2001 Iowa Turfsrass Research Revort ----- H Turjacd1 c >] University Extension__________ Ames, Iowa Department of Horticulture Department of Plant Pathology Department of Entomology Cooperative Extension IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY FG -466/July 2001 In Cooperation with the Iowa Turfgrass Institute I owa S tate U niversity Field Day Program - August 2, 2001 8:45 a.m. Introductory Remarks 9:00 a.m. CHOICE OF FOUR TOURS A ll to u rs to p ic s , Tour #1 s ta r t fro m s p e a k e rs , - R e g is tr a t io n r e g is tr a tio n tim e s , a n d Lawn Care & Grounds d e m o n s t r a t io n s R e s e a rc h -- p r e s e n ta tio n s f o llo w in g tw o p a g e s fo r Aeration and Related Applications. b y th e Io w a in c lu d e : tr ia ls , S e e s p e c ific lo c a t io n s . s p o n s o r e d t r a ffic - to le r a n t g r a s s a re a . T e n t N T E P P r o fe s s io n a l h e r b ic id e v a r ie ty tr ia ls , tr ia ls -- L a w n C a re E q u ip m e n t A s s o c ia tio n . s h a d e - to le r a n t g r a s s K e n tu c k y b lu e g r a s s t r ia ls , a n d ta ll fe s c u e . Tour #2 Golf Course s p o n s o r e d -- b y p r e s e n ta tio n s Fairway Core Processing. th e a m e n d m e n t s tu d y , Tour #3 G o lf C o u r s e N T E P p e s tic id e S u p e r in te n d e n ts v a r ie ty t r ia ls , t r ia l - - c r e e p in g re m o te s e n s in g Sports Turf — Fall Seeding Alternatives. s p o n s o r e d b y p r e s e n ta tio n s th e Tour #4 Landscape 12:00 p.m. Io w a in c lu d e : b e r m u d a g r a s s , 1:00 p.m. Io w a in c lu d e : E q u ip m e n t -- S p o rts T u r f s e e d lin g S e le c tio n t r a ff ic a n d s a n d o n s tr a tio n s A s s o c ia tio n . b e n tg ra s s , fo r R e s e a rc h s lo p e d g re e n g o lf c o u r s e s . E q u ip m e n t M a n a g e r s s o il a m e n d m e n t s , d e m d e m A s s o c ia tio n . s ta b ility t r ia l, o n s tr a tio n s R e s e a rc h s u m m e r s e e d in g to le r a n c e . c a re o f la n d s c a p e p la n ts fo r Io w a . Lunch (Served in Exhibit Area) Educational Sessions and Demonstrations • Pesticide Recertification Cont. Ed. Course (2 hours) • Turf I.D. and Weed, Disease & Insect Control T o u rD r. • D a v e Vendors and Equipment/Products M in n e r a n d -- E x h ib it D r. A re a N ic k M a in B u ild in g C h r is t ia n s Buffalograss Study Park KBG Ram I KBG p su m m er P a tc h T rials O g UJ o 0 £ -*c Ecol0 C lD p CL I 0 CO 0 0 Sports Turf Tour ~to o SS i s a § 8.Q 0 -O B 5 & Q .2 0 0 £ c > .0 0 0 « 0 CD £ 0 ^ 2 0 ^ 0 2 o> 0 ,5 OT o < ■DIt § .2 Q § s S! i= O a z & .c ■D C I 0 8* 8 1 1 o 5 U) . | .1-8 0 O -o 5 0 0 0 0 1 *I 0 I “ 5 01 2'O CO c 0 -o D) CD d E^ 0 2«g 1 *5 8 -Q 0 ■D CQ c ■§ wr 3 0 If e - | ¡1 o 0 * a — * 0 C LL CO ■*= CO .O 0 Cl) ° s ill * g ■0 0 £ i Q I CO o c it 0 Golf Course Tour e> o 8 | 0 0 £ 0 ^ 05-0 O) 0 S 11 2 $ .2 =3 S i go _3 £ a jQ CQ 0 0 .2 ^ 0 0 0 t= 00 Q Tr "O C 0 8 Lawn Care/Grounds Tour § .§ ll 1 I 0 «0 i0 f-C ¡1 8 CD Z.S s ? J9 x 8 CD O O ) Q) E .§ ro To S X LU 0 a5 Time 8. s ”8. i 2 2 CD I I O' CD.2 c I 0 E E B o' E 0 0 0 -d a § B 5 g 0 "o -2 6 | •B ce c E o> Is O "qj Q- C 0 £ "O £ £ ■S J= 0 0 -0 •EZ N 0 -L > 0 0 -C a? £ ■O e> 0 0 0 0 B0 a. V. o 6 -C 0 ■O CD s? t CD a 0 a ““ § 0 0 -2 !5 CD 0 li 2 6 s < I O 8 8 ■ Introduction Nick E. Christians and David D. Minner The following research report is the 22nd yearly publication of the results of turfgrass research projects performed at Iowa State University. Copies of information in earlier reports are available from most of the county extension offices in Iowa. This is the fourth year that the entire report is available on the Internet. This report and the previous years' reports can be accessed at: http://www.hort.iastate.edu/pages/pubs/p_frame.html Several new projects were started in the 2000 season. The Kentucky bluegrass trial was replaced with a new trial that includes the latest cultivars. A new non-irrigated fairway-height Kentucky bluegrass trial was also established. This is in addition to the irrigated fairway height bluegrass study that was established in 1998. Poa supina and seeded bermudagrass continue to be evaluated as alternative grasses for athletic turf. A new project was started in 2000 to evaluate traffic tolerance of several grass species in the seedling and early establishment stage. The Heatway study which was established in 1997 is also being used to evaluate bermudagrass survival in winter conditions. We would like to acknowledge Will Emley, superintendent of the ISU Horticulture Research Station; Rod St. John, manager of the turf research area; Barbara Bingaman, Postdoctoral researcher; Federico Valverde, research associate; Dr. Young Joo, visiting scientist; Deying Li, Mark Howieson, Troy Oster, Natalie Canier, and Jason Kruse, graduate students; and all others employed at the field research area in the past year for their efforts in building the turf program. Special thanks to Lois Benning for her work in typing and helping to edit this publication. Edited by Nick Christians and David Minner, Iowa State University, Department of Horticulture, Ames, IA 50011-1100. Dr. Nick Christians Phone: 515/294-0036 Fax: 515/294-0730 E-mail: nchris@iastate.edu Dr. David Minner Phone: 515/294-5726 Fax: 515/294-0730 E-mail: dminner@iastate.edu IV Table of Contents Environm ental Data.................................................................................................................................. 1 Species and C ultivar Trials Results of Regional Kentucky Bluegrass Cultivar Trials.................................................................. 4 Fairway Height Kentucky Bluegrass Cultivar Trial........................................................................... 8 Perennial Ryegrass Studies............................................................................................................... 9 Regional Tall Fescue Cultivar Evaluation....................................................................................... 12 Regional Fine Fescue Cultivar Trial................................................................................................. 15 Fairway Height Bentgrass Cultivar Trials........................................................................................... 17 Green Height Bentgrass Cultivar Trials............................................................................................. 18 Shade Adaptation Study.................................................................................................................... 19 Ornamental Grasses Project.............................................................................................................. 22 Herbicide and Growth Regulator Studies Preemergent Annual Grass Control Study........................................................................................ 24 Postemergence Broadleaf Trial 1...................................................................................................... 28 Postemergent Broadleaf Trial II......................................................................................................... 32 Postemergence Broadleaf Trial III.................................................................................................... The Use of Bensulide to Reduce 36 Poaannua Infestations in Golf Course Bentgrass Overseeding Study............................................................................................................ 42 Drive Bentgrass Seeding Study.......................................................................................................... 46 Drive Seeding Tolerance Study........................................................................................................ 49 Plant Growth Regulator Study........................................................................................................... 55 Effects of Trinexapac-ethyl (Primo) and Mower Adjustment on Creeping Bentgrass Mowing Quality........................................................................................................................... 57 Fertilizer Trials Kentucky Bluegrass Fertility Trial...................................................................................................... 60 Granular Spoon-feeding Study.......................................................................................................... 62 Turfgrass Disease Research Evaluation of Fungicides for Control of Brown Patch in Creeping Bentgrass.............................. 65 Evaluation of Fungicides for Control of Dollar Spot in Penncross CreepingBentgrass.............. 67 Environm ental Research 1991 Corn Gluten Meal Crabgrass Control Study - Year 1 0 ........................................................... 68 1995 Corn Gluten Meal Rate Weed Control Study - Year 6 ........................................................... 71 1999 Corn Gluten Meal/Urea Crabgrass Control Study - Year 2 .................................................... 76 Arbuscular Mychorrhizal Poa annua Control Study........................................................................ 78 1999 Kentucky Bluegrass Cultivar/Crabgrass Control Study........................................................... 79 Soil M odification and Sand-based Systems Thermal Properties of Sand-based Rootzone Media Modified with Inorganic Soil Amendments................................................................................................................................ 81 Managing Bentgrass Stress on Putting Green Slopes..................................................................... 85 Quantitative Evaluation of Sand Shape and Roundness and Their Potential Effect on Stability of Sand-based Athletic Fields.................................................................................... v 88 Modifying Athletic Field Soils with Calcined Clay and Tillage..................................................... 90 Sand-based Sport Field Stability Study............................................................................................ 93 The Effect of Winter Covers on Autumn Established Kentucky Bluegrass.................................... 94 Anti-Desiccant Winter Protection of Creeping Bentgrass Putting Greens - 2001 Results............ 98 The Effect of Inorganic Topdressing Amendments on Rootzone Temperature.......................... 100 Introducing The Iowa State University personnel affiliated with the Turfgrass Research Program................ 101 Companies and Organizations that made donations or supplied products to the Iowa State University Turfgrass Research Program................................................................................... 102 vi Weather Data for the Iowa State University Research Station January 1 to December 31, 2000 No data available. 