BETTER LAWN

PUBLISHED PERIODICALLY BY THE NEWS BUREAU OF 

BETTER LAWN & TURF INSTITUTE-

Harvests

SUITE 818 - 1016 BALTIMORE BUILDING 

KANSAS CITY 5. MISSOURI

Volume 10, No. 1

March, 1963

WINTERSEEDING POTENTIALITIES IN THE SOUTH INVESTIGATED BY INSTITUTE
In recent years there has been increasing disenchantment with ryegrass for certain 
types of winterseeding in the South. Substitutes for ryegrass have been sought, 
especially for golf green seeding into dormant bermudagrass. Interest in this 
matter was sufficiently intense that the Lawn Institute completed a rather 
extensive investigation. Director Schery visited Florida and Georgia in December, 
and the Southwest in February. Results of these investigations have been reported 
to the Executive Committee and representatives of associated groups having Board 
seats.
Reports on the subject consume twenty pages of single-spaced typing, and are too 
voluminous to review in detail here. The matter will be discussed by the Board 
at the annual meeting in May, and decisions made concerning further publicity 
and contact work to be continued in the South. Working relationships have been 
set up with a number of southern contacts, and a display on winterseeding was 
arranged for at the 2nd Annual Florida Turf-Grass Trade Show at Miami Beach.
There are a number of reasons why ryegrass has fallen into disfavor. Experts 
contend it is not the best putting surface in the first place, and it offers 
certain maintenance difficulties, including aggressiveness that sometimes inhibits 
ready revival of the bermuda. Especially noteworthy this year was that ryegrass 
winterkilled from the unusual cold, in locations as far South as central Miss­
issippi and southeastern Texas. Bluegrass, fine fescues and bentgrass were far 
less bothered.
It is rather surprising that Kentucky bluegrass and fine fescues, normally upright 
lawngrasses in the North, can be mowed at 1/4 inch on putting greens. Yet such is 
the case. Some of the most attractive putting surfaces seen in the South were 
of these grasses, in combination and with other cool-season species. Of course 
bentgrasses are well known for withstanding close mowing. Another species 
proving successful in tests across the South is Poa trivialis, although the 
yellow color is often disliked, and its tendency to bring in weed seeds is not 
admired.
Prospects for a sizable market for other than golf green seeding seem less 
hopeful in the immediate future, although certainly the home lawn acreage would 
offer greater potentiality long range. There is interest in winterseeding 
especially along tourist routes southward, where winter "show” is all important 
to a successful season. Winterseeding is widely practiced by motels, and many 
commercial establishments such as undertaking houses. Some of the advantages 
fine fescue, bluegrass and bentgrass lend to golf greens, would also seem to 
have some applicability here.

Techniques for establishing the smaller seeded fine fescues, bentgrasses and 
bluegrass, in contrast to the larger seeded ryegrass, have not been fully worked 
out yet. In some instances growth inhibitors, such as maleic hydrazide, applied 
to the bermuda before winterseeding, seem helpful. Tests at Mississippi State 
College have definitely showed close mowing (of lawn-type turf) to be helpful 
for quick, full establishment. Vertical mowing and top-dressing are usually 
practiced with golf greens. Many of the select golf courses are today utilizing 
the northern grasses mentioned, usually in mixtures, and in some cases included 
with ryegrass. But several experts feel that ryegrass is definitely "finished" 
as a winter golf green cover, at least in certain locations.

Total potential market for golf course usage would not seem great, less than a 
million pounds. But interest might eventually "rub off" for the seeding of 
commercial properties, and even home lawns if seedhouses are willing to launch 
a promotional effort. But a winterseeding market is a good one, in the sense 
that it is annually repeatable. Nor is price too much of a consequence, if, 
for example, in the leading tourist centers bluegrass, fescue and bentgrass 
out-perform ryegrass. A survey of Florida golf courses indicated that ones in 
major tourist areas do not hesitate to spend thousands of dollars for the winter- 
seeding program; a few dollars more or less for the cost of seeding a green is 
inconsequential.

We feel that this is a relatively untapped market, worthy of further investigation. 
The severe winters of 1961-62 and 62-63 make this an opportune time for introduc­
ing other seeded grasses into the South as substitute for ryegrass.

VISIT WITH DR. KEEN, KANSAS STATE UNIVERSITY

On the way to winterseeding inspections in the Southwest, Dr. Schery had chance 
to drop in for a visit with Dr. Ray Keen, in charge of turfgrass work at Kansas 
State University, Manhattan. The program there is receiving Increased stature, 
with experimentation well under way on the large, newly assigned field grounds 
outside of town. Data is about complete on the putting green soil mixture 
studies at the old grounds, and Keen concludes that fine sand as about 85% of 
the mix, the remaining 15% divided between organic matter and good soil, makes 
an excellent putting green base. Coarse sand drains too quickly.

Springfield remains the host bentgrass performer, although Penncross, too, has 
been good. Keen is still looking into red fescues said able to withstand temper­
ature of 110° well. The severe winter, following a mild autumn with poor 
"hardening-off" has upset Keen’s search for a winter-green bentgrass; all 
candidate selections went off-color quickly, and remained dormant, under the 
trying winter this year.

Spring deadspot continues a very severe problem on bermuda, U-3 especially, and 
seems to have some "antibiotic" influence that prevents a recolonization quickly. 
The severe winter this year will probably knock out many bermudagrasses that 
heretofore had been considered hardy. U-3 is borderline at this part of Kansas, 
and Keen feels that old selection (K-151) adapted to the area will prove superior.

Future plans call for establishment of a sizable bentgrass planting, which can 
serve as study area for fertilizer and disease problems. An intensive study on 
thatching is also planned.

INSTITUTE DIRECTOR VISITS DENVER BOTANIC GARDEN

Previously the Lawn Institute had sent seed for demonstration planting to the 
Denver Botanic Garden. Dr. Schery called on Director Hildreth at the Garden on 
his way West in early February. The Denver Botanic Garden is expanding, has 
plans for a conservatory that will cost half million dollars.

The grounds are still being developed, but there is some excellent bluegrass turf 
now established. Kentucky bluegrass does exceedingly well in the Denver climate, 
so well that Dr. Hildreth prefers to use it alone rather than in mixtures.

The winter has been very dry, and at the time of visit little snow had yet 
accumulated in the mountains. This may bode ill for irrigating high plains 
lawns next summer.

UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA TURFGRASS PROGRAM

Turfgrass investigations continue to receive attention at the University of 
Arizona. Dr. Folkner, although ill much of last winter, has cooperated generous­
ly in winterseeding investigations with seed sent by the Institute. About 150 
winterseeding plots were established, in which the performance was checked for 
several varieties of fine fescue and bluegrass (compared to the traditional 
ryegrass), both without and with growth inhibitors such as maleic hydrazide and 
Paraquat.

Some of the original work on using MH-30 as a growth retardant was done by 
Folkner at the University of Arizona. MH-30 sprays prior to winterseeding 
seemed to be very effective in giving better catch of the northern grasses 
seeded into turfgrass varieties of bermuda. Unexpectedly, there was continuing 
stimulation to the wintergrasses as a result of the original spraying to the 
bermuda.

The Eriophyid mite is still a problem in Arizona, and seems worse on uncared-for 
grass than on that receiving regular attention. Sprays such as diazinon will 
control the mite. The mite causes the bermudagrass to grow in dense tufts, 
something like the "witch’s broom" of hackberry trees.

DIRECTOR SCHERY VISITS RESEARCH INSTITUTIONS IN EAST TEXAS

Texas State University was recently visited, in conjunction with inspection of 
cooperative test plantings in Texas. Dr. Holt and other experts still regard 
st. augustine as "the" grass for east Texas, although recognizing that if chinch- 
bugs make inroads as in Florida (on top of the brown thatch disease now prevalent 
in winter) this may spell finish to st. augustine recommendation. Holt feels 
that bahiagrass is better adapted to Florida than to Texas.

Crabgrass and goosegrass remain a problem on golf greens in the South; there is 
consideration of using some of the better pre-emergence crabgrass herbicides to 
prevent invasion. Sod webworm attacks Tifgreen bermudagrass extensively, but 
the experts feel that an insecticide applied in the afternoon, and washed deeply 
into the crowns the next morning, will control the trouble with three consecutive 
sprayings or less.

MISSISSIPPI STATE UNIVERSITY DOING SIGNIFICANT TURFGRASS TESTING

Bob Thompson and others have turned up significant findings, in testing winter­
seeding with seed furnished by the Lawn Institute. Excellent establishment of 
fine fescues and Kentucky bluegrass in a variety of southern turfs was possible 
when permanent grass was mowed close (3/4 inch or less), but the stand was 
generally thin when the turf was not mowed. This proved true regardless of 
additional treatment, such as top-dressing, thinning, etc. It would seem that 
winterseeding with quality turfgrass is possible for home lawns, if only proper 
techniques are followed.

The winter was extremely severe in Mississippi this year, killing out ryegrass 
on the test plots. Both on lawn-type turf, and putting greens, other northern 
grasses showed up to great advantage. Kentucky bluegrass exhibited the greatest 
tolerance to cold, scarcely discoloring at as much as 1° minus at Starkville, 
something of a record low for that part of Mississippi.

