October 1991 LAWN INSTITUTE Harvests Volume 38 Number 3B The Harvest Mix This is the second part of volume 38 number 3. You will find the continuation of the listing of CRIS research projects. It starts with the rest of Southeast and Hawaii-Puerto Rico and goes on to North Central/Midwest, Southwest, West and Northwest. We hope that this answers many of your questions about what research is being done or where it is being conducted. Tn this issue we announce the release of the new LISTS NOTEBOOK. This 385 page loose-leaf publication has no copyright and the pages can be taken out to copy, cut and paste and then masters returned to the binder. There are many uses for this material. The Jacklin Seed Company has shared "A Look at the Growth Cycle and Field Care of Grass Seed" which is an interesting synopsis of the steps in getting seed ready for market. Southeast and Hawaii - Puerto Rico CONTINUED FERTILIZERS /MINERAL NUTRITION Influence of Soil Fertility on the Growth and Quality of Turfgrasses - University of Florida Gainesville, Florida - Sartain - Oct 86 - Sept 91 - Study the influence of extractable soil nutrient status and tissue nutritional contents on the growth, quality and thatch accumulation of both cool and warm season turfgrasses. 0099163 Influence of Soil Fertility and Other Parameters on the Growth and Quality of Turfgrass - University of Florida Gainesville, Florida - Sartain - Jul 80 - Sept 86 - Correlate extractable nutrients and other soil properties with the growth and quality of turfgrass production and study effects of fertilization and other management practices on turfgrass culture parameters. 0082022 Influence of Soil Fertility on the Growth and Quality of Turfgrasses - Agricultural Research and Education Center Belle Glade, Florida - Snyder - Oct 86 - Sept 91 - Study the effect of different fertilizer materials at various rates and ratios on selected turfgrass culture parameters and on nutrient leaching. 0099162 Belle Glade, Florida Influence of Soil Fertility and Other Parameters on the Growth and Quality of Turfgrasses - Agricultural Research and Education Center - Snyder - Jul 80 - Sept 86 - Determine the influence of nitrogen source, rate and irrigation on turfgrass color, yield and on nitrogen leaching. 0082023 Raleigh, North Carolina Turf Nutrition and Systems Physiology - North Carolina State University -Peacock - Aug 87 - Sept 88 - Determine turf nutritional requirements and discern how these interact with native and modified soil conditions based on fertilization practices; study stress tolerance; define species and varietal differences. 0132930 Nitrogen and Water Application Practices for Ornamentals and Turfgrasses - Clemson University Clemson, South Carolina - Wagner, Mazur - Jul 85 - Jun 90 - Establish standard procedures for determination of nitrogen levels, moisture release, saturated flow and cumulative drainage in soils when highly amended; determine efficiency of nitrogen utilization and potentials for increasing efficiency. 0095915 WEED RELATIONSHIPS/GROWTH REGULATION Experiment, Georgia Chemical Management of Turfgrasses and Ornamentals - Georgia Agricultural Experiment Station - Johnson - Jul 81 - Jun 86 - Determine influence of herbicides with other management practices on weed control and performance of turfgrasses; evaluate herbicides for weed control and turfgrass tolerance with emphasis on new chemicals as replacements for others where registration has not been renewed. 0034217 Weed Control in Turf - North Carolina State University Raleigh, North Carolina - Lewis Oct 85 - Sept 90 - Develop effective weed control practices in established turf and in the establishment of turf and evaluate growth retardants in turf. 0068163 Herbicide Phytotoxicity and Early Disease Detection in Turfgrasses - Clemson University Clemson, South Carolina - Miller - Jul 86 - Sept 89 - Evaluate experimental herbicides for phytotoxicity on selected turfgrass cultivars; determine pathogenic Phythium species on putting greens throughout South Carolina and compare standard diagnostic techniques to monoclonal antibodies for early disease detection. 0098528 Biology and Control of Turfgrass Weeds - Auburn University Auburn, Alabama - Dickens - Nov 82 - Sept 88 - Determine cultural and/or biological factors responsible for rapid increase of Virginia buttonweed in warm season turf; determine range of variability in morphology and herbicide response; evaluate new herbicides for control of perennial weeds in commercial turf sods. 0089037 Weed Control in Turfgrass - University of Florida Gainesville, Florida - Dudeck, McCarty - Feb 82 - Dec 86 - Evaluate new and existing materials for weed control for warm season turfgrasses; document interaction of herbicides and cultural practices on efficacy of materials. 0089027 Weed Control in Ornamental Crops - University of Florida Gainesville, Florida - Currey - Feb 82 - Dec 86 - Conduct field studies on weed biology, weed competition, herbicide programs and integrated cultural practice modification to enhance weed control in turf and ornamentals. 0086887 Experiment, Georgia Weed Control, Plant Growth Regulators and Other Management Practices on Turfgrasses - Georgia Agricultural Experiment Station - Johnson - Jul 86 - Jun 91 - Determine the efficiency of herbicides and response of herbicides applied with other management practices on performance of bentgrass greens; evaluate plant growth regulators and how they relate to other management practices on warm and cool season grasses. 0098133 INSECT RELATIONSHIPS 0132201 Biological Control of Pest Mole Crickets - University of Florida Gainesville, Florida - Frank, Walker, Boucias - Oct 87 - Sept 92 - Improve methods for laboratory culture of the mole cricket; complete evaluation of the effectiveness of the Uruguayan strain of parasitic nematode as a biological control agent; develop economically feasible field application methods; complete evaluation of the effectiveness of a parasitic wasp as a biological control agent. Biological Control of Tropical and Subtropical Mole Crickets - University of Florida Gainesville, Florida - Walker, Frank - Jul 83 - Jun 87 - Identify localities with major mole cricket problems; determine what species are involved; locate their homelands; identify natural enemies; evaluate candidate control agents; introduce promising safe agents; monitor mole crickets and their enemies at release sites. 0090640 Mole Cricket Biology, Control and Management - University of Florida Gainesville, Florida - Walker, Koehler, Frank - Feb 80 - Sept 86 - Develop sufficient information on southern and Changa mole crickets to allow management of these pests on turf; study basic biology and natural history; develop sampling procedures; assess natural mortality factors; re-evaluate chemical control tactics; identify resistant grasses. 0081026 Fort Lauderdale, Florida Mole Cricket Biology, Control and Management - Agricultural Research Center - Howard, Busey - Feb 80 - Sept 86 - Develop information on basic biology and natural history; derive sampling procedures for determining population densities; assess the impact of natural mortality factors on resident populations; evaluate control and/or management tactics; develop IPM strategies. 