63 62 77 88 97 27 29 30 No data available. 87 25 0.75 0.17 23 60 0.42 67 87 CD 22 67 90 CD Is- 85 d 1^ 24 d ID CM d q 79 o 58 CD 62 CO 75 CM 76 - o O O o o o O q o o o d d d d d d O O d 05 CM ID CM CO CD CD o CD CD CD 5 5 CM CD CD CD O 00 5 CO 00 CO 00 CM 00 CD 00 CM 00 rIs- 5 00 00 ID CM CD CM NCM 00 CM 05 CM 05 CD 05 CD '’i Is- CM 1^ CM r- r- IsCD CD CD nCD CD CD CD CD 00 LD O 05 LD 00 CD 00 5 CD LD CD h— 00 05 T— o CM CM CM CM CO CM CM q o o o CM o o d d d d 00 LD d o o d d d 5 oo Is- CD 00 05 05 00 CO 00 5 CO 00 oo oo LO CD h- 00 05 o - 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s n o w CO CO CN 00 t— d o o o o o o o o o CO 1" s n o w o CN 5" s n o w CD 00 d T— 3" s n o w CO CO d o CO i tr - s n o w d CD CO CN tr - s n o w d 00 N1 CD i o o tr - s n o w 0 .3 9 o CO CN i 5" s n o w Rainfall (in) Low (F°) High (P ) December Rainfall (in) Low (P ) CO in in in CO CN CO i 0 0 0 CO LO o o q q q O in t 0 0 0 CO CN d 0 0 0 CN CO o CN d 0 0 0 - CD CN CN 0 0 0 s 00 CN d 0 0 0 CN CO - d 0 0 0 Nco CO in d 0 0 0 - d o o 0 0 0 CO d o o o q MOUS , , ÿ CN o CO o q 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 CN o o o o o o o o d r- o 00 CO o o d Is- o CO CO CO CO 00 CN in CO Is- 00 CD o q d T— d £ co CN CO in CO £ CO 00 o q q d d CD 00 00 co o o 00 00 I s - in 00 CN CO co CD in in in in in CD co in in CN o in in in oo O s ^ 00 CD CD CD in CN 00 r- 00 co 00 I s - 00 r- 00 00 CD CD oo o o d CO o o d CD CN in CD CO CO 00 00 o in in in r— in 00 in in CN CO in in CD in CO r- s m in CD o in ¡s Is- l'­ CO Is- CN CO CO Is- Is- CN CN CN CN CO CN ^r CN CN in co CN CN Is- 00 CN CD CN o o o d O o d CN m O d d o o d o o d o o d o q d o q d o o d o o d Is- o CD CN CD CD co CO co Is- CO CD in in 00 CN o I s - CO CD oo co o CD CO CO CO o 00 CD CD r- CO CO CD in in co I i^ s - I s - i^- £ T— 00 j CN CO Tt — in co r 00 CD o CN CO T— in co I s - 00 CD o CN CO in CO 1^ 00 CD o CN CN CN CN CN CN CN CN CN CN CO £ r— £ Results of Regional Kentucky Bluegrass Cultivar Trials Rodney A. St. John, Nick E. Christians, and David D. Minner The National Turfgrass Evaluation Program (NTEP) has sponsored several regional Kentucky bluegrass cultivar trials conducted at most of the northern agricultural experiment stations. Two high-maintenance trials were underway during the 2000 season. The first, a high-maintenance study, was established in 1995 and completed in July of 2000. The second is a new high-maintenance study that was established in fall 2000. It contains 173 cultivars. Both studies received or will receive 4 lb N/1000 ft2/yr, and were irrigated as needed. The objective of these high-maintenance, irrigated studies is to investigate cultivar performance under a cultural regime similar to that used on irrigated home lawns in Iowa. The values listed under each month in Table 1 are the averages of visual quality ratings made on three replicated plots for the first study. Visual quality was based on a scale of 9 to 1: 9 = best quality, 6 = lowest acceptable quality, and 1 = worst quality. Yearly means of monthly data were taken and are listed in the last column. The first cultivar received the highest average rating for the entire 2000 season. The cultivars are listed in descending order of average quality. Data for genetic color (Gcol) and leaf texture (Leaf) also are included for the 1995 high-maintenance trial. Genetic color was rated using a 9 to 1 scale with 9 = dark and 1 = light green. Leaf texture was assessed with a 9 to 1 scale with 9 = fine and 1 = coarse texture. Data for the 2000 high-maintenance study are included in Table 2. The cultivars are listed in descending order according to percentage bluegrass cover in October, 2000. Table 1. 2000 visual quality1 and other ratings2 for the 1995 High-maintenance Kentucky Bluegrass Trial. __________ Visual quality_________ June Cultivar Leaf July Mean Gcol 8.7 8.7 8.7 8.7 8.7 Award 1 9.0 8.7 8.3 8.3 8.7 2 Midnight 8.7 8.7 8.7 8.7 8.7 3 Total Eclipse (TCR-1738) 8.7 9.0 4 8.0 Absolute (MED-1497) 8.3 8.5 8.7 8.7 8.3 8.3 5 Impact (J-1576) 8.5 8.7 8.3 8.3 Liberator (ZPS-2572) 8.3 8.3 6 7.7 9.0 7 9.0 9.0 North Star (PST-A7-60) 8.3 8.7 8.7 8.0 8.7 8 Quantum Leap (J-1567) 8.3 8.7 7.7 8.7 8.7 8.2 9 NuGlade 8.0 8.3 8.0 8.0 8.0 10 Arcadia (J-1936) 8.7 7.3 8.7 8.7 11 Dragon (ZPS-429) 8.0 7.0 9.0 9.0 12 NJ 1190 8.0 8.0 8.7 8.0 8.7 8.0 8.0 13 Seabring (Ba 79-260) 8.7 8.7 7.3 14 8.3 7.8 Ba 73-373 7.7 8.3 7.3 8.3 7.8 15 Ba 75-163 8.7 7.3 8.3 8.3 7.8 16 Ba 81-220 8.3 7.0 8.7 17 8.0 7.8 Brilliant (PST-B2-42) 8.3 7.3 8.3 7.8 18 H86-690 8.0 8.7 8.3 8.0 7.7 7.8 19 Pick 8 7.7 8.0 Showcase (PST-BO-141) 8.0 20 8.0 7.8 7.7 7.3 21 Wildwood 7.7 8.3 7.8 7.0 8.3 8.3 7.7 22 Abbey 8.3 8.0 7.3 8.0 7.7 23 Apollo (PST-B3-180) 8.0 8.3 7.7 7.7 7.7 24 8.0 Ba 70-060 8.0 7.3 8.0 7.7 7.7 25 Ba 81-270 6.7 8.7 8.7 7.7 26 Conni 8.0 27 7.7 8.0 7.3 8.0 7.7 Glade 8.3 7.3 8.0 7.7 28 Lipoa 8.3 7.7 8.0 8.0 7.7 7.3 29 Moonlight (PST-A418) 7.0 7.7 8.0 8.3 7.7 NuStar 30 8.3 8.0 7.3 7.7 8.0 31 Odyssey (J-1561) 7.7 7.7 8.0 7.7 32 Pepaya (DP 37-192) 7.3 7.7 8.0 7.7 7.7 8.0 33 Rugby II (MED-18) 34 Sidekick 8.7 9.0 7.0 8.3 7.7 8.7 7.7 8.3 7.3 8.0 35 SR 2000 4 Visual quality 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 Cultivar Unique ZPS-2183 Ba 77-702 Ba 81-113 Chateau Fortuna Haga Jewel (Ba 81-227) Livingston Pick-855 PST-P46 Sodnet A88-744 Ba 81-058 Challenger Rambo (J-2579) SR 2100 SR 2109 Ba 75-490 Ba 76-197 BAR VB 3115B BAR VB 6820 Baronie Bartitia Blacksburg Champagne (LTP-621) Explorer (Pick-3561) Goldrush (Ba 87-102) HV 130 LTP-620 Misty (Ba 76-372) PST-BO-165 America Ascot Chicago (J-2582) Nimbus NJ-54 Serene (PST-A7-245A) VB 16015 Bluechip (MED-1991) Classic Eclipse Jefferson LKB-95 NJ-GD Princeton 105 Bariris (BAR VB 5649) Baron Baruzo Blackstone (PST-638) Envicta (Ba 75-173) SRX 2205 Caliber Cardiff Coventry Marquis Raven BAR VB 233 HV 242 Gcol 7.3 8.7 8.7 7.7 8.0 7.7 7.0 8.3 8.0 7.3 7.3 7.7 8.0 7.3 7.7 8.3 8.0 7.7 6.7 7.3 7.3 7.0 7.3 7.0 7.0 7.3 7.0 8.3 7.0 7.3 8.3 7.7 7.0 7.3 7.0 7.7 7.3 7.3 7.3 7.0 6.7 6.7 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.3 7.0 6.7 6.7 6.0 6.7 7.0 6.3 7.0 6.7 6.7 6.7 6.7 7.0 Leaf 8.3 8.0 8.3 8.3 8.3 8.0 7.3 8.3 8.7 7.7 8.3 8.7 8.3 8.0 8.7 8.3 8.0 8.7 8.0 8.3 8.3 7.7 8.0 7.7 7.7 8.0 8.0 8.3 8.0 7.7 8.3 8.0 8.0 8.3 7.7 8.3 7.7 8.3 7.7 8.0 8.0 8.0 7.7 8.0 8.0 7.3 8.3 8.0 7.7 8.3 7.3 7.3 7.0 7.3 8.0 8.0 7.3 8.0 8.0 5 June 7.3 7.7 7.0 7.0 7.3 7.7 7.0 7.0 6.3 7.0 7.7 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 6.3 6.7 6.7 6.0 7.7 6.7 7.7 8.3 7.0 7.3 7.0 7.3 6.7 6.3 6.7 7.0 7.0 7.3 7.0 7.0 6.3 7.0 7.0 6.0 6.3 6.0 6.0 6.3 6.0 7.0 7.0 6.7 8.0 6.7 7.0 6.3 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.7 7.3 6.3 July 8.0 7.7 8.0 8.0 7.7 7.3 8.0 8.0 8.7 8.0 7.3 8.0 7.7 7.7 7.7 7.7 7.7 8.3 7.7 7.7 8.3 6.7 7.7 6.7 6.0 7.3 7.0 7.3 7.0 7.7 8.0 7.7 7.0 7.0 6.7 7.0 7.0 7.7 7.0 6.7 7.7 7.3 7.7 7.7 7.3 7.7 6.3 6.3 6.7 5.3 6.7 6.3 6.7 6.0 6.0 6.0 5.3 5.3 6.3 Mean 7.7 7.7 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.3 7.3 7.3 7.3 7.3 7.3 7.2 7.2 7.2 7.2 7.2 7.2 7.2 7.2 7.2 7.2 7.2 7.2 7.2 7.2 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 6.8 6.8 6.8 6.8 6.8 6.8 6.8 6.7 6.7 6.7 6.7 6.7 6.7 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.3 6.3 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 Cultivar J-1555 Kenblue Shamrock Allure Compact MED-1580 Limousine Platini ZPS-309 L S D o.o5 Gcol 6.0 6.3 7.0 5.3 6.3 5.0 6.3 6.0 4.7 2.7 Leaf 8.0 7.0 7.7 7.7 7.7 7.7 8.0 8.0 8.0 1.4 June 6.7 6.3 6.3 7.3 6.7 7.0 7.0 5.7 6.0 1.1 Visual quality July 6.0 6.3 6.3 5.0 5.7 5.0 4.7 5.3 4.0 2.8 Mean 6.3 6.3 6.3 6.2 6.2 6.0 5.8 5.5 5.0 1.6 Visual quality was assessed using a scale of 9 to 1 with 9 = best quality, 6 = lowest acceptable quality, and 1 = worst quality. 2Genetic color (Gcol) was rated using a 9 to 1 scale with 9 = dark and 1 = light green. Leaf texture (Leaf) was assessed with a 9 to 1 scale with 9 = fine and 1 = coarse texture. Table 2. Establishment year percentage turf coverage1 data for the 2000 NTEP High-maintenance Kentucky Bluegrass Trial.__________________________________ _________________________________________ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 Cultivar Midnight Baron Lily Limerick Bodacious Bedazzled Boomerang Eagleton HV 140 Pp H 6370 Pp H 6366 Pp H 7929 Pp H 7832 Pp H 7097 A96-402 A97-1336 Shamrock Wellington Wildwood Hallmark A93-200 H94-293 Coventry PST-1701 PST-B5-125 PST-604 PST-108-79 PST-1QG-27 PST-161 PST-B5-89 Brilliant PST-222 A98-739 PST-York Harbor 4 PST-1 BMY A97-1439 A97-1449 Apollo % turf cover 53.3 60.0 66.7 60.0 50.0 56.7 56.7 66.7 63.3 53.3 56.7 53.3 50.0 53.3 60.0 60.0 56.7 60.0 70.0 70.0 60.0 56.7 60.0 56.7 63.3 60.0 53.3 66.7 53.3 53.3 60.0 50.0 53.3 63.3 66.7 63.3 60.0 66.7 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 6 Cultivar A97-1432 HV 238 Pick-232 A97-1567 PST-1804 B3-185 B5-43 B5-45 IB7-308 H92-203 B3-171 B5-144 PST-B4-246 PST-H6-150 Alpine Pick 453 Pick 417 Limousine Quantum Leap Envicta Goldrush Misty Ascot BH 00-6002 Fairfax Abbey BH 00-6003 Ba81-058 Raven Ba83-113 Marquis Ba 84-140 Ba 82-288 Chateau Ba 00-6001 CVB-20631 Chelsea A97-1409 % turf cover 60.0 53.3 60.0 66.7 63.3 53.3 56.7 46.7 40.0 50.0 56.7 50.0 53.3 53.3 53.3 63.3 53.3 63.3 50.0 66.7 63.3 63.3 53.3 56.7 53.3 63.3 46.7 66.7 70.0 50.0 60.0 56.7 60.0 46.7 46.7 46.7 56.7 63.3 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 Cultivar A96-451 Julius Allure A97-1330 H92-558 Julia Brooklawn Boutique NA-K991 NA-K992 Showcase Arcadia SRX 2394 SRX 26351 SRX 27921 Sonoma Bordeaux Cabernet Champagne A96-427 A97-1715 Jewel Unknown Blue Knight DLF 76-9032 DLF 76-9034 DLF 76-9036 DLF 76-9037 SI A96-386 SRX 2114 SRX 2284 Pro Seeds-453 SRX OG245 99AN-53 A98-881 Jefferson A98-407 A98-1028 A98-183 A98-1275 A98-296 A98-304 A98-139 A98-365 Kenblue Princeton 105 Impact Total Eclipse Odyssey Chicago II % turf cover 56.7 56.7 50.0 66.7 66.7 63.3 53.3 63.3 46.7 56.7 56.7 56.7 60.0 56.7 53.3 53.3 53.3 60.0 56.7 60.0 63.3 56.7 56.7 53.3 53.3 50.0 60.0 63.3 53.3 60.0 60.0 53.3 56.7 66.7 56.7 63.3 43.3 50.0 50.0 46.7 66.7 60.0 66.7 46.7 70.0 60.0 63.3 56.7 56.7 53.3 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 Cultivar NuGlade J-1515 J-2487 J-1368 J-1838 J-2561 J-2885 J-1513 Everest J-1420 J-1648 J-2890 Everglade J-2695 J-1665 J-1880 Rugby II Award Rambo Freedom II Liberator GO-9LM9 Pick 113-3 Langara A96-739 PST-H5-35 PST-B3-170 B4-128A PST-731 Washington A96-742 A97-857 BAR Pp 0468 BAR Pp 0471 BAR Pp 0566 BAR Pp 0573 Bartitia Baritone Bariris Barzan Baronie Unique Serene Moonlight Blackstone Rita Northstar LSDo.os % turf cover 56.7 53.3 56.7 66.7 56.7 53.3 50.0 50.0 53.3 50.0 56.7 50.0 56.7 56.7 56.7 56.7 53.3 56.7 60.0 53.3 63.3 66.7 60.0 63.3 60.0 60.0 56.7 60.0 56.7 76.7 46.7 56.7 53.3 53.3 60.0 63.3 66.7 66.7 60.0 43.3 73.3 60.0 70.0 60.0 63.3 70.0 60.0 13.6 These data represent the percentage area covered by turf in October, 2000. 