HIGHWAY SEED PURCHASES WARNED OF SHORT SUPPLY

Year-end production figures indicated a probable short supply of tall fescue, 
and many seedsmen were fearful of not being able to fill roadside seeding orders 
through all of 1963. The Lawn Institute issued a mailing to all highway depart­
ments and selected names and addresses interested in highway seeding. The 
information was also made available for announcement through the Highway Research 
Board.

1963 may prove a year in which it is possible to re-establish for highway seeding, 
a greater proportion of finer-textured grasses such as Kentucky bluegrass and 
fine fescues, which lost ground nearly a decade ago (when prices rose to inordin­
ately high levels), that has never been regained.

Statements by Messrs. Mangelsdorf and Edwards are quoted below, as they appeared 
in the mailing. If anyone should wish copies of the reprint (Large Area Seeding) 
or the Missouri Conference presentation (Establishing and Maintaining Turf on 
Highway Right-of-Ways), copies may be requested from the Marysville office.

"The available supply of tall fescue for Spring 1963 seeding is much below 
normal.

The 1962 crop was 20% below the previous year, which in turn was not a large 
one. Seed carried from last year into this, is about 40% down. Fall seeding 
has already cut deeply into stocks.

If last year’s usage were repeated this year, the total supply of tall fescue 
would fall short by about five million pounds. As a result, the price now is 
about double that of a year ago.

While there are some situations which will require tall fescue so long as it is 
available, - regardless of price - your attention is called to this shortage 
now, when there Is still time for you to review and revise your seed specifica- 
tions toward other desirable grasses. Where use of tall fescue can be reduced 
or replaced, agronomists suggest (among other kinds), increased proportions of 
Kentucky bluegrass and fine fescues (Festuca rubra). On good soils in many

northern locations, these latter grasses make excellent cover by themselves. 
Being comparatively low-growing, they require little or no mowing on distal 
berms.

Dr. Schery’s comments on roadside turf near Buffalo, New York, is a case in point 
(see enclosed remarks to Missouri Turfgrass Conference). You may also like to 
have a copy of "Large Area Seeding," by the Lawn Institute Director. A news note 
suitable for press or bulletin board announcement is likewise enclosed.

Thank you for your understanding. Seedsmen, being dependent on nature, unfortun­
ately cannot regulate seed production to suit the demand." - Edward F. Mangels- 
dorf, President.

A shortage of tall fescue grass seed, because of poor growing weather in seed- 
producing areas, is in the making, according to Roy Edwards, past president of 
the American Seed Trade Association.

Because of the growing shortage, Edwards added, the price of tall fescue seeds 
has already doubled over its average price of the past several years.

"This is of special interest to the nation’s highway planners, since budgets 
and specifications are so rigid. It takes time to change these requirements, 
so that the problem is going to make itself felt when highway construction 
work gets under way," he explained.

Production of tall fescue seed in 1962 was off almost a fourth, and the seed 
supply carryover from 1961 was down about 40 per cent. Edwards says that there 
will be adequate supplies of fine fescue and bluegrass seeds — at economical 
prices — to replace the missing tall fescue supplies.

FIRST TURF MANAGEMENT SHORT COURSE, UNIVERSITY OF MAINE

A Turf Management Short Course was initiated by the University of Maine in mid- 
March. Dean Libby opened the conference, emphasizing that Maine's natural 
resources are limited, except for recreation. The tie-in to fine turf is obvious, 
a field in which Maine hopes to make up for lost time.

Staff members of the university reviewed Maine soils. By and large they are acid 
(pH about 5.3), and of low fertility. Many are on the sandy side. Interestingly, 
the 5 foot average depth of snow at conference time contained about 12 inches of 
water, a snow pack roughly the equivalent of four months average rainfall.

Dr. Schery of the Lawn Institute spoke on Lawngrass Varieties and Mixtures, and 
at the banquet. Excerpts are given elsewhere.

Dr. Skogley, from. Rhode Island, spoke about turf establishment, and on weed 
control. Skogley said that seed mixtures half bluegrass and half fescue show 
the fescue squeezing out the bluegrass initially if the seeding rate is over 
4 lbs./M. Skogley read from an initial report of turfgrass research at the 
University of Rhode Island, noting that bluegrass seedings were made as early 
as 1898. Skogley doesn’t think there’s any danger of arsenic build-up from the 
present arsenicals used in weed control, since soils are generally well buffered

and grasses quite tolerant. Discussion pointed out that arsenic can confuse 
phosphorus readings in soil tests, and may he instrumental in some reports of 
abnormally high phosphate level.

Lee Record, discussing irrigation and greens management, noted that much of 
Maine actually depends upon Poa annua. When this goes out, as it did in the 
hot summer last year, it becomes replaced by other "weeds”, knotweed particularly. 
Record didn’t feel there was much of a case for potentiometer readings of 
moisture needs, because golfers demand that the greens be kept moist enough to 
hold the ball, which is too moist to give a meter reading. It was generally 
agreed that so much watering is undesirable, but that there’s no practical way 
to get around it since the golfers are the customers who pay the bill.

"LAWNGRASS VARIETIES AND MIXTURES" EXPLAINED TO MAINE CONFERENCE

Dr. Schery was asked to discuss lawngrass varieties and mixtures, as one of his 
presentations to the First Annual Maine Turfgrass Short Course. Presentations 
are expected to appear in a Proceedings of the conference, but Institute members 
may be interested in Schery’s opening paragraphs.

"There is a lot of fanfare these days about turfgrass varieties. Is this a turn 
of events that means better-looking, more easily kept turf? At the moment the 
answer seems both yes and no, and I’ll have to explain that in a moment. But 
don’t write off the old favorites, such as mixtures of natural Kentucky bluegrass 
and fine fescue varieties, or the erect bentgrasses such as Highland, for climates 
such as Maine.

Really there are two kinds of turfgrass usage these days, that by the specialist, 
and that by the non-specialist. Golf course superintendents and custodians of 
quasi-public turf must be specialized and skilled just as is their counterpart 
in modem agriculture. This is ’business’ turfgrass growing, and competitive 
as business always is.

On the other hand, the homeowner is more often than not looking for ’pleasure’ 
turf. To him adequate performance, simply and economically is the keystone. 
Neither tempermentally nor by training is he equipped to utilize highly-selected, 
specialized varieties that need pampering, and keep them at their best. The 
exception, of course, might be those individuals who make having the ’best lawn 
in the neighborhood something of a business.

I have come to the conclusion that the choice and performance of a grass variety 
thus depends more upon the user, then upon the inherent characteristics of the 
grass. Nor do I warm to the plethora of advisories saying that this, that and 
the other thing must be done in order to have a good lawn. As most side roads 
in Maine can show you, Kentucky bluegrass can make a fine cover with a minimum 
of attention where soils are at all good; and the fine fescues do nicely where 
soils are thin and dry. Even Highland bentgrass will make a charming cover in 
the misty higher elevations or where ample watering is possible.

Of course mixtures are well known for spreading the risk. A combination of 
Kentucky bluegrass and fine fescues is a natural in this respect, providing the 
excellent color, texture and luxuriance of the bluegrass combined with the 
special hardiness and attractiveness of the fine fescues. The bluegrass is

itself a 'mixture of varieties', with seed, coming from plants growing on high 
ground and low, fertile soil and less fertile, and so on. This natural genetic 
mixing is further compounded by mechanical mixing, in the normal course of seed 
blending operations.

A mild narrowing of genetic diversity comes with selecting varieties not greatly 
different from natural bluegrass, such as Park and Arboretum. Park is the result 
of the combining of a dozen or so especially vigorous strains (clones) selected 
by the University of Minnesota. The seed is carefully produced under agricultural 
procedures that assure full, plump seed that sprouts quickly, with a lot of 
seedling vigor. - -" 

33RD ANNUAL TURFGRASS CONFERENCE HELD IN MICHIGAN

An elaborate two day program was well attended in Michigan for the 33rd Annual 
Turfgrass Conference. The extensive research staff at Michigan State reported 
on its progress, supplemented by presentations by "outsiders" Dr. F. L. Howard 
of the University of Rhode Island and Dr. Robert Schery of the Lawn Institute.

Dr. James Tyson opened the program with a discussion of the importance of phos­
phorus as a fertility element. Plots on which phosphorus was not added were as 
barren as unseeded ground. Dr. R. L. Cook considered the minor elements, not 
too serious a problem with most turfgrasses. Dr. John Knierium reviewed nematode 
problems, and concluded that the evidence concerning nematodes is still largely 
circumstantial in spite of Florida researchers having actually witnessed nematodes 
doing damage to grass.

Dr. Kenneth Payne, head of the Crop Plant Department, reviewed the changing 
pattern of research at Michigan State University. Within a year or two, a very 
complete program is expected, with experts in all phases of lawn work. William 
Meggitt is assuming weed control responsibility, but will spend less time on 
screening chemicals and more on fundamental problems. Meggitt is particularly 
concerned with the ecological approach, competition between plants and the effects 
of one plant on another.