0081025 Infectious Diseases of Insects in Hawaii - University of Hawaii Honolulu, Hawaii - Tamashiro - Aug 69 - Sept 86 - Discover, test and utilize insect pathogens in pest management systems; determine the effect of diseases on insects; develop a model for the susceptibility of the lawn armyworm to NPV. 0011734 Ecology and Control of Insect Pests of Crops, Turf and Range Grasses - University of Hawaii Honolulu, Hawaii - Mitchell, Tamashiro, Murdoch 0131207 - Oct 86 - Sept 88 - Investigate role of bacteria in the ecology of tephritid fruit flies and their parasites; develop non-carcinogenic lures and ecologically acceptable and effective control measures for insects pests. Ecology and Control of Insect Pests of Endemic and Cultivated Plants - University of Hawaii Honolulu, Hawaii - Mitchell, Murdoch, Cho - Sept 74 0 Sept 86 - Develop ecologically acceptable and effective control measures for insect pests of turf and range grasses; develop an effective IPM program for insect pests. 0008901 Raleigh, North Carolina Genetic Transformation of a Soil Nematode by Microinjection of Cloned DNA - North Carolina State University - Miller - Oct 86 - Apr 88 - Develop a reliable method for inserting genes into the chromosomes of a soil nematode; identify DNA sequences that regulate the expressions of nematode genes; better understand the genetic specification of nematode development. 0131463 Mayaguez, Puerto Rico The Insect Fauna of Puerto Rico - University of Puerto Rico - Medina-Gaud, Franqui, Aereu 0028096 - Jul 83 - Jan 99 - Maintain and improve the Agricultural Experiment Station's insect collection; determine the geographical distribution, host plants and degree of damage of insects including attacking local turfgrasses. flora, DISEASE RELATIONSHIPS Diseases of Turfgrasses - University of Florida Gainesville, Florida - Freeman, Simone, Berger - Jun 88 - Sept 93 - Determine the etiology, factors affecting occurrence, the control of diseases of turfgrasses and to utilize information generated in overall disease management programs. 0135055 Port Lauderdale, Florida Diseases of Turfgrasses - University of florida - Juhnke - Jun 88 - Sept 93 - Determine the etiology, factors affecting occurrence, the control of diseases of turfgrasses and to utilize information generated in overall disease management programs. 0135058 Disease Management Systems For Forages, Turfgrasses and Soil Improving Legumes - University of Georgia Tifton, Georgia - wells - Jul 82 - Dec 85 - Identify major pathogens and disease resistant genotypes; develop screening techniques for disease resistance; combine disease resistance and other desirable characteristics; develop management systems to reduce disease damage; evaluate fungi for biological control. 0088072 Baton Rouge, Louisiana Identification and Control of Diseases of Ornamental Plants and Turf Grasses - Louisiana State University - Holcomb - Oct 86 - Sept 91 - Identify important diseases, including studies of etiological agents and factors related to disease occurrence and spread; evaluation of disease management strategies for efficient and economical disease control. 0099678 Baton Rouge, Louisiana Identification and Control of Diseases of Ornamental Plants and Turf Grasses. - Louisiana State University - Holcomb - Jan 75 - Sept 86 - Identify disease problems on ornamental plants and turfgrass; determine their incidence, cause and factors relating to their occurrence and spread; determine feasibility and type of control measures needed. 0069459 Raleigh, North Carolina Etiology, Epidemiology and Control of Diseases on Turfgrasses - North Carolina State University - Lucas - Oct 85 - Sept 90 - Isolate Leptosphaeria species and related fungi from spring dead spot affected turf; determine pathogenicity; determine role of ring nematodes in centipedegrass decline; evaluate isolates of nonpathogenic Rhizoctonia species for biological control of Rhizoctonia solani; select and evaluate tall fescues for disease resistance. 0096335 North Central/Midwest CULTURAL PRACTICES/CULTIVAR EVALUATIONS AND UTILIZATION Improving Turfgrass Management Practices - University of Illinois Urbana, Illinois - Fermanian, Wehner - Oct 88 - Sept 93 - Evaluate suitability of cultivars; measure degree of pest resistance; study use of herbicides in integrated weed Control systems; develop the use of plant growth regulators to reduce energy requirements for maintaining turf; modify current cultural practices to reduce energy input. 0089324 Effective Management is Hampered by Lack of Information About Urbanites Perceptions of Urban Recreation - North Central Forest Experiment Station Chicago, Illinois - Dwyer, Schroeder - Sept 83 - Sept 88 - Develop information on how sites and management efforts are perceived by users and the general public in order to understand how preferences for particular recreation opportunities arise. 0100230 West Lafayette, Indiana Turfgrass Culture and Management Systems - Purdue University - Throssell - Mar 86 - Sept 90 - Determine adaptation of turfgrass species and cultivars in Indiana; study epidemiology of the bacterial wilt organism; continue pesticide exposure studies to applicators, site users and the environment; research techniques for irrigation scheduling; develop improved cultural systems. 0097883 Turfgrass Improvement - Purdue University West Lafayette, Indiana - Daniel, Freeborg - Jul 69 - Sept 85 - Continue research on the aggressive, fast spreading, recently released, patented Wabash bluegrasss, continue improvement of dwarf type Kentucky bluegrasses; continue research on porous rootzones [sands] in athletic fields; continue research on soil warming, vented covers and moisture sensing. 0003157 Ames, Iowa Field, Greenhouse and Laboratory Investigations of Turfgrass Cultural Practices - Iowa State University - Christians, Agnew - Jul 87 - Jun 92 - Investigate ways of improving the efficiency of nitrogen use; investigate adaptation mechanisms; study the adaptation of grass species and cultivars to Iowa conditions; evaluate pesticides; study turfgrass management practices in the Midwest. 0073113 East Lansing, Michigan Robotics in Agriculture - Michigan State University - Gerrish - Apr 82 - Sept 86 - Assess opportunities for the application of robotics in agriculture; demonstrate technical feasibility of robotic applications and provide data for rough economic evaluation; modify a battery- powered garden tractor to automatically mow a rectangular lawn. 0086993 0001810 St Paul, Minnesota The Biology and Utilization of Turfgrasses - University of Minnesota - White - Oct 88 - Sept 93 - Expand breeding and genetics program of perennial Poa annua and Poa Supina for moisture and cold stress tolerance, disease resistance and turf quality; investigate ecological dynamics of Poa annua and Agrostis stolonifera; investigate new ways of culturing turfgrasses in vitro; investigate high and low temperature stress. Testing New Horticultural Cultivars - North Dakota State University Fargo, North Dakota - Ace, Smith, Scholz - Jul 87 - Sept 92 - Develop new cultivars of horticultural crops for use in North Dakota; evaluate these new cultivars. 