7 Fairway Height Kentucky Bluegrass Cultivar Trial Nick E. Christians and Barbara R. Bingaman This is the third year of data from the Fairway Height Kentucky Bluegrass Cultivar trial established in the fall of 1998. Data collection began after the cultivars were fully established in April, 1999. The area was maintained at a 0.5 in. mowing height. Four bluegrass cultivars were included. The cultivars were maintained with 4 lbs of N/1000 ft2/growing season. Fungicides are used as needed in a preventative program. Herbicides and insecticides were applied as needed. Visual quality ratings were taken from April through June, 2000 (Table 1). Visual quality was assessed using a 9 to 1 scale with 9 = best, 6 = lowest acceptable, and 1 = worst quality. It was determined after the June rating that the plots had become heavily infested with creeping bentgrass and data collection was suspended. Table 1. Visual quality1 of Kentucky bluegrass maintained at fairway height for the 1998 Fairway height Kentucky bluegrass cultivar trial. Cultivar 1. 2. 3. 4. April May June Mean Bluemoon Award Rambo Nuglade 6.7 5.3 6.0 5.3 5.7 5.0 6.0 5.3 6.0 6.3 6.7 7.7 6.1 5.6 6.2 6.1 L S D ( o .o5) NS NS NS NS Visual quality was assessed using a 9 to 1 scale with 9 = best, 6 = lowest acceptable, and 1 = worst quality. NS = means are not significantly different at the 0.05 level. 8 Perennial Ryegrass Studies - 2000 Progress Report Rodney A. St. John and Nick E. Christians This was the first year of the trial that began in the fall of 1999 with the establishment of 134 cultivars of perennial ryegrass at the Iowa State University Horticulture Research Station. The study was established on an irrigated area that was maintained at a 2-inch mowing height and fertilized with 3 to 4 lb N/1000 ft2/yr. The area received herbicide treatments as required. Cultivars were evaluated for turf quality April through October of 2000. Visual quality was assessed using a 9 to 1scale with 9 = best, 6 = lowest acceptable, and 1 = worst quality. The values listed under each month in Table 1 are the averages of ratings made on three replicated plots for the three studies. Yearly means of data from each month are listed in the last column. The cultivars are listed in descending order of average quality. Data for genetic color (Gcol) and spring greenup (Gm) also are included. The cultivars were rated for genetic color in July and the values were made using a 9 to 1 scale with 9 = dark and 1 = light green. Spring greenup data were takenin April and were estimated using a 9 to 1 scale with 9 = green and 1 = dormant turf. Table 1. 2000 visual quality1 and other ratings2 for the 1999 National Perennial Ryegrass Study. _____________________ Visual quality Cultivar 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 CIS-PR-78 Exacta MP107 Pick MDR PST-2CRR Roberts-627 BAR 9 B2 Pick RC2 Pizzazz PST-2L96 ABT-99-4.965 CIS-PR-80 APR 1237 Cathedral II CIS-PR-84 LPR 98-143 LTP-ME Pick PR QH-97 Pick Pmgs Premier II Promise PST-2BR PST-2LA Radiant SRX 4820 ABT-99-4.633 ABT-99-4.753 ABT-99-4.815 Affirmed APR 1235 APR 1236 CIS-PR-75 CIS-PR-85 Fiesta 3 Headstart MP 103 MP 58 Gcol Gm May June July Aug Sep Oct Mean 3.3 2.7 3.3 3.7 3.3 2.7 3.3 2.7 3.3 3.7 3.0 4.0 2.7 2.7 2.7 3.0 3.3 2.7 2.3 2.7 3.0 3.0 3.3 3.0 3.0 3.7 3.3 3.0 3.0 2.7 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 2.7 2.7 3.0 7.0 7.7 8.0 8.0 7.0 7.0 7.7 8.0 8.0 7.3 8.0 7.3 6.7 6.7 7.7 7.7 7.3 7.7 7.0 6.7 7.7 7.7 6.7 7.7 7.7 7.7 7.0 7.0 6.0 6.7 7.7 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.3 7.3 7.0 7.3 7.3 8.0 7.7 7.3 7.3 7.7 7.3 7.3 7.3 7.7 7.3 6.3 6.7 8.0 6.7 7.3 8.0 7.0 7.0 7.3 7.7 7.0 7.7 7.3 7.3 7.3 7.0 6.3 6.7 7.0 7.7 7.3 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.3 7.0 7.7 7.3 7.3 7.7 7.3 6.7 7.3 7.3 7.3 7.7 6.7 6.7 7.7 6.3 6.7 7.0 6.7 6.3 7.0 7.3 7.3 7.0 6.7 7.7 7.3 6.7 6.7 6.3 6.3 7.3 7.3 6.7 6.7 6.3 6.7 3.7 4.0 4.0 3.3 3.3 4.0 3.7 4.0 4.0 4.0 3.3 3.7 4.0 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.3 3.7 4.0 3.3 3.7 3.3 3.0 4.0 3.3 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.3 4.0 3.3 4.0 3.7 4.0 3.7 3.7 4.3 3.7 4.0 4.0 4.3 3.7 3.7 4.7 3.7 4.3 4.0 4.3 4.7 5.0 3.0 5.0 3.7 3.0 4.7 4.3 3.7 3.7 4.0 3.7 4.0 3.0 3.7 4.0 4.7 4.7 4.3 4.0 3.0 4.0 3.7 3.0 4.0 4.3 5.0 4.3 5.0 5.0 4.3 4.3 4.7 4.3 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.3 4.3 4.0 4.7 4.0 4.0 4.3 4.7 4.3 4.0 4.3 4.3 4.0 4.7 4.3 4.0 4.3 4.7 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.3 4.0 4.0 7.0 7.0 6.0 6.7 6.7 7.3 6.7 6.3 6.7 6.3 6.7 6.0 6.7 6.0 6.3 6.0 7.0 7.0 6.0 6.0 6.7 6.3 6.3 7.0 6.3 6.0 5.7 6.7 6.0 6.0 6.0 5.7 6.3 6.3 6.0 6.5 6.7 5.7 5.7 5.7 5.7 5.7 5.7 5.6 5.6 5.6 5.6 5.5 5.5 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.3 9 Visual quality Cultivar 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 Pennant II Pennington-1130 Phantom Premier PST-2RT SRX 4801 SRX 4RHT Wilmington ABT-99-4.629 ABT-99-4.721 ABT-99-4.903 ABT-99-4.960 Allsport APR 777 Brightstar II Calypso II CAS-LP84 Charger II Churchill CIS-PR-69 Elfkin EP53 Jet JR-151 LTP 98-501 Nexus Palmer III Paragon Pick PR 1-94 Pleasure XL PST-2SLX R8000 Seville II 6011 ABT-99-4.339 ABT-99-4.461 ABT-99-4.464 ABT-99-4.560 ABT-99-4.709 ABT-99-4.834 AG-P981 APR 776 B1 Barlennium Catalina CIS-PR-72 DLF-LDD EP57 EPD JR-128 KOOS R-71 Line Drive Majesty NJ-6401 Gcol Gm May June July Aug 3.0 3.7 3.0 2.7 2.7 3.3 3.3 3.3 2.7 3.3 2.7 3.3 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 3.0 2.3 3.3 3.3 2.3 3.0 3.0 2.3 3.3 3.3 2.7 3.3 3.3 2.7 2.7 3.3 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.3 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.7 3.0 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 3.0 3.3 3.0 3.0 2.7 2.3 2.3 2.7 3.0 7.3 7.0 7.0 6.3 7.0 7.3 7.0 7.0 7.3 7.0 7.7 6.7 6.7 6.3 6.7 6.3 7.3 6.0 6.3 6.7 7.3 7.0 7.7 6.0 7.7 8.0 7.3 6.7 7.3 6.7 7.0 7.3 6.3 7.0 6.0 7.0 7.3 6.7 7.7 6.7 7.3 6.7 7.3 6.7 6.7 7.3 6.7 6.7 6.0 7.0 6.3 6.7 6.7 7.0 6.7 7.0 7.0 6.7 6.7 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.3 7.0 7.3 7.0 6.7 6.7 7.0 6.7 7.0 6.3 6.7 6.7 7.0 7.0 7.3 6.3 7.3 7.3 6.7 6.7 6.7 6.7 7.0 7.3 6.7 7.0 6.3 7.0 7.0 6.7 7.0 6.7 7.0 6.3 7.0 6.7 6.7 7.0 7.0 6.7 7.0 6.3 6.3 6.7 6.3 7.0 6.3 7.0 7.0 6.7 6.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 6.7 7.0 6.7 7.0 6.7 6.3 7.3 6.7 7.0 6.7 7.0 7.0 6.7 7.0 7.0 6.0 7.0 7.0 6.3 6.7 6.3 6.7 7.0 7.0 7.3 6.3 6.3 7.0 6.3 7.0 6.7 7.3 6.0 6.3 6.7 6.3 6.3 6.7 6.7 7.0 7.3 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.3 6.0 3.7 4.0 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.3 3.7 3.3 3.7 3.0 3.7 3.3 3.3 3.7 3.7 3.3 3.7 3.7 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.7 4.0 3.7 3.7 4.0 3.7 3.7 3.0 3.7 3.7 3.3 3.0 3.0 3.7 3.7 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.0 3.0 3.7 3.7 3.3 3.7 3.7 3.0 3.7 3.3 3.3 3.7 3.7 4.3 4.0 3.7 4.7 4.3 3.7 3.3 3.3 3.0 3.3 4.0 3.3 3.7 3.7 3.0 3.3 4.3 4.3 3.3 3.3 3.7 3.7 3.0 4.3 3.3 3.3 4.7 3.3 4.3 4.7 3.7 3.0 3.3 3.7 4.0 4.0 3.3 3.7 3.3 3.3 4.0 4.3 3.0 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.3 4.0 3.3 4.3 4.7 4.3 4.3 4.0 10 Sep 4.7 4.0 4.3 3.7 4.3 4.0 4.3 4.3 4.0 4.0 4.3 4.0 4.0 4.3 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.3 4.3 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.3 4.0 4.0 4.3 4.3 4.0 4.3 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.3 4.0 4.0 4.3 4.0 3.7 4.0 4.0 4.3 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 Oct Mean 6.3 6.0 6.3 6.3 6.7 6.3 6.3 6.7 6.3 6.3 5.3 6.7 6.7 6.7 6.3 6.7 5.3 6.3 6.0 6.7 6.3 6.0 6.3 6.7 5.7 5.7 5.7 6.3 6.0 5.7 6.3 6.0 6.0 6.3 6.7 5.7 6.0 5.7 6.3 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.7 6.3 6.0 5.7 6.0 5.3 6.0 5.7 6.0 6.3 6.0 5.7 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.2 5.2 5.2 5.2 5.2 5.2 5.2 5.2 5.2 5.2 5.2 5.2 5.2 5.2 5.2 5.2 5.2 5.2 5.2 5.2 5.2 5.2 5.2 5.2 5.2 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 Visual quality Cultivar 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 Passport PST-2CRL PST-2JH PST-2M4 PST-2SBE Racer Secretariat Skyhawk ABT-99-4.724 APR 1232 APR 1233 APR1234 Ascend Divine PST-2A6B SR 4500 ABT-99-4.115 ABT-99-4.600 APR 1231 Buccaneer DP LP-1 JR-187 JR-317 LPR 98-144 Manhattan 3 MDP MEPY Panther PST-CATS WVPB-R-82 WVPB-R-84 Yatsugreen Pick EX2 Pick PR B-97 ABT-99-4.625 BY-100 DP 17-9069 Edge SRX4120 Affinity DP 17-9496 Linn DP 17-9391 L S D ( o .o5) Gcol Gm May June 2.3 2.7 2.7 3.0 3.3 3.0 2.0 3.3 3.0 3.0 2.3 2.0 3.0 2.7 2.7 2.3 2.7 2.7 2.3 2.0 2.3 3.3 2.7 2.3 2.7 3.7 2.3 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.3 2.0 2.3 2.7 2.3 2.3 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 3.0 2.3 1.2 6.3 7.3 6.3 7.0 6.3 6.7 6.0 6.3 7.0 7.0 6.3 6.7 6.3 7.0 7.0 7.0 6.7 6.3 6.7 6.3 6.7 7.0 6.7 5.3 6.3 6.7 7.0 6.3 7.0 6.0 6.0 6.3 6.3 6.3 6.7 5.7 5.7 5.7 6.3 6.0 5.0 5.0 5.7 NS 6.3 7.0 6.3 6.7 7.0 6.7 6.7 6.7 7.0 6.7 6.0 6.7 6.3 6.3 6.7 6.3 6.3 6.3 6.3 6.3 6.7 6.7 6.3 5.7 6.3 6.7 7.0 6.3 6.7 6.0 6.0 5.7 6.3 6.3 6.7 6.0 5.7 6.0 6.0 5.3 5.3 5.0 5.3 1.0 6.3 6.7 6.3 6.3 7.3 6.0 6.3 6.7 7.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.3 6.0 6.3 6.0 6.3 6.3 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.3 6.3 6.7 6.0 6.0 6.3 5.7 5.7 4.3 5.7 6.3 6.0 6.0 5.3 6.0 5.7 5.3 4.7 4.7 4.7 1.0 July 3.7 3.3 3.7 3.7 3.3 4.0 3.3 3.7 3.0 3.3 3.7 3.3 3.7 3.3 3.3 3.0 3.3 3.3 3.7 3.7 3.3 3.7 3.7 3.0 3.7 3.0 3.0 3.3 3.0 4.0 3.7 4.0 3.7 3.0 2.7 3.7 3.3 3.0 3.3 3.3 4.0 4.0 3.3 NS Aug Sep Oct Mean 4.3 3.0 4.0 4.3 3.3 4.0 4.0 3.7 3.0 3.3 4.3 4.3 4.0 4.0 3.3 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.7 4.3 4.3 3.3 3.3 4.0 4.0 3.3 3.0 3.7 3.7 4.7 4.3 5.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.3 4.7 3.7 3.0 4.7 5.0 4.0 4.3 1.9 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 3.7 4.3 4.3 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.3 4.0 4.3 4.0 3.7 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 3.3 4.0 4.0 3.7 4.0 4.0 3.3 3.3 3.7 4.3 4.0 3.0 3.3 3.0 1.3 6.0 6.3 6.3 5.7 5.7 5.7 6.3 5.7 6.3 6.3 5.7 5.7 5.7 6.3 6.3 6.7 5.7 5.7 6.0 5.7 5.3 6.0 6.0 6.3 5.3 6.0 6.3 6.3 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.3 6.3 6.0 6.0 5.7 5.7 5.7 6.0 5.0 5.7 6.0 5.7 NS 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.8 4.8 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.6 4.6 4.5 4.4 0.9 Visual quality was assessed using a 9 to 1 scale with 9 = best quality, 6 = lowest acceptable quality, and 1 = worst quality. 2Genetic color (Gcol) was rated using a 9 to 1 scale with 9 = dark and 1 = light green. Spring greenup (Gm) was determined using a 9 to 1 scale with 9 = green and 1 = dormant. NS = means are not significantly different at the 0.05 level. 