Dr. Howard showed many slides of disease on various turfgrasses. Dr. James Beard 
investigated winter injury to turfgrasses, particularly a problem in the Detroit 
area. Plugs of bluegrass, bentgrass and Poa annua were subjected to freezing 
under a variety of conditions, even immersed in cold water for as much as 90 
days; all grasses were fairly tolerant, except when completely iced in a closed 
container (creating pressure). Of the three, only Poa annua succumbed to an 
alternate freezing-thawing regimen, perhaps the cause of its demise and winter 
injury as noted in Detroit.

Merion bluegrass was reported to fail under shade, although other grasses, 
particularly Poa trivialis, behaved well. Merion failure may be due both to 
root competition and to mildew attack. Newport was characterized as tender sod, 
difficult to lift and move. Delta was reported the fastest greening bluegrass 
in spring.

Dr. Earl Erickson found little use on turfgrass for a "molecular mulch" of 
straight-chain fatty alcohols. These prevent evaporation from bodies of water, 
but seemed ineffective in hurrying establishment of grass stands.

A review of "Silent Spring" by Donald Juchartz suggested this was a biased, but 
nonetheless important book, and that industry should be on its toes to create a 
favorable public image through special care not to have pesticide injuries. Dr. 
Ray Janes stressed that insecticides are dangerous, with newer ones such as 
disyston, thimet and phorate being as lethal as parathion. He suggested sevin 
and malathion as two reasonably safe insecticides for general use, but pointed 
out that soil applications are less hazardous (recommending aldrin, dieldrin and 
heptachlor at 3 lbs. per acre, or chlordane at 10 lbs.).

INSTITUTE DIRECTOR GIVES PRESENTATIONS AT MICHIGAN CONFERENCE

Dr. Schery was asked to discuss at the 33rd Annual Turfgrass Conference at 
Michigan State University, "Turfgrass Is Big Business" and "Choose the Grass 
Variety - -".

The economic importance of turf grass-related industries was pointed out, with 
estimates ranging up to 71/2 billion dollars annually, perhaps 1% of the GNP. 
Statistics for several states were cited, and the conclusions developed by the 
Stanford Research Institute in their Long Range Planning Service Booklet 141 
reviewed.

In discussing "the grass for the job", Dr. Schery pointed out that selection of 
a variety depends as much upon the use to which it will be put and the care it 
can be given as to any inherent characteristics. He wondered if the average 
homeowner liked to do lawn "homework" when this required special equipment, extra 
time, or unusual expense, often necessary with specialized varieties. Schery 
concluded: " — it might mean lawn seed mixtures of proven, old-favorite, and 
perhaps relatively unspecialized varieties, 'for the masses’. In Michigan, 
economical natural Kentucky bluegrass and fine fescues have certainly proven 
themselves work-horses in mixtures. Under just average care, this combination 
fulfills the majority of needs, - -."

There was speculation that perhaps the pendulum has swung too far away from the 
lawn-type colonial bentgrass varieties, such as Highland. Dr. Schery noted: 
"Highland - - is one of the easier to keep, and is not the aggressive thatch- 
builder that are the creeping bentgrasses. - - prejudice against bentgrass (may 
have arisen) more with creeping strains in mind than Highland type. On the Lawn 
Institute grounds we have not found Highland aggressive, or pushing bluegrass 
and fine fescue around much. Perhaps current, high-quality certified Highland 
bentgrass seed is a better breed from the old-time bent seed that seemed to 
contain so much creeping stuff. Research centers might well take another look 
at the erect colonial type bentgrasses, - -."

Dr. Schery continued with analysis of varieties of the major grasses for Michigan, 
- Kentucky bluegrass, fine fescues, and the bentgrasses. "A mild narrowing of 
genetic diversity comes with selecting varieties not greatly different from 
natural bluegrass, such as Park and Arboretum. Park is a result of the combining 
of a dozen or so especially vigorous strains - -. The seed is carefully produced 
under agricultural procedures that assure full, plump seed that sprouts quickly, 
with a lot of seedling vigor." Performance of these quality varieties as winter 
putting surfaces in the South was mentioned, as possibly a use under stress that 
would show some distinctive performance differences that don’t always show up in 
the North.

MORE THAN 200 PIECES OF LITERATURE DISTRIBUTED AT TURFGRASS CONFERENCES IN MARCH
At the Maine Turfgrass Conference 100 copies of "Your Outdoor Carpet" and. "The 
Lawn, 1962, Model" were given out. Thirty copies each of the booklets, "10 
Frequent Lawn Problems" and "Selecting Lawn Grasses” provided at the request of 
the university were enthusiastically received. The conference reimbursed the 
Lawn Institute for them.
At the Michigan Turfgrass Conference about 100 copies of "The Prestige of Quality 
Turf", "Drench Customers: Advice, Not Prices, Improves Lawn Sales", "For Repeat 
Sales: - -", and "Answer Questions: - -"were distributed. The entire supply 
taken almost as soon as laid out.
These experiences emphasize the value of having articles reprinted for follow- 
up distribution of the stories.

NEW LAWN INSTITUTE STORIES HAVE APPEARED
The March 1963 issue of Building Maintenance & Modernization carried "Put Spring 
In Your Lawn". The article runs several pages, and is well illustrated. Reprints 
have been ordered.
The American Cemetery Magazine carried an attractive presentation entitled "Gobs 
of Good Grass", done for that magazine. Layout suggests suitability for a three- 
page reprint that would be attractive.

PARK BLUEGRASS SENT TO RESEARCH CENTERS
Sparked by marketing investigation by a team of experts from the University of 
Minnesota, Institute members in Minnesota asked that the Lawn Institute offer 
Park in certain southern areas where it might not have been tried. Park bluegrass 
was offered and is being planted experimentally in Kentucky, southern Ohio and 
eastern Missouri.

COOPERATIVE EDUCATIONAL PROGRAM IN MICHIGAN
Harry C. Lund, County Extension Director with offices in Midland County, Michigan 
(Michigan State University), had inquired of available material for a Flower Show 
his office was sponsoring. He had already decided upon use of the Institute 
movie, "Bluegrass Beauty".
In addition to this, the slide sequence for "Have A Top Notch Lawn" was supplied 
Mr. Lund, with appropriate text. This was used for spot presentation at the 
March 9 show.
In addition, Mr. Lund distributed the following reprints:

100 - "The Story of Blue Grass"
100 - "Make a Beautiful Lawn"
300 - "Lawns, Their Making and Keeping"
150 - "Here’s How to Build a New Lawn"
100 - "What’s Ahead for Better Lawns"

200 - "Your Outdoor Carpet”
50 - "Quality Lawn Seed"
100 - "Beauty and the Boast"
200 - "The Bed, White and Blue of Beauty"
300 - "Weeding Lawns"
100 - "Lawngrass or Weed - Choice is Yours"
200 - "Modern Power Mowers"

Mr. Lund writes: "We thank you for your help and interest in making this event 
a worth-while experience for the homeowners in this community. - - the literature 
supplied - - was well received." Mr. Lund reported that attendance was very 
gratifying.

INTEREST LAWNGRASS VARIETIES INTENSIFIES

A great many inquiries come to the Lawn Institute office these days, concerning 
different grass varieties and how to distinguish them. Frequently inquiry is 
from advertising houses, presumably interested in developing a program for a 
client.

It is difficult to put into words the distinguishing differences between varieties, 
since usually this is a matter of performance rather than appearance, and varies 
from place to place, and season to season. The experts know better than to try 
to identify a variety with exactitude, from a single specimen plant. Yet the 
average person finds it difficult to understand how blood lines can be distinct 
without being distinguishable.

Interest in turfgrass varieties is not only by the non-professional. The subject 
the Institute Director is asked to talk upon most frequently at turfgrass con­
ferences concerns fine turf varieties and their performance.

WEED STUDIES MAY HAVE MEANING FOR LAWNS

The January issue of "Weeds", journal of the Weed Society of America, is largely- 
devoted to agricultural problems. However, several of the articles might have 
some bearing upon weeds in turfgrass.

In the study of how quackgrass rhizomes respond to temperature and oxygen, Meyer 
and Buchholtz found that neither carbon dioxide nor oxygen was of much influence. 
Bud sprouting started at around 400° F., was at its peak between 68° and 80° F., 
and declined at higher temperatures. In cultures a herbicidal treatment (NAA) 
reduced bud activity as did certain other herbicides as well.

Sheets and Shaw reported a detailed study of many forms of triazine (including 
simazine and atrazine, currently being used on turfgrass in the South). All 
triazines seemed quite rough on crabgrass, with degree of injury to various crops 
variable. Effectiveness varied with soil, too.

There has been considerable evidence of the antagonism of phosphorus to arsenicals, 
especially in crabgrass and annual bluegrass control. A study of Upchurch, 
Ledbetter and Selman showed an interaction between phosphorus and amitrol, but not 
with ten other herbicides. There was no testing of pre-emergence arsenicals, 
however.

In a Nebraska study 2,3,6-trichlorobenzoic acid proved to leach readily from the 
soil in the course of a season.

A study on effectiveness of herbicides related to droplet size of spray showed, 
as might be expected, that the more mist-like the spray the more effective the 
treatment.

The Department of Agriculture, at Beltsville, has initiated a new series of 
studies relating to the behavior and persistence of herbicides in the soil, some-
ting much needed.