0131791 Wooster, Ohio Integrated Turfgrass Management For Environmental Enhancement and Resource Conservation - Ohio State University - Shane - Oct 87 - Sept 92 - Determine the interrelationships among turf genotypes, pests, environmental stresses, pesticides and cultural practices that enhance turf management. 0134099 Center, Columbus, Ohio Turf Culture in Ohio - Ohio Agricultural Research and Development - Danneberger, Street - Jan 78 - Dec 86 - Evaluate cultivars, mixtures and blends for tennis, golf courses, athletic fields and other uses; evaluate herbicides, the performance of various slow and fast release nitrogen sources on Kentucky bluegrasss and creeping bentgrass; determine water use rate of cool season turfgrasses used in Ohio. 0004270 Madison, Wisconsin Turfgrass Cultural Practices - University of Wisconsin - Kussow - Jul 86 - Jun 91 - Relate turfgrass growth and quality to tissue analysis and soil tests; determine the influence of nitrogen source on invasion of bentgrass by Poa annua; establish guidelines for slurry application of five grades of Milorganite; characterize agronomic performance of experimental Milorganite formulations. 0098949 Madison, Wisconsin Performance of Perennial Crops Established with Different Mulches on Sandy Soils - University of Wisconsin - Harrison, Tomesh - Jul 84 - Jun 86 - Evaluate the effect of bluegrass turf cover, 4 synthetic and 2 organic mulches on perennial plant growth - apple, raspberry, grape and asparagus; determine effects on water conservation and soil temperature, seasonal growth and yields and weed suppression. 0093197 BREEDING AND GENETICS - SEED PRODUCTION East Lansing, Michigan Turfgrass Breeding - Michigan State University - Payne - Oct 83 - Dec 87 - Develop cultivars of species of Festuca which have disease resistance and acceptable turfgrass quality. 0030793 Breeding Poa Pratensis With Diminutive Habit and/or Stress Tolerance - Montana State University Bozeman, Montana - Evans - Oct 88 - Sept 93 - Select from mutant treated Nugget seedlings those with prostrate habit or slow growth rates, resistant to drought or tolerant to salinity. 0090095 SOIL PROPERTIES - CLIMATE AND STRESS The Effect of Environmental Stress on Cool Season Turfgrasses - University of Illinois Urbana, Illinois - Wehner - Oct 86 - Sept 89 - Investigate the 0071325 effect of management practices while subjected to high temperature stress; study interaction between drought stress and high temperature in cool season grasses; evaluate relationship between direct and indirect heat stress injury; determine minimum time to condition heat tolerance. Cell Osmolarity and Adjustment Studies Using Whole Plant Microculture Systems - University of Illinois Urbana, Illinois - Smith - Oct 89 Sept 94 - Exploit the advantages of whole plant microculture systems to investigate and quantify osmotic adjustment responses to stress, and correlate osmotic responses with other typical plant stress symptoms. 0095119 East Lansing, Michigan Soil Management Investigations for Sod Production and Turf - Michigan State University - Rieke - Mar 67 - May 88 - Study soil problems encountered under turfgrass conditions and study factors affecting production of quality sod for commercial sale. 0009326 Wooster, Ohio Effect of High Temperature Stress on the Survival Rate of Annual Bluegrass Biotypes - Ohio State University - Danneberger - Jan 85 - Dec 89 - Determine if annual bluegrass biotypes collected from different climatic regions differ morphologically and physiologically in tolerance to heat stress; determine growth and survival rates of biotypes in the field under different irrigation and fertility levels. 0094845 IRRIGATION /WATER RELATIONSHIPS Fargo, North Dakota Effect of Sustained Irrigation on Selected Soil Properties - North Dakota State University - Sweeney, Hopkins, Arndt - Jul 79 - Sept 89 - Determine long-term effects of irrigation water quality on physical and chemical properties of soils in North Dakota; develop and test criteria for successful sustained irrigation with variable soil and water characteristics; study soils under lawns and golf courses. 0079283 Madison, Wisconsin Groundwater Quality Impacts From Subdivisions - University of Wisconsin - Madison, Shaw - Jul 87 - Jun 89 - Estimate nitrogen loading to groundwater from rural unsewered subdivisions; determine chemical use information from homeowners in the subdivisions; analyze groundwater samples for commonly used VOC's and pesticides. 0133967 WEED RELATIONSHIPS /GROWTH REGULATION Chemistry, Biochemistry, Physiology and Biotechnology of the Greening Process - University of Illinois Urban, Illinois - Rebelz, Robertson, Buetow - Oct 88 - Sept 93 0063535 chlorophyll - Investigate biosynthesis; develop a taxonomic physiogenetic divinyl/monovinyl greening data base; develop natural and synthetic photodynamic herbicide modulators including specific photodynamic herbicide formulations for corn, soybean and bluegrass. East Lansing, Michigan Physiology and Metabolism of Plant Growth Regulators and Agricultural Chemicals in Turf - Michigan State University - Branham - Feb 85 - Jan 89 - Determine the environmental conditions necessary for optimum performance of synthetic plant growth regulators for seedhead and vegetative growth suppression; examine the site and mode of action of some synthetic PGR’s. 0095122 Madison, Wisconsin Turfgrass Growth Regulation and Weed Control Investigations - University of Wisconsin - Newman - Jul 84 - Dec 85 - Evaluate the application of herbicides in conjunction with approved management practices on several grass species for control of annual, biennial and perennial weeds; study application of growth retardants to reduce seed production and/or grass growth. 0067051 INSECT RELATIONSHIPS Wooster, Ohio Biology, Ecology and Control of Insects and Other Invertebrates in Turfgrass - Ohio State University - Niemczyk - Feb 82 - Dec 86 - Study the population dynamics and seasonal life history of sod webworms, bluegrass billbug, chinchbug and greenbug; evaluate lime and conventional insecticides for control of the Japanese beetle. 0086723 Wooster, Ohio Bioecology of Arthropods in Turfgrasses and Fate of Pesticides Used for Their Control - Ohio State University - Niemczyk, Kelin, Krueger - May 87 - Apr 91 - Trace the movement, dissipation and accelerated degradation of pesticides applied to turfgrasses; evaluate the efficacy and related factors of pesticides and other agents for control of arthropods; investigate and test a system for injecting pesticides. 0131745 Increasing the Efficiency and Safety of Turfgrass Insecticides With a Point Injector Applicator - Ohio State University Columbus, Ohio - Ozkan, Niemczyk, Reichard - Apr 88 - Apr 90 - Reduce the chemical application rates needed for effective control of white grubs; reduce the amount of chemicals in runoff associated with surface application of chemicals; reduce drift from spray application of insecticides. 