. 1995. May/June 33(3):3-6. Keyser, Jr., F. Ray Fumento, Michael Beall, Barbara B. 1995. May/June 33(3):19-21. 1995. May/June 33(3):27-29. 1995. Mar/Apr 33(2):13-15. Gross, Patrick Yates, Dr. Marylynn V Branham, Dr. Bruce, 1995. Mar/Apr 33(2):21. 1995. Jan/Feb 33(1): 10-12. 1995. Jan/Feb 33(l):33-37. Dr. E. Miltner & Dr. P. Rieke Linde, Douglas T, 1995. Jan/Feb 33(l):42-44. Dr. T. L. Watschke, & J. A. Borger Anonymous Kenna, Dr. Michael P. Sadlon, Nancy P. Kopec, Dr. David, Bertrand, Scott Beard, Dr. James B. & Dr. R. L. Green Gilhuly, Larry Sadlon, Nancy P. Solomon, PE, Dr. Kenneth H. Sadlon, Nancy P. Cadenelli, Stephen G. 1994. Sept/Oct 32(5):16. 1994. July/Aug 32(4):12-15. 1993. Nov/Dec 31(6):19-20. 1993. July/Aug 31(4):9-12. 1993. July/Aug 31(4):19-21. 1993. May/June 31(3):26-30. 1993. Jan/Feb 31(a):9-10 1992. Nov/Dec 30(6): 19. 1992. July/Aug 30(4):7-9. 1992. July/Aug 30(4):19-20. 1992. May/June 30(3):30-33. Working Within the Quagmire of Wetland Regulation! Sadlon, Nancy P. 1992. Mar/Apr 30(2):21-23. Water Quality Monitoring at Queenstown Harbor The Old Westbury Code of Environmental Conduct The USGAs Environmental Strategies: What We’ve Got and What We Need Golf and the Larger Environment The Greens Against The Greens The Fate of Pesticides and Fertilizers in a Turfgrass Environment Nitrogen and Phosphorus Fate When Applied to Turfgrass in Golf Course Fairway Condition Leaching of Nitrate from Sand Putting Greens Potential Groundwater Contamination from Pesticides and Fertilizers Used on Golf Courses The Impact of Soil Type and Precipitation on Pesticide and Nutrient Leaching from Fairway Turf 4C. NUTRIENTS ------------ Shirk, Frank W. Weber, Arthur P. Snow, James T. 1996. July/Aug 34(4) :5-8. 1995. Sept/Oct 33 (5): 13-15. 1995. May/June 33(3):3-6. Keyser, Jr., F. Ray Fumento, Michael Yates, Dr. Marylynn V. Starrett, Dr. S. K. & Dr. N. E. Christians Brauen, Dr. Stanton E. & Dr. G. K. Stahnke Branham, Dr. Bruce, 1995. May/June 33(3):19-21. 1995. May/June 33(3):27-29. 1995. Jan/Feb 33(l):10-12. 1995. Jan/Feb 33(l):23-25. 1995. Jan/Feb 33(l):29-32. Dr. E. Miltner & Dr. P. Rieke Petrovic, Dr. Martin A. 1995. Jan/Feb 33(1):38-41. 1995. Jan/Feb 33(l):33-37. Transport of Runoff and Nutrients from Fairway Turfs Linde, Douglas T, 1995. Jan/Feb 33(l):42-44. Dr. T. L. Watschke, & J. A. Borger The Effect of Salinity on Nitrate Leaching from Turfgrass Bowman, Dr. Daniel C., 1995. Jan/Feb 33(l):45-49. Dr. D. A. Devitt & W. M. Miller Turf Benefits Paper Published Beyond Appearance and Playability: Golf and the Environment Anonymous Kenna, Dr. Michael P. 1994. July/Aug 32(4):12-15. 1994. Sept/Oct 32(5): 16. 22 USGA GREEN SECTION RECORD Article Title Author Year.Issue Volume(no.):pg. ---------------------------------------------- 4C. NUTRIENTS (continued)------------ Turfgrass and Golf Course Benefits — A Scientific Assessment Beard, Dr. James B. & Dr. R. L. Green Wash Rack Blues Back to the Basics for Golf and the Environment Gilhuly, Larry Manuel, George B. 1993. May/June 31 (3):26-30. 1993. Jan/Feb 31(l):9-10. 1992. Mar/Apr 30(2):14-16. ------------------------------------------------------- 4D. WILDLIFE The Bird Communities of Prairie Dunes Country Club Terman, Max R., Ph.D. 1996. Nov/Dec 34(6):10-14. and Sand Hills State Park Pine Needles Now a Safe Harbor Managing Wildlife and Habitat Canada Geese — Definitely No “Birdie” Pinehurst Provides Habitat for Cavity-Nesting Species The Red-Cockaded Woodpecker: An Endangered Species in Golf Country Recycling for Habitat “For the Birds” Blowing Your Top! [tree care for wildlife] The Trash Bird But Can You Prove It? [wildlife inventories] You Think You Have Problems? Helping the Osprey on the Road to Recovery Squamish Valley — The Home to Birdies and Eagles Grass Carp: Are They Really the Perfect Solution? Butterflies Developments in Canada Goose Repellents The Bird Community Found on British Columbia Golf Courses Simple Fences Minimize Goose Traffic Migration: Where Have All The Birds Gone? Landscaping the Golf Course for Wildlife Encouraging Wildlife at The Honors Course Tree Snags — A Tree Even an Agronomist Can Love! Anonymous Dodson, Ron Henze, Laura E. Lavis, Scott A. Carter III, Dr. R. D. & 1996. July/Aug 34(4):22-23. 1996. Mar/Apr 34(2):17-18. 1995. Sept/Oct 33(5):5-7. 1995. Sept/Oct 33(5):11-12. 1995. July/Aug 33(4):8-9. B. G. Kocher Foy, John H. Happ, Keith A. Gilhuly, Larry Dodson, Ronald G. Dodson, Ronald G. Anonymous Sadlon, Nancy P Banbury, David Sadlon, Nancy P. Sadlon, Nancy P. Cummings, John Moul, Ian E. & J. E. Elliott Latham, James M. Sadlon, Nancy P. Dodson, Ron Stone, David Sadlon, Nancy P. 1995. May/June 33(3):7. 1995. May/June 33(3):16. 1995. May/June 33(3):30-31. 1995. Mar/Apr 33(2):19. 1994. Sept/Oct 32(5): 15. 1994. Sept/Oct 32(5):16. 1994. July/Aug 32(4):16-17. 1994. Mar/Apr 33(2) :6-7. 1994. Mar/Apr 33(2):15-16. 1994. Jan/Feb 32(l):20-22. 1993. Sept/Oct 31 (5):6-7. 1993. July/Aug 31 (4):13-15. 1993. May/June 31 (3): 18. 1993. Jan/Feb 31(1):18. 1992. Sept/Oct 30(5):20. 1992. May/June 30(3): 15-17. 1992. May/June 30(3):24-25. -------------------------------------------------- 4E. MISCELLANEOUS -------------------------------------------------- Aggies in Action [resource inventory] Keeping An Eye Out Wildflowers on Your Course? Involving the Public and Your Members Environmental Common Sense — A Sample “In-House” Audit Creating an Environmental Road Map Inventorying Your Resources “Ego-System” Management The USGAs Environmental Strategies: What We’ve Got and What We Need White, Dr. Richard H. Dodson, Ron Krouse, John M. Dodson, Ronald G. Moore, James Francis Dodson, Ronald Dodson, Ronald G. Dodson, Ronald G. Snow, James T. ct34(5):5-7. ct 34(5): 13-14. pr 34(2):8-ll. ? 34(1):16-17. b 34(l):l-5. ec 33(6):15-16. ct 33 (5): 19-20. ig33(4):15. me 33(3):3-6. 1996. Sept/O 1996. Sept/C 1996. Mar/A 1996. Jan/Fe 1996. Jan/Fe 1995. Nov/D 1995. Sept/C 1995. July/At 1995. May/Ji A Summer Assignment [resource inventory] Ozaukee Country Club’s Audubon Stepping Stone to a Better Environment Beyond Appearance and Playability: Golf and the Environment A New Attitude: Audubon, Our Golf Course, and the Community A Method of Recycling: From Clippings to Compost Fire as a Landscape Management Tool How “Green” is Your Course? [environmental responsibility] The Environment: Where Environment, Nature, and the Game Can Coexist Five Golf Courses Cited as Certified Audubon Cooperative Sanctuaries Applewood Golf Course: Reintroducing the Shortgrass Skorulski, James E. Bailey, Phil 1995. May/June 33(3):23-24. 1994. Sept/Oct 32(5): 12-14. Kenna, Dr. Michael P. Leuzinger, Peter V. Brame, R. A. Weston, John Snow, James T. Jones, Jr., Robert Trent 1994. July/Aug 32(4): 12-15. 1994. May/June 33(3):2-5. 1994. May/June 33(3):24. 1994. Jan/Feb 32(1):14-16. 1993. Nov/Dec 31(6):21. 1993. May/June 31(3):2-5. Anonymous Conard, Ron 1993. May/June 31(3):37. 1992. Nov/Dec 30(6):ll-12. Prairie and Links-Style Golf 5. FAIRWAYS -------------------- Choosing The Best Approach Drawing the Line on Winter Play Fairway Aerification Around the Clock Nitrogen and Phosphorus Fate When Applied to Turfgrass in Golf Course Fairway Condition Pesticide Degradation Under Golf Course Fairway Conditions Oatis, David A. Moore, James F. Weaver, Bob Starrett, Dr. S. K. & Dr. N. E. Christians Horst, G. L., 1996. Sept/Oct 34(5):8-10. 1996. May/June 34(3):30. 1995. July/Aug 33(4):13-14. 1995. Jan/Feb 33(l):23-25. 1995. Jan/Feb 33(l):26-28. P.J. Shea & N. Christians NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 1996 23 Article Title Author Year.Issue Volume(no.):pg. 5. FAIRWAYS (continued) The Impact of Soil Type and Precipitation on Pesticide and Nutrient Leaching from Fairway Turf Transport of Runoff and Nutrients from Fairway Turfs A Method of Recycling: From Clippings to Compost “Working” Bermudagrass Fairways A Case for Bluegrass Fairways Petrovic, Dr. Martin A. 1995. Jan/Feb 33(1):38-41. Linde, Douglas T., Brame, R. A. Foy, John H. Latham, James M. 1995. Jan/Feb 33(l):42-44. 