11 Regional Tall Fescue Cultivar Evaluation - Established 1996 Nick E. Christians and Rodney A. St. John This was the fourth year of data collection from the tall fescue trial. This is a National Turfgrass Evaluation Program (NTEP) trial. It is being conducted at many locations around the U.S. The purpose of the trial is to study the regional adaptation of 129 tall fescue cultivars. The study is established in full sun. Three replications of the 3 x 5 ft (15 ft2) plots were established for each cultivar in the spring of 1996. The trial is maintained at a 2-inch mowing height, 3.5 lbs N/1000 ft2 were applied during the growing season, and the area was irrigated when needed to prevent drought. Preemergence herbicide was applied once in the spring. Cultivars were evaluated for turf quality each month of the growing season. Visual quality was assessed using a 9 to 1 scale with 9 = best, 6 = lowest acceptable, and 1 = worst quality. The values listed under each month in Table 1 are the averages of ratings made on three replicated plots for the three studies. Yearly means of data from each month are listed in the last column. The cultivars are listed in descending order of average quality. Data for genetic color (Gcol), spring greenup (Grn), and leaf texture (Leaf) also are included. Genetic color was rated using a 9 to 1 scale with 9 = dark and 1 = light green. Spring greenup was estimated using a 9 to 1 scale with 9 = green and 1 = dormant turf. Leaf texture was assessed with a 9 to 1 scale with 9 = fine and 1 = coarse texture. Table 1. 2000 visual quality1 and other ratings2 for the 1996 National Tall Fescue regional cultivar trial. Turf quality Cultivar 1 ISI-TF11 2 Wolfpack (PST-R5TK) 3 Rembrandt (LTP-4026 E+) 4 Arid 5 Axiom (ATF-192) 6 Shenandoah 7 ATF-253 8 Crossfire II 9 Dominion (PST-5M5) 10 Millennium (TMI-RBR) 11 Plantation (Pennington-1901) 12 MB 212 13 Twilight II (TMI-TW) * 14 Watchdog (Pick FA B-93) 15 Aztec II (TMI-AZ) 16 Bonsai 2000 (Bullet) 17 ISI-TF9 18 Mustang II 19 Pixie E+ 20 Alamo E 21 Equinox (TMI-N91) 22 Jaguar 3 23 Kentucky-31 w/endo 24 Safari 25 Titan 2 26 WX3-275 27 Anthem II (TMI-FMN) 28 ATF-257 29 Coronado 30 Coronado gold (PST-5RT) 31 Masterpiece (LTP-SD-TF) 32 PRO 8430 33 Scorpio (ZPS-2PTF) 34 Apache II Gcol Grn Leaf May June July Aug Sept Oct Mean 7.0 6.7 6.3 5.3 5.7 6.0 6.0 6.3 6.3 5.7 6.3 8.0 6.7 6.7 5.3 7.0 6.7 6.0 7.3 5.0 6.0 6.0 5.0 6.3 6.0 7.0 7.0 5.7 6.3 5.7 6.7 7.7 6.0 7.0 6.0 6.7 6.3 7.3 5.0 6.3 5.3 5.3 6.3 5.3 5.3 6.3 5.0 6.3 5.3 6.0 5.7 5.7 5.7 5.3 5.7 6.0 6.3 6.7 6.0 5.0 5.7 5.7 5.0 6.0 5.3 5.0 5.7 6.0 6.3 6.7 6.7 5.3 6.7 6.0 6.3 7.0 6.0 6.0 6.3 7.3 6.3 6.3 7.0 6.7 6.3 6.3 7.7 5.7 6.3 6.3 4.0 6.0 6.0 6.7 7.0 5.3 6.7 6.7 7.3 6.7 6.7 6.7 5.7 5.7 5.3 6.0 4.7 6.0 5.3 5.7 5.7 5.7 5.7 5.0 4.7 5.0 5.0 5.7 5.0 5.7 5.3 5.0 4.7 6.0 5.3 5.7 5.0 4.7 4.3 4.7 5.7 5.7 5.7 5.0 5.3 5.0 6.3 6.3 5.3 6.3 5.0 5.3 5.3 6.3 6.0 5.7 5.0 5.3 5.0 5.7 4.7 5.3 5.0 5.3 7.0 4.7 4.3 5.0 5.3 5.3 6.7 6.7 5.7 5.3 5.7 4.7 5.7 6.0 5.0 6.3 6.0 6.3 6.3 5.3 5.7 5.3 5.7 5.3 5.3 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.7 5.3 5.7 5.0 6.0 5.0 4.3 5.7 5.7 5.3 5.7 5.0 5.0 4.7 5.7 5.0 4.0 4.7 5.0 5.7 5.0 4.7 4.7 4.3 5.3 3.7 5.3 4.7 4.3 4.0 4.0 4.7 4.7 4.3 4.7 4.3 4.7 4.0 3.7 3.3 4.3 4.3 4.3 3.3 4.0 3.7 3.3 3.0 3.7 3.7 3.3 3.7 3.3 3.0 4.0 4.0 5.3 6.0 5.3 5.0 5.3 4.7 5.3 4.7 5.0 4.7 5.3 5.3 5.0 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.0 4.0 5.0 4.3 4.0 4.3 4.0 4.7 4.3 5.0 4.7 4.7 4.3 4.0 4.0 3.7 5.0 4.3 3.7 4.0 4.0 4.0 3.7 3.3 3.3 3.7 4.0 4.0 3.7 3.7 3.3 3.7 3.7 4.0 3.0 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.3 3.3 3.7 3.7 3.3 3.3 3.7 3.7 3.0 3.3 3.7 2.7 5.5 5.5 5.2 5.1 5.0 5.0 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.6 4.6 4.6 4.6 4.6 4.6 4.6 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.4 12 Turf quality Cultivar 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 Brandy (J-101) Bravo (RG-93) Gazelle Oncue (PST-523) Rebel 2000 (AA-989) Rebel sentry (AA-A91 Coyote Duster Finelawn Petite MB 216 Pick RT-95 SRX 8084 Chapel Hill (TA-7) Lion Marksman OFI-FW Y SRX 8500 Tar Heel Tulsa WVPB-1B AV-1 Falcon II Finelawn 5LZ (ZPS-5LZ) Genesis Glen Eagle (EC-101) Leprechaun MB 215 Olympic gold (PST-5E5) Pedestal (PC-AO) SR 8210 Sunpro WPEZE (WVPB-1C) Arid II (J-3) Bulldawg (Pick GA-96) CU9501T EA 41 Helix (WVPB-1D) OFI-951 PST-5TO Bonsai DP 7952 Empress JTTFA-96 JTTFC-96 Kitty Hawk S.S.T. (SS45DW) Pick FA XK-95 Red Coat (ATF-038) Regiment TF6 (BAR FA6 US6F) Wyatt (ATF=188) ATF-022 Cochise II DLF-1 ISI-TF10 Gcol 7.3 6.7 7.0 6.0 6.3 6.7 7.3 7.3 6.0 7.7 7.3 6.0 6.7 7.0 7.3 7.0 6.7 7.0 6.3 5.3 7.0 7.7 6.7 6.7 6.3 7.7 7.3 6.3 6.3 6.3 7.0 7.0 7.3 6.3 6.7 7.0 7.3 6.7 5.7 5.7 5.7 7.0 6.3 7.3 6.0 6.7 6.3 7.0 6.3 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.3 Grn Leaf May June July Aug Sept Oct Mean 5.7 5.7 5.3 5.7 5.0 5.7 5.7 6.0 5.7 6.3 4.7 6.0 5.7 4.7 6.0 5.3 5.0 5.7 5.3 5.0 5.7 6.0 5.3 5.7 6.0 6.0 5.3 5.7 5.3 5.3 5.3 6.0 4.7 5.0 6.0 5.0 6.0 5.0 5.0 5.3 6.3 6.3 7.0 6.3 5.0 5.3 6.0 6.0 5.7 5.0 5.3 5.3 6.0 5.3 7.0 7.0 8.3 6.3 6.3 6.7 7.0 6.3 5.3 6.0 7.7 6.7 6.0 6.7 6.7 6.7 6.3 6.7 7.0 5.7 6.3 6.3 6.7 6.3 5.7 6.0 6.0 5.7 6.0 6.3 7.3 5.7 7.0 7.0 6.3 6.3 5.7 7.0 7.0 6.0 6.3 6.3 5.7 6.3 7.0 6.7 5.7 6.7 5.7 6.7 7.0 7.0 5.7 5.7 5.0 5.0 5.3 5.3 4.7 5.3 5.0 5.0 4.7 5.7 4.7 5.0 5.3 5.0 5.3 4.7 5.3 4.7 5.3 4.7 4.3 5.0 4.7 4.7 6.0 4.7 4.3 5.0 4.7 5.0 4.3 4.7 5.0 4.0 5.0 4.3 5.3 5.0 4.3 5.0 5.0 5.0 4.3 5.0 4.7 4.3 5.0 4.3 4.7 4.3 5.7 5.0 4.7 4.3 6.0 4.7 6.3 6.0 4.7 5.7 5.3 5.3 5.0 5.7 5.0 5.0 5.0 6.0 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.7 5.3 5.0 5.0 6.0 5.3 5.0 4.7 5.3 4.7 5.0 5.0 5.3 5.0 6.7 5.7 5.3 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 4.3 4.3 5.3 5.7 5.3 5.3 5.7 5.0 5.7 5.7 4.7 4.7 4.3 4.7 5.3 4.7 5.0 5.3 4.0 4.0 5.0 4.7 4.0 4.7 5.0 5.0 4.7 4.7 4.3 3.7 4.3 4.7 4.3 5.0 4.3 5.0 4.7 4.0 4.3 5.0 4.3 5.0 4.7 4.3 4.3 4.7 4.3 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.0 4.7 5.0 5.0 4.3 4.3 4.0 4.3 4.0 3.7 4.3 4.0 4.0 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.0 3.7 4.3 3.3 4.0 4.0 3.7 4.7 3.3 4.0 4.0 5.0 3.7 4.0 3.3 4.0 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.3 3.0 3.3 4.0 3.7 3.3 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.3 4.0 3.3 3.3 3.0 4.3 3.0 2.7 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.0 3.3 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.7 2.3 3.0 3.7 3.0 3.3 4.3 3.0 3.0 3.7 3.3 3.3 4.0 4.3 4.0 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.0 3.7 3.7 3.3 4.0 4.7 3.3 4.0 3.3 3.7 4.0 3.3 4.0 3.7 4.0 3.3 4.0 3.0 3.0 3.3 4.3 3.7 4.0 3.7 4.0 3.0 3.3 3.7 3.3 4.0 3.3 3.3 3.7 3.7 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.7 3.7 3.3 3.7 3.3 3.3 3.7 3.0 3.3 3.3 3.7 3.0 3.3 2.7 3.3 3.0 3.0 3.3 3.0 2.7 2.3 3.3 3.0 3.0 2.7 3.0 3.0 2.7 3.3 3.0 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 3.0 2.7 3.0 2.3 3.3 3.3 3.0 2.7 2.7 2.7 3.0 2.7 3.3 2.3 2.7 3.3 3.0 2.3 2.3 2.7 3.0 3.0 3.0 2.3 2.7 2.3 3.3 2.3 2.3 2.7 2.3 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.8 13 Turf quality Cultivar 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 OFI-96-31 PSII-TF-9 Reserve (ATF-182) Shenandoah II (WRS2) Wildfire (ATF-196) ATF-020 Bandana (PST-R5AE) Barrera (BAR FA6 US3) MB 29 OFI-96-32 Pick FA 15-92 PSII-TF-10 Renegade Airlie (MB 210) Arabia (J-5) Arid 3 (J-98) Barrington (BAR FA6D USA) CU9502T DP 50-9011 Durana (MB 211) JSC-1 MB 213 MB 28 Pick FA 20-92 R5AU Good-en (KOOS 96-14) MB 214 OFI-931 BAR FA 6D Comstock (SSDE31) Southern Choice Arizona (Pick FA6-91) BAR FA 6LV BAR FA6 US2U MB 26 Pick FA N-93 Velocity (AA-983) Shortstop II Tomahawk-E Tracer (BAR FA6 US1) Pick FA UT-93 L S D q.05 Gcol Gm Leaf May June July Aug Sept Oct Mean 7.3 6.3 6.7 6.7 7.3 5.7 6.7 6.3 7.3 6.0 7.3 7.3 6.7 6.3 6.7 6.3 7.3 5.7 7.0 7.0 6.3 6.7 6.3 7.7 6.3 6.0 7.0 6.7 5.3 6.7 6.3 6.7 6.3 7.0 5.7 7.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.7 6.3 1.8 5.7 5.7 5.3 5.3 5.0 5.3 5.0 4.7 5.0 4.7 4.7 5.0 6.0 5.0 5.0 5.3 4.3 5.3 5.0 4.3 5.7 5.7 5.3 5.0 4.7 5.3 4.7 5.3 4.7 6.3 5.3 5.3 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.7 5.3 5.3 4.7 4.3 4.7 1.5 6.3 5.3 6.0 6.7 6.7 5.7 6.7 6.3 6.7 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.3 6.3 6.3 6.7 7.3 6.0 6.3 6.3 6.0 7.0 6.3 5.7 6.3 5.3 6.0 6.0 6.3 6.0 5.7 6.7 6.3 6.3 6.3 6.3 6.3 6.3 6.0 7.0 6.0 1.5 4.7 4.7 4.3 5.0 4.3 4.7 4.3 5.0 5.0 4.3 4.7 4.0 4.7 5.0 3.7 4.0 3.7 4.3 4.0 4.3 4.0 4.7 4.3 4.0 4.3 4.3 4.7 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.3 4.3 4.3 3.7 3.7 3.7 4.0 3.7 3.7 3.7 2.1 6.0 5.7 4.7 5.0 5.3 4.0 5.7 5.0 4.3 5.0 4.7 5.7 4.7 4.7 4.0 4.7 5.3 4.0 5.3 4.7 5.0 5.3 5.3 5.0 4.7 4.3 5.0 4.3 4.0 5.3 4.7 5.0 4.3 4.3 5.0 4.0 4.0 4.3 4.3 4.0 4.7 3.2 3.7 4.0 4.3 4.0 4.3 4.0 3.3 3.7 3.7 4.3 4.0 4.0 4.3 3.3 4.7 3.0 4.0 3.7 3.7 4.3 4.0 3.7 3.7 3.7 4.0 3.7 4.0 4.0 3.7 3.7 3.3 3.0 3.3 3.7 3.0 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.3 3.3 2.7 2.1 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.0 2.7 3.3 3.0 3.0 3.3 2.7 3.0 3.3 3.0 2.7 3.0 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.3 2.7 3.0 2.7 2.7 3.0 3.0 3.0 2.7 3.0 3.3 2.7 3.0 2.7 2.7 2.3 3.0 3.0 2.7 2.7 3.0 2.7 2.3 2.5 3.0 3.0 3.3 3.0 3.7 3.3 3.3 2.7 3.0 3.3 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.7 3.7 3.0 3.7 3.3 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.0 2.7 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.3 3.0 3.0 2.7 3.0 3.3 3.3 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 1.8 2.0 2.3 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.3 2.7 3.0 2.7 2.7 2.3 2.3 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.3 2.3 2.0 2.3 2.7 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.0 2.7 2.0 2.7 2.7 2.0 2.3 2.0 2.0 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.7 2.0 2.3 2.0 2.0 1.4 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.2 3.2 3.1 3.0 1.2 Visual quality was assessed using a 9 to 1 scale with 9 = best, 6 = lowest acceptable, and 1 = worst quality. 2Genetic color (Gcol) was rated using a 9 to 1 scale with 9 = dark and 1 = light green. Spring greenup (Gm) was determined using a 9 to 1 scale with 9 = green and 1 = dormant. Leaf texture (Leaf) was assessed with a 9 to 1 scale with 9 = fine and 1 = coarse texture. 