INTEREST IN GROWTH REGULATORS NOTED

John Coulter, of Marsteller, Inc., New York City (advertising firm, with Agrico 
account), called long distance inquiring about Institute impression of growth 
regulators. Apparently Agrico has been checking into maleic hydrazide, CCC, 
phosphon, and similar products.

Mr. Coulter was informed about the possibility of these products having merit for 
inducing premature dormancy in southern grasses, prior to interseeding with 
northern species. However, Institute experience in previous years with such 
products has not proven advantageous on bluegrass turf. In the first place, the 
chemicals must be very carefully and uniformly applied to achieve growth retard­
ation without injury. This may be beyond the capacity of the homeowner.

Secondly, not all vegetation is uniformly affected, because grass much in evidence 
receives the brunt of the treatment, while vegetation hidden in the sod, or not 
yet sprouted from seed, remains unaffected. Generally, with grass repressed, the 
discordant vegetation (weeds) crop up. If there were no weed problem, all 
equivalent lawngrass, possibly there could be some saved mowing. But with 
irregular growth from a variety of plant types, mowing must be just as frequent 
as ever, indeed often more frequent, to maintain an acceptable sod surface.

All in all, we have seen no great promise for general use of growth retardants 
in turfgrass. Specialty usage may have a place, such as for the southern grasses 
mentioned above, for use along highways, and for repressing growth of all 
vegetation around structures (such as under guard rails).

INSTITUTE COOPERATES WITH NATIONAL PLANT FOOD INSTITUTE

Donald Collins, of the National Plant Food institute Informational Services, 
telephoned about "emergency" need of photographs to be included in a TV packet 
going to 250 television farm directors across the nation. Quick assemblage by 
Mrs. Payne supplied these in time to be included in the NPFI kits. This TV 
package follows up on one developed about lawns in cooperation with the USDA last 
September 18, apparently quite successful. The format and production is 
essentially the same as those we co-sponsored with Encyclopedia Britannica a few 
years ago, and through which the Institute introduced the National Plant Food 
Institute to the idea.

"HOW'S YOUR LAWN I.Q.?" FOR SALES TRAINEES

The I. Q. story from last autumn's press kit was recommended in the GIRD Bulletin 
(Murray Franklin's Garden Institute of Research and Development), and has resulted 
in numerous requests for copies from leading garden centers throughout the 
country. Requests have come principally from Delaware, New Jersey, Ohio, Penn­
sylvania, Wisconsin and similar northern locations, but even so far away as 
Lafayette, Louisiana. Additional copies of the story were mimeographed, and have 
been distributed as requested. Other Institute literature is usually included 
with it.

ROADSIDE MULCH FOR HOME LAWNS

Dr. Robert Hampton of International Paper called long distance from New York, 
interested in restudying the possible utility of Turfiber as a mulch for lawn 
seedings. Turfiber is widely sold as a mulch for highway seedings, and has proven 
a generally effective soil holder, though not too efficient a moisture barrier.

It would still appear that home mulching costs needed to make entry into this 
market attractive are somewhat higher than a homeowner would like to pay. However, 
perhaps International Paper will come up with some "junior hydroseeding" method, 
whereby the mulch is part of a seed-fertilizer slurry that can be sprayed upon 
the newly prepared lawn.

GREETINGS FROM AFAR

The Lawn Institute recently received a reprint on "Agriculture and Economic 
Development in India", with the compliments of Professor P. Maheshwari, University 
of Delhi, in India. Professor Maheshwari would welcome receiving reprints of 
literature from this country. The Lawn Institute has sent along a few of its 
more technical releases, although we suppose that India would be more concerned 
with utilizing land for food crops than for lawns. Still, it is interesting that 
the Institute’s name has reached Delhi.

MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY REQUESTS INSTITUTE MATERIALS

Frank Lessiter, of the Department of Information Services, Michigan State Univer-
sity, requested an Institute press kit which he had heard was being issued at 
this time of year. Writes Mr. Lessiter: "Such a packet gives me ideas (for 
interviewing experts) - - and release stories through our service to the press.
- - I also have another motive in mind. - - three-four minute television 
programs - -".

"Bluegrass Beauty" was already being shown this spring by one of the Michigan 
extension agents, and Dr. Schery suggested this as possibly appropriate for 
television casting.

GARDEN ARTICLE BRINGS MANY LETTERS
"Anemia In Your Garden", appearing in Flower and Garden Magazine, March, has 
drawn heavy correspondence. Most inquiries asked where iron chelates might be

purchased, and replies gave opportunity to include literature about lawns and 
good seed.

"Anemia- -" discussed garden plants in general, but did offer opportunity to 
mention lawns and sponsoring lawngrasses. Although chlorosis is not a problem 
in lawns over much of the country, occasionally it may occur. The article 
pointed out: "Proven lawngrasses such as Kentucky bluegrass, fine fescues and 
Highland bentgrass are seldom anemic if amply fertilized. But lawns may risk 
chlorosis on alkaline soils from western Kansas to Arizona and eastern Oregon - 
-. Other grasses not quite so self-reliant as Kentucky bluegrass, may show 
iron chlorosis if the soil reaction gets somewhat out of balance. - - Centipede 
lawns in the South frequently turn chlorotic - -".

NEW LAWN MOVIE

In recent years the Lawn Institute office has kept in touch with the National 
Plant Food Institute, and has offered suggestions on publicity material and the 
development of a movie. Potential script on the movie was reviewed some months 
ago. As of early March, the NPFI informs us that the full color film on lawn 
care, to be called "Beautiful Lawns", has reached the answer print stage. It 
should be available very shortly.

MISSOURI INTEREST CONTINUES
Les Satterlee, of the Dispatch papers in western Missouri, continues to be most 
cooperative with the Lawn Institute. In addition to using just about everything 
in the Institute press kits, Les corresponds from time to time about special 
items. The latest was with regard to chickweed, often a pest in flower and shrub 
beds as well as the lawn.

Special write-ups have been prepared for Mr. Satterlee. Invariably by-line 
authorship and credit is given the Lawn Institute. One of the more recent custom 
items resulted in a three-column spread, a tear sheet of which Mr. Satterlee sent 
to the Marysville office, "Renovate Lawns Two Ways". The discussions related to 
establishing quality grasses in an old turf, and whether it was necessary to kill 
the existing vegetation first: "Chief unwanted perennials are tall fescue (not to 
be confused with the desirable fine fescues mentioned earlier) - -. One can 
attempt to 'outgrow' them with good bluegrass and fine fescues; or clumps - - can 
be - - spot killed". If chemicals have been used to kill existing unwanted 
vegetation, the article advises: "bluegrass, fescue or bentgrass seeds find 
cracks and crevices in loose soil - -. If a mulch - - is used, new seedings 
sprout uniformly and quickly".

And finally: "Annual grasses and broadleaf weeds can be checked by encouraging 
the good bluegrass and fine fescues, through Judicious use of selective chemical 
weed killers".

SAGE ADVICE

Institute members may be interested in a statement made by John Ruskin many 
years ago, reported by R. C. Morton of Purina in his address to the National 
Fertilizer Solutions Association convnetion. Ruskin stated: "It is unwise to

pay too much hut it is unwise to pay too little. When you pay too little you 
sometimes lose everything, because the thing you bought was incapable of doing 
the thing you bought it to do. The common law of business balance prohibits 
paying a little and. getting a lot. It can’t be done. If you deal with the 
lowest bidder, it is well to add something for the risk you run. And if you do 
that, you will have enough to pay for something better. Nothing is expensive if 
you get your money’s worth."

INSTITUTE STIMULATED?

So often columnists’ thoughts on lawns agree with Institute ideas, that we like 
to think Institute releases responsible. Among good advice from Bert Vincent, 
in the Knoxville, Tennessee NEWS-SENTINEL, is this: "The first step is good 
seeds. Don't buy bargain bags of seed. Get the seeds that grow beet in your 
area. Basically, this means planting Kentucky bluegrass mixtures north of the 
Mason-Dixon line - -."

SHORT SHORT in council bluffs nonpareil
This short is one of several from the Institute press kit used by the nonpareil 
and other Iowa papers during winter: "Spring seedings have a good chance of 
success, tests at the Lawn Institute show, if made early enough to establish the 
bluegrass, fine fescues and Highland bentgrass before hot weather."

ADVICE FOR WISCONSIN

John Buchholz, County Agent, has this advice in several Wisconsin papers: "On 
loam, clay-loam, or clay soils, use a seed mixture containing 70% of one of the 
Kentucky bluegrasses. On lighter, sandier soils, use one of the red fescues. 
Bed fescues are more drought resistant than bluegrass and do better under shade 
and on sandy soil."

NEWSPAPER ENTERPRISE ASSOCIATION STORY WIDELY PLACED

Under the title "Early Start On Lawn Care Pays Off", Allan Swenson has prepared 
a widely syndicated article on spring lawn tending. We believe Institute 
releases have been instrumental in Swenson’s composition. The article mentions: 
"Seed bare spots in the lawn early. Grass seed is tough, frost won’t hurt it.
- - Use Kentucky or Merion bluegrass for sunny spots. Use Pennlawn, Chewings or 
other red fescue for shade spots. Or use a seed mixture containing these 
varieties."