1994. May/June 33(3):24. 1993. Nov/Dec 31(6):11-13. 1993. Jan/Feb 31(l):l-5. 6. FERTILIZATION Water Quality Monitoring at Queenstown Harbor The Magic of Sulfur A Practical Approach to Putting Green Fertilization Acid — To Inject or Not to Inject Maintenance on a Shoestring Tissue Testing: Questions and Answers Golf Course Construction: Grow-In Philosophies Back to the Basics for Golf and the Environment Shirk, Frank W. 1996. July/Aug 34(4):5-8. O’Brien, Patrick M. 1996. May/June 34(3):6-7. Brame, R. A. 1996. Mar/Apr 34(2):14-16. Howard, Ph.D, Harold F. 1996. Jan/Feb 34(1): 12-14. O’Brien, Patrick M. Happ, Keith Bucnen, Terry Manuel, George B. 1995. July/Aug 33(4): 1-4. 1994. July/Aug 32(4):9-ll. 1993. Sept/Oct 31(5):11-14. 1992. Mar/Apr 30(2): 14-16. — ------ ------— 7. GOLF COURSE MANAGEMENT AND BUDGETS ...................... - Taking Spikeless Shoes Public Keep Your Edge Don’t Be Shortsighted The Ups and Downs of Rolling Putting Greens Water Quality Monitoring at Queenstown Harbor Optimizing the Turfgrass Canopy Environment with Fans A Float Above The Rest Shallow Aeration: Deeper Is Not Always Better Preventative Maintenance at a Glance Environmental Common Sense — A Sample “In-House” Audit Aw Nuts! And Bolts, Too [inventory] Maintenance on a Shoestring Dry-Cleaning [equipment care] Contain It, Store It, Recycle It Cool, Clear Water (Without Electricity) No Problem! Mr. Wizard Visits the Golf Course [soils, water quality] Go Wireless [communication equipment] Blockbuster Aerification Getting the Word Out [communication techniques] Have an “Ice” Day Low-Cost Comfort at Deadwood [restroom facilities] Seed Storage: Protect Your Investment Every Picture Tells a Story Mobile Office Trailers as Interim Offices Equipment Replacement: Choosing a Path of “Leased” Resistance What Do Club Managers Need to Know About 7A. EQUIPMENT AND BUILDINGS Meredith, Sam Happ, Keith Happ, Keith Hartwiger, Chris Shirk, Frank W. O’Brien, Patrick M. Skorulski, Jim Zontek, Stanley J. Happ, Keith Moore, James Francis Huck, Mike O’Brien, Patrick M. Vermeulen, Paul Zontek, Stanley J. Moore, James F. Moore, James F. Gast, Chuck O’Brien, Patrick M. Foy, John H. Vavrek, Jr., Robert C. Latham, James M. Happ, Keith Manuel, George B. Zontek, Stanley J. Manuel, George B. Gross, Patrick 1996. Nov/Dec 34(6):6-7. 1996. Nov/Dec 34(6):8-9. 1996. Nov/Dec 34(6):17. 1996. July/Aug 34(4):l-4. 1996. July/Aug 34(4) :5-8. 1996. July/Aug 34(4):9-12. 1996. May/June 34(3):8. 1996. May/June 34(3):27-28. 1996. May/June 34(3): 18. 1996. Jan/Feb 34(l):l-5. 1995. Nov/Dec 33(6):9-ll. 1995. July/Aug 33(4):l-4. 1995. May/June 33(3):17. 1995. May/June 33(3):22-23. 1995. May/June 33(3):32-33. 1994. May/June 33(3):6-7. 1994. May/June 33(3):8-9. 1994. May/June 33(3): 14. 1994. May/June 33(3)15. 1994. May/June 33(3):17-18. 1994. May/June 33(3):23. 1994. May/June 33(3):29. 1994. May/June 33(3):30-31. 1994. May/June 33(3):31-32. 1994. Mar/Apr 33(2):l-5. 1993. Sept/Oct31(5):8-10. GolfCourse Management? Tee Construction: Use of the Laser Grader From Broken Shaft to Soil Probe Catch the Drift [pesticide applications] 24 USGA GREEN SECTION RECORD O’Brien, Patrick M. Brame, Robert A. Manuel, George B. 1993. July/Aug 31(4):6-8. 1993. May/June 31(3):7-8. 1993. May/June 31(3):9. Article Title Author Year.Issue Volume(no.):pg. -------------------------------- 7A. EQUIPMENT AND BUILDINGS (continued) Wash Rack Blues Bam or Turf Care Center: Which Do You Have? The Golf Course Mechanic — A Changing Image Roundup at the Circle Tree [weed control equipment] Fire in the Hole [tree program] Are Your Greens Running a Fever? Getting the Seed Down Right Measuring Air Movement for Better Grass Aeration: Needed More Today Than Ever Before Cultivation Has Changed Gilhuly, Larry Connolly, Jim Vavrek, Robert C. Manuel, George B. Moore, James Vermeulen, Paul H. Foy, John H. Zontek, Stanley J. Vavrek, Jr., Robert C. Carrow, Dr. Robert N. 1993. Jan/Feb 31(l):9-10. 1992. Nov/Dec 30(6): 1-5. 1992. Sept/Oct 30(5):18-19. 1992. May/June 30(3):20. 1992. May/June 30(3):25-26. 1992. May/June 30(3):27. 1992. May/June 30(3):34-35. 1992. May/June 30(3):38-39. 1992. Mar/Apr 30(2): 1-5. 1992. Jan/Feb 30(l):5-9. *712 T ADHD /IS. LA 15 OK Don’t Be Shortsighted Aggies in Action [resource inventory] Preventative Maintenance at a Glance The Need for Teamwork Maintenance on a Shoestring “Ego-System” Management Fore! Guidelines to Consider When Golfers and Maintenance Crews Share the Same Turf The Media and the Game of Golf The Journey Continues — More Maintenance Pitfalls ‘O Holey Night’ [aerification] The Golf Course Mechanic — A Changing Image Employment Contracts: The Missing Link! Happ, Keith White, Dr. Richard H. Happ, Keith Moore, James F. O’Brien, Patrick M. Dodson, Ronald G. Vavrek, Robert C. 1996. Nov/Dec 34(6): 17. 1996. Sept/Oct 34(5) :5-7. 1996. May/June 34(3):18. 1995. Nov/Dec 33(6):21. 1995. July/Aug 33 (4): 1-4. 1995. July/Aug 33(4):15. 1995. Mar/Apr 33(2): 1-4. Hearn, Don Brame, Robert A. Connolly, James E. Vavrek, Robert C. Brame, Robert A. 1994. Jan/Feb 32(l):6-9. 1993. Nov/Dec 31(6):l-6. 1993. May/June 31(3):32-33. 1992. Sept/Oct 30(5): 18-19. 1992. Sept/Oct 30(5):21. Maintenance on a Shoestring The Economic and Operating Impacts of Golf Courses ; Putting Your Cards on the Table [selling budget items] O’Brien, Patrick M. Norton, Richard L. Gilhuly, Larry W. 1995. July/Aug 33(4):l-4. 1994. May/June 33(3):12-13. 1993. May/June 31(3):6. USGA Enters the Internet Age Using Computer Simulations to Predict the Fate and Environmental Impact of Applied Pesticides 7D CrYVTPT TTI7I? /JU. VU1VJLJL UllSli Anonymous Franke, Kevin J. 1996. May/June 34(3):32. 1992. Mar/Apr 30(2):17-21. ---------------------------------------- 7E. MAINTENANCE PHILOSOPHY ------- Communication and Golf Course Maintenance Taking Spikeless Shoes Public Integrated Pest Management for Land Managers Choosing The Best Approach Don’t Kid Yourself Environmental Principles Adopted Preventative Maintenance at a Glance The USGA: The First Hundred Years, The Next Hundred Years Great Expectations [golfer playing conditions] Audubon Cooperative Sanctuary Program Creating an Environnmental Road Map The Old Westbury Code of Environmental Conduct Inventorying Your Resources Brame, Bob Meredith, Sam Dodson, Ron Oatis, David A. Brame, R. A. Anonymous Happ, Keith Fay, David B. Gilhuly, Larry Anonymous Dodson, Ronald Weber, Arthur P. Dodson, Ronald G. 1996. Nov/Dec 34(6): 1-5. 1996. Nov/Dec 34(6):6-7. 1996. Nov/Dec 34(6):15-16. 1996. Sept/Oct 34(5):8-10. 1996. Sept/Oct 34(5): 16. 1996. July/Aug 34(4):23. 1996. May/June 34(3): 18. 1996. May/June 34(3):21-26. 1996. Mar/Apr 34(2):20. 1995. Nov/Dec 33(6):17-18. 1995. Nov/Dec 33(6):15-16. 1995. Sept/Oct 33(5):13-15. 