01324952 DISEASE RELATIONSHIPS The Ecology of Turfgrass Diseases in Illinois Caused by Three Rhizoctonia Species - University of Illinois Urbana, Illinois - Wilkinson - Oct 82 - Sept 87 - Determine occurrence of Rhizoctonia solani, R cerealis and R zeae in Illinois turfgrass and assess the severity of diseases of these pathogens; determine if these pathogens survive equally well; determine if herbicides affect pathogenicity. 0088085 Biological Control of Soil-Borne Sept 89 0094343 Plant Pathogens in Integrated Crop Management Systems - University of Illinois Urbana, Illinois - Wilkinson - Oct 84 - - Develop biotic agents for plant disease control; investigate biological control of crop disease management systems; study Poa, Triticum, Agrostis and Lollium species. Turfgrass Pathology - Michigan - Vargas - Jun 82 - State University East Lansing, Michigan May 88 0055203 - Model anthracnose and dollar spot of Poa annua and Agrostis palustris; develop more energy efficient turfgrasses with disease resistance; study means of managing Nigrospora pathc of Poa pratensis; evaluate bacterial diseases of turf, their importance, occurance and management. Pathology of turf, Minnesota - Stienstra Soybeans and Corn - University of Minnesota St. Paul, - Jul 87 - Jun 92 0060803 - Observe and evaluate diseases in Minnesota turf - golf courses, sod and seed production fields and landscape areas; record incidence and severity of new and current disease problems; determine factors important in selected disease development cycles; test disease control measures. Monoclonal Antibodies for Rapid Diagnosis of Summer Patch and Necrotic Ring Spot Diseases of Turfgrass - Ohio State University Wooster, Ohio - Shane, Nameth - Feb 87 - Apr 90 0131539 - Prepare monoclonal antibodies against isolates of selected fungi; develop and evaluate monoclonal antibodies for routine clinical diagnosis of the summer patch and necrotic ring spot diseases. Madison, Wisconsin The Necrotic Ring Spot Complex in Turf-Fungi Involved and Varietal Evaluations - University of Wisconsin - Worf - Oct 84 - Sept 88 - Determine the pathogenic significant of certain fungi associated with diseased crowns and roots of Wisconsin turf; develop laboratory techniques that will aid in their identification; determine which of several fungi are components of necrotic ring spot. 0084548 PESTICIDES - GENERAL Michigan - Slocum Reducing Pesticide Exposure of Applicators Through Improved Clothing Design and Care - Michigan State University East Lansing, - Oct 87 - Sept 92 0090695 - Develop and/or evaluate textiles and protective clothing that meet user's physical, socio-physiological and economic needs. Chemical Residues in Agricultural Products and the Environment - North Dakota State University Fargo, North Dakota - Fleeker, Cook, Peckrul - Apr 83 - Sept 89 0089877 - Evaluate the transfer of pesticides from lawn to the home environment. Development of Improved Techniques and Equipment for Ozkan - May 84 Pesticides Application - Ohio State University Columbus, Ohio - Carpenter, Reichard, - Dec 88 0092929 - Conduct laboratory tests on nozzle type/size and design to select the most uniform spray distribution in field operations over rough terrain; investigate the feasibility of chemigation for applying fertilizers and pesticides to turfgrass. Southwest CULTURAL PRACTICES/CULTIVAR EVALUATIONS Impacts of Human Migration Flows on Nonmetropolitan People and Places - University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona - Carpenter - Oct 87 - Sept 92 - Describe and explain population changes involving rural and non-metropolitan areas through mechanisms of changes in migration, mortality and fertility; analyze the inter- dependencies of agriculture including urban and urban fringe [turfgrass and nursery] employment and populations change. 0063617 Weed Control, Growth Regulation, Adaptations, and Tissue Culture for Turfgrasses - University of Arkansas Fayetteville, Arkansas - King - Oct 87 - Sept 92 - Develop more effective herbicidal weed control practices; study growth inhibition and other methods for increasing the efficiency of producing good quality turf; evaluate adaptation of species and cultivars; conduct tissue culture research for improvement of bermudagrasses and zoysiagrasses. 0132815 Evaluation and Management of Grasses for Turf - University of Arkansas Fayetteville, Arkansas - King - Feb 69 - Dec 87 - Evaluate adaptation of available turfgrass varieties and strains to specific uses and cultural regimes; develop more effective weed control practices; study over-all results of specific cultural programs; determine adaptability of subirrigation techniques; study results of specific pests and control measures. 0003216 Selection and Evaluation of Turfgrass and Ground Covers for Water Use Efficiency - New Mexico State University Las Cruces, New Mexico - Baltensperger, Gregory - Jul 82 - Jun 87 - Identify the most water efficient bermudagrass cultivars adapted to New turfgrass Mexico; establish quality potential of selected bermudagrass cultivars at low irrigation levels; evaluate genetic variability under various moisture regimes. 0069473 Farmington, New Mexico Variety and New Crop Trials of Agronomic Crops for Northwestern New Mexico - Agricultural Experiment Station - Gregory - Jul 65 - Jan 99 - Determine the adaptabilities, yield and other characteristics of varieties and strains of various agronomic crops that are being grown or that may be grown in northwestern New Mexico including turfgrasses. 0030832 Stillwater, Oklahoma Establishment, Evaluation and Maintenance of Turfgrasses Adapted to Oklahoma - Oklahoma State University - Kenna - Jul 87 - Sept 92 - Develop and evaluate methods for enhancing the field survival and competitive ability of turf seedlings; determine seed characteristics related to seedling survival; evaluate introduced and domestic grasses; evaluate management practices. 0132138 BREEDING AND GENETICS - SEED PRODUCTION Las Cruces, New Mexico Turfgrass Improvement and Management - New Mexico State University - Baltensperger - Jul 83 - Sept 89 - Develop improved seeded strains of bermudagrass; determine effect of nitrogen, iron, moisture, cold and handling stress on recently developed strains; determine adaptation of recently developed ground covers and cool season grasses to local conditions. 0090510 Stillwater, Oklahoma Pasture, Range and Turfgrass Breeding - Oklahoma State University - Taliaferro - Oct 87 - Sept 92 - Develop new cultivars of native and introduced grasses that are superior in productivity, quality, dependability and/or ease of establishment and maintenance; investigate the reproductive mechanism, breeding behavior and improvement potential of selected grasses; develop tissue culture techniques. 