INDIANA LAWN ADVICE
Don Scheer, Purdue University extension horticulturist, has been widely quoted 
in Indiana newspapers for his advice about lawns. Says Scheer: "Correct seed 
mixtures hold the key to starting a lawn, - - Quality of seed and its proportion 
in the mixture make the difference between a poor lawn and a good one.

Bluegrass is permanent and adapted to the Midwest - - Make sure the mixture 
contains at least 50% bluegrass - - for shady areas, bluegrass mixtures con­
taining same red fescue are recommended.”

POPULAR KANSAS LAWN BOOK

Circular 327, "Lawns in Kansas", released through the Kansas Agricultural 
Experiment Station, has been the most popular pamphlet ever printed at the 
university. 130,000 copies have been printed to date. When visiting Dr. Keen,
Dr. Schery picked up one of the latest revisions of the booklet, most attractively 
done.

The booklet seems to favor cool-season grasses, in general, for the state. "Cool- 
season grasses may be grown throughout the state but require additional care in 
less favorable areas." Then again: "Kentucky bluegrass is the most widely used 
lawngrass in the eastern third of Kansas - -. With good management it will make 
an excellent lawn. - - Where water is available, it may be grown throughout 
Kansas, and it has many desirable characteristics. It is hardy and survives well 
in shade of trees where other grasses fail."

Perhaps areas even as far north as Kansas offer hope for winterseeding sales.
In discussing the primarily bermudagrass lawns of southern Kansas, Circular 327 
notes: "Mixtures of cool and warm-season grasses offer hope of good lawns in 
Kansas year around, if properly managed." Again: "Mixtures of warm and cool- 
season grasses promise good turf the year around. Mixing is accomplished best 
by seeding cool-season grass into established warm-season sod in September."

The circular also advocates mixtures: "In climates as rigorous and varied as in 
Kansas, it is unlikely that a single grass will form a satisfactory turf."

MEMBER ISSUES NEW LAWN BOOKLET

The Institute was pleased to receive from The Chas. H. Lilly Company, Seattle, 
Washington, a copy of their revised booklet "Lilly’s Better Lawn Plan." The 
booklet is attractively designed, and sound information presented. Mr. Paul 
Kosche indicates that printing of this booklet will probably reach a quarter of 
a million copies, which should certainly be a tremendous force in development 
of lawn interest in the Pacific-Northwest. The revision does not side-step 
questions sometimes considered controversial, and attempts to explain situations 
for which there’s no perfect answer yet, such as Poa annua.

Producer members of the Lawn Institute will be pleased to note such answers as 
this (to the question of whether "Are we limited to coarse ryegrasses and meadow- 
grasses for rough play lawns?"): "No. Kentucky bluegrass and fine-leaf fescues 
- when properly fed and cared for - will far surpass the so-called play grasses 
in both appearance and wearability. It is unnecessary to buy two different 
seed mixes - one for the back yard and one for the front. Even though quality 
lawn seed mixtures cost more per pound, they contain far more seeds per pound 
than the cheap mixtures of large seeds that produce hay grasses. Quality lawn 
seed is always the better value when you consider the greater coverage and fine 
turf it gives you."

We feel gratified that the Lawn Institute is mentioned by name in the booklet, 
and as a source for useful information.

HELPFUL SERVICE

John Jaceckel of Wermen and Schorr Inc. was concerned with the differences between 
the bluegrass varieties. Replying to this sort of inquiry is a frequent activity 
of the Institute office.

In appreciation Mr. Jaceckel acknowledged: : "Many thanks for getting back to me 
so quickly and for your help in answering my questions. Your help was most 
appreciated."

1963 REPRINTS WELL RECEIVED

There has been a gratifying number of requests for reprints by Institute members 
this spring. 2700 reprints (principally of "Drench Customers: Advice, Not 
Price, Improves Lawn Sales", "For Repeat Sales: - -", "Weeding Lawns", "Lawns, 
Their Making & Keeping", "Your Outdoor Carpet") have gone to Kansas City, 
Missouri, Milwaukee, Wisconsin and Midland, Michigan, for inclusion in mailings 
to dealers and other interested parties.

THANKS FROM FLORIDA

Dr. Granville C. Horn has acknowledged Lawn Institute cooperation, both for seed 
and information sent. He writes: "The survey was very interesting and will be 
valuable to me in future planning. The bluegrasses, especially in mixes, look 
good. Germination time has been much better this year.

The overseeding that you saw really looks good now. Perhaps we can take a trip 
to Ponte Vedra when you come and look at that replication."

INTEREST IN LAWN ARTICLE FOR DEALERS

Frank Bartonek, Editor of Lawn/Garden/Outdoor Living, passes along word that the 
Lawn Beauty Spreader Company of Chicago wished to reprint "A Common Sense Approach 
to Sales of Lawn Care Products", the Institute article prepared for L/g/o 
December 1962 issue.

Mr. M. L. Finger, of Schneider Metal, wrote: "This appears to be a very timely 
and informative article and we were wondering if we could have your approval to 
reproduce this - - -. It would appear initially that we would forward this to 
the distributors of our - - spreaders to encourage them to pass these thoughts 
on to their dealers."
L/g/o policy is to permit reprinting only with full credit and the full article. 
This Schneider Metal example would seem an excellent way of furthering the 
Institute’s story. We urge quality lawn seed interests to do likewise, with any 
Institute material circulated.

VOICE OF EXPERIENCE

O. J. Noer, long with the Milwaukee Sewerage Commission, is now associated with 
a golf course architect and spends most of his time in Florida. It is interesting 
to note comments from his presentation to the 10th Annual Florida Turfgrass 
Management Conference, under the heading "Overseeding Bermuda Greens For Winter 
Play." The Lawn Institute’s interest in this subject is apparent from other 
discussions in this issue of Harvests.

Here are a few extracts from Mr. Noer’s presentation, as reported in the Pro­
ceedings of the 10th Conference:

"Ryegrass greens are slow by comparison with bentgrass greens in the North. One 
of the better senior professionals expressed it this way: 'a good ryegrass green 
is beautiful to behold, but I can’t putt them, the ball jumps back at me.’ Most 
northern golfers have the same feeling.

In south Florida - - overseeding may produce surfaces more like a bentgrass green. 
Farther north overseeding is imperative especially on courses that cater to 
northern golfers. Right from the start it was evident that ryegrass was not the 
best grass to use for overseeding in fine-textured bermuda greens. Some tried 
redtop with indifferent success, others used bentgrass seed only. It was late 
winter before these greens were at their best. - - others have used a mixture of 
Kentucky bluegrass, redtop, Astoria and Highland bent, often with Seaside in 
addition. Seeding rates have been generous. Results have been good because the 
greens have been popular with golfers.

(Noer goes on to list some of the testing he and the Milorganite people sponsored.) 
Although Pennlawn fescue was very good - - none of the grasses were satisfactory 
when used alone. Fescue does not mask Poa annua."

Poa trivialis and Seaside together, or in combination with Kentucky bluegrass and 
Creeping red fescue, produced the best putting surfaces."

MORE ON FLORIDA WINTERSEEDING

In addition to O. J. Noer’s talk, several presentations by experiment station 
people were given at the 10th Annual Florida Conference. Dr. R. R. Smalley, 
reporting for the Fort Lauderdale area, concluded Poa trivialis was his best bet. 
Ryegrasses started well, but faded in mid-winter. Bluegrass was slow starting.
The fine fescues were good in mid-winter, as were the bentgrasses. Interestingly, 
Highland bent rated higher than creeping bents or Astoria from the end of January 
until well along in March. Highland had the least percentage of disease of any 
grass in the tests on March 23.

In a companion study at the Gainesville area, reported by Dr. Granville Horn, the 
fine fescues rate immediately behind Poa trivialis in "best turf" ratings. 
Admittedly, the test plantings were made too late (December 23) to give slower- 
starting grasses much of a chance. Dr. Horn states: "blending of two or more 
grasses tends to complement any shortcomings of one grass." He found no difficulty 
with transition back to bermudagrass, with any of the fine turfgrasses tested. As 
to ryegrass, Hom comments: "The absence of ryegrass from the best treatments is 
quite noticeable. - - its texture and transition disadvantages offset all its 
advantages."

In a chart giving quality comparisons, a number of mixtures rate the highest 
possible score. Included were combinations of Highland bent and. fine fescue; 
Kentucky bluegrass and fine fescue; Highland bent, Seaside bent and Kentucky 
bluegrass; Highland bent, Seaside bent and fine fescue.

SCHOOL SCIENCE FAIR IMPRESSIVE

On March 13 Dr. Schery served as one of the judges at a local Science Fair in 
Ohio. There seems to be increasing use of such fairs at the urging of the 
National Science Foundation. As part of the school project, students prepare a 
paper and an exhibit, intended to acquaint them with experimentation and the 
scientific method as well as familiarization with subject matter. We wonder if 
there may not be more of a place for lawngrass in such trials, with many exper­
imental. possibilities centering around seed sprouting, competition between species, 
response to growth conditions, etc. Lawngrasses and lawns have practical im­
plications useful to the student for the rest of his life.