1995. Sept/Oct 33(5): 19-20. NOVEMBER/DECEMBER1996 25 Article Title Author Year.Issue Volume(no.):pg. -------------------------------- 7E. MAINTENANCE PHILOSOPHY (continued) “Ego-System” Management Composting: Turn Your Eyesore Into Black Gold The Perfect Grass Fore! Guidelines to Consider When Golfers and Dodson, Ronald G. Senseman, Robert Y. O’Brien, Patrick M. Vavrek, Robert C. Maintenance Crews Share the Same Turf Developing Environmental Guidelines for Canadian Golf Courses The Trash Bird Turn Off the Faucet! A Low-Impact Golf Course? Probably Not! The Religion of Golf A New Attitude: Audubon, Our Golf Course, and the Community Armchair Architect Strategies for Successful Long-Term Maintenance of Golf Courses Let’s All Be Responsible Attitude Adjustment The Journey Continues — More Maintenance Pitfalls How “Green” is Your Course? Evolving Roles in Golf Trail Blazing [cart path edging] Television Golf and the Golf Course Superintendent Fire as a Landscape Management Tool Facilities for Junior Golf The Ten Pitfalls of Golf Course Maintenance Why Not Pure Sand Greens? Golf Course Management Standards and Practices Yamada, Teri Dodson, Ronald G. Gross, Patrick Happ, Keith A. Gilhuly, Larry Leuzinger, Peter V. Gross, Patrick J. Crenshaw, Ben Vermeulen, Paul Skorulski, James E. Brame, Robert A. Snow, James T. Roberts, William R. Vermeulen, Paul H. Pate, Jerry Weston, John Latham, James M. Brame, Robert A. Snow, James T. Cadenelli, Stephen G. 1995. July/Aug 33 (4): 15. 1995. May/June 33(3):8. 1995. May/June 33(3):9. 1995. Mar/Apr 33(2):l-4. 1995. Mar/Apr 33(2):8-9. 1995. Mar/Apr 33(2): 19. 1995. Mar/Apr 33(2):21. 1995. Jan/Feb 33(1):52. 1994. July/Aug 32(4): 17. 1994. May/June 33(3):2-5. 1994. May/June 33(3):9-10. 1994. May/June 33(3):26-28. 1994. Mar/Apr 33(2):17. 1994. Jan/Feb 32(1):23. 1993. Nov/Dec 31(6):l-6. 1993. Nov/Dec(31)6:21. 1993. May/June 31(3):10-14. 1993. May/June 31 (3): 16-17. 1993. May/June 31(3):19-21. 1994. Jan/Feb 32(1):14-16. 1994. Jan/Feb 32(1) :10-14. 1992. Sept/Oct (30)5:1-5. 1992. July/Aug 30(4) :21. 1992. May/June 30(3):30-33. for a Fragile Environment Using Computer Simulations to Predict the Fate and Environmental Impact of Applied Pesticides Looking at a Bad Year in a Good Light [turf management] Franke, Kevin J. 1992. Mar/Apr 30(2):17-21. Oatis, David A. 1992. Jan/Feb 30(l):10-12. ------------------------------------------------ 7E GREEN COMMITTEE ------------ Staying on Course [superintendent tenure] TAS Still Best Buy Environmental Common Sense — A Sample “In-House” Audit Moore, James Francis Moore, James Francis The Green Committee Chairperson: Foy, John H. Anonymous 1996. Jan/Feb 34(1):19. 1996. Jan/Feb 34(1):18-19. 1996. Jan/Feb 34(l):l-5. 1994. Sept/Oct 32(5):8-ll. Are You Up To the Challenge? Putting Your Cards on the Table [selling budget items] Communicate! Communicate! Communicate! The Ten Pitfalls of Golf Course Maintenance Gilhuly, Larry W. Weber, Arthur P. Brame, Robert A. 1993. May/June 31(3):6. 1992. Nov/Dec 30(6):13-15. 1992. Sept/Oct 30(5):l-5. -------------------------------------------------- 7G. MISCELLANEOUS ---------- Information Sources Sampling for Results — The Methods Are Important The Economic and Operating Impacts of Golf Courses Facilities for Junior Golf Issues in Golf in the 1990s Anonymous Happ, Keith A. Norton, Richard L. Latham, James M. Bloch, Stuart F. 1995. Nov/Dec 33(6):19-20. 1995. Sept/Oct 33(5):l-4. 1994. May/June 33(3):12-13. 1994. Jan/Feb 32(l):10-13. 1992. May/June 30(3):21-23. ..... 8. GOLF GREENS -------------------------------------------------- 8A. CONSTRUCTION Avoiding the Hazards of Golf Course Renovation What Can You Do If Your Golf Course Has Gas? Manuel, George B. Gross, Patrick J. 1995. July/Aug 33(4):5-7. 1994. July/Aug 32(4):l-4. [landfill golf courses] Facilities for Junior Golf Water Retention in Golf Greens: Sub-Root Zone Layering Effects Investigating the Options in the New USGA Green Construction Recommendations To Seed or Not to Seed — Layering Effects Golf Course Construction: Grow-In Philosophies A Quality Control Checklist for Successful Greens Reconstruction Biting the Bullet: Greens Complex Reconstruction at the Country Club of Virginia USGA Recommendations for a Method of Putting GreenConstruction The Whys and Hows of Revising the USGA Green Construction Recommendations 26 USGA GREEN SECTION RECORD Latham, James M. Taylor, Don, S. Nelson 1994. Jan/Feb 32(l):10-14. 1994. Jan/Feb 32(1):17-19. & F. Williams Gaines, T. Powell 1993. Nov/Dec 31(6):7-10. Blomquist, Dave Buchen, Terry Moore, James Francis Hess, Alan D. 1993. Nov/Dec 31 (6): 14-15. 1993. Sept/Oct 31(5):11-14. 1993. July/Aug 31 (4): 1-5. 1993. July/Aug 31 (4):16-18. USGA Green Section 1993. Mar/Apr 31 (2): 1-3. Staff Snow, James T. 1993. Mar/Apr 31(2):4-6. Article Title Author Year.Issue Volume(no.):pg. 8A. CONSTRUCTION (continued) Rationale for the Revisions of the USGA Green Construction Specifications Why We Need Laboratory Standards For Testing Root Zone Mixes Hummel, Jr., Laboratory Methods for Evaluation of Putting Green ‘So You Want to Rebuild Your Greens’: A Step-By-Step Survival Guide Research Update: Potential for Natural Zeolite Uses on Golf Courses USGA Greens — Ona Limited Budget Why Not Pure Sand Greens? News and Views on the USGA Specifications Washed Sod: Viable Alternative in Greens Construction Hummel, Jr., Dr. Norman W. Dr. Norman W. 1993. Mar/Apr 31 (2):7-21. 1993. Mar/Apr 31 (2):22. Hummel, Jr., Dr. Norman W. Veron, Michael J. 1993. Mar/Apr 31(2):23-33. 1993. Jan/Feb 31 (l):6-8. Petrovic, A. Martin 1993. Jan/Feb 31(1): 11-14. McLean, Stan & Pete Snow, James T. Hummel Jr., Dr. Norman H. Kennedy Jr., Les 1993. Jan/Feb 31(1): 15-17. 1992. July/Aug 30(4):21. 1992. May/June 30(3):28-29. 1992. Jan/Feb 30(1): 16-20. --------------------------------------------------- 8B. MANAGEMENT --------------------------------------------------- Coeur d’Alene Golf Club, Coeur d’Alene, Idaho. Taking Spikeless Shoes Public The Metallic Mashers of Monocots — Golf Spikes! TW-72: A Potential New Bermudagrass The Ups and Downs of Rolling Putting Greens Optimizing the Turfgrass Canopy Environment with Fans Hand Watering Greens Sensible Choices Back to Basics Covering Your Tracks Shallow Aeration: Deeper Is Not Always Better Suck-cess [drainage] Control Those Shrinking Greens A Practical Approach to Putting Green Fertilization S.P.E.E.D — Consider What’s Right For Your Course Sampling for Results — The Methods Are Important No Holes: “Play (Practice) Away, Please” How Dry I Am Surround Your Greens With Quality [green surrounds] Herbicide-Resistant Creeping Bentgrass Turn Off the Faucet! Potential Movement of Pesticides Following Application to Golf Courses Pesticide Mobility and Persistence in a High-Sand-Content Green Leaching of Nitrate from Sand Putting Greens For Heaven’s Sake, Get Some Insurance Wet Greens — “Let’s Try This First” Armchair Architect Covering Up For Winter Have an “Ice” Day Meredith, Sam Gilhuly, Larry Hanna, Dr. Wayne W. Hartwiger, Chns O’Brien, Patrick M. Gross, Pat Vermeulen, Paul Latham, James M. Vermeulen, Paul Zontek, Stanley J. Gross, Patrick J. Happ, Keith Brame, R. A. Vermeulen, Paul Happ, Keith A. Brame, Robert Vavrek, Jr., Robert Gilhuly, Larry Lee, Lisa, C.Hartman, 1996. Nov/Dec 34(6):6-7. 1996. Sept/Oct 34(5):l-4. 1996. Sept/Oct 34(5):11-12. 1996. July/Aug 34(4): 1-4. 1996. July/Aug 34(4):9-12. 1996. July/Aug 34(4): 17. 1996. July/Aug 34(4):24. 1996. May/June 34(3):2-5. 1996. May/June 34(3):15-17. 1996. May/June 34(3):27-28. 1996. May/June 34(3) :29. 1996. Mar/Apr 34(2):12-13. 1996. Mar/Apr 34(2):14-16. 1995. Nov/Dec 33(6):l-5. 1995. Sept/Oct 33(5):l-4. 1995. May/June 33(3):18. 1995. May/June 33(3):25-26. 1995. Mar/Apr 33(2):10-12. 1995. Mar/Apr 33(2):16-18. C. Laramore, N. Turner & P Day Gross, Patrick Smith, Dr. Al Snyder, Dr. G. H. & Dr. J. L. Cisar Brauen, Dr. Stanton E. & Dr. G. K. Stahnke Oatis, David A. Carpenter, Les & D. A. Oatis Gross, Patrick J. Skorulski, Jim Vavrek, Jr., Robert C. 1995. Mar/Apr 33(2):21. 1995. Jan/Feb 33(1):13-14. 1995. Jan/Feb 33(1):15-18. 1995. Jan/Feb 33(l):29-32. 1994. Sept/Oct 32(5):17. 1994. July/Aug 32(4):5-8. 1994. May/June 33(3):9-10. 1994. May/June 33(3):16-17. 