0012066 Dallas, Texas Turfgrass Breeding and Cultivar Development - Texas A & M University - Engelke - Jul 82 - Sept 89 - Assemble and evaluate germplasm of grass species with turf potential for Texas; develop improved turfgrass varieties with greater water-use efficiency, tolerance to temperature, moisture and soil extremes; determine efficient cultural practices to sustain quality turf with new cultivars. 0087773 Factors Affecting the Establishment of Turfgrass in Oklahoma - Oklahoma State University Stillwater, Oklahoma -Brede - Apr 83 - Sept 86 - Develop and evaluate methods for enhancing the field survival and competitive ability of turf seedlings; determine the causes of overseeding failures and evaluate alternative practices; evaluate introduced and domestic grasses for use as improved turfgrasses in Oklahoma. 0039814 Cultural Practices for Quality, Minimal Maintenance, Functional Turfs - Texas A & M University College Station, Texas - Beard - Feb 85 - Sept 89 - Develop more resource efficient turfgrass cultural practices; study resource efficiency on intensively trafficked sports fields, shaded sites and sod production; assess newly developed herbicides; characterize newly developed turfgrass cultivars. 0073643 Alternative Turfgrass Cultural Systems for Integrated Pest Management - Texas A & M University College Station, Texas - Hipp, Colbaugh, Crocker - Mar 89 - Feb 91 - Determine the effects of recycling grass clippings and fertilizer application on disease incidence, insect populations, weed invasion and visual quality. 0137734 Study and Development of Resource Efficient Landscape Designs for the Southwest - Texas A & M University College Station, Texas - Westphal, Tipton, Horst - Sept 84 - Aug 86 - Develop guidelines for the selection and placement of organic and inorganic materials in landscapes of the Southwest to improve resource efficiency and reduce while maintenance inefficiencies maintaining perceptual, aesthetic and functional landscape qualities. 0092397 SOIL PROPERTIES - CLIMATE AND STRESS Stress Physiology and Microclimate of Perennial Grasses - Texas A & M University College Station, Texas - Beard - Apr 85 - Mar 90 - Determine the stress and describe the mechanism of injury which will allow the development of biological markers to be used in selecting for stress tolerance in a breeding program; develop cultural practices that will minimize the effects of environmental stress; study water, temperature, wear and shade stresses. 0073142 Development of Grasses for Arid Environments - Texas A & M University College Station, Texas - Horst - Mar 88 - Feb 93 - Determine water use and drought resistance of grasses; determine the nature of grass response to salinity stress; assess interactions of grass nutrition level in response to drought and salinity stress. 0069841 Temple, Texas Evaluation and Improvement of Drought Resistance of Dryland Crop Species - Blachland Research Center - Otoole - Apr 85 - Apr 88 - Investigate canopy temperature as a screening tool for drought resistance in sorghum, wheat and turfgrass species. 00729334 FERTILIZERS /MINERAL NUTRITION Fixation in Associative Nitrogen Nonleguminous Plants - University of Nebraska Lincoln, Nebraska - Klucas - Oct 83 - Sept 89 - Determine microbiological, physiological characteristics and responsible for active nitrogen fixing association between bacteria and nonleguminous plants; identify genetic variability in bacteria and nonleguminous plants; study root-soil cores of turfgrasses environmental 0092042 Reno, Nevada Crop Productivity as Limited by the Rhizosphere and by Water and Nutrient Use Efficiencies - University of Nevada - Devitt - Jul 84 - Sept 89 - Quantify the dynamic relationships among the following: root behavior, the physics, chemistry and microbiology of the rhizosphere and water and nutrient uptake of crop plants including turfgrasses. 0093900 Dallas, Texas Soil, Water and Fertilizer Investigations in North Texas - Texas A & M University - Hipp - Jan 84 - Dec 88 - Determine optimum fertilizer practices for agricultural crops, landscape plants and ornamental plants in North Texas; develop water conservation practices for urban landscapes including turf. 0075760 IRRIGATION/WATER RELATIONS Antitranspirant Effects on Turfgrass Physiology and the Determination of Hi1aria Belangeria as Turf - University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona - Mancini, - Jul 87 - Jun 90 - Determine how dodecenylsuccinic acid and dedecenylsuccinic anhydride influence turfgrass photosynthesis, transpiration, non-structural carbohydrate partitioning and canopy temperature of turf; determine sod forming ability of Hileria Belangeria. 0030153 Irrigation of Turfgrass With Sewage Effluent: Soil, Turf and Water Quality Aspects - University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona - pepper - Jul 87 - Sept 90 - Evaluate the effects of irrigation of turfgrass with sewage effluent on soil, determine turf and water quality; effective management for efficient utilization of effluent for turfgrass irrigation; determine crop water stress baselines using effluent water. 0131825 Integrated Irrigation Water and Nitrogen Management to Sustain Groundwater Quality and Quantity - University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona - Slack, Fangmeier - Oct 87 - Sept 92 Develop integrated irrigation water and nitrogen management practices to protect groundwater quality; develop second generation irrigation scheduling techniques to optimize management of water supplies. 0134869 Irrigation Scheduling Methods for Efficient Water and Energy Use - University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona - Slack, Fangmeier, Roth - Aug 85 - Sept 88 - Develop and evaluate improved water balance techniques for irrigation scheduling in Arizona; develop and evaluate improved water application timing criteria for Arizona crops and climate. 0096227 Stillwater, Oklahoma Investigations in Turfgrass Water Relations - Oklahoma State University - Barear - Oct 88 - Sept 91 - Determine beneficial physiological and morphological plant responses from use of wetting agents on warm-season turfgrasses; evaluate drought avoidance mechanisms and evapotranspiration rates; evaluate nitrate content of leachates from golf course putting greens. 0136269 INSECT RELATIONSHIPS Biology, Ecology and Management of Arthropods in Turf and Ornamentals - Texas A & M University College Station, Texas - Crocker - Sept 87 - Aug 92 - Determine the biology and ecology of arthropods affecting turfgrasses; emphasize white grubs and chinch bugs; develop practical, ecologically sound integrated pest management procedures; detect and measure the potential impact of new pests of turfgrass. 0070775 DISEASE RELATIONSHIPS Etiology and Control of Diseases of Turf and Other Grasses - University of Arkansas Fayetteville, Arkansas - Dale - Oct 85 - Sept 89 - Define disease problems, including those caused by nematodes affecting turf in Arkansas; determine causes, methods of spread of important diseases, host ranges and organism life cycles; evaluate fungicides for control efficiency; determine disease resistance of cultivars. 