14 Regional Fine Fescue Cultivar Trial - Established 1998 Nick. E. Christians and Rodney St. John This was the third year of data from the 1998 Fineleaf Fescue National Turfgrass Evaluation Program (NTEP) trial. It is being conducted at many locations around the U.S. The purpose of the trial is to study the regional adaptation of 79 fineleaf fescue selections. Cultivars are evaluated for quality each month of the growing season through October. The study is conducted in full sun. Three replications of the 3 x 5 ft (15 ft2) plots were established for each cultivar in October 1998. The trial has been maintained at a 2-inch mowing height, fertilized with 3.5 lbs N/1000 ft2 during the growing season, and has been irrigated when needed to prevent drought. Preemergence herbicide was applied once in the spring. Visual quality was evaluated monthly in 2000 from May through October (Table 1). Quality was assessed using a 9 to 1 scale with 9 = best, 6 = lowest acceptable, and 1 = worst quality. The values listed under each month in Table 1 are the averages of visual quality ratings made on three replicated plots for the three studies. Yearly means of monthly data were taken and are listed in the last column. The first cultivar received the highest average rating for the entire 2000 season. The cultivars are listed in descending order of average quality. Data for genetic color (Gcol), spring greenup (Gm), and leaf texture (Leaf) also are included for the high-maintenance, irrigated and for the low-maintenance trials. Genetic color was rated using a 9 to 1 scale with 9 = dark and 1 = light green. Spring greenup was estimated using a 9 to 1 scale with 9 = green and 1 = dormant turf. Leaf texture was assessed with a 9 to 1 scale with 9 = fine and 1 = coarse texture. Table 1. The 2000 visual quality1 and other turf attribute ratings2 for cultivars in Cultivar Species3 Gcol Gm Leaf May June 1 SRX 3961 HF 7.7 6.7 7.7 6.0 6.7 2 ABT-HF1 HF 7.7 6.0 7.7 5.7 6.7 3 PST-4HM CF 8.0 6.7 6.7 5.7 6.3 4 4001 HF 7.0 6.3 6.7 4.7 6.3 HF 5 ABT-HF-2 6.3 5.3 7.0 5.0 6.0 HF 6 Oxford 7.3 6.0 6.7 6.7 6.0 7 Scaldis II (AHF 008) HF 7.7 5.3 7.3 5.0 6.3 8 BAR HF 8 FUS HF 6.0 7.3 7.0 6.7 7.0 9 ISI FL 12 HF 7.7 5.7 5.7 6.3 7.3 STF 10 Salsa 6.0 7.0 6.7 5.7 6.0 11 Scaldis HF 7.0 6.7 6.7 5.0 6.0 12 ISI FL 11 HF 6.7 5.3 7.3 4.7 6.3 13 Defiant HF 7.3 7.0 6.7 6.7 5.3 14 Nordic (E) HF 8.3 6.3 7.3 4.3 7.3 15 Pick FF A-97 HF 4.7 7.3 5.3 7.0 6.3 HF 16 ABT-HF-4 6.0 5.0 5.7 6.7 7.3 17 ASR 049 SCF 6.0 5.3 7.0 5.3 6.0 18 PST-4FR STF 6.7 6.3 5.7 6.3 6.3 19 Stonehenge (AHF 009) HF 7.0 6.3 7.0 5.3 7.0 20 MB-82 HF 6.3 5.3 7.3 4.7 6.0 21 PST-4MB BHF 6.0 5.0 5.7 6.0 6.3 22 Discovery HF 6.7 5.0 7.0 5.7 5.3 23 Heron CF 6.0 6.3 7.0 5.3 6.0 24 Reliant II HF 6.3 6.0 7.0 4.3 6.3 25 SR 3200 BF 5.7 5.0 5.7 6.0 6.3 26 ABT-HF-3 HF 6.3 5.0 4.7 6.3 6.3 27 Attila E HF 6.0 6.7 5.3 5.7 5.3 28 ISI FRR 5 STF 5.7 5.7 6.7 5.3 6.3 29 Longfellow II CF 6.3 5.7 7.0 5.3 7.3 30 Minotaur HF X BF 5.3 5.0 6.3 5.7 6.0 31 Quatro SF 7.0 6.0 7.0 5.0 6.0 32 Rescue 911 HF 6.3 4.7 6.0 4.7 5.7 33 SRX 52961 STF 5.3 6.0 6.0 6.3 6.0 15 the 1998 Fineleaf Fescue Cultivar Trial. Mean July Sept Oct Aug 7.3 6.0 7.0 7.0 6.0 6.7 6.7 6.0 6.3 6.3 7.0 6.7 6.3 7.0 6.0 6.3 5.7 5.7 7.0 6.0 6.0 5.7 6.3 6.3 6.0 6.0 5.0 4.7 5.0 5.7 6.0 5.3 5.0 6.7 6.7 6.0 6.3 7.0 6.0 5.7 5.7 6.7 5.0 6.0 6.0 5.0 5.3 6.0 5.7 6.3 5.3 5.0 6.7 4.7 6.0 4.7 5.3 4.3 4.0 5.7 5.0 3.7 4.3 5.7 5.7 4.3 7.3 7.3 7.0 7.3 7.0 6.3 7.3 6.0 6.7 6.7 6.3 6.7 6.3 6.3 6.3 6.0 5.7 5.3 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 5.7 5.7 5.7 6.3 5.7 5.3 5.3 5.7 5.0 5.7 5.0 6.7 6.7 7.0 6.7 7.0 6.0 7.0 6.0 6.3 7.3 7.0 6.0 6.3 5.7 6.7 5.3 6.3 7.0 5.0 5.3 6.3 5.3 6.3 6.0 5.0 5.7 5.3 6.0 6.0 5.0 5.0 5.3 5.7 6.8 6.5 6.5 6.4 6.3 6.3 6.3 6.2 6.2 6.2 6.2 6.1 6.0 6.0 6.0 5.9 5.9 5.9 5.9 5.8 5.8 5.7 5.7 5.7 5.6 5.5 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4 Cultivar 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 BAR SCF 8 FUS3 Bighorn ABT-CHW-3 ACF 092 BAR CF 8 FUS1 Osprey ABT-CR-3 ISI FRR 7 Jasper II ASC 087 Dawson E+ PST-EFL ABT-CHW-2 ABT-CR-2 ACF 083 Bridgeport DGSC 94 MB-63 PST-47TCR Seabreeze BAR CHF 8 FUS2 Pathfinder Shademark Shademaster II Shadow II ABT-CHW-1 ASC 082 Culombra Florentine Intrigue SRX 52 LAV Tiffany Ambassador Boreal Sandpiper Treazure (E) Magic SR 5100 Brittany Pick FRC A-93 Banner III Common creeping red Pick FRC 4-92 ASC 172 Jamestown II SR 6000 L S D 0.05 Species3 Gcol Grn Leaf May June July Aug Sept Oct Mean SCF HF CF CF STF HF STF STF STF STF SCF STF CF STF CF CF STF CF STF SCF CF STF STF STF CF CF STF CF STF CF STF CF CF STF CF CF CF CF CF CF CF STF CF STF CF TH 5.7 6.0 6.3 6.0 5.3 6.3 6.0 5.7 5.7 5.3 6.7 5.3 6.0 5.7 6.3 6.0 5.0 5.3 5.3 6.0 6.3 5.7 5.3 5.7 6.0 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.3 6.3 5.0 7.0 6.0 5.7 6.0 6.3 6.0 6.3 6.3 5.7 5.7 5.7 5.7 4.3 5.7 5.0 1.3 5.0 5.0 5.7 6.3 6.3 4.7 6.0 5.7 6.0 6.0 5.3 6.3 5.0 5.3 7.0 5.7 6.3 6.7 5.3 6.7 6.0 6.3 6.7 7.0 6.3 5.7 5.7 6.0 5.3 5.0 5.3 6.3 6.0 4.7 6.0 6.7 5.3 6.0 5.3 5.3 6.3 5.0 5.7 5.0 6.3 3.0 1.9 6.7 6.3 7.0 7.0 6.0 6.7 6.3 6.7 6.7 6.3 7.3 6.3 7.0 6.7 7.3 7.0 6.3 6.0 6.3 7.0 6.0 6.3 5.7 6.0 7.3 6.7 6.7 6.0 6.3 7.0 6.3 7.0 7.0 6.7 7.0 6.7 6.3 7.0 7.0 6.7 6.3 6.7 6.0 6.3 6.7 4.0 1.3 4.7 5.7« 5.3 6.0 5.3 5.0 4.3 5.7 5.0 5.0 4.7 4.0 5.3 6.0 5.0 5.3 5.3 6.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 4.7 4.7 5.7 3.7 5.3 5.3 5.0 4.7 4.7 5.7 4.7 3.7 5.0 5.0 4.7 4.7 5.3 4.3 5.7 4.0 5.0 5.0 4.3 3.3 1.8 5.7 6.0 6.3 7.0 5.7 4.3 5.7 5.7 5.0 4.7 5.7 5.3 6.7 6.0 5.7 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.7 5.7 6.0 4.7 5.7 6.3 6.3 4.7 5.7 5.0 6.0 5.0 5.3 6.3 4.7 5.3 5.7 5.7 5.3 5.3 5.0 5.7 5.7 6.3 4.3 5.0 4.0 2.0 5.0 5.7 4.7 4.7 4.7 5.3 5.0 5.3 4.7 4.7 5.0 5.0 4.7 4.3 5.0 4.0 4.7 4.0 5.3 4.3 4.7 4.0 4.7 4.7 4.3 3.7 4.0 4.3 4.7 4.7 4.7 3.7 3.7 4.7 4.3 4.0 4.3 3.7 4.0 4.0 3.3 4.3 3.3 3.0 3.3 3.7 1.4 5.3 4.0 3.7 3.3 4.0 5.7 4.7 3.0 4.7 4.0 4.0 4.7 3.3 4.3 3.7 4.3 4.0 4.0 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.3 3.7 4.0 3.0 4.0 4.0 3.7 4.7 3.0 4.0 3.7 4.0 3.0 3.3 4.0 3.0 3.7 3.3 3.3 4.0 3.0 3.7 3.7 3.3 2.7 1.4 5.7 5.3 5.3 4.3 5.3 5.7 5.0 4.7 5.3 5.3 5.7 5.0 4.3 3.7 5.3 4.7 4.7 4.3 4.7 5.3 4.3 4.3 5.0 4.7 4.0 4.3 4.7 4.3 4.3 4.3 5.0 4.3 3.7 5.3 4.0 4.0 4.3 4.3 3.7 4.3 3.3 4.0 3.7 4.0 4.0 3.0 1.6 5.7 5.3 6.0 6.0 6.0 5.0 5.7 6.0 5.7 6.3 5.0 6.0 5.0 5.0 4.7 5.7 5.7 5.7 4.7 5.0 4.7 5.3 6.0 5.0 5.3 6.0 5.3 5.0 4.7 5.3 5.0 5.7 5.0 6.3 5.3 4.7 5.0 5.3 4.7 5.7 3.7 5.0 3.3 4.7 4.3 3.3 1.9 5.3 5.3 5.2 5.2 5.2 5.2 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.0 5.0 5.0 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.6 4.6 4.6 4.6 4.5 4.5 4.4 4.4 4.3 4.3 4.2 4.1 4.1 3.3 0.9 'Visual quality was assessed using a scale of 9 to 1 with 9 = best quality, 6 = lowest acceptable quality, and 1 = worst quality. 2Genetic color (Gcol) was rated using a 9 to 1 scale with 9 = dark and 1 = light green. Spring greenup (Gm) was determined using a 9 to 1 scale = with 9 = green and 1 = dormant. Leaf texture (Leaf) was assessed with a 9 to 1 scale with 9 = fine and 1 = coarse texture. 3BF blue fescue, BHF = blue hard fescue, CF = creeping fescue, HF = hard fescue, SF = sheep fescue, SCF = slender creeping fescue, STF = strong creeping fescue, TH = tufted hairgrass. 16 Fairway Height Bentgrass Cultivar Trials - Established 1998 Nick E. Christians and Rodney A. St. John This is the third year of data from the Fairway Height Bentgrass Cultivar trial established in the fall of 1998. The area was maintained at a 0.5 in. mowing height. This is a National Turfgrass Evaluation (NTEP) trial and is being conducted at several research stations in the U.S. It contains 26 of the newest seeded cultivars and a number of experimentáis. The cultivars are maintained with 4 lbs of N/1000 ft2/growing season. Fungicides are used as needed in a preventative program. Herbicides and insecticides also are applied as needed. Visual quality ratings were taken from May through October, 2000 (Table 1). Visual quality was assessed using a 9 to 1 scale with 9 = best, 6 = lowest acceptable, and 1 = worst quality. Spring greenup (Green) was evaluated in April, 2000 using a 9 to 1 scale with 9 = best and 1 = worst greenup. Genetic color (Color) and spring density (dens) were evaluated in June, 2000. Genetic color was based on a 9 to 1 scale with 9 = dark green and 1 = light green. Density values are a visual rating of the density of the various cultivars collected in June with 9 = greatest density and 1 = lowest density. Table 1. Visual turf quality and other physical ratings for cultivars in the 1998 Fairway Height Bentgrass Trial. _______________________ Quality________________ Cultivar 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 Grand Prix Backspin Imperial Seaside II Century Providence L-93 SR 1119 SRX 1120 PST-OVN Penn G-6 Trueline SRX 1BPAA Penneagle Penncross Princeville Radiance* (PST-9HG) Tiger ISI AT-5* SR 7100* PST-9PM* SRX 7MOBB* ABT-COL-2* Golfstar** Seaside SRX 7MODD* L S D ( o .o5) Color Green Dens 7.7 7.3 7.7 7.3 7.3 6.3 6.7 6.7 7.3 7.0 6.7 7.0 7.0 6.0 6.7 6.7 7.3 7.0 7.0 6.7 6.7 7.0 6.0 5.7 5.3 7.0 1.8 6.7 7.7 7.7 6.3 7.7 6.7 6.3 7.0 6.7 6.7 7.3 6.3 6.3 6.7 6.7 6.3 6.3 5.0 5.3 5.0 5.3 5.7 4.7 4.7 5.7 5.0 0.9 7.3 7.7 7.0 6.3 7.0 6.3 6.7 5.7 7.0 6.3 6.3 5.3 5.3 6.3 5.7 5.3 4.7 5.0 5.3 6.0 4.0 4.3 4.3 3.7 4.0 4.0 1.2 May June July Aug 7.3 6.3 6.7 7.7 7.3 6.3 6.0 6.0 5.7 6.3 6.0 5.3 5.3 5.7 5.3 5.0 4.3 4.7 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.3 3.7 3.7 4.3 0.8 7.0 6.7 6.7 6.3 6.7 6.0 6.3 6.0 6.0 6.3 7.0 6.0 5.7 6.0 6.7 6.0 5.3 4.7 5.0 5.0 4.7 4.7 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.0 1.1 6.7 6.7 6.7 7.0 6.7 6.3 6.0 6.7 6.7 6.0 6.0 6.0 5.7 5.3 5.3 4.7 4.3 4.0 4.0 4.0 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.7 4.0 3.3 1.0 7.3 6.7 7.3 6.3 6.7 7.0 6.7 6.7 7.0 6.3 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 5.3 5.7 5.0 4.0 4.3 4.0 4.3 4.7 4.7 4.3 4.3 3.7 0.9 Sept 7.7 8.0 7.7 7.3 7.0 8.0 7.7 6.7 7.0 7.0 6.7 7.3 6.3 5.7 4.7 5.3 4.7 4.3 4.7 4.3 4.3 4.0 4.0 4.0 3.7 4.7 1.2 Oct Mean 6.3 7.0 6.7 7.0 6.3 6.7 6.7 6.3 6.0 6.0 5.7 6.7 5.7 5.7 5.0 5.7 4.3 5.7 4.3 5.0 4.7 4.3 4.3 5.0 4.7 4.7 1.9 7.1 6.9 6.9 6.9 6.8 6.7 6.6 6.4 6.4 6.3 6.2 6.2 5.8 5.7 5.4 5.4 4.7 4.6 4.4 4.4 4.3 4.3 4.2 4.2 4.1 4.1 0.6 *Colonial bentgrass **ldaho bentgrass Color (Genetic color): 9 = dark green and 1 = light green. Green (Spring Greenup): 9 = best and 1 = worst greenup. Density (dens) values are a visual rating of the density of the various cultivars collected in June with 9 = greatest density and 1 = lowest density. Visual quality was assessed with a 9 to 1 scale with 9 = best, 6 = lowest acceptable, and 1 = worst quality. NS = means are not significantly different at the 0.05 level. 