1994. May/June 33(3):17-18. NOVEMBER/DECEMBER1996 27 Article Title Author Year.Issue Volume(no.):pg. Overseeding: It Is A Challenge! From Broken Shaft to Soil Probe Ball Marks to Bentgrass Algae Busters ‘O Holey Night’ [aerification] Filling Aerator Holes Completely The First Time Winter Covers: Are They For You? Paint ’em Green A Practical Guide to Analyzing the Soil Profile of the Green “Shake, Rattle, and Roll!” Let Mother Fix It! [maintenance philosophy] Time-Lapse Photography and Sunlight Penetration Are Your Greens Running a Fever? Excelsior Green Covers Drainage Improvement — Remedy Without Reconstruction 8B. MANAGEMENT (continued) Gast, Chuck Brame, Robert A. Oatis, David A. Foy, John H. Connolly, James E. Zontek, Stanley J. Skorulski, Jim O’Brien, Patrick M. Mascaro, Tom Gilhuly Larry Oatis, David A. Brame, Robert A. Vermeulen, Paul H. Vavrek, Ir., Robert C. McAuliffe, Keith W in New Zealand 1993. Sept/Oct 31(5):l-5. 1993. May/June 31(3):7-8. 1993. May/June 31(3):25. 1993. May/June 31(3):31. 1993. May/June 31(3):32-33. 1993. May/June 31(3):34-35. 1992. Nov/Dec 30(6):16-18. 1992. Nov/Dec 30(6):21. 1992. July/Aug 30(4):13-16. 1992. May/June 30(3): 10-11. 1992. May/June 30(3): 18. 1992. May/June 30(3):19. 1992. May/June 30(3):27. 1992. May/June 30(3):39-41. 1992. Mar/Apr 30(2):6-10. Back to the Basics for Golf and the Environment Manuel, George B. 1992. Mar/Apr 30(2):14-16. ---------------------------------------------------- 8C. TOPDRESSING -------------- Vavrek, Jr., Robert C. A Successful Topdressing Program Requires Consistency, 1995. Sept/Oct 33(5):8-10. Commitment, and Communication Managing Soil Water Aeration: Needed More Today Than Ever Before Zontek, Stanley J. Vavrek, Jr., Robert C. 1994. Sept/Oct 32(5): 1-4. 1992. Mar/Apr 30(2): 1-5. ------------------------------------- 8D. STIMPMETER AND GREEN SPEED The Metallic Mashers of Monocots — Golf Spikes! The Ups and Downs of Rolling Putting Greens The USGA: The First Hundred Years, The Next Hundred Years S.P.E.E.D — Consider What’s Right For Your Course “You’ve Gotta Know Your Limits” Stimpmeter® Available Through USGA Television Golf and the Golf Course Superintendent The Ten Pitfalls of Golf Course Maintenance “Shake, Rattle, and Roll!” Gilhuly, Larry Hartwiger, Chris Fay, David B. Vermeulen, Paul Oatis, David A. Anonymous Pate, Jerry Brame, Robert A. Gilhuly, Larry 1996. Sept/Oct 34(5): 1-4. 1996. July/Aug 34(4): 1-4. 1996. May/June 34(3):21-26. 1995. Nov/Dec 33(6):l-5. 1995. Sept/Oct 33(5):21. 1995. Jan/Feb 33(l):50. 1993. May/June 31(3):19-21. 1992. Sept/Oct 30(5):l-5. 1992. May/June 30(3): 10-11. --------------------------------------------------------- 9. GRASSES 9A. WARM-SEASON GRASSES TW-72: A Potential New Bermudagrass Sensible Choices The Environmentally Sound Turfgrass of the Future seashore paspalum] FLoraTeX® — A Low-Maintenance Bermudagrass for the South The Perfect Grass “Working” Bermudagrass Fairways Overseeding: It Is A Challenge! Out of Africa — a New Look at “African” Bermudagrass The Best Choice May Not Always Be Your Favorite [turfgrass species selection] Introducing an Improved Native: ‘609’ Buffalograss Hanna, Dr. Wayne W. Vermeulen, Paul Duncan, Dr. Ronald R. 1996. Sept/Oct 34(5):11-12. 1996. July/Aug 34(4) :24. 1996. Jan/Feb 34(1):9-11. Dudeck, Dr. Al E. O’Brien, Patrick M. Foy, John H. Gast, Chuck Taliaferro, Dr. Charles M. Vermeulen, Paul H. 1995. Sept/Oct 33(5):16-18. 1995. May/June 33(3):9. 1993. Nov/Dec 31(6):11-13. 1993. Sept/Oct 31 (5): 1-5. 1992. July/Aug 30(4):10-12. 1992. Jan/Feb 30(l):l-5. Bauer, Barbara 1992. Jan/Feb 30(l):20. 28 USGA GREEN SECTION RECORD Article Title Author Year.Issue Volume(no.):pg. -------------------------------------------- 9B. COOL-SEASON GRASSES -------------------------------------------- Sensible Choices Herbicide-Resistant Creeping Bentgrass Vermeulen, Paul 1996. July/Aug 34(4):24. Lee, Lisa, C. Hartman, 1995. Mar/Apr 33(2): 16-18. Fire as a Landscape Management Tool To Seed or Not to Seed Bentgrass Breeding — Texas Style Overseeding: It Is A Challenge! Survival of the Fittest [bentgrass nurseries] A Case for Bluegrass Fairways “To Pre or Not to Pre” — Summer Annual Bluegrass Weed Control Strategies The Best Choice May Not Always Be Your Favorite [turfgrass species selection] C. Laramore, N. Turner &JR Day Weston, John Blomquist, Dave Engelke, Dr. Milt Gast, Chuck O’Brien, Patrick M. Latham, James M. Rossi, Dr. Frank S. 1994. Jan/Feb 32(1):14-16. ’ ........................ .. 1993. Nov/Dec 31(6):14-15. 1993. Nov/Dec 31(6):16-18. 1993. Sept.Oct31(5):l-5. 1993. May/June 31(3):22-23. 1993. Jan/Feb 31(l):l-5. 1992. Sept/Oct 30(5):15-17. Vermeulen, Paul H. 1992. Jan/Feb 30(l):l-5. ———— 10. GREEN SECTION INFORMATION AND AWARDS ....- Brian Maloy Joins the USGA Green Section Vermeulen to Head Up Mid-Continent Region James Moore Takes the Lead on New USGA Program Laboratory Accreditation Program Announced for Putting Green Materials Environmental Principles Adopted Robert M. Williams — 1996 Green Section Award Recipient Back to Ba si cs The USGA: The First Hundred Years, The Next Hundred Years A View From the Rough USGA Enters the Internet Age Matt Nelson Replaces Bob Senseman in the Northeast USGA Receives Award In Memoriam: Al Radko TAS Still Best Buy USGA Green Section Education Conference [1996 program] Information Sources Wanted: Groups or Individuals [green section publications] Centennial Time Capsule Hartwiger Appointed to Staff The Spirit of St. Andrews Daviu Stone — 1995 Green Section Award Recipient The USGA’s Environmental Strategies: What We’ve Got and What We Need 75 Years of the USGA Green Section Parkes Named Manager of Communications Huck Joins Green Section Staff Several Green Section Regions are Reorganized for 1995 Stimpmeter® Available Through USGA Jim and Lois Latham Retire to Texas Vermeulen Relocates to a Modified Mid-Continent Region Brame Named Director of North-Central Region George Manuel Leaves Green Section Staff Turf Advisory Service Fee Changes for 1995 Anonymous Anonymous Anonymous Anonymous Anonymous Anonymous Latham, James M. Fay, David B. Anonymous Anonymous Anonymous Anonymous Anonymous Anonymous Anonymous Anonymous Anonymous Anonymous Anonymous Anonymous Anonymous Snow, James T. Anonymous Anonymous Anonymous Anonymous Anonymous Anonymous Anonymous Anonymous Anonymous Anonymous 1996. Sept/Oct 34(5):15. 1996. Sept/Oct 34(5):15. 1996. Sept/Oct 34(5):15. 1996. July/Aug (34)4:21-22. 1996. July/Aug 34(4):23. 1996. May/June 34(3):1. 1996. May/June 34(3):2-5. 1996. May/June 34(3):21-26. 1996. May/June 34(3) :31. 1996. May/June 34(3):32. 1996. Mar/Apr 34(2): 19. 1996. Mar/Apr 34(2):19. 1996. Jan/Fel . ......... .. b34(l):18. b 34(1):18-19. 1996. Jan/Fe 1996. Jan/Feb 34(l):20. 1995. Nov/Dec 33(6): 19-20. 1995. Nov/Dec 33(6):20. 1995. Nov/Dec 33(6):20. 1995. July/Aug 33(4):16. 1995. July/Aug 33(4):16. 1995. May/June 33(3):1. 1995. May/June 33(3):3-6. 1995. Mar/Apr 33(2):20. 1995. Mar/Apr 33(2):20. 1995. Mar/Apr 33(2):20. 1995. Jan/Fel--------- b 33(l):50. b 33(l):50. 1995. Jan/Fel b 33(1):51. 1995. Jan/Fel 1995. Jan/Fel b 33(1):51. 1995. Jan/Fel b 33(1):51. b 33(1):51. 1995. Jan/Fe 1995. Jan/Feb 33(1):52. NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 1996 29 Article Title Author Year.Issue Volume(no.):pg. -------------------- 10. GREEN SECTION INFORMATION AND AWARDS (continued) Subscription Changes for the Green Section Record USGA 1995 Green Section National & Regional Conferences Additional Research Funding Approved Turf Benefits Paper Published Turf Advisory Service Fee Changes for 1995 In Memoriam [Dr. Kenyon T. Payne] Kenyon T. Payne — 1994 Green Section Award Recipient Green Section Staff Changes [J. Skorulski, R. Y. Senseman] USGA Responds to Heightened Environmental Awareness Thomas W. Chisholm Named Green Section Chairman Dr. Kimberly S. Erusha Named Director of Education New Book on Golf Course Irrigation In Memoriam — Howard E. Kaerwer GCSAA Turfgrass Research Donation Fall News Notes: Landscape Restoration Handbook USGA Research Summaries Available TAS Celebrates 40 Years of Service Green Section Record Marks 30th Anniversary Keith Happ Joins Green Section Staff Five Golt Courses Cited as Certified Audubon Cooperative Sanctuaries Anonymous Anonymous Anonymous Anonymous Anonymous Anonymous Anonymous Anonymous Anonymous Anonymous Anonymous Anonymous Anonymous Anonymous Anonymous Anonymous Anonymous Anonymous Anonymous Anonymous 1995. Jan/Feb 33(1):52. 