0027023 Turf Disease Control of St Augustine Decline Virus - Texas A & M University College Station, Texas - Toler - Sept 85 - Aug 90 - Identify and isolate new sources of resistance to SAD; test for correlation of virus concentrations and tolerance of resistance to SAD using Elisa; determine variability of SAD isolates in Texas; transfer resistance genes to improved cultivars. 0081265 Diseases of Ornamental Plants and Turfgrasses - Texas A & M University College Station, Texas - Colbaugh - Dec 85 - Nov 90 - Investigate methods of disease control; determine the identity, biological nature and pathogenic potential of causal disease agents; develop preventive disease control measures using cultural, chemical, environmental and microbiological methods of disease suppression. 0067074 NEW 385 pages $30 West CULTURAL PRACTICES/CULTIVAR EVALUATIONS The Improvement and Maintenance of Turfgrasses in California - University of California Riverside, California - Gibeault - Oct 87 - Sept 92 0132638 - Determine comparative performance of commonly used warm and cool season turfgrasses; develop and evaluate warm season grasses and cultural systems for improved winter growth, color and appearance and ability to withstand athletic field use; develop grasses for minimum maintenance turf. Horticulture Research Center - Kansas State University - Pair, Allison - Jul 83 - Jun 88 00065072 Manhattan Kansas - Evaluate ornamentals, turfgrasses, fruits, and vegetables for hardiness and adaptability Manhattan, Kansas . Adaptation, Propagation and Stress of Ornamentals and Turfgrass in South-Central Kansas - Kansas State University - Pair, Tisserat - Jul 88 - Jun 93 0134668 - Introduction and evaluation of ornamental and turfgrass species and cultivars for winter hardiness, tolerance to environmental stresses and demonstration of plants having potential for landscape use. Manhattan, Kansas Horticulture Research Center - Wichita - Kansas State University - Pair, Tisserat, Allison - Jul 73 - Jun 88 0058582 - test hardiness, adaptability and performance of ornamental plants and turfgrass selections to soil and climatic conditions. Horticulture 88 - Jun 93 Investigations in Northwest Kansas - Kansas State University Colby, Kansas - White - Jul 0079993 - Evaluate adaptability and variety response of selected flowers, turfgrasses and ornamental trees and shrubs for use in home gardens in Northwest Kansas. Variety Lincoln, Nebraska Evaluation and Culture of Selected Horticultural Crops in Western Nebraska - University of Nebraska - Nuland - Nov 86 - Oct 91 0150303 - Document performance on developing turfgrass for commercial acceptability when grown in the environment of Western Nebraska; study disease relationships. Lincoln, Nebraska Turfgrass Evapotranspiration Rates, Canopy Resistance and Drought Avoidance Mechanisms - University of Nebraska - Shearman, Kinbacher - Feb 84 - Jan 89 - Determine evapotranspiration rates of cool season species and cultivars and for warm season and native species; evaluate seasonal variations; assess factors contributing to canopy resistance mechanisms; determine cultural practices responses. 0092468 Reno, Nevada Low Maintenance Landscaping - Reno Cannon International Airport - University of Nevada - Johnson, Krall - Jul 80 - Sept 86 - Screen ground covers, grasses and forbs for adaptability and survival as cover in saline alkaline soils around runways and taxiways; identify cultural and chemical management systems for establishment and maintenance of desirable landscape species. 0092693 BREEDING AND GENETICS - SEED PRODUCTION Riverside, California The Genetics, Breeding and Ecology of Turfgrass - University of California - Gibeault - Mar 78 - Sept 87 - Study genetics and breeding methods; develop superior drought resistant strains with low nitrogen requirements; identify and introduce new germplasm; study growth and differentiation of vegetative and floral structures; study bentgrass responses to environmental factors. 0003974 Breeding Kentucky Bluegrass, Tall Fescue and Native Turfgrasses for the Central Great Plains Lincoln, Nebraska - University of Nebraska - Riordan - Jul 85 - Jun 90 - Develop cultivars that are adapted to Nebraska and the Great Plains, are superior in overall performance and have a lower consumptive energy requirement than commercial1y available cu1tivars. 0077970 Evaluation and Enhancement of Cool Season Forage, Pasture, Range, Turf Grass and Legume Germplasm - Agricultural Research Service Logan, Utah - Asay, Rumbaugh - Feb 88 - Apr 93 0142785 - Evaluate and define existing germplasm; characterize genetic diversity; facilitate efficient germplasm enhancement; develop cytological, biochemical and genetic engineering techniques. SOIL PROPERTIES - CLIMATE AND STRESS Physiological and Genetic Studies of Stress Resistance in Turfgrass Species - University of California Davis, California - Wu, Paul, Harding -Oct 86 - Sept 91 0083151 - Evaluate genetic sources of environmental stress tolerance in turfgrass species. Manhattan, Kansas Stress- Induced Dormancy in Turfgrass and Its Alleviation - Kansas State University - Gaussoin - Jul 89 - Sept 92 0137980 - Evaluate survival of Kentucky bluegrass when subjected to prolonged summer dormancy; determine chemical effects on alleviation of summer dormancy stress; evaluate seed germination response to exogenous applications of gibberellic acid. Reno, Nevada Thermal Infrared Techniques For Assessing Drought Resistance in Turfgrass Species - University of Nevada - Fernandez - Jul 89 - Jun 90 - Determine the extent of inter- and intra- variability for drought resistance traits; identify genotypes possessing superior drought resistance potentials; use stress- degree-day and crop-water-index measures with infrared thermometer as a screening technique. 0137677 The Effects of Salinity on Growth, Nitrogen Uptake and Nitrogen Assimilation by Turfgrasses - University of Nevada Reno, Nevada Bowman - Jul 89-Jun 92 - Evaluate relative salt tolerance of tall fescue and zoysiagrass varieties; characterize salt effects on growth and mineral composition. 0137806 Fort Collins, Colorado Turfgrass Water Use and Varietal Evaluations - Colorado State University - Koski - Jul 89 - Jun 92 - Determine water use rates of turf species which appear to require lesser amounts including buffalograss, bluegrama and crested wheatgrass; determine how cultural practices and growth regulator use can influence water use rates and irrigation requirements of other turfgrass cultivars. 