17 Green Height Bentgrass Cultivar Trials - Established 1998 Nick E. Christians and Rodney A. St. John This is the third year of data from the Green Height Bentgrass Cultivar trial established in the fall of 1998. The area is maintained at a 3/16-inch mowing height. This is a National Turfgrass Evaluation Program (NTEP) trial and is being conducted at several research stations in the U.S. It contains 29 seeded cultivars, including a number of experimentáis. The cultivars are maintained with a fertilizer program of 1/4 lb N applied at 14-day intervals with a total of 4 lbs of N/1000 ft2/growing season. Fungicides are used as needed in a preventive program. Herbicides and insecticides are applied as needed. Visual quality ratings were taken from May through October, 2000 (Table 1). Visual quality was assessed using a 9 to 1 scale with 9 = best, 6 = lowest acceptable, and 1 = worst quality. Spring greenup (Green) was evaluated in April 2000 using a 9 to 1 scale with 9 = best and 1 = worst greenup. Genetic color (Color) and spring density (Dens) were evaluated in June 2000. Genetic color was based on a 9 to 1 scale with 9 = dark green and 1 = light green. Density values are a visual rating of the density of the various cultivars collected in June with 9 = greatest density and 1 = lowest density. Table 1. Visual turf quality and other physical ratings for cultivars in the 1998 Green Height Bentgrass Trial. ________________________ Quality________________ Cultivar 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 SYN 96-2 SYN 96-3 Century Crenshaw BAR AS 8FUS2 PENN A-4 SYN 96-1 ABT-CRB-1 Imperial PENN A-2 PENN A-1 PST-A2E Backspin ISI AP-5 L-93 BAR CB 8US3 PENN G-6 Providence PENN G-1 SRX 1NJH SR 1119 PICK CB 13-94 SRX 1120 Pennlinks SRX 1BPAA Penncross Pick MVB* SR 7200 Bavaria* L S D ( o.o5) Color Green Dens 7.3 7.3 6.7 6.7 6.7 6.3 7.0 7.3 6.7 5.7 7.0 6.3 5.7 6.0 5.7 6.0 5.7 5.7 6.3 5.3 5.7 6.0 5.7 5.0 5.7 4.7 6.3 5.0 4.3 0.9 8.0 7.7 6.7 7.0 7.3 6.3 7.3 7.0 6.3 7.0 7.3 7.0 6.7 6.7 6.0 6.3 6.7 6.3 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.3 5.7 5.7 6.0 5.7 5.0 5.0 5.0 0.9 8.3 7.7 7.3 7.3 7.3 7.0 8.0 7.3 6.7 6.7 7.0 7.3 6.7 6.3 6.0 6.0 6.0 5.0 6.3 6.3 5.7 6.0 5.7 5.0 5.3 5.0 7.0 6.7 5.0 1.1 May June July Aug Sept Oct Mean 7.3 6.7 6.3 6.0 6.3 6.3 6.3 5.7 6.3 6.0 5.7 6.0 5.7 6.3 6.3 6.0 6.3 6.7 6.0 5.7 6.0 6.0 5.7 5.3 5.0 5.3 4.0 4.0 5.3 1.4 8.3 7.7 7.3 6.3 7.3 6.7 7.3 7.3 6.7 6.3 7.7 6.7 6.7 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 5.7 7.0 5.7 5.0 5.3 6.0 4.7 5.0 5.0 4.7 4.7 3.7 1.0 8.0 7.7 7.7 7.3 6.7 7.0 6.7 7.3 6.7 7.0 6.3 6.3 6.3 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.3 5.7 6.3 5.3 5.7 5.7 5.3 5.0 5.7 5.0 5.0 4.3 4.0 1.2 8.3 8.3 7.3 7.0 7.3 6.7 7.7 6.3 6.7 6.7 7.0 6.3 7.0 6.7 6.7 6.0 6.3 6.3 5.7 6.7 6.7 6.3 5.3 5.7 5.7 5.3 4.0 4.7 4.0 1.5 6.7 7.3 7.0 8.0 7.0 7.7 7.0 7.7 7.0 7.7 7.0 7.0 6.7 6.3 6.7 6.7 6.7 6.0 6.3 6.0 5.7 4.7 6.0 5.3 5.0 5.0 4.7 4.7 4.0 1.4 7.0 6.7 6.3 7.3 6.7 7.0 6.7 6.7 6.7 6.7 6.0 6.7 6.0 7.0 6.7 7.0 6.3 7.3 6.0 6.0 5.7 6.0 5.3 6.0 5.7 5.0 4.7 4.3 4.3 1.3 7.6 7.4 7.0 7.0 6.9 6.9 6.9 6.8 6.7 6.7 6.6 6.5 6.4 6.4 6.4 6.3 6.3 6.3 6.2 5.9 5.8 5.7 5.6 5.3 5.3 5.1 4.5 4.4 4.2 0.7 *Velvet bentgrass Color (Genetic color): 9 = dark green and 1 = light green. Green (Greenup): 9 = best and 1 = worst greenup. Density (dens) values are a visual rating of the density of the various cultivars collected in June with 9 = greatest density and 1 = lowest density. Visual quality was assessed with a 9 to 1 scale with 9 = best, 6 = lowest acceptable, and 1 = worst quality. 18 Shade Adaptation Study - 2000 Nick E. Christians, Barbara R. Bingaman, and Gary M. Peterson The first shade adaptation study was established in the fall of 1987 to evaluate the performance of 35 species and cultivars of grasses. The species include chewings fescue (C.F.), creeping red fescue (C.R.F.), hard fescue (H.F.), tall fescue (T.F.), Kentucky bluegrass (KBG), and rough bluegrass (Poa trivialis). A new shade trial was added in the fall of 1994 to evaluate the performance of cultivars of chewings fescue (C.F.), creeping red fescue (C.R.F.), hard fescue (H.F.), tall fescue (T.F.), Kentucky bluegrass (KBG), rough bluegrass (Poa trivialis), and Poa supina. The trials are located under the canopy of a mature stand of Siberian elm trees (Ulmus pumila) at the Iowa State University Horticulture Research Station north of Ames, Iowa. Grasses are mowed at a 2-inch height and receive 2 lb N/1000fr/year. No weed control has been required on the area, but the grass has been irrigated during extended droughts. Monthly quality data are collected from April through October (Tables 1 and 2). Visual quality is based on a scale of 9 to 1: 9 = best quality, 6 = lowest acceptable quality, and 1 = worst quality. Table 1. 2000 Visual quality1 data for culitvars in the 1987 Shade Trial in descending order for mean quality. Cultivar April Mean May June July Oct Aug Sept 1 Victor (C.F.) 7.0 7.0 6.7 6.7 6.7 6.7 7.0 6.0 2 5.7 BAR Fo 81- 225 (H.F.) 5.3 7.0 7.0 6.7 7.0 6.6 7.3 5.7 6.3 6.7 3 Waldina (H.F.) 7.0 6.7 6.3 6.5 7.0 4 Shadow (C.F.) 6.3 6.7 6.7 6.0 6.0 6.3 6.3 6.0 5 ST-2 (SR 3000) (H.F.) 5.0 6.0 6.3 6.3 6.7 6.0 6.3 6.1 Banner (C.F.) 6.7 6 6.3 5.7 4.7 5.7 7.0 5.7 6.0 7 Agram (C.F.) 6.3 6.7 5.7 6.0 5.7 6.0 6.0 5.3 Jamestown (C.F.) 6.7 5.7 8 6.3 5.7 6.0 5.0 5.7 5.9 W aldorf (C.F.) 9 6.0 5.7 5.7 6.0 6.0 5.7 5.7 5.8 Mary (C.F.) 5.7 10 6.0 5.7 6.3 5.3 5.7 6.0 5.0 11 Atlanta (C.F.) 5.0 5.7 5.3 6.0 6.0 5.3 6.0 5.6 Pennlawn (C.R.F.) 5.4 12 6.0 6.3 5.3 5.3 5.7 4.0 5.0 Estica (C.R.F.) 4.7 4.7 5.4 13 5.0 5.7 5.7 5.7 6.3 14 4.7 5.7 Biljart (H.F.) 5.0 5.3 5.7 5.3 6.0 5.0 5.7 15 Ensylva (C.R.F.) 6.0 5.0 5.3 4.7 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.7 16 Rebel II (T.F.) 6.3 5.3 5.3 4.7 4.7 5.3 5.3 17 Reliant (H.F.) 5.0 5.2 5.3 5.3 5.0 5.7 5.3 5.0 5.7 18 Rebel (T.F.) 5.3 4.7 5.0 5.0 5.3 5.0 4.3 Spartan (H.F.) 19 4.0 5.0 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.0 5.3 5.0 Koket (C.F.) 4.7 4.7 20 4.7 5.7 5.0 4.7 4.3 4.8 21 Scaldis (H.F.) 4.3 4.0 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.0 5.0 6.3 Wintergreen (C.F.) 22 4.7 4.7 4.7 5.3 5.3 4.7 4.0 4.3 23 Highlight (C.F.) 4.7 4.7 4.3 4.0 4.7 3.3 4.3 4.3 24 Bonanza (T.F.) 5.3 4.3 3.7 3.7 4.2 4.0 4.3 4.0 Arid(T.F.) 4.7 3.7 25 4.3 4.0 3.7 4.7 4.0 3.3 Apache (T.F.) 4.7 26 4.0 3.0 3.3 3.0 3.3 3.6 4.0 27 Falcon(T.F.) 3.7 4.0 3.7 3.7 3.6 3.3 3.7 3.3 28 Midnight (KBG) 3.0 2.7 3.7 3.7 3.7 2.7 2.3 3.1 29 Sabre (P. trivialis) 2.3 3.0 4.0 3.3 1.3 2.0 2.8 3.3 30 Ram I (KBG) 2.7 2.4 2.3 2.7 2.3 2.7 2.0 2.3 31 Nassau (KBG) 2.3 2.0 2.7 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.0 32 Bristol (KBG) 2.0 1.7 2.1 2.0 2.3 2.0 1.7 3.3 33 Coventry (KBG) 2.3 2.0 2.3 2.3 1.7 2.0 2.0 1.7 34 Glade (KBG) 1.7 1.3 2.0 1.7 1.7 2.7 1.8 1.3 1.7 35 Chateau (KBG) 2.0 1.7 1.6 1.3 2.0 1.3 1.3 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.6 1.4 L S D q.05 1. —T 'Visual quality was assessed using a scale of 9 to 1 with 9 = best, 6 = lowest acceptable, and 1 = worst turf quality. 19 April May June July August Sept Oct Mean Southport (C.F.) Cultivar 5.3 4.7 5.0 5.7 5.7 5.3 5.0 5.2 2 Waldina (H.F.) 4.0 4.0 5.0 5.3 5.0 5.7 5.0 4.9 3 Victory (C.F.) 5.3 4.7 5.0 4.7 5.0 5.0 4.7 4.9 1 4 Banner (C.F.) 5.3 4.7 4.7 5.0 4.7 4.0 5.7 4.9 5 Banner II (C.F.) 5.0 4.0 4.7 5.3 4.3 5.0 5.7 4.9 6 Shenandoah (T.F.) 5.0 5.0 4.3 5.3 5.0 5.0 4.3 4.9 7 SR 5100 (C.F.) 4.3 4.7 5.3 6.3 5.3 4.3 3.0 4.8 8 Silvana (H.F.) 4.0 4.0 4.7 5.0 5.0 4.7 4.7 4.6 9 Bridgeport (C.F.) 4.3 4.3 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.6 10 Molinda (C.F.) 4.0 4.0 4.7 5.0 4.3 5.0 3.7 4.4 11 Shadow (C.F.) 4.0 3.7 4.3 5.0 4.3 4.7 3.7 4.2 12 Midnight (KBG) 3.3 4.0 4.7 4.3 4.3 3.7 4.0 4.0 13 Nordic (H.F.) 3.0 3.0 3.3 5.0 5.0 4.3 4.3 4.0 14 Polder (P. trivialis) 5.7 5.0 3.7 4.0 3.0 2.3 3.7 3.9 15 Arid (T.F.) 4.3 3.3 3.7 4.3 4.0 4.0 3.7 3.9 16 Flyer (C.R.F.) 3.3 3.3 3.0 4.0 3.7 2.3 3.7 3.3 17 Saber (P. trivialis) 3.0 2.7 3.7 4.0 3.3 2.0 3.7 3.2 18 Rebel II (T.F.) 3.3 3.0 3.3 3.3 2.7 3.7 3.3 3.2 19 Adobe (T.F.) 3.3 2.7 2.7 3.0 2.7 4.0 4.0 3.2 20 Bonanza (T.F.) 2.7 2.7 3.0 3.7 3.0 3.0 3.7 3.1 21 Bonanza II (T.F.) 3.0 3.0 3.0 2.7 3.3 2.3 3.3 3.0 22 Mirage (T.F.) 2.7 2.7 3.0 3.0 3.0 2.7 3.3 2.9 23 Cypress (P. trivialis) 2.7 2.7 3.3 2.7 2.7 2.0 2.7 2.7 24 Coventry (KBG) 3.0 2.3 2.7 2.7 2.0 2.3 3.0 2.6 25 Spartan (H.F.) 2.3 2.0 2.0 3.0 3.7 2.7 2.7 2.6 2.5 26 Aztec (T.F.) 2.0 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.0 4.3 27 Glade (KBG) 2.7 2.0 2.0 2.7 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 28 Rebel (T.F.) 2.3 2.7 1.7 2.7 2.3 2.0 2.3 2.3 29 Falcon II (T.F.) 2.0 1.3 2.0 2.3 2.7 2.0 3.0 2.2 30 Buckingham (KBG) 1.7 1.7 1.7 2.0 1.7 1.7 3.3 2.0 31 Ascot (KBG) 1.7 1.3 2.0 2.3 2.0 1.7 2.7 2.0 32 Bonsai (T.F.) 1.7 1.7 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.7 2.7 2.0 33 Bristol (KBG) 1.7 1.0 1.3 2.3 1.3 1.7 2.0 1.6 34 Supranova (P. supina) 1.3 1.0 1.3 1.7 1.3 1.3 2.3 1.5 35 Brigade H. F. 1.3 1.0 1.0 2.0 1.3 1.3 2.3 1.5 L S D q.05 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.7 1.8 1.9 NS 1.4 "ITT-:—: 20 Table 3. The average quality ratings for grasses in the 1987 Shade Trial: 1993 - 2000. Cultivar 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 Ave.* 1 Victor (C.F.) 7.2 7.1 6.6 6.6 7.1 7.0 6.8 6.7 6.54 2 BAR FO 81-225 (H.F.) 5.5 6.1 6.5 5.7 5.9 5.8 6.6 6.6 6.14 3 W aldorf (C.F.) 5.9 6.2 5.8 6.1 6.6 6.1 6.0 5.8 6.14 4 ST-2 (SR 3000) (H.F.) 5.7 6.1 6.1 5.5 5.8 5.1 5.7 6.1 6.11 5 Mary (C.F.) 6.7 6.6 6.7 6.3 6.2 5.8 5.9 5.7 6.08 6 Shadow (C.F.) 6.6 6.6 5.9 5.9 6.6 6.3 6.0 6.3 6.04 7 Jamestown (C.F.) 6.5 6.6 6.2 5.9 6.1 6.1 6.1 5.9 6.02 8 Waldina (H.F.) 5.5 5.8 5.8 5.1 5.9 6.4 6.6 6.5 5.99 9 Atlanta (C.F.) 5.8 5.7 5.5 6.7 6.6 5.9 6.1 5.6 5.92 10 Banner (C.F.) 6.0 5.6 5.3 6.2 6.3 5.7 5.8 6.0 5.76 11 Pennlawn (C.R.F.) 6.3 5.5 5.5 5.9 6.2 5.8 5.3 5.4 5.76 12 Estica (C.R.F.) 6.6 6.1 5.6 4.3 4.3 5.2 4.9 5.4 5.68 13 Rebel (T.F.) 6.9 5.9 5.7 4.6 4.5 5.3 4.8 5.0 5.68 14 Agram (C.F.) 5.4 5.3 5.1 5.5 5.6 6.0 6.0 6.0 5.56 15 Biljart (H.F.) 5.0 5.1 5.1 4.8 5.1 4.4 4.8 5.3 5.54 16 Rebel II (T.F.) 6.1 6.2 5.1 4.3 4.1 5.4 5.1 5.3 5.53 17 Sabre (P.T.) 7.4 6.2 4.8 4.9 5.0 5.4 4.9 2.8 5.50 18 Bonanza (T.F.) 6.3 6.2 5.2 4.2 4.1 4.2 3.8 4.2 5.39 19 Wintergreen (C.F.) 5.0 5.0 5.0 6.0 5.9 5.3 5.3 4.7 5.38 20 Ensylva (C.R.F.) 5.9 5.4 4.4 5.3 4.9 5.2 5.3 5.3 5.27 21 Falcon (T.F.) 6.5 6.3 5.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 3.7 3.6 5.27 22 Spartan (H.F.) 4.7 5.1 4.9 5.0 4.8 4.6 4.2 5.0 5.21 23 Apache (T.F.) 6.3 5.4 5.3 3.7 3.2 4.2 3.8 3.6 5.20 24 Koket (C.F.) 5.2 5.7 4.6 4.6 5.4 5.6 4.9 4.8 5.14 25 Arid (T.F.) 6.7 5.6 4.7 2.9 2.7 4.0 4.3 4.0 5.11 26 Scaldis (H.F.) 4.6 4.4 4.8 4.1 4.6 3.7 3.8 4.7 4.80 27 Highlight (C.F.) 5.0 4.8 4.7 4.9 5.1 5.2 4.4 4.3 4.72 28 Reliant (H.F.) 4.2 4.9 4.8 4.9 5.0 5.4 5.3 5.2 4.55 29 Midnight (K.B.) 6.4 4.6 4.4 4.0 3.9 4.6 3.9 3.1 4.40 30 Coventry (K.B.) 6.0 4.7 3.8 3.9 3.5 3.4 2.9 2.0 4.37 31 RAM I (K.B.) 5.9 4.3 3.3 2.8 2.7 3.2 2.9 2.4 4.23 32 Chateau (K.B.) 5.2 4.1 3.0 2.2 1.9 2.1 2.2 1.6 3.90 33 Glade (K.B.) 5.3 3.3 2.8 2.8 2.3 2.7 1.8 1.8 3.76 34 Bristol (K.B.) 5.0 4.1 3.6 2.8 2.4 3.1 2.2 2.1 3.61 35 Nassau (K.B.) 4.3 3.3 2.4 2.1 2.0 2.4 2.2 2.3 3.10 Quality Based on a 9 to 1 scale: 9 = best quality, 6 = lowest acceptable quality, and 1 = poorest quality. *Average includes 1988,1989,1990,1991, and 1992 data (not listed). C.F. = chewings fescue, C.R.F. = creeping red fescue, H.F. = hard fescue, K.B. = Kentucky bluegrass, P.T. = Poa trivia lis , T.F. = tall fescue. P.S. = Poa supina. 