1995. Jan/Feb 33(1):53. 1994. Sept/Oct 32(5): 16. 1994. Sept/Oct 32(5): 16. 1994. Sept/Oct 32(5): 16-17. 1994. Sept/Oct 32(5):17. 1994. May/June 33(3):1. 1994. May/June 33(3):32. 1994. May/June 33(3):33. 1994. Mar/Apr 33(2):16. 1994. Mar/Apr 33(2):16-17. 1994. Mar/Apr 33(2): 17. 1994. Jan/Feb 32(1):22. 1993. Sept/Oct 31 (5):20. 1993. Sept/Oct 31 (5):20. 1993. Sept/Oct 31 (5):20-21. 1993. May/June 31(3)36-37. 1993. May/June 31(3)36-37. 1993. May/June 31(3):37. 1993. May/June 31(3):37. Anonymous Ralph E. Engel — 1993 USGA Green Section Award Recipient C. Richard Skogley Receives USGA Green Section Award for 1992 Anonymous Issues in Golf in the 1990s Bloch, Stuart F. 1993. May/June 31 (3): 1. 1992. May/June 30(3):l. 1992. May/June 30(3):21-23 11. IRRIGATION Hand Watering Greens The Magic of Sulfur Having Your Morning Coffee Without Donuts “For the Birds” How Dry I Am Managing Soil Water What Can You Do If Your Golf Course Has Gas [landfill golf courses] Rain Making New Book on Golf Course Irrigation Maps Can Improve Your Environmental Planning Initiatives Golf Course Construction: Grow-In Philosophies Does Construction Relate to Maintenance Costs: Don’t Underestimate Irrigation, Drainage, and Soil Systems A Quality Control Checklist for Successful Greens Reconstruction Using Effluent On Your Golf Course Biting the Bullet: Greens Complex Reconstruction at the Country Club of Virginia From Broken Shaft to Soil Probe Applewood Golf Course: Reintroducing the Shortgrass Prairie and Links-Style Golf The Ten Pitfalls of Golf Course Maintenance Planning for Irrigation Improvements Sprinkler Head Testing Makes Dollars and Sense 30 USGA GREEN SECTION RECORD Gross, Pat O’Brien, Patrick M. Huck, Mike Happ, Keith A. Vavrek, Jr., Robert Zontek, Stanley J. Gross, Patrick J. Vermeulen, Paul Anonymous Sadlon, Nancy P. Buchen, Terry Kroeger, Ricky J. 1996. July/Aug 34(4): 17. 1996. May/June 34(3):6-7. 1996. May/June 34(3):9-10. 1995. May/June 33(3):16. 1995. May/June 33(3):25-26. 1994. Sept/Oct 32(5): 1-4. 1994. July/Aug 32(4): 1-4. 1994. Mar/Apr 33(2):8-10. 1994. Mar/Apr 33(2):17. 1993. Nov/Dec 31(6):19-20. 1993. Sept/Oct 31(5):11-14. 1993. Sept/Oct 31(5):15-17. Moore, James Francis Kopec, Dr. David, Hess, Alan D 1993. July/Aug 31(4):l-5. 1993. July/Aug 31(4):9-12. 1993. July/Aug 31 (4): 16-18. Brame, Robert A. Conard, Ron Brame, Robert A. Farrier, Dan Solomon, PE, Dr. Kenneth H. 1993. May/June 31(3):7-8. 1992. Nov/Dec 30(6):ll-12. 1992. Sept/Oct 30(5):l-5. 1992. Sept/Oct 30(5):ll-14. 1992. July/Aug 30(4):7-9. Article Title Author Year.Issue Volume(no.):pg. 12. PEST CONTROL Physiological Management of Bipolaris sorokiniana Leaf Spot Symptom Expression by Kentucky Bluegrass Back to Basics Golf Course Construction: Grow-In Philosophies Ice and Snow [winter disease control! Biological Control of Diseases on Golf Course Turf Hodges, Dr. Clinton F. 1996. July/Aug 34(4):13-16. Latham, James M. Buchen, Terry Moraghan, Tim P. Nelson, Dr. Eric B. 1996. May/June 34(3):2-5. 1993. Sept/Oct 31(5):11-14. 1992. May/June 30(3):36-37. 1992. Mar/Apr 30(2):ll-14. 12A. DISEASE ------------------------------------------ 12B. INSECTS AND NEMATODES ---- Back to Basics Black Cutworms: Where Are They Coming From? Natural Enemies Reduce Pest Populations in Turf Latham, James M. Williamson, R. Chris & D J. Shetlar Potter, Daniel A. 1996. May/June 34(3):2-5. 1994. Sept/Oct 32(5) :5-7. 1992. Nov/Dec 30(6):6-10. Fire as a Landscape Management Tool Algae Busters “To Pre or Not to Pre” — Summer Annual Bluegrass Weed Control Strategies Post-Emerge Crabgrass and Goosegrass Control: Roundup at the Circle Tree [weed control equipment] 12C. WEEDS Weston, John Foy, John H. Rossi, Dr. Frank S. 1994. Jan/Feb 32(1):14-16. 1993. May/June 31(3):31. 1992. Sept/Oct 30(5):15-17. Zontek, Stanley J. Manuel, George B. 1992. July/Aug 30(4):17-18. 1992. May/June 30(3):20. 12D. INTEGRATED, ALTERNATIVE, AND OTHER Back to Basics Mycorrhizal Fungi Benefit Putting Greens Canada Geese — Definitely No “Birdie” The Old Westbury Code of Environmental Conduct IPM, Monitoring, and Management Plans — A Mandate for the Future Developing Environmental Guidelines for Canadian Golf Courses Black Cutworms: Where Are They Coming From? Beyond Appearance and Playability: Golf and the Environment Fire as a Landscape Management Tool Developments in Canada Goose Repellents Treat the Symptom ... or Correct the Cause? Simple Fences Minimize Goose Traffic Natural Enemies Reduce Pest Populations in Turf Latham, James M. Koske, R., J. N. Gemma, & N. Jackson Henze, Laura E. Weber, Arthur P. Peacock, Dr. Charles H. & Dr. M. Smart Yamada, Teri Williamson, R. Chris & D J. Shetlar Kenna, Dr. Michael P. Weston, John Cummings, John Moore, James Francis Latham, James M. Potter, Daniel A. 1996. May/June 34(3):2-5. 1995. Nov/Dec 33(6):12-14. 1995. Sept/Oct 33(5):5-7. 1995. Sept/Oct 33(5): 13-15. 1995. May/June 33(3):10-14. 1995. Mar/Apr 33(2):8-9. 1994. Sept/Oct 32(5):5-7. 1994. July/Aug 32(4):12-15. 1994. Jan/Feb 32(1):14-16. 1993. Sept/Oct 31(5):6-7. 1993. Sept/Oct 31(5):21. 1993. May/June 31(3):18. 1992. Nov/Dec 30(6):6-10. NOVEMBER/DECEMBER1996 31 Article Title Author Year.Issue Volume(no.):pg. 13. PONDS Keeping An Eye Out Aquascaping: The Natural Approach to Water Features You Can Bank On It! [stream hank stabilization] Flotation Devices Squamish Valley — The Home to Birdies and Eagles Grass Carp: Are They Really the Perfect Solution? Soil Bioengineering: A Natural Approach to Stream Bank Stabilization Restoration of Potash Pond Concern for Surface Runoff — More on Water Quality Dodson, Ron Beeman, Steve Oatis, David A. Gross, Patrick Banbury, David Sadlon, Nancy P. Sadlon, Nancy P. Bertrand, Scott Sadlon, Nancy P. 1996. Sept/Oct 34(5):13-14. 1995. Nov/Dec 33(6):6-8. 1995. May/June 33(3):15. 1995. May/June 33(3):24-25 1994. Mar/Apr 33(2):6. 1994. Mar/Apr 33(2):15-16. 1993. Sept/Oct 31 (5): 18-19. 1993. July/Aug 31(4):19-21. 1992. Nov/Dec 30(6):19. The Bird Communities of Prairie Dunes Country Club Terman, Max R., Ph.D 1996. Nov/Dec 34(6): 10-14. 14. RESEARCH and Sand Hills State Park TW-72: A Potential New Bermudagrass Wildlife Links Grants Announced USGA Research Summaries Available Physilogical Management of Bipolaris sorokiniana Leaf Spot Symptom Expression by Kentucky Bluegrass Sensible Choices Back to Basics The Environmentally Sound Turfgrass of the Future [seashore paspalum] Using Common Cents! [research funding] Mycorrhizal Fungi Benefit Putting Greens FLoraTeX® — A Low-Maintenance Bermudagrass for the South The USGA’s Environmental Strategies: What We’ve Got and What We Need Herbicide-Resistant Creeping Bentgrass Hanna, Dr. Wayne W. Anonymous Anonymous Hodges, Dr. Clinton F. 1996. Sept/Oct 34(5): 11-12. 1996. July/Aug 34(4) :22. 1996. July/Aug 34(4):23. 1996. July/Aug 34(4):13-16. Vermeulen, Paul Latham, James M. Duncan, Dr. Ronald R. 1996. July/Aug 34(4):24. 1996. May/June 34(3):2-5. 1996. Jan/Feb 34(1):9-11. Gilhuly, Larry Koske, R., J. N. Gemma, & N. JacKson Dudeck, Dr. Al E. Snow, James T. 1996. Jan/Feb 34(1):15. 1995. Nov/Dec 33(6):12-14. 1995. Sept/Oct 33(5):16-18. 