0024372 Drought. Tolerance and Water use of Turfgrasses - Kansas State University - Nus - Jul 87 - Jun 90 - Determine Manhattan, Kansas 0131096 minimum water use requirements for a given level of turfgrass quality; investigate the water use as affected by soil wetting agents, plant growth retardants and potassium fertilization; study physiological and morphological adaptation and responses to water stress. the Manhattan, Kansas Irrigation Scheduling and Water Stress Effects on Turfgrasses - Kansas State University - Nus - Jul 83 - Jun 87 - Determine minimum water requirements for a given level of turfgrass quality; investigate new techniques for irrigation scheduling; important physiological/ morphological responses to decreasing moisture, particularly root system and stomatal/leaf water potential adaptive responses. determine 0089934 IRRIGATION/WATER RELATIONS Riverside, California Irrigation Sprinkler and/or Drip System Optimization - University of California - Cannell, Meyer, Kasimatis - Jun 70 - Sept 87 - Investigate drip irrigation on grapes, turf varieties and turf quality using sprinklers and buried drip systems with less water than known evaporation demands; study fertilizer injection systems. 0057497 Reno, Nevada Evapotranspiration Feedback System for Improved Water Use Efficiency Under Arid Conditions - University of Nevada - Devitt - Aug 87 - Jun 90 - Quantify the water savings associated with and evapotranspiration feedback system on turfgrass in an arid environment; generate crop coefficient for bermudagrass. 0132804 Reno, Nevada Enhancement of the Southern Nevada Water Conservation Research Program - University of Nevada - Devitt, Morris - Jan 89 - Dec 89 - Quantify water consumption of ornamental trees and turfgrass under varying irrigation physiological response of plants to water meteorological information. practices; determine the stress and correlate water use with 0137641 WEED RELATIONSHIPS /GROWTH REGULATION Weed Control for Turfgrass - Kansas State University Manhattan, Kansas - Campbell - Oct 85 - Sept 88 - Study effects of herbicide practices on germination and establishment of spring seeded bluegrass and tall fescue cultivars; determine effects of management of herbicide and fertility levels on weeds and Kentucky bluegrass turf; establish the efficacy of selected new experimental postemergent. grass herbicides. 0087201 Growth Regulation of Landscape Plants - Kansas State University Manhattan, Kansas - Evaluate growth regulators on turfgrass seeking compounds that will selectively retard stem and leaf blade elongation without prolonged inhibition of tillering, rhizome and root formation; stimulate vegetative growth of zoysia. - Campbell - Oct 84 - Sept 88 0077040 INSECT RELATIONSHIPS Biology, Ecology and Management of Insects Affecting Woody Ornamental Plants arid Turfgrass - University of California. Riverside, California - Paine Aug 86 - Sept 92 - Determine developmental rates, aesthetic injury levels, host plant preferences and seasonal phenology; determine how growing conditions change plant suitability and susceptibility to insect herbivores. 0135481 Fort Collins, Colorado Studies in the Biology and Management of Colorado Horticultural Insect Pests - Colorado State University - Cranshaw - Jul 87 - Jun 90 - Develop information on the biology of horticultural insect and mite pests as it relates to their management; develop efficacious chemical controls with emphasis on methods that minimize environmental hazards; develop biological controls and cultural controls. 0093267 DISEASE RELATIONSHIPS Etiology, Biology and Control of Turfgrass Diseases in Southern California - University of California Riverside, California - Endo - Aug 88- Sept 92 - Study the etiology and biology of diseases of turfgrasses to develop methods of control. 0135533 Fungicide Management Strategies for Control of Rusts, Leaf Spots and Blights of Grass Hosts - University of Nebraska - Watkins - Mar 84 - Feb 91. - Develop fungicide management strategies for Lincoln, Nebraska 0098089 control of rusts and foliar blights of turfgrasses. Etiology, Biology and Control of Turfgrass Diseases - University of California Riverside, California - Endo, Ohr Mar 63 - Sept 87 - Determine the etiology of each new turf disease; study the life cycle of the pathogen including its spore stages in order to determine weak links in its life cycle; develop methods of controlling the disease. 0013645 Mechanism of Pentaiodide Resin Disinfection on Parasite Cysts, Bacteria and Viruses - Kansas State University Manhattan, Kansas - Marchin, Upton, Fina - Oct 89 - Sept 92 - Examine the membrane proteins of Giardia and Cryptospondium for alteration after running cysts of the organisms through the resin against the relatively resistant RNA bacteriophage F2 and MS2. 0137867 PESTICIDES - GENERAL Development of Analytical Procedures for Economic and Environmental Toxicants - University of California Davis, California - Winterlin, Crosby, Kilgore 0067347 - Oct 86 - Sept 91 - Develop new and improve existing methods for analysis of toxicants including metabolites and/or degradation products; test these analytical methods in various substrates including air, water soils plants [turfgrass] and animal tissues. “The Congress finds that tree plantings and ground covers such as low growing dense perennial Turfs Important Role in Our Urban Forests turfgrass sod in urban areas and communities can aid in reducing carbon dioxide emissions, mitigating the beat island effect, and reducing energy consumption, thus contributing to efforts to reduce global warming trends... ” Excerpt from the 1990 "Farm Bill," establishing the Urban and Community Forestry Assistance and America The Beautiful programs as well as the National Tree Trust. Northwest CULTURAL PRACTICES/CULTIVAR EVALUATIONS AND UTILIZATION Washington State Evaluation and Management of Turfgrass Species and Cultivars for Eastern Washington - University Pullman, Washington - Johnston, Evans, Brauen -Jul 86- Jun 91 - Evaluate established cultivars and new breeding material; evaluate herbicides for control of wild oats in Kentucky bluegrass seed production fields; determine effects of herbicides on seed yield; study fenarimol for Poa annua suppression and snow mold control. Low Maintenance and Energy Efficient Management of Turfgrass - Washington State University Puyallup, Washington - Goss, Brauen, Chastogner - Dec 85 - Aug 94 0094248 - Identify turfgrass cultivars for appearance, disease tolerance, thatch, fertility needs and mowing characteristics; determine constituents that control mowing quality; develop methods for maintaining stand purity; investigate effects of sulfur and aluminum on turfgrass. Development and Application of Plant Materials for Stored Forage Pasture, Turf and Conservation Uses - University of Alaska College, Alaska Mitchell - Apr 82 - Mar 88 - Determine available grasses best adapted for revegetation uses particularly for coal spoi1s; determine available grasses best adapted for turf use and develop superior turf cultivars especially for low maintenance and roadside plantings. 