"THE LAWN BOOK" STILL BEING REVIEWED

Dr. Schery's "The Lawn Book", although published in 1961, is still receiving 
favorable reviews. The latest coming to our attention appeared in the December 
1962 issue of Parks & Recreation. Reviewer was Henry Walter, of the Oklahoma 
City Park Development. Another recent review was by Wilbur H. Garmhausen, for a 
highway landscape publication. It is gratifying to have the book characterized 
as: " - - well written, easy to read and understand, and has an answer for nearly 
all questions pertaining to lawns." (Parks & Recreation).

HEAD OF AGRONOMY SOCIETY APPRECIATIVE

Dr. Glenn W. Burton, President of the Agronomy Society of America, and Principal 
Geneticist at the Georgia Coastal Plain Experiment Station, recently wrote, 
thanking us for Institute literature sent him. Says Dr. Burton: "These 
publications are excellent and should help convince the people that finance your 
program that it is worthwhile. "

TALL FESCUE FORAGE PROBLEM

The December 1962 issue of Economic Botany carried an article by S. G. Yates, 
"Toxicity of Tall Fescue Forage". There has been widespread incidence of a dis­
ease to cattle known as "fescue foot", apparently caused by consumption of the 
fescue but its exact relationships unknown. It seems not to be infectious 
between animals. An individual animal may develop lameness of the hind quarters, 
and eventual gangrene. There have been some recommendations for complete eradic­
ation of tall fescue from pastures, particularly In Australia and New Zealand.
As research continues in this country, it will be interesting to note whether 
enthusiasm for tall fescue diminishes in the Southeast, or whether non-toxic 
varieties of tall fescue may be uncovered. If not, possibly bluegrass will gain 
some increasing importance in middle latitudes.

CHEMURGY

Studies from the University of California indicate rather interesting results from 
the ammoniation of sawdust. The resulting material acts both as a fertilizer and 
a long-lasting soil improver.

Sawdust is first acidulated at a high temperature. If phosphoric acid is used 
in this process, obviously there will be a phosphorus contribution to the fertility 
value. The acidulated sawdust is then neutralized with anhydrous ammonia.

The resulting material has a charred appearance but is otherwise like the original 
sawdust. About half of the nitrogen applied is converted to insoluble form, to 
make a long-lasting type of fertilizer. Tests have shown that as much as 15 lbs. 
of actual nitrogen can be applied per M by this means without injury, using a 
4% nitrogen sawdust-fertilizer.

Of course there is immediate, rapid response from the soluble portion, after 
which 4-6 weeks are required until the organic combinations of the other half are 
mineralized. The sawdust will continue to improve tilth of subsoils over a span 
of several years.

IMPORTANCE OF SOIL AERATION

Research at the University of California by Letey et al illustrates that the 
presence of oxygen in the soil is essential, and that results from compaction or 
waterlogging are not simply compressed soil or presence of standing water.
Plants growing in a variety of test soil situations received full oxygen, or a 
soil atmosphere where nitrogen (inert) substituted in varying degree for oxygen. 
When oxygen was held to just a few percent, root growth was much retarded, leaves 
wilted, etc. even when there was no compaction or waterlogging. Interestingly, 
when oxygen was lacking, the sodium content of growing shoots increased, while 
the phosphorus and potassium decreased.

INDUCED MUTATION OF KENTUCKY BLUEGRASS

Under this title, Hanson and Juska, of Beltsville, report in the September-October 
1962 issue of Crop Science on some radiation studies made with Merion bluegrass 
some years ago. Subjecting the bluegrass seed to radiation did increase the 
mutation rate, judged by altered appearance. The authors have previously reported 
that of all the mutations, only one proved useful. This was development of a 
single Merion plant resistant to stem rust. But even this had to be abandoned 
because: “In the spring of 1961, plots of the stem rust-resistant mutant were 
severely damaged by leaf spot, to an exbent which would preclude any consideration 
for further increase." However, the authors feel that radiation as a technique 
may be useful in producing new bluegrasses.

PHILIPPINE LAWN

No telling how widely ramified the subject of lawns is these days. A letter 
from Douglas Hayward, Projects Coordinator of DATA (International Assistance Corps 
in California), asked if the Lawn Institute might suggest how to solve a mowing

problem in the Philippines. A Peace Corpsman had. written about the tediousness 
of mowing a school yard with bolo knives, inquired about a power mower. It is 
flattering that DATA was aware of the Lawn Institute.

MORE ANNUAL BLUEGRASS PUBLICITY

Recent moves to declare annual bluegrass a weed. find, support in the February 
issue of Horticulture. In the "How Is The Time" column, there is this advice:
"Annual bluegrass which shows up so luxuriously when the lawn is first bare of 
snow in spring fools many gardeners.

It loves cool weather, often growing throughout the winter but it disappears 
with the advent of warm weather in late spring. Learn to recognize it and root 
it out before it dies. Though it has specialized uses, it can be a pest on most 
lawns."

EARTHWORMS AGAIN

Darwin emphasized the tremendous amount of "cultivation" earthworms do to the 
soil. Augustson and Peutz, of the University of Wisconsin, undertook a study of 
the effectiveness of earthworms in disposing of leaves. It was found that earth­
worms took into their burrows and consumed nearly a million leaves per acre over 
a six-week period; worm casts at the surface amounted to about 4 tons per acre.
It is apparent that where earthworms are abundant, that they constitute a sizable 
influence on soil dynamics.

INSTITUTE ADVISOR SPEAKS

Dr. Howard J. Dittmer, advisor to the Lawn Institute, University of New Mexico, 
authored a lengthy article " - - Tips on Care of Lawn", appearing in the Albuquer- 
que, New Mexico JOURNAL. The editor’s note along with the by-line listed Dr. 
Dittmer as "member of the Lawn Institute". Dittmer outlined difficulties in arid 
country such as Albuquerque mentioning the different grass varieties and means 
for their care.

COLLEGE STUDENT INQUIRES OF INSTITUTE

"As an undergraduate of Montclair State College, I am working on a project 
concerning the effects of commercial fertilizers and chemicals on lawn grass.
- -. I would appreciate any information which could be obtained on this topic." 
Warren Hanke, Wayne, New Jersey. The Institute sent along a miscellaneous 
assortment of reprints.

KANSAS CITY PRESS KIT PICKUP

The usual fine reception has been accorded the Lawn Institute press kit in the 
Kansas City area, no doubt through the good offices of Les Satterlee. The North 
Kansas City PRESS DISPATCH as early as January 3 carried a by-line story.

Mentioned were: "Kentucky bluegrass and fine (red) fescues, chief species for 
quality lawns, do best if mowed reasonably high (at least 1 1/2 inches), and if 
fertilized during the cooler parts of the growing season. Bentgrasses such as 
Highland should be mowed more closely - say about 3/4 inch."

NORTHERN GRASSES HEARD FROM MORE IN THE SOUTH

M. A. Gardener, of North Carolina State College, in his column "Garden Time." 
appearing in a number of North Carolina newspapers, had this to advise as late 
as early January: "Seed Kentucky bluegrass at the rates of 1-2 lbs. per thousand 
square feet. If fescue - - 3-4 lbs./M - - it is desirable to seed Kentucky 
bluegrass with the fescue in shaded areas."

"LAWN INSTITUTE" SERIES CONTINUES IN ALBUQUERQUE

A second extensive article appeared in the Albuquerque, New Mexico JOURNAL, under 
the authorship of Dr. H. J. Dittmer, University of New Mexico, with photograph.
As in the first instance, the editor’s note credits Dr. Dittmer with his professor­
ship at the university "and a member of the Lawn Institute." Dr. Dittmer does 
serve on the Institute’s Board of Advisors.

In the article we find: "Most individuals prefer a good green lawn in season, 
and this can be best attained by planting Kentucky bluegrass. This grass will 
green up earlier in the spring and stay green longer in fall than any of the 
warm-weather grasses, has less tendency to clump - - and is easier to mow.

"Kentucky bluegrass mixed with fescues. Generally the Kentucky bluegrasses are 
planted in mixture with creeping red and Chewings fescue - -."

PARK BLUEGRASS FEATURED IN MINNESOTA AND NORTH DAKOTA PAPERS

A number of papers including the Fargo, North Dakota MORNING AND EVENING FORUM, 
and the St. Cloud, Minnesota TIMES, carried lengthy articles about the develop­
ment of Park Kentucky bluegrass, and Its influence on the economy of northern 
Minnesota.

GRASSES GET SOME ATTENTION EVEN IN WINTER

From the Schenectady, New York GAZETTE, this advice even in December: "Some of 
the other grasses, such as Kentucky blue and fescue, are somewhat resistant and 
break down to the fungus only under most ideal conditions for fungus growth, 
which occurs infrequently." This was with respect to advice about snow mold.

And this from the Lancaster, Pennsylvania SUNDAY NEWS, along with other mention 
picked up from the Institute press kit: "A fine fescue-bluegrass turf survives 
with little watering while some shallow-rooted and annual species may kill out 
if drought is prolonged."

PRESS KIT FILLERS LONG EFFECTIVE

The page of short fillers with the autumn 1962 press kit has proved a continuing 
source of mention for the Lawn Institute right through winter. The clipping 
envelope received in mid-January, reflecting late December and early January 
pickup, showed two-thirds the clippings to be derived from the short filler items. 
Newspapers represented ranged from the York, Pennsylvania SUNDAY NEWS, through 
the Charlotte, North Carolina MUNICIPAL SOUTH, to the Springfield, Missouri 
LEADER & PRESS.