1995. May/June 33(3):3-6. Lee, Lisa, C. Hartman, 1995. Mar/Apr 33(2):19. C. Laramore, N. Turner & P. Day What Happens to Pesticides Applied to Golf Courses? The Fate of Pesticides and Fertilizers in a Turfgrass Environment Potential Movement of Pesticides Following Application Kenna, Dr. Michael P. Yates, Dr. Marylynn V. Smith, Dr. Al 1995. Jan/Feb 33(l):l-9. 1995. Jan/Feb 33(l):10-12. 1995. Jan/Feb 33(1):13-14. to Golf Courses Pesticide Mobility and Persistence in a High-Sand-Content Green Volatilization and Dislodgeable Residues Are Important Avenues of Pesticide Fate Nitrogen and Phosphorus Fate When Applied to Turfgrass in Golf Course Fairway Condition Pesticide Degradation Under Golf Course Fairway Conditions Leaching of Nitrate from Sand Putting Greens Potential Groundwater Contamination from Pesticides and Fertilizers Used on Golf Courses The Impact of Soil Type and Precipitation on Pesticide and Nutrient Leaching from Fairway Turf Transport of Runoff and Nutrients from Fairway Turfs The Effect of Salinity on Nitrate Leaching from Turfgrass 32 USGA GREEN SECTION RECORD Snyder, Dr. G. H. 1995. Jan/Feb 33(1):15-18. & Dr. J. L. Cisar Cooper, Dr. R. J, 1995. Jan/Feb 33(1):19-22. Dr. J. M. Clark & Dr. K. C. Murphy Starrett, Dr. S. K. & 1995. Jan/Feb 33(l):23-25. Dr. N. E. Christians Horst, Dr. G. L, 1995. Jan/Feb 33(l):26-28. Dr. P. J. Shea & Dr. N. E. Christians Brauen, Dr. Stanton E. 1995. Jan/Feb 33(l):29-32. & Dr. G. K. Stahnke Branham, Dr. Bruce, 1995. Jan/Feb 33(l):33-37. Dr. E. Miltner & Dr. P. Rieke Petrovic, Dr. Martin A. 1995. Jan/Feb 33(1):38-41. Linde, Douglas T, 1995. Jan/Feb 33(l):42-44. Dr. T.L. Watschke, & J.A. Borger Bowman, Dr. Daniel C., 1995. Jan/Feb 33(l):45-49. Dr. D. A. Devitt & W. M. Miller Article Title Author Year.Issue Volume(no.):pg. 14. RESEARCH (continued) Additional Research Funding Approved Beyond Appearance and Playability: Golf and the Environment Assessing Chemical Hazards on Golf Courses GCSAA Turfgrass Research Donation USGA Research Summaries Available Water Retention in Golf Greens: Sub-Root Zone Layering Effects Investigating the Options in the New USGA Green Construction Recommendations Bentgrass Breeding — Texas Style Developments in Canada Goose Repellents The Bird Community Found on British Columbia Golf Courses TGIF-‘On Call’ For You! Survival of the Fittest [bentgrass nurseries] Turfgrass and Golf Course Benefits — A Scientific Assessment Research Update: Potential for Natural Zeolite Uses on Golf Courses Natural Enemies Reduce Pest Populations in Turf Out of Africa — A New Look at “African” Bermudagrass USGA/GCSAA Research Results You Can Use Biological Control of Diseases on Golf Course Turf Issues in Golf in the 1990s Biological Control of Diseases on Golf Course Turf Introducing an Improved Native: ‘609’ Buffalograss Anonymous Kenna, Dr. Michael P. Borgert, C. J., 1994. Sept/Oct 32(5):16. 1994. July/Aug 32(4):12-15. 1994. Mar/Apr 33(2):11-14. S. M. Roberts, R. D Harbison, J. L. Cisar & G. H. Snyder Anonymous Anonymous Taylor, Don, F. Williams & S. Nelson Gaines, T. Powell Engelke, Dr. Milt Cummings, John Moul, Ian E. & J. E. Elliott Moore, James Francis O’Brien, Patrick M. Beard, Dr. James B. & Dr. R. L. Green Petrovic, A. Martin 1993. Sept/Oct 31(5):20. 1993. Sept/Oct 31 (5):20-21. 1994. Jan/Feb 32(1):17-19. 1993. Nov/Dec 31(6):7-10. 1993. Nov/Dec 31(6):16-18. 1993. Sept/Oct 31 (5):6-7. 1993. July/Aug 31(4):13-15. 1993. May/June 31(3):15. 1993. May/June 31 (3):22-23. 1993. May/June 31(3):26-30. 1993. Jan/Feb 31(1):11-14. Potter, Daniel A. Taliaferro, Dr. Charles M. Kenna, Dr. Michael P. Nelson, Dr. Eric B. Bloch, Stuart F. Nelson, Dr. Eric B. Bauer, Barbara 1992. Nov/Dec 30(6):6-10. 1992. July/Aug 30(4):10-12. 1992. May/June 30(3):6-9. 1992. Mar/Apr 30(2):ll-14. 1992. May/June 30(3):21-23 1992. Mar/Apr 30(2):ll-14. 1992. Jan/Feb 30(l):20. 15. ROUGHS Thirsty Turf Wildflowers on Your Course? Managing Wildlife and Habitat The Perfect Grass You Can Bank On It! [stream bank stabilization] Surround Your Greens With Quality [green surrounds] Fire as a Landscape Management Tool Golf Course Construction: Grow-In Philosophies Applewood Golf Course: Reintroducing the Shortgrass Prairie and Links-Style Golf Landscaping the Golf Course for Wildlife Dodson, Ron Krouse, John M. Dodson, Ron O’Brien, Patrick M. Oatis, David A. Gilhuly, Larry Weston, John Buchen, Terry Conard, Ron 1996. July/Aug 34(4):18-20. 1996. Mar/Apr 34(2):8-ll. 1996. Mar/Apr 34(2):17-18. 1995. May/June 33(3):9. 1995. May/June 33(3):15. 1995. Mar/Apr 33(2): 10-12. 1994. Jan/Feb 32(1):14-16. 1993. Sept/Oct 31 (5): 11-14. 1992. Nov/Dec 30(6):ll-12. Dodson, Ron 1992. Sept/Oct 30(5):20. --------------------------------------------------- 16. SAND BUNKERS ------------ A Float Above The Rest Avoiding the Hazards of Golf Course Renovation Sand Bunkers: Old and New Ideas You Can Take to the Bunker Skorulski, Jim Manuel, George B. Baidy, Joseph G. Gast, Chuck 1996. May/June 34(3):8. 1995. July/Aug 33(4):5-7. 1994. May/June 33(3):19-21. 1992. May/June 30(3):4-5. NOVEMBER/D2ECEMBER1996 33 Article Title Author Year.Issue Volume(no.):pg. ......................................................... 17. SOILS The Ups and Downs of Rolling Putting Greens The Magic of Sulfur Lay Down Some Rubber Shallow Aeration: Deeper Is Not Always Better Sampling for Results — The Methods Are Important A Successful Topdressing Program Requires Consistency Commitment, and Communication Fairway Aerification Around the Clock Composting: Turn Your Eyesore Into Black Gold The Effect of Salinity on Nitrate Leaching from Turfgrass Managing Soil Water What Can You Do If Your Golf Course Has Gas? [landfill golf courses] Mr. Wizard Visits the Golf Course [soils, water quality] Blockbuster Aerification Water Retention in Golf Greens: Sub-Root Zone Layering Effects Investigating the Options in the New USGA Green Construction Recommendations Does Construction Relate to Maintenance Costs? Don’t Underestimate Irrigation, Drainage, and Soil Systems A Quality Control Checklist for Successful Greens Reconstruction Biting the Bullet: Greens Complex Reconstruction at the Country Club of Virginia Filling Aerator Holes Completely The First Time USGA Recommendations for a Method of Putting GreenConstruction Rationale for the Revisions of the USGA Green Construction Specifications 1996. July/Aug 34(4): 1-4. 1996. May/June 34(3):6-7. Hartwiger, Chris O’Brien, Patrick M. Hartwiger, Christopher E. 1996. May/June 34(3): 19-20. Zontek, Stanley J. 1996. May/June 34(3):27-28. Happ, Keith A. 1995. Sept/Oct 33(5): 1-4. Vavrek, Jr., Robert C. 1995. Sept/Oct 33(5):8-10. Weaver, Bob Senseman, Robert Y. Bowman, Dr. Daniel C., 1995. Jan/Feb 33(l):45-49. 1995. July/Aug 33(4):13-14. 1995. May/June 33(3):8. Dr. D. A. Devitt & W. M. Miller Zontek, Stanley J. Gross, Patrick J. 1994. Sept/Oct 32(5):l-4. 1994. July/Aug 32(4): 1-4. Moore, James F. O’Brien, Patrick M. Taylor, Don F. Williams & S. Nelson Gaines, T. Powell 1994. May/June 33(3):6-7. 1994. May/June 33(3): 14. 1994. Jan/Feb 32(1):17-19. 1993. Nov/Dec 31(6):7-10. Kroeger, Ricky J. 1993. Sept/Oct 31(5):15-17. Moore, James Francis Hess, Alan D 1993. July/Aug 31(4):l-5. 1993. July/Aug 31(4):16-18. Zontek, Stanley J. USGA Green Section ‘staff old.ll Hummel, Jr., Dr. Norman W. 1993. May/June 31(3):34-35. 1993. Mar/Apr 31 (2): 1-3. 1993. Mar/Apr 31(2):7-21. Why We Need Laboratory Standards For Testing Root Zone Mixes Hummel, Jr., 1993. Mar/Apr 31(2):22. Laboratory Methods for Evaluation of Putting Green Research Update: Potential for Natural Zeolite Uses on Golf Courses A Practical Guide to Analyzing the Soil News and Views on the USGA Specifications Aeration: Needed More Today Than Ever Before Drainage Improvement — Remedy Without Reconstruction in New Zealand Back to the Basics for Golf and the Environment Cultivation Has Changed Dr. Norman W. Hummel, Jr., Dr. Norman W. Petrovic, A. Martin Mascaro, Tom Hummel Jr., Dr. Norman H. Vavrek, Jr., Robert C. McAuliffe, Keith W. 1993. Mar/Apr 31(2):23-33. 