0005481 A Scientific Viewpoint: Dr. Thomas L. Watschke Research Finding 1 Water running off or passing through a well managed lawn is not likely to be of significantly lower quality than the tap water available in many cities. Research Finding 2 Most chemicals applied to turfgrass are trapped within the thatch and root- zone areas of the plant and do not con­ taminate water supplies. Research Finding 3 Lawns established with turfgrass sod are up to 15 times more effective in controlling runoff than seed-established lawns, even after three years. BREEDING AND GENETICS - SEED PRODUCTION Developing Improved Kentucky Bluegrass and Fescue Cultivars for Turf - University of Idaho Moscow, Idaho - Ensign - Jul 81 - Jun 87 0083376 - Evaluate accessions of Kentucky bluegrass for seed productivity - turf quality; select new Kentucky bluegrass hybrids; evaluate common high seed yielding cultivars; develop superior turf-types of tall fescue. Weed Control in Forage Crops and Turfgrasses Grown Redmond, Oregon Improving the Efficiency of Kentucky Bluegrass Seed Production in Central Oregon - Central Oregon Experiment Station - Nelson - Jul 81 - Jun 86 0084704 - Develop improved cultural and management practices for efficient production of grass seed in Central State University Oregon. Seed Quality Investigations - Washington Pullman, Washington - Chastain, Maguire - Oct 88 - Sept 93 0091943 - Determine improved methods to assess seed quality; develop a physiological nad biochemical basis for seed quality; evaluate the effects of light on turfgrass seedling establishment. for Seed Production - Agricultural Research Service Corvallis, Oregon - Mueller-Warrant - Apr 86 - Mar 91 quality of seed production by 0141273 - Improve efficiency and developing new technologies to enhance herbicide selectivity during stand establishment. Improved Seed Production and Germplasm Enhancement of Forage and Turf Grass - Agricultural Research Service Corvallis, Oregon - Staff - Feb 88 - Dec 88 0142771 - Develop improved seed production practices; evaluate seed production potential; develop enhanced germplasm lines with superior seed production capabilities Evaluation and Enhancement of Forage and Turf Grass and Legume Germplasm adaptation, - Feb 88 - Dec 88 0142770 - Evaluate germplasm for agronomic characteristics and seed production potential; build enhanced germplasm pools for use by plant breeders. SOIL PROPERTIES - CLIMATE AND STRESS Puyallup, Washington Identification of Stress Tolerant Turfgrasses - Research and Extension Center - Brauen, Johnston, Goss - Jul 86 - Jun 91 - Determine water use rates; identify relationship of water use rate and root- shoot ratios, leaf extension rate and leaf turgor in Kentucky bluegrass and perennial ryegrass; establish relationship between water use requirements and ability to osmotically adjust to water stress; compare water use rates of grasses. 0098522 - Agricultural Research Service Corvallis, Oregon - Staff DISEASE RELATIONSHIPS Puyallup, Washington Turf Diseases in the Pacific Northwest - Research and Extension Center - Chastagner - Aug 84 - Oct 89 - Determine the etiology of a take-all patch- like disease of bluegrass turf and study factors affecting the epidemiology of this disease; evaluate the effectiveness of fungicides and biological agents in controlling this disease on bluegrass and bentgrass turf. 0094245 A LOOK AT THE GROWTH CYCLE AND FIELD CARE OF GRASS SEED Jacklin Seed Company Planted in the spring, the seed is laid In narrow rows by a special grass seed drill. Normal irrigation and fertilization follows stand establishment. About 16 months following planting, the first crop is harvested. Subsequent harvests are possible every year thereaf­ ter until field age results in a yield decrease. A typical year in the cycle of a mature grass field is illustrated below: IRRIGATION Field irrigation of the seed begins in early April. The seed has now passed its winter dormancy and started its vertical growth. Irrigation continues through late June, when the seed matures. WEED CONTROL After establishment of the grass, weeds are sprayed with various chemicals to insure weed-free fields, producing high quality seed. Oftentimes fields are weeded by hand in the spring of a selected chemical is not available for successful weed control. If weed problems arise in mature fields, they are quickly solved by spring or fall herbicidal applications. FIELD ROGUING Roguing (the weeding out of foreign plants and inferior or diseased seed heads) continues from spring through early June. SWATHING Swathing the cutting of early maturing varieties, starts in late June and continues through July. WINDOW CURING The swathed grass then lies in windrows, curing for at least 20 days prior to harvesting. COMBINING After the grass is cured, it is picked up by means of a draper mechanism attached to a combine. The seed is threshed and augured into the com­ bine bulk bin. BULK TRANSPORTATION From the combine, the seed is transferred to mobile bulk field bins or trailers. The bins or trailers are then transported to a central storage area. BULK ACCUMULATION AND STORAGE On arrival at the central storage area the seed is hydraulically dumped into a RADER Pneumatic Air System of rapid transit to bulk storage bins. From this point seed is transferred to the primary ware­ house for processing and bagging. FIELD BURNING From mid-August through September, just as soon as harvesting is completed, straw is removed and baled to help eliminate emissions, then fields are burned. This controlled burning serves to physi­ ologically stimulate seed head production and subsequent seed yield. In addition, the burning controls disease, insects, rodents and weeds, while returning minerals to the soil. IRRIGATION Immediately after burning, fields are watered, causing the grass to break dormancy, putting forth a green, fall flush of leaves. FERTILIZATION After watering, the mobile irrigation pipes are removed and the grass is fertilized. FIELD DORMANCY During the late fall, just prior to winter dormancy, the grass develops seed head primordia deep within its crown Although essentially dormant, during the winter months, the grass plant contin­ ues to develop internally with individual seed florets forming within the crown. This formation continues until early spring at which time the plant starts its vertical growth. THE LAWN INSTITUTE County Line Road P. O. Box 108 Pleasant Hill, Tennessee 38578-0108 Bulk RATE U. S. POSTAGE Pleasant Hill TN Permit No. 3 PAID ADDRESSEE.... HELP US KEEP YOUR ADDRESS CORRECT.......... If address is wrong in any respect, please correct directly, and return to us. THANK YOU JAMES WATSON ITS 3 LARKDALE DR LITTLETON CO 80123 Lawn Institute Harvests is published four time a year by the Better Lawn and Turf Institute. The headquarters office address is P O Box 108, Pleasant Hill, Tennessee 38578-0108. Phone: 615/277-3722. Inquiries concerning all aspects of this publication may be addressed to the headquarters office. The Better Lawn and Turf Institute is incorporated as a nonprofit business league formed exclusively for educational and research purposes concerned with agronomic, horticultural and landscape concepts. Lawn Institute Harvests is dedicated to improved communications among turfgrass seed and allied turf industries and other firms, businesses, organizations and individuals with lawngrass research and educational interest and concerns. Editor: Eliot C Roberts, PhD Associate Editor: Beverly C Roberts, MA Printer: Crossville Chronicle (Tennessee)