In the Lancaster, Pennsylvania SUNDAY NEWS, a couple of the "shorts" were 
combined: viz. "A quality seed mixture based upon Kentucky bluegrass and. the 
Oregon fine fescues needs no help from nursegrass - -.", and "Park bluegrass and 
Oregon fine fescues sprout about as rapidly as so-called nursegrasses."

Most of the items selected referred to autumn and colder weather. The North 
Carolina item, for example, advised: "New Kentucky bluegrass lawns not started 
in autumn could be seeded in winter, according to the Lawn Institute. The seed 
will sprout when spring warms them."

The following papers also carried the filler items: South Bend, Indiana TRIBUNE, 
Kansas City, Missouri TIMES, Council Bluffs, Iowa NONPAREIL and Baton Rouge, 
Louisiana STATE TIMES.

CANADA OFFERS HORTICULTURAL CORRESPONDENCE COURSES

Under covering letter of March 20, the Extension Education Department of the 
Ontario Agricultural College offers "horticultural correspondence courses for 
parks, nursery, landscape and commercial floriculture vocations" and "horti­
cultural correspondence courses for the home gardener". Jim Boyce, informed us 
some time ago that he would be responsible for assisting in the teaching of 
turf management. He had asked the Institute for printed materials, and was 
considering using "The Lawn Book" as text.

This extension educational program seems very elaborate. In addition to the 
three-year professional courses in such subjects as turf management and processing 
crop production, which involve a number of highly technical courses, there is 
offered a correspondence course directed to the home gardener. The letter 
states that its purpose "is to broaden one’s academic understanding of horti­
culture in such a way that we become aware of the reasons behind the practical 
techniques we use, and thus make gardening an even more enjoyable experience for 
the horticultural enthusiast." Some 300 persons already hold the Certificate of 
Proficiency and another 150 are presently enrolled.

Curriculum for the three-year professional course in turf management includes the 
first year: plant identification; soils, fertilizers and manure; general botany; 
elementary entomology and pathology; introduction to turf management; and sprinkler 
irrigation subjects. The second year plant identification continues; plus oper­
ation and maintenance of machinery for turf; land surveying and leveling; herb­
icides, insecticides and fungicides for turf; either plant nutrition or plant 
physiology; arboriculture. The third year plant identification continues; and 
there are courses in office management and bookkeeping; personel relationships 
and staff management; golf course construction; draftsmanship and basic design; 
advance turf management; plus a project required of all students.

NEW YORK REVISED RULES ISSUED

The State of New York Circular 826, to replace Circular 788, giving rules and 
regulations for sale of lawn seeds, appeared recently. For lawn Seed, mixtures 
the adoption of "fine-textured grasses" and "coarse kinds" designations is 
suggested. Bentgrasses, bluegrasses and fine fescues qualify as "fine textured", 
and others, including redtop, as "coarse kinds".

As to Poa annua in lawn seed, it must be named and the number of seeds per pound 
stated, or be listed on the label as a component crop seed with its percentage 
by weight and germination shown. Annual bluegrass (Poa annua) will also be 
regarded as a noxious weed seed when present in lawn seed or lawn seed mixtures 
effective January 1, 1964.

USDA TV RELEASE ON LAWNS

The Lawn Institute office has just received through the good offices of the 
National Plant Food Institute, the "TV" package on spring lawn care (number 594), 
under date of March 18, 1963. This was developed in conjunction with the U. S. 
Department of Agriculture, and carries the identification "produced by Radio and 
Television Service, Office of Information, U. S. Department of Agriculture, 
Washington 25, D. C." The Lawn Institute furnished some of the illustrative 
material in the package.

The package consists of a prepared script, similar to that utilized in prior 
years with Encyclopedia Britannica. A video cue is given to the left, and the 
more extensive "audio" (to be read by the announcer) to the right. During 
recitation the camera plays upon the sequence enclosed of 8 x 11 photos.

Lawn instructions are necessarily brief, and scarcely mention kinds of grasses. 
Main emphasis is upon fertilization, with suggestion to seek out additional 
information from the county agent.

FLORIDA TURF CIRCULAR UNDER WAY

Allen Wilson, Ornamental Horticulturist, and Granville Horn, Research Professor, 
with the University of Florida at Gainesville, have recently requested several 
photographs from the Lawn Institute for incorporation in a circular they are 
developing entitled "Building the New Lawn". It’ll be interesting to watch for 
the appearance of this item, since there is a dearth of attractive instructional 
booklets for the deep South.

NEW ASSOCIATE MEMBERS WELCOMED

Since issuance of the last Harvests, we are pleased to announce The Green Acres 
Sod Farms and Landscaping Company, Limited, 2050 Old Orchard Avenue, Montreal 28, 
Quebec, Canada; and the Kellogg Seed Company, 322 East Florida Street, Milwaukee 
1, Wisconsin, as Associate members.

NEWS ITEM FOR AMERICAN SOCIETY OF AGRONOMY

Discussion of northern grasses for winterseeding in the South was sent to the 
American Society of Agronomy, as a contribution from the Industrial Agronomists 
Committee, of which Dr. Schery is a member. This was tentatively entitled 
"Fine Northern Turfs Go South For Winter".

Proof was read in February, and it is presumed the article appears in a spring 
issue of Crops and Soils. The item deals with use of fine fescues, Highland 
bentgrass and bluegrasses for winterseeding golf greens in the South, and 
especially the work done by the Milwaukee Sewerage Commission in investigating 
this usage.

NEW NATIONAL GARDENING SCHOOL PROPOSED

An interesting letter from Cecil F. Carter, Chairman of the Education Committee 
for the National Association of Gardeners, was recently received, along with his 
presentation "Horticultural Relationships In The Future Of America". Mr. Carter 
had been encouraged to explore the possibilities of a national school of hort­
iculture. He states: "Our objective is to create a centralized American 
institution which will not only have the facilities for superior education but 
also the capabilities through channels of popular influence, to build a new 
public image of the gardening professions - -." The Board of Directors of the 
American Horticultural Society reported favorably on creation of this school, 
and Mr. Carter was inquiring further for suggestions, opinion and ideas. Such a 
school would be designed to bridge the gap between the highly theoretical work 
done at universities, and the practical knowledge needed by workers servicing 
public grounds, nurseries, and so on.

Dr. Schery answered with a sympathetic letter, indicating that certainly such a 
school would fill a gap. On the other hand, any practical means for funding so 
extensive an enterprise would seem hard to come by. The Lawn Institute would be 
able to lend nothing more than logistic support.

BUGS BARRINGER REQUESTS INSTITUTE MATERIAL

A note from Bugs Barringer, from North Carolina, requested a Lawn Institute feature 
on getting soils in shape for southern grasses. Dr. Schery composed a brief 
article on the subject, and suggested Mr. Barringer polish it up to conform with 
local needs in the Southeast. Mr. Barringer’s name has been put on the mailing 
list for regular receipt of the press kits.

MAILING LIST CHECKED AT MARYSVILLE OFFICE

While Dr. Schery was out of the office on business, Mrs. Payne devoted many days 
to the checking and perfecting of the Lawn Institute mailing list. The Kansas 
City files were sent by registered mail to Marysville, so that exact duplication 
of records exists between Marysville and Kansas City. Mrs. Payne re-organized 
the list so that names and addresses can be more effectively found in the future, 
enabling better keeping up to date of this mainstay in Institute activity.

WEST VIRGINIA PAPER RECOMMENDS BLUEGRASS-FINE FESCUE

Noting Dr. Skogley’s finding that 50-50 Kentucky bluegrass-fine fescue mixture 
finds fescue predominating at seeding rates above 4 lbs./M, it is interesting 
to have this advice from the Martinsburg, West Virginia JOURNAL, in their 
"Green Thumb" column. "One of the best seed mixtures for West Virginia - - is 
80% - - bluegrass and 20% Illahee fescue seeded at the rate of 3-4 lbs.M."

The Lakewood, New Jersey TIMES recommends lower rates: "Spreading grass seed 
should be done right now, using a 50-50 mixture of Kentucky bluegrass and 
Pennlawn fescue. About 2 lbs./M is the right amount."

ADVICE TO OMAHANS

The Omaha, Nebraska MORNING WORLD-HERALD carries this advice by Charles Warren, 
seemingly an adaptation of Institute releases: " - - a combination of Kentucky 
bluegrass and red fescue usually yields the best all-around lawn in this area.
- - In the average lawn some of the lesser grasses may have thinned out. As 
soon as the weather permits, the lawn should be overseeded with Kentucky bluegrass 
at the rate of one-half pound to 1000 square feet."

FURTHER ADVICE FOR NEBRASKA

This we find in the Fremont, Nebraska GUIDE & TRIBUNE: "Kentucky bluegrass - 
a slow starter, but good finisher and considered the backbone of a good turf.
A good lawn seed mixture should contain at least 20% Kentucky bluegrass.

Creeping red fescue and Chewings fescue - grow well in drier soils, and are well 
adapted to severe shade conditions. For shaded areas the fescues should make up 
70% of the total mixture."