1993. Jan/Feb 31(1):11-14. 1992. July/Aug 30(4):13-16. 1992. May/June 30(3):28-29. 1992. Mar/Apr 30(2): 1-5. 1992. Mar/Apr 30(2):6-10. Manuel, George B. Carrow, Dr. Robert N. 1992. Mar/Apr 30(2):14-16. 1992. Jan/Feb 30(l):5-9. ------------------------------------------- 18. SUPERINTENDENT ISSUES Communication and Golf Course Maintenance Brame, Bob Don’t Kid Yourself Brame, R. A. Paling, John Public Panic Over Pesticides? Staying on Course [superintendent tenure] Foy, John H. The Need for Teamwork Moore, James F. What’s Worth Worrying About in Life? Kenna, Dr. Michael P. IPM, Monitoring, and Management Plans — Peacock, Dr. Charles H. A Mandate for the Future A New Attitude: Audubon, Our Golf Course, and the Community Getting the Word Out [communication techniques] Strategies for Successful Long-Term Maintenance of Golf Courses Every Picture Tells a Story The Media and the Game of Golf What Do Managers Need to Know About Golf Course Management? Television Golf and the Golf Course Superintendent Evolving Roles in Golf TGIF — ‘On Call’ For You! The Journey Continues — More Maintenance Pitfalls Nice Guys Sometimes Finish Last [superintendent responsibility] 34 USGA GREEN SECTION RECORD & Dr. M. Smart Leuzinger, Peter V. Foy, John H. Crenshaw, Ben Manuel, George B. Hearn, Don Gross, Patrick 1996. Nov/Dec 34(6):l-5. 1996. Sept/Oct 34(5): 16. 1996. May/June 34(3):11-13. 1996. Jan/Feb 34(1): 19. 1995. Nov/Dec 33(6):21. 1995. July/Aug 33(4):10-12. 1995. May/June 33(3):10-14. 1994. May/June 33(3):2-5. 1994. May/June 33(3):15. 1994. May/June 33(3):26-28. 1994. May/June 33(3):30-31. 1994. Jan/Feb 32(1) :6-9. 1993. Sept/Oct 31(5):8-10. Pate, Jerry Roberts, William R. Moore, James Francis Brame, Robert A. Moore, James Francis 1993. May/June 31(3):19-21. 1993. May/June 31(3):10-14. 1993. May/June 31(3):15. 1993. Nov/Dec 31(6):l-6. 1993. Jan/Feb 31(1):19. Article Title Author Year.Issue Volume(no.):pg. ----------------------------------- 18. SUPERINTENDENT ISSUES (continued) Employment Contracts: The Missing Link! Looking at a Bad Year in a Good Light [turf management] Is the Grass Always Greener on the Other Side? Brame, Robert A. Oatis, David A. Foy, John H. [golf course comparisons] 1992. Sept/Oct 30(5):21. 1992. Jan/Feb 30(1): 10-12. 1992. Jan/Feb 30(l):24. Ergonomic Tee Divot Filling Common Sense Cart Paths Golf Course Construction: Grow-In Philosophies Tee Construction: Use of the Laser Grader Warmed-Up But Not Worn Out [warm-up areas] 19. TEES --------------------- Brame, Bob Oatis, David A. Buchen, Terry O’Brien, Patrick M. Gross, Patrick J. 1996. May/June 34(3):14. 1994. Jan/Feb 32(l):l-5. 1993. Sept/Oct 31(5):11-14. 1993. July/Aug 31(4):6-8. 1993. May/June 31(3):24. 20. TRAFFIC New Zealand. Taking Spikeless Shoes Public The Metallic Mashers of Monocots — Golf Spikes! Lay Down Some Rubber Surround Your Greens With Quality [green surrounds] Common Sense Cart Paths Trail Blazing [cart path edging] Guideposts for Good Drivers Wheels of Misfortune [golf carts] Search Your Sole — Remove Your Spikes! 1996. Nov/Dec 34(6) :6-7. 1996. Sept/Oct 34(5): 1-4. Meredith, Sam Gilhuly, Larry Hartwiger, Christopher E. 1996. May/June 34(3): 19-20. Gilhuly, Larry Oatis, David A. Vermeulen, Paul H. Latham, James M. Connolly, James E. Gilhuly, Larry W. 1995. Mar/Apr 33(2): 10-12. 1994. Jan/Feb 32(l):l-5. 1993. May/June 31(3):16-17. 1992. May/June 30(3):2-3. 1992. May/June 30(3):3. 1992. Mar/Apr 30(2):24. 21. TREES AND LANDSCAPE The Bird Communities of Prairie Dunes Country Club and Sand Hills State Park Optimizing the Turfgrass Canopy Environment with Fans Developing a Tree Care Program Wildflowers on Your Course? Aquascaping: The Natural Approach to Water Features The Red-Cockaded Woodpecker: An Endangered Species in Golf Country Recycling for Habitat Blowing Your Top! [tree care for wildlife] Ozaukee Country Club’s Audubon Stepping Stone to a Better Environment Terman, Max R., Ph.D. 1996. Nov/Dec 34(6):10-14. O’Brien, Patrick M. Skorulski, James Krouse, Jonn M. Beeman, Steve Carter III, Dr. R. D. & B. G. Kocher Foy, John H. Gilhuly, Larry Bailey, Phil 1996. July/Aug 34(4) :9-12. 1996. Mar/Apr 34(2): 1-7. 1996. Mar/Apr 34(2):8-ll. 1995. Nov/Dec 33(6):6-8. 1995. July/Aug 33(4):8-9. 1995. May/June 33(3):7. 1995. May/June 33(3):30-31. 1994. Sept/Oct 32(5):12-14. What Can You Do If Your Golf Course Has Gas? [landfill golf courses] A New Attitude: Audubon, Our Golf Course, and the Community Butterflies Fire as a Landscape Management Tool Maps Can Improve Your Environmental Planning Initiatives Soil Bioengineering: A Natural Approach to Stream Bankstabilization Restoration of Potash Pond Landscaping the Course for Wildlife A Tall Tale from the Great White North [tree transplants] Gross, Patrick J. Leuzinger, Peter V. Sadlon, Nancy P. Weston, John Sadlon, Nancy P. Sadlon, Nancy P. Bertrand, Scott Dodson, Ron Skorulski, James E. 1994. July/Aug 32(4):l-4. 1994. May/June 33(3):2-5. 1994. Jan/Feb 32(l):20-22. 1994. Jan/Feb 32(1):14-16. 1993. Nov/Dec 31(6):19-20. 1993. Sept/Oct 31(5):18-19. 1993. July/Aug 31(4):19-21. 1992. Sept/Oct 30(5):20. 1992. May/June 30(3):ll-12. NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 1996 35 Article Title Author Year.Issue Volume(no.):pg. Tree Lightning Protection and How It Should Impact Play Encouraging Wildlife at The Honors Course Time-Lapse Photography and Sunlight Penetration Tree Snags — A Tree Even an Agronomist Can Love! Fire in the Hole [tree program] Measuring Air Movement for Better Grass Golf Course Winter Projects 21. TREES AND LANDSCAPE (continued) O’Brien, Patrick M. Stone, David Brame, Robert A. Sadlon, Nancy P. Moore, James Zontek, Stanley J. Sadlon, Nancy P. 1992. May/June 30(3): 13-14. 1992. May/June 30(3):15-17. 1992. May/June 30(3): 19. 1992. May/June 30(3):24-25. 1992. May/June 30(3):25-26. 1992. May/June 30(3):38-39. 1992. Jan/Feb 30(l):21-22. 22. TURF MANAGEMENT RELATED TO THE GAME OF GOLF The Metallic Mashers of Monocots — Golf Spikes! Ergonomic Tee Divot Filling The USGA: The First Hundred Years, The Next Hundred Years Great Expectations [golfer playing conditions] Recipe for Rapid Recovery from Winter Injury Gilhuly, Larry Brame, Bob Fay, David B. Gilhuly, Larry Shafer, Earl, K. Snyder, & S. Zontek 1996. Sept/Oct 34(5): 1-4. 1996. May/June 34(3):14. 1996. May/June 34(3):21-26. 1996. Mar/Apr 34(2) :20. 1996. Jan/Feb 34(l):6-8. The Environmentally Sound Turfgrass of the Future Duncan, Dr. Ronald R. 1996. Jan/Feb 34(1):9-11. [seashore paspalum] It’s Still Just a Game No Holes: “Play (Practice) Away, Please” Golf and the Larger Environment Fore! Guidelines to Consider When Golfers and Maintenance Crews Share the Same Turf Black Cutworms: Where Are They Coming From? The Religion of Golf The Media and the Game of Golf Facilities for Junior Golf Television Golf and the Golf Course Superintendent The Environment: Where Environment, Nature, and the Game Can Coexist Member-Guest or U.S. Open: How to Prepare for a Tournament Guideposts for Good Drivers Tree Lightning Protection and How It Should Impact Play Touching Up The Mona Lisa [Pebble Beach Golf Links] Moore, James Francis Brame, Robert Keyser, Jr., F. Ray Vavrek, Robert C. 1995. July/Aug 33(4):17. 1995. May/June 33(3):18. 1995. May/June 33(3):19-21. 1995. Mar/Apr 33(2):l-4. Williamson, R. Chris & D J. Shetlar Gilhuly, Larry Hearn, Don Latham, James M. Pate, Jerry Jones, Jr., Robert Trent 1994. Sept/Oct 32(5):5-7. 1994. July/Aug 32(4):17. 1994. Jan/Feb 32(l):6-9. 1994. Jan/Feb 32(1): 10-14. 1993. May/June 31 (3): 19-21. 1993. May/June 31(3)2-5. Moraghan, Tim Latham, James M. O’Brien, Patrick M. Miller, Ed 1992. July/Aug 30(4):l-6. 