21 Ornamental Grasses Project 2000-2001 Mark Helgeson, Heather McDorman, and Nick Christians Purpose: The purpose of the ornamental grass project is to evaluate 34 ornamental grasses for their adaptation to Iowa conditions. The study is located south of the turfgrass research building. Grasses 1 and 2 were established in 1989. Grasses 3-5, 11-15, 17-18, 20-21, and 33 were established in 2000. The remaining grasses were established in June of 2001 . Each plot on this site has a four by five foot spacing. The grasses descend in height from number one in the center, to 34 on each of the ends. The 34 grasses are replicated twice on the two sides of the arc. Choosing the species: Ornamental grasses have numerous characteristics, each that could make a difference in which species is chosen for a particular landscape. For the plots at the Horticulture Research Station, the new species have general characteristics of being bunch type, non-aggressive, varying in color, form and shape, in addition to being able to grow in the zones 4 and/or 5. The grasses will remain in this location for several years. They will be evaluated on their winter survival and overall adaptation to local conditions. 22 2000 Preemergent Annual Grass Control Study Barbara R. Bingaman,Troy R. Oster, and Nick E. Chris The annual weed control study was designed to compare the efficacy of experimental formulations and commercial herbicides in controlling crabgrass in turf and to examine turf tolerance. Some of the products were screened at various rates and tested in formulations with fertilizer. This study was located in an area of common Kentucky bluegrass at the Iowa State University Horticulture Research Station north of Ames, IA. The design was a randomized complete block. The soil was a Nicollet (fine-loamy, mixed, mesic Aquic Hapludoll) with 3.1% organic matter, 86 ppm K, 7 ppm P, and a pH of 6.5. Three replications were conducted and individual plot size was 5 x 5 ft. Experimental formulations and commercial products were screened with an untreated control and Pendimethalin 60WDG included for comparisons for a total of 22 treatments (Table 1). Granular materials were applied using 'shaker dispensers' to ensure uniform application. Sprayables were applied using a carbon dioxide backpack sprayer equipped with TeeJet #8006 nozzles at a spray pressure of 30-40 psi. For those treatments that included both a sprayable and granular product, the granular material was applied first and the sprayable was applied over it. Preemergent materials were applied to dry foliage on April 21 before crabgrass germination and were 'watered in'. The early postemergent material (treatment 21) was applied on June 19 when the crabgrass was in the 1- to 4-leaf stage. On July 27, when the crabgrass had 1 to 4 tillers, the late postemergent material (treatment 22) was applied. Crabgrass infestation data were taken beginning July 7 and ending on August 29 (Table 1). Crabgrass populations were estimated as the percentage area per plot covered by crabgrass. Crabgrass control was calculated as the reduction in cover per plot compared with the untreated control (Table 2). Visual quality data were taken weekly from May 2 through August 29 (Table 3). Visual quality was assessed using a 9 to 1 scale with 9 = best, 6 = lowest acceptable, and 1 = worst quality. Data were analyzed using the Statistical Analysis System (SAS Institute Inc., 1989-1996) and the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) procedure. Treatment effects on weed populations and visual quality were tested using Fisher's Least Significant Difference (LSD) test. The growing season was unusual with temperatures above normal and precipitation much below normal. It was a good year for aggressive annual weeds such as crabgrass. Percentage crabgrass cover was 30% on July 7 and reached 75% by August 29 in the untreated controls (Table 1). Throughout the duration of the study, all herbicide materials except an experimental treatment (Sample A, at 0.5 lb a.i./A applied preemergently and at 1.0 lb a.i./A applied late postemergently) significantly reduced crabgrass populations as compared with the untreated control (Table 2). An experimental Dithiopyr PE2 formulation applied at 0.250 lb a.i./A (treatment 9) provided greater than 93% control for the entire test period. This level of control, however, was not statistically different from that provided by many herbicides including commonly used Dimension 1EC at 0.250 lb a.i./A and Pendimethalin 60WDG at 1.5 lb a.i./A. Mean crabgrass control data show that all materials except Sample A provided similar levels of control as compared with the untreated crabgrass. Twelve of the treatments reduced crabgrass populations by > 80% and 17 by > 70%. There were significant differences in visual quality from May 5 through June 8 and from June 23 through June 30 (Table 3). After July 7, there were no differences in quality. Because of the high temperatures and lack of moisture, turf quality deteriorated in the entire area. Mean data show that turf treated with herbicides (except Sample A at all rates, or Dithiopyr PE1 at 0.250 lb a.i./A or Pendimethalin 60WDG at 1.5 lb a.i./A) had better quality than the untreated control. 24 Table 1. Percentage crabgrass cover1 in turf treated for the 2000 Preemergent Annual Grass Study.______________________________________ M aterial Rate lb a.i./A July 7 July 14 July 20 July 25 Aug 2 Aug 8 Aug 16 Aug 24 Aug 29 Mean 1 Untreated control N/A 30.0 55.0 51.7 50.0 58.3 61.7 63.3 68.3 75.0 57.0 2 Dimension 1EC*2 0.180 8.7 8.3 8.3 8.3 8.3 11.7 15.0 20.0 25.0 12.6 3 Dimension 1EC2 0.250 5.3 5.3 7.0 2.3 5.0 5.0 6.7 11.7 15.0 7.0 4 Dimension 0.072FG AD4452 0.180 11.7 15.0 11.7 10.0 10.0 16.7 18.3 21.7 23.3 15.4 5 Dimension 0.164FG AD4452 0.250 5.3 10.3 8.3 6.7 10.0 10.0 6.7 18.3 18.3 10.4 6 Dithiopyr PE1 (2.43 XF-00045)2 0.180 3.3 10.0 10.3 8.3 5.0 10.0 15.0 21.7 21.7 11.7 7 Dithiopyr PE1 (2.43 XF-00045)2 0.250 5.3 8.3 13.3 10.0 6.7 11.7 10.0 15.0 18.3 11.0 8 Dithiopyr PE2 (2.65 XF-00020)2 0.180 6.7 6.7 7.0 6.7 5.0 8.3 8.3 15.0 16.7 8.9 9 Dithiopyr PE2 (2.65 XF-00020)2 0.250 2.0 1.0 2.3 1.7 0.3 3.3 3.7 3.3 3.3 2.3 10 Dimension 40WP2 0.180 2.0 8.3 8.3 8.3 4.0 11.7 13.3 15.0 20.0 10.1 11 Dimension 40WP2 0.250 3.7 7.0 10.3 7.0 5.3 10.0 11.7 11.7 20.0 9.6 12 Fertilized control2 N/A 13.3 20.0 18.3 15.0 16.7 33.3 25.0 30.0 35.0 23.0 13 Turf builder + H a lts3 1.500 5.0 11.7 8.3 6.7 6.7 8.3 8.3 15.0 11.7 9.1 14 Sta-Green Premium C rab-Ex3 0.237 8.3 10.0 6.7 11.7 10.3 10.0 10.0 15.0 18.3 11.1 15 Vigoro Crabgrass Preventer3 0.237 3.7 12.0 6.7 8.3 8.3 13.3 11.7 15.0 20.0 11.0 16 Best Turf Supreme Crabgrass3 0.220 2.3 10.0 5.0 6.7 5.0 10.0 6.7 13.3 16.7 8.4 17 Pendimethalin 60WDG 1.500 6.7 11.7 8.7 7.3 8.3 10.0 10.3 13.3 13.3 10.0 18 Sample A4 0.5005 30.0 33.3 36.7 35.0 36.7 48.3 55.0 65.0 66.7 45.2 19 Sample A4 1.0005 18.3 21.7 25.0 21.7 23.3 26.7 25.0 26.7 45.0 25.9 20 Sample A4 1.500s 15.0 18.3 18.3 18.7 21.7 26.7 30.0 31.7 40.0 24.5 21 Sample A4 1.0005 13.3 18.3 21.7 6.7 16.7 33.3 25.0 35.0 35.0 22.8 22 Sample A4 1.000s - - 53.3 61.7 63.3 68.3 71.7 63.7 - - 15.6 16.9 17.6 18.8 20.9 13.3 14.2 14.6 14.0 10.3 L S D o.o5 'These figures represent the area per plot covered by crabgrass. 2These materials are being screened for the Rohm and Haas Company. ^These materials are being screened for the Scotts Company. ^ h is material is being screened for Aventis Environmental Science. A non-ionic surfactant was added to these treatments at 0.25% VA/. ^ h e rates of these materials are expressed in oz/1000 ft2. Preemergent materials were applied on April 21,2000 before crabgrass germination. Early postemergent materials (treatment 21) were applied on June 19 when the crabgrass was in the 1 - 4 leaf stage. Late postemergent materials (treatment 22) were applied on July 27 when the crabgrass had 1 - 4 tillers. 25 Table 2. Percentage crabgrass control1 in turf treated for the 2000 Preemergent Annual Grass Study. Material Rate ____________lb a.i./A July 7 July 14 July 20 July 25 Aug 2 Aug 8 Aug 16 Aug 24 Aug 29 Mean 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1 Untreated control N/A 2 Dimension 1EC*2 0.180 71.1 84.8 83.9 83.3 85.7 81.1 76.3 70.7 66.7 77.8 3 Dimension 1EC2 0.250 82.2 90.3 86.5 95.3 91.4 91.9 89.5 82.9 80.0 87.7 4 Dimension 0.072FG AD4452 0.180 61.1 72.7 77.4 80.0 82.8 73.0 71.0 68.3 68.9 73.0 5 Dimension 0.164FG AD4452 0.250 82.2 81.2 83.9 86.7 82.8 83.8 89.5 73.2 75.6 81.7 6 Dithiopyr PE1 (2.43 XF-00045)2 0.180 88.9 81.8 80.0 83.3 91.4 83.8 76.3 68.3 71.1 79.5 7 Dithiopyr PE1 (2.43 XF-00045)2 0.250 82.2 84.8 74.2 80.0 88.6 81.1 84.2 78.0 75.6 80.8 8 Dithiopyr PE2 (2.65 XF-00020)2 0.180 77.8 87.9 86.5 86.7 91.4 86.5 86.8 78.0 77.8 84.3 9 Dithiopyr PE2 (2.65 XF-00020)2 0.250 93.3 98.2 95.5 96.7 99.4 94.6 94.2 95.1 95.6 95.9 10 Dimension 40WP2 0.180 93.3 84.8 83.9 83.3 93.1 81.1 78.9 78.0 73.3 82.3 11 Dimension 40WP2 0.250 87.8 87.3 80.0 86.0 90.9 83.8 81.6 82.9 73.3 83.1 12 Fertilized control2 N/A 55.6 63.6 64.5 70.0 71.4 46.0 60.5 56.1 53.3 59.7 13 Turf builder + Halts 3 1.500 83.3 78.8 83.9 86.7 88.6 86.5 86.8 78.0 84.4 84.1 14 Sta-Green Premium Crab-Ex3 0.237 72.2 81.8 87.1 76.7 82.3 83.8 84.2 78.0 75.6 80.4 15 Vigoro Crabgrass Preventer3 0.237 87.8 78.2 87.1 83.3 85.7 78.4 81.6 78.0 73.3 80.7 16 Best Turf Supreme Crabgrass3 0.220 92.2 81.8 90.3 86.7 91.4 83.8 89.5 80.5 77.8 85.3 17 Pendimethalin 60WDG 1.500 77.8 78.8 83.2 85.3 85.7 83.8 83.7 80.5 82.2 82.5 18 Sample A4 0.500s 0.0 39.4 29.1 30.0 37.1 21.7 13.1 4.8 11.1 20.7 19 Sample A4 1.000s 38.9 60.6 51.6 56.7 60.0 56.8 60.5 61.0 40.0 54.5 20 Sample A4 1.500s 50.0 66.7 64.5 62.7 62.8 56.8 52.6 53.6 46.7 57.1 21 Sample A4 1.000s 55.6 66.7 58.1 86.7 71.4 46.0 60.5 48.8 53.3 60.0 22 Sample A4 1.000s - - - -- 8.5 0.1 0.0 0.0 4.4 2.6 34.4 27.4 27.8 27.5 27.8 23.3 25.9 28.3 28.1 26.8 LSD0.05 'These figures represent reductions in crabgrass cover per plot as compared with the untreated controls. 2These materials are being screened for the Rohm and Haas Company. ^h e s e materials are being screened for the Scotts Company. ^ h is material is being screened for Aventis Environmental Science. A non-ionic surfactant was added to these treatments at 0.25% VA/. ^The rates of these materials are expressed in oz/1000 ft2. Preemergent materials were applied on April 21,2000 before crabgrass germination. Early postemergent materials (treatment 21) were applied on June 19 when the crabgrass was in the 1 - 4 leaf stage. Late postemergent materials (treatment 22) were applied on July 27 when the crabgrass had 1 - 4 tillers. 