ILLINOIS ADVISORY

The Champaign, Illinois NEWS-GAZETTE, utilizing the Lawn Institute press kit, has 
this to say in the March 10 issue: "Kentucky bluegrass-fine fescue lawns thrive 
on cooler weather. They come back from hidden crowns no matter how rugged the 
winter. If lesser grasses have thinned, now is the time to upgrade, overseeding 
with a bluegrass-fine fescue mixture. Bluegrass is especially good for weaving 
tight sod; the fine fescues are at their hardy best for shade and dry soil. 
Highland bent is excellent for well kept lawns in moist environments."

CLIPPINGS NOTED FIRST WEEK OF MARCH

Among the 73 clippings picked up in early March by the Institute clipping service, 
15 were attributable to the Institute kit. These appeared in the Hutchinson, 
Kansas NEWS, Willoughby, Ohio NEWS HERALD, Lima, Ohio NEWS, Chicago, Illinois 
WEEKLY DEFENDER, Cincinnati, Ohio ENQUIRER, Pasco, Washington COLUMBIA BASIN NEWS, 
New York, New York VILLAGE VOICE, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania INQUIRER, Champaign, 
Illinois NEWS-GAZETTE, Traverse City, Michigan RECORD EAGLE, Springfield, Missouri 
LEADER & PRESS, San Rafael, California INDEPENDENT JOURNAL, and Pawtucket, Rhode 
Island TIMES.

SPRING INTEREST IN "BLUEGRASS BEAUTY"

An unusual number of TV showings have been booked, for "Bluegrass Beauty" this 
spring including WICU, Erie, Penna.; KDKA, Pittsburgh, Penna.; KXLT, Spokane, 
Washington; KERO, Bakersfield., Calif.; WCPO, Cincinnati, Ohio; WBNS, Columbus, 
Ohio; KETV, Omaha, Nebraska; KYTV, Springfield., Ohio; WATR, Waterburg, Conn.;
WBJA, New York, N. Y.; KFRE, Fresno, Calif.; WTVW, Evansville, Indiana; KUMV, 
Williston, North Dakota; KMOT, Minot, North Dakota; KLIX, Twin Palls, Idaho;
WJPB, Fairmont, West Virginia; KJEO, Fresno, Calif.; WSJV, Elkhart, Indiana;
KFXR, Bismarck, North Dakota; KPLR, St. Louis, Missouri; KDSJ, Deadwood, South 
Dakota; KTVC, Dodge City, Kansas; KRSD, Rapid City, South Dakota; WLBC, Muncie, 
Indiana; WISH, Indianapolis, Indiana; KCBY, Coos Bay, Oregon; KOTI, Klamath Falls, 
Oregon; KORK, Las Vegas, Nevada; WLKY, Louisville, Kentucky; KTVH, Wichita,
Kansas; KAKE, Wichita, Kansas; KTVO, Ottumwa, Iowa; KVTV, Sioux City, Iowa;
KCND, Pembina, North Dakota; KAYS, Hays, Kansas; WRCV, Philadelphia, Penna.;
WRCV, Philadelphia, Penna.; KNTV, San Jose, Calif.; KSHO, Las Vegas, Nevada.
This is in addition to many showings to live audiences.

WHAT THEY ARE SAYING ABOUT THE INSTITUTE AND ITS RELEASES

"Thanks for sending me the reprint from your recent article 'Remake Your Lawn In

Autumn'. This is an excellent article - very well written and illustrated."

William W. Roberts 
Agriculturist 
American Cyanamid Company 
Columbus, Ohio

"Thank you for the various articles, booklets, etc., which I received in the 

month of November. I have found them very interesting, and the information will 

be a great asset in promoting sales, understanding, and consultation with 

customers."

G. Maioni
The Green Acres Sod Farms and Landscaping 
Company Limited 
Montreal, Quebec, Canada

"Many thanks for your prompt, detailed answer to our inquiry. I’m sure that 

Life Magazine will be delighted."

John McKelvey
Stanford Research Institute 
Menlo Park, California

"I thank you for - - sending the literature. I plan to glean that material 
today.”

John L. Weihing
Extension Plant Pathologist 
State of Nebraska 
Lincoln, Nebraska

"I find your publications the only answer to the problem of keeping up with

changes in lawn making materials and methods."

George E. Creed 
Landscape Architect 
Cleveland Heights, Ohio

"Thank you so much for the most beneficial information recently received concern- 

ing spring lawns. Your service is always most helpful to us in our educational 

program."

J. Edgar Ferrell, Jr.
Ass’t. County Agent 
Annapolis, Maryland

" - - your feature 'Anemia In Your Garden’ has appeared in Flower & Garden, and

was well worth waiting for. - - best thanks again for doing such a fine job."

Gordon Sapp 
Wildrick & Miller Inc.
New York, New York

" - - 'Put Spring In Your Lawn' - - will surely create a lot of interest among 

the more than 52,000 readers who are responsible for the maintenance and care of 
industrial, institutional and. commercial buildings. - - We wish to thank you for 

the above article."

Jack Pomrening, Managing Editor 
Building Maintenance & Modernization 
Milwaukee, Wisconsin

"We are very much interested in the copy of your reprint from the Flower and 

Garden Merchandiser. - - We would appreciate using these in some of our 

special mailings."

Naomi Ullom
The Cyclone Seeder Co., Inc. 
Urbana, Indiana

"We would appreciate your furnishing us 200 copies of ‘For Repeat Sales: - -’ 

Thank you kindly."

PRESS QUOTES

D. L. Klockow 
Kellogg Seed Company 
Milwaukee, Wisconsin

"The ravages of winter may knock down - but seldom knock out - fine perennial 
lawns. Kentucky bluegrass-fine fescue lawns thrive on cooler weather." - Lima, 
Ohio NEWS

"How About That Lawn? - Spring Thoughts on Landscaping. Kentucky bluegrass 
combined with fine fescues usually yield the best all-around turf with minimum 
attention. Park bluegrass can be included for fast sprouting. Highland bent­
grass is excellent for moist or watered areas." - Lowell, Massachusetts SUN

"A good seed mixture will be mostly Kentucky bluegrass and fine fescue, with 
little or no nursegrass." - Earl Aronson, Levelland, Texas SUN-NEWS and TEXAS 
HERALD; Winchester, Kentucky SUN

"A good haygrass such as tall fescue becomes a weed when it is planted in the 
lawn. The tall fescues such as Kentucky-31 or Alta are not to be confused with 
the fine fescues from Oregon such as Chewings, Illahee and Pennlawn. The fine 
fescues and Kentucky bluegrass are good companions - -." - Lowell, Massachusetts 
SUN; Peoria, Illinois EVENING JOURNAL STAR; Lima, Ohio NEWS; Peoria, Illinois 
STAR

"Have patience with early spring lawn seedings. Tests at the Lawn Institute 
show that Kentucky bluegrass seed kept below 50 degrees F. takes about eight or 
nine weeks to show green fuzz." - Springfield, Missouri LEADER & PRESS

"According to the Lawn Institute, a good lawn fertilizer for Kentucky bluegrass, 
fine fescue and bentgrass has about twice as much nitrogen as either phosphorus 
or potassium." - South Bend, Indiana TRIBUNE

“The yard doesn‘t look like much without a lawn, according to Dr. Robert W.
Schery, director of the Lawn Institute. - - Kentucky bluegrass combined with 
fine fescues usually yield the best all-around turf with minimum attention. Park 
bluegrass can be included for fast sprouting. Highland bentgrass is excellent for 
moist or watered areas." - Springfield, Missouri LEADER & PRESS

"Thanks to modem chemical research, bug bother can be eliminated or substant­
ially reduced. A side advantage to reduction of the bother, according to Dr. 
Robert W. Schery, Lawn Institute Director, is that elite lawngrasses will prosper 
when the bug population is reduced." - San Rafael, California INDEPENDENT JOURNAL

"A lawn is a blessing not a burden, points out the Lawn Institute. The lawn adds 
value, points up landscaping, keeps grime from the door, affords play space and 
summer 'air conditioning'. A few pounds of a bluegrass seed blend and an 
occasional mowing is small price to pay for all this." - Hutchinson, Kansas NEWS

" - - Fortunately, quality northern grasses such as Kentucky bluegrass, fine 
fescues and Highland bentgrass, are reasonably free of bug problems." - Lima,
Ohio NEWS

"Lawn seed is a better value than ever before, says the Lawn Institute. Kentucky 
bluegrass, fine fescues and Highland bentgrass are harvested and cleaned by 
modem equipment, to sprout more surely and have fewer weeds." - Hutchinson, 
Kansas NEWS

"The most attractive lawns are those seeded with 'fine-textured' grasses. Among 
the fine-textured varieties are Kentucky bluegrass (including varieties like Park
- - Arboretum), fine fescues (Chewings, Illahee and Pennlawn) and the bent­
grasses (both creeping and lawn varieties, such as Highland)." - Lima, Ohio NEWS

"Using seed mixtures broadens the range of lawn conditions under which grasses 
will thrive. Kentucky bluegrass is an excellent ground cover in favorable 
locations. But fine fescues help out in the shade, on dry soil or in poor soil 
spots. There are even advantages in mixing varieties within a species." - Pasco, 
Washington COLUMBIA BASIN NEWS