1992. May/June 30(3):2-3. 1992. May/June 30(3):13-14 1992. Jan/Feb 30(l):13-15. 1996. May/June 34(3) :30. 1996. Jan/Feb 34(l):6-8. 1995. Mar/Apr 33(2):5-7. 1994. May/June 33(3):16-17. 1994. May/June 33(3):17-18. 1992. Nov/Dec 30(6):21. 1992. Nov/Dec 30(6):16-18. 1992. May/June 30(3):13-14. 1992. May/June 30(3):36-37. 1992. May/June 30(3):39-41. 1992. Jan/Feb 30(l):21-22. ——..................——— 23. WINTER CONCERNS Drawing the Line on Winter Play Recipe for Rapid Recovery from Winter Injury Moore, James F. Shafer, Earl, K. Snyder, & S. Zontek Winter Kill! Covering Up For Winter Have an “Ice” Day Paint ’em Green Winter Covers: Are They For You? Tree Lightning Protection and How It Should Impact Play Ice and Snow [winter disease control] Excelsior Green Covers Golf Course Winter Projects Harris, Jim Skorulski, Jim Vavrek, Jr., Robert C. O’Brien, Patrick M. Skorulski, Jim O’Brien, Patrick M. Moraghan, Tim P. Vavrek, Jr., Robert C. Sadlon, Nancy P. 36 USGA GREEN SECTION RECORD USGA PRESIDENT Judy Bell GREEN SECTION COMMITTEE CHAIRMAN Thomas W. Chisholm 26101 Northwestern Highway Southfield, MI 48076 EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR David B. Fay EDITOR James T. Snow ASSOCIATE EDITOR Kimberly S. Erusha, Ph.D DIRECTOR OF COMMUNICATIONS Marty Parkes ©1996 by United States Golf Association® Subscriptions $15 a year, Canada/Mexico $18 a year, and international $30 a year (air mail). Subscriptions, articles, photographs, and corre­ spondence relevant to published material should be addressed to: United States Golf Association Green Section, Golf House, P.O. Box 708, Far Hills, NJ 07931. Permission to reproduce articles or material in the USGA GREEN SECTION RECORD is granted to newspapers, periodicals, and educa­ tional institutions (unless specifically noted otherwise). Credit must be given to the author, the article’s title, USGA GREEN SECTION RECORD, and the issue’s date. Copyright protection must be afforded. To reprint material in other media, written permission must be obtained from the USGA. In any case, neither articles nor other material may be copied or used for any advertising, promotion, or commercial purposes. GREEN SECTION RECORD (ISSN 0041-5502) is published six times a year in January, March, May, July, September, and November by the UNITED STATES GOLF ASSOCIATION®, Golf House, Far Hills, NJ 07931. Postmaster: Send address changes to the USGA Green Section Record, P.O. Box 708, Golf House, Far Hills, NJ 07931-0708. Periodicals postage paid at Far Hills, NJ, and other locations. Office of Publication, Golf House, Far Hills, NJ 07931. Visit the USGA’s Internet site on the World Wide Web. The address is: http://www.usga.org Turfgrass Information File (TGIF): (800) 446-8443 http://www.lib.msu.edu/tgif GREEN SECTION NATIONAL OFFICES: United States Golf Association, Golf House P.O. Box 708, Far Hills, NJ 07931 • (908) 234-2300 • Fax (908) 234-1513 James T. Snow, National Director Kimberly S. Erusha, Ph.D., Director of Education Research: P.O. Box 2227, Stillwater, OK 74076 • (405) 743-3900 • Fax (405) 743-3910 Michael P. Kenna, Ph.D, Director Construction Education Programs: 720 Wooded Crest, Waco, IX 76712 • (817) 776-0765 • Fax (817) 776-0227 James F. Moore, Director REGIONAL OFFICES: Northeastern Region: P.O. Box 4717, Easton, PA 18043 • (610) 515-1660 • Fax (610) 515-1663 David A. Oatis, Director • Matthew C. Nelson, Agronomist 500 N. Main Street, Palmer, MA 01069 • (413) 283-2237 • Fax (413) 283-7741 James E. Skorulski, Agronomist Mid-Atlantic Region: P.O. Box 2105, West Chester, PA 19380-0086 • (610) 696-4747 • Fax (610) 696-4810 Stanley J. Zontek, Director • Keith A. Happ, Agronomist Southeastern Region: P.O. Box 95, Griffin, GA 30224-0095 • (770) 229-8125 • Fax (770) 229-5974 Patrick M. O’Brien, Director 4770 Sandpiper Lane, Birmingham, AL 35244 • (205) 444-5079 • Fax (205) 444-9561 Christopher E. Hartwiger, Agronomist Florida Region: P.O. Box 1087, Hobe Sound, FL 33475-1087 • (561) 546-2620 • Fax (561) 546-4653 John H. Foy, Director Mid-Continent Region: P.O. Box 1130, Mahomet, IL 61853 • (217) 586-2490 • Fax (217) 586-2169 Paul H. Vermeulen, Director • Brian M. Maloy, Agronomist North-Central Region: P.O. Box 15249, Covington, KY 41015-0249 • (606) 356-3272 • Fax (606) 356-1847 Robert A. Brame, Director P.O. Box 5069, Elm Grove, WI 53122 • (414) 797-8743 • Fax (414) 797-8838 Robert C. Vavrek, Jr., Agronomist Western Region: 5610 Old Stump Drive N.W, Gig Harbor, WA 98332 (206) 858-2266 • Fax (206) 857-6698 Larry W. Gilhuly, Director 22792 Centre Drive, Suite 290, Lake Forest, CA 92630 (714) 457-9464 • Fax (714) 457-9364 Patrick J. Gross, Agronomist • Michael T. Huck, Agronomist TOW TWTOTO ELIMINATE SEASONAL PROBLEMS Question: I just started a new job at a course located at an elevation of 9,500 feet. When the snow melted I discovered that two of the greens on the back nine were seriously damaged by snow mold. I spoke with the staff members who applied the preventive fungicide application last fall, and they told me that the two greens were treated the same as the other 16 greens. The two greens have good sunlight exposure and apparently have had similar problems in the past. Is there something I am missing, assuming the fungicide treatment was applied correctly? (Colorado) Answer: Due to the dramatic topography and poorly drained soils that are prevalent throughout the mountainous regions of the West, your fungicide application may have been washed away by running surface water during a midwinter thaw. If surface water from adjacent hillsides is moving across the two greens, try opening a trench around their perimeters in the late fall to divert the flow in another direction. BY INSTALLING Question: Almost every year a few of our greens suffer ice damage in the low-lying areas. The greens are soil based and do not drain well, but we cannot afford to rebuild them. Are there any steps that can be taken to reduce the damage? (Nebraska) Answer: Ice damage on greens often occurs in low-lying, poorly drained areas as a result of the freezing and thawing of water that accumulates from rain or melted snow. Obviously, better drainage is the key. Drainage can be improved with deep aerification, either to the entire green with large equipment or to small portions of the green with pitchforks or drills. However, if the green is soil based, aerification will not provide complete relief. An alternative is to install a drain line into the green that extends into the low-lying area. Prior to the onset of winter conditions, install a riser that extends from the drainage tube to the surface of the green. Cap the riser with a plastic grating that is low enough that it can be mowed over if necessary. Leave the grating in place for the witner. Although it might come into play occasionally, the improved drainage will be worth the inconvenience. Remove the grating and riser the following spring, taking care to mark the end of the drainage tube with a piece of metal. Next winter, the drain line can be found with a metal detector and the riser reinstalled. IMPROVED EQUIPMENT Question: Is there an inexpensive method of tracking the cost of maintaining our equipment? (Oklahoma) Answer: The hour-meters on equipment seldom last as long as the equipment itself and are expensive to replace. An inexpensive substitute can be the time clock used by employees to punch in and out each day. Make a time card for each major piece of equipment. The card should be punched whenever the equipment is taken out and again when it returns. The mechanic can use the back side of the card to record the time spent working on the equipment. At the end of the week, you will have a good record of usage and maintenance hours.