26 Table 3. Visual quality1of turf treated for the 2000 Preemergent Annual Grass Study (May 2 through June 30). May May Rate May May May May Material 17 lb a.i./A 2 5 10 23 31 1 Untreated control N/A 7.3 6.0 6.0 5.7 6.3 6.0 2 Dimension 1EC2 0.180 6.7 7.0 7.3 7.0 7.7 7.7 Dimension 1EC2 3 7.3 7.7 7.7 7.7 0.250 7.0 8.0 4 Dimension 0.072FG AD4452 6.7 0.180 6.7 7.3 8.0 7.7 8.0 5 Dimension 0.164FG AD4452 7.7 8.3 8.0 8.7 0.250 7.3 7.0 Dithiopyr PE1 6 7.7 7.7 7.0 7.7 0.180 7.0 8.3 (2.43 XF-00045)2 Dithiopyr PE1 7 6.7 6.0 7.3 0.250 6.0 7.3 8.3 (2.43 XF-00045)2 Dithiopyr PE2 8 7.7 0.180 7.3 8.0 7.3 8.7 7.3 (2.65 XF-00020)2 Dithiopyr PE2 9 7.7 7.7 7.7 8.7 0.250 7.3 7.3 (2.65 XF-00020)2 Dimension 40WP2 10 8.0 8.7 7.7 0.180 7.0 7.0 8.0 11 Dimension 40WP2 7.7 7.7 8.0 0.250 7.3 7.3 8.0 12 Fertilized control2 N/A 7.7 8.0 7.0 7.3 7.3 7.7 13 Turf builder + H a lts3 8.7 8.7 7.7 8.3 1.500 7.0 8.0 14 Sta-Green Premium C rab-E x3 8.7 0.237 7.7 8.0 8.3 7.3 7.7 15 Vigoro Crabgrass Preventer3 0.237 8.7 8.7 8.0 8.3 7.3 8.3 16 Best Turf Supreme Crabgrass 3 8.0 7.7 7.7 7.7 0.220 7.3 8.3 17 Pendimethalin 60WDG 6.7 6.7 6.7 1.500 6.3 6.3 6.3 18 Sample A4 6.3 6.0 6.0 5.7 5.7 0.500" 6.0 19 Sample A4 6.0 6.0 1.000" 6.3 6.0 6.0 6.3 20 Sample A4 6.0 1.500" 6.3 6.3 6.0 6.0 6.3 21 Sample A4 6.7 6.3 6.3 6.3 1.000" 6.0 6.3 — — — — — — 22 Sample A4 1.000" 1.2 NS 1.3 1.0 0.9 1.3 LSD 0.05 Material 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 Untreated control Dimension 1EC2 Dimension 1EC2 Dimension 0.072FG AD4452 Dimension 0.164FG AD4452 Dithiopyr PE1 (2.43 XF-00045)2 Dithiopyr PE1 (2.43 XF-00045)2 Dithiopyr PE2 (2.65 XF-00020)2 Dithiopyr PE2 (2.65 XF-00020)2 Dimension 40WP2 Dimension 40WP2 Fertilized control2 Turf builder + H a lts3 Sta-Green Premium C rab-E x3 Vigoro Crabgrass Preventer3 Best Turf Supreme Crabgrass 3 Pendimethalin 60WDG Sample A4 Sample A4 Sample A4 Sample A4 Sample A4 LSDo.os June 8 6.3 8.0 8.0 7.3 8.0 June 15 6.0 6.7 7.3 6.0 7.0 June 23 6.7 8.0 7.3 7.7 8.7 June 30 6.7 7.3 8.0 7.0 7.7 8.0 7.7 8.0 7.7 7.7 6.7 7.7 7.3 7.7 8.0 8.3 8.3 7.0 6.7 8.0 7.7 8.0 7.7 7.3 7.3 7.3 7.3 7.0 6.3 6.0 6.3 6.0 6.3 7.0 7.7 6.7 6.0 7.0 7.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 8.3 7.7 8.3 7.7 7.7 7.3 7.3 6.3 6.7 6.7 6.3 6.3 8.0 7.7 7.3 6.7 7.3 7.0 7.0 6.7 6.0 6.3 6.7 6.7 6.0 1.0 — — — 1.0 NS 1.3 Rate lb a.i./A N/A 0.180 0.250 0.180 0.250 July 7 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 July 14 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 July 20 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 July 25 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 Aug 2 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 Aug 8 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 Aug 16 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 Aug 24 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 Aug 29 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 0.180 7.7 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 5.0 7.3 0.250 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 5.0 6.9 0.180 7.3 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 5.0 7.4 0.250 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 5.0 72 0.180 0.250 N/A 1.500 0.237 0.237 0.220 1.500 0.500" 1.000" 1.500" 1.000" 1.000" 7.7 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 8.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 NS 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 — 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 — 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 — 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 - 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 - 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 -- 7.3 7.2 7.1 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 — — 11 = worst turf quality. '"These materials are being screened for the Rohm and Haas Company. ^h e se materials are being screened for the Scotts Company. ^ h is material is being screened for Aventis Environmental Science. A non-ionic surfactant was added to these treatments at 0.25% VA/. ^ h e rates of these materials are expressed in oz/1000 ft2. NS = Means are not significantly different at the 0.05 level. 27 Mean 6.5 7.1 72 7.0 7.3 72 7.3 7.3 7.1 6.6 6.4 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.7 0.4 2000 Postemergence Broadleaf Trial I Barbara R. Bingaman, Troy R. Oster, and Nick E. Christians This study was designed to compare the efficacy of experimental broadleaf weed control formulations with selected commercial standards. The trial was conducted at the Iowa State University research station in an established area of 'common' Kentucky bluegrass. The soil was a Nicollet (fine-loamy, mixed, mesic Aquic Hapludoll) with 4.5% organic matter, 131 ppm K, 28 ppm P, and a pH of 7.6. The experimental design was a randomized complete block. Individual plot size was 5 x 10 ft with three replications. Two experimental formulations, NB20332 and NB30196, were screened at 4.0 and 5.0 pts/A. Another formulation, NB30401 was tested at 3.5 and 4.0 pts/A. A fourth material, NB30404, was tested at 4.125 pts/A. Trimec Classic at 3.5 pts/A and Millenium Ultra at 2.5 pts/A were used as commercial standards. An untreated control was included for a total of ten treatments (Table 1). Sprayables were diluted in water and applied at an equivalent rate of 40 GPA total spray volume using a carbon dioxide backpack sprayer equipped with TeeJet #8006 flat fan nozzles at 30-35 psi. The treatments were applied on June 22 when the broadleaf weeds in the experimental plot were 1-4 inches high. It was 75 degrees and sunny with a 10-15 mph SW wind. On June 27 and June 30, estimates of dandelion and clover damage were made (Table 1 and 2). These figures represent the percentage of foliage on each plant that was damaged with 100 = all foliage damaged and dying, 50 = 50% damaged foliage, and 0 = no damaged foliage. Beginning July 7, the surviving plants were surveyed to measure broadleaf control. The number of dandelions per plot was counted July 7, July 13, July 20, July 27, August 3, and August 10 (Table 1). The percentage of dandelion cover per plot was estimated on August 3 and August 10 to account for the large numbers of small dandelions in some plots (Table 2). Clover infestation was estimated as the percentage area per plot covered by clover (Table 5). Turf quality data were taken weekly from June 23 through August 10 (Table 6). On each date, the turf was examined for phytotoxic symptoms and none were detected. Turf quality was rated using a 9 to 1 scale with 9 = best, 6 = lowest acceptable, and 1 = worst quality. Crabgrass was appearing in the untreated and treated turf in August. The number of crabgrass plants per plot was counted on August 3 and August 10 (Table 7). Data were analyzed using Statistical Analysis System (SAS Institute Inc., 1989-1996) and the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) procedure. Treatment effects on weed populations and visual quality were tested using Fisher's Least Significant Difference (LSD) test. There were differences in dandelion damage levels on June 27 and June 30 both between treated and untreated and among treated plants (Table 1). Two experimental formulations, NB30196 and NB30401, caused the highest levels of damage to dandelions. These same experimentáis, NB30196 and NB30401, caused the most damage on clover (Table 2). In general, none of the herbicides were as effective on clover as on dandelion through June 30. All herbicides controlled dandelion populations significantly as compared with the untreated control (Table 3). Control was > 95% on July 7 but beyond this date some recovery and regrowth of dandelions occurred in treated plots (Table 4). This was particularly evident on August 3 in turf treated with either NB30196 or NB30401. Dandelion counts in turf treated with NB30196 at 5.0 pts/A were similar to those in the untreated turf on August 10. Percentage dandelion cover data also were similar for turf treated with NB30196 at 5.0 pts/A and for the untreated turf (Table 5). All materials caused significant reductions in clover cover as compared with the untreated control (Tables 6 and 7). Populations were drastically reduced by July 7 and after July 27, there was no clover in any of the treated plots for the remainder of the duration of the study. None of the herbicides caused phytotoxic symptoms on the turf. Quality was similar for treated and untreated turf for the entire period (Table 8). In August, turf quality uniformly declined because of high temperatures and sparse rainfall. By August 3, crabgrass had moved into the treated turf. Less competition from dandelion and clover allowed larger populations of crabgrass to become established in treated as compared with untreated turf (Table 9). 28 Table 1. Percentage foliar damage1 on dandelions treated for the 2000 PBI Gordon Postemergence Broadleaf Study. Rate June 27 June 30 Mean Material product pts/A 1. Untreated control 2. NB20332 3. NB20332 4. NB30196 5. NB30196 6. NB30401 7. NB30401 8. NB30404 9. Trimec Classic 10. Millenium Ultra NA 4.000 5.000 4.000 5.000 3.500 4.000 4.125 3.500 2.500 L S D 0.05 0.0 76.7 83.3 90.0 96.7 100.0 96.7 76.7 76.7 63.3 0.0 83.3 96.7 91.7 96.7 100.0 100.0 88.3 90.0 83.3 0.0 80.0 90.0 90.8 96.7 100.0 98.3 82.5 83.3 73.3 15.2 16.5 12.0 'These figures represent the percentage foliar damage on dandelions with 100 = all foliage damaged and dying, 50 = 50% damaged foliage, and 0 = no damaged foliage. Table 2. Percentage foliar damage1 on clover treated for the 2000 PBI Gordon Postemergence Broadleaf Study. Rate Mean Material June 27 June 30 product pts/A 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. NA 4.000 5.000 4.000 5.000 3.500 4.000 4.125 3.500 2.500 Untreated control NB20332 NB20332 NB30196 NB30196 NB30401 NB30401 NB30404 Trimec Classic Millenium Ultra L S D 0.05 0.0 70.0 50.0 50.0 70.0 63.3 73.3 53.3 63.3 56.7 0.0 78.3 58.3 75.0 80.0 76.7 90.0 71.7 66.7 58.3 0.0 74.2 54.2 62.5 75.0 70.0 81.7 62.5 65.0 57.5 16.9 18.6 13.9 'These figures represent the percentage foliar damage on clover with 100 = all foliage damaged and dying, 50 = 50% damaged foliage, and 0 = no damaged foliage. Table 3. Dandelion counts1 in turf treated for the 2000 PBI Gordon Postemergence Broadleaf Study. Rate July August August Material product July July July pts/A 27 7 13 20 3 10 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Untreated control NB20332 NB20332 NB30196 NB30196 NB30401 NB30401 NB30404 Trimec Classic Millenium Ultra NA 4.000 5.000 4.000 5.000 3.500 4.000 4.125 3.500 2.500 73.0 3.0 1.3 55.7 2.3 0 .0 3.0 2.3 17.7 1.7 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0.7 2.7 1.7 13.9 L S D 0.05 .TV/' 'These figures represent the number of dandelions per plot. 0 .0 0 .0 0.7 0 .0 31.8 29 0 .0 68.3 16.7 10.7 28.3 51.7 30.0 26.7 5.0 11.3 2.0 76.3 21.7 15.0 42.3 61.7 34.3 46.3 7.0 16.0 3.3 66.5 8.6 4.9 15.8 24.1 19.1 13.7 2.3 5.7 1.2 13.1 26.2 26.1 18.3 53.3 2.3 0.3 7.0 3.0 22.0 2.0 0.3 0.7 72.3 5.3 2.0 14.3 25.7 10.3 5.7 0.7 3.0 0 .0 p>F=0.07 33.7 Mean Table 4. Dandelion control1 in turf treated for the 2000 PBI Gordon Postemergence Broadleaf Study. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Material Rate product pts/A July 7 July 13 July 20 July 27 August 3 August 10 Mean Untreated control NB20332 NB20332 NB30196 NB30196 NB30401 NB30401 NB30404 Trimec Classic Millenium Ultra NA 4.000 5.000 4.000 5.000 3.500 4.000 4.125 3.500 2.500 0.0 95.9 98.2 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 99.1 96.3 97.7 0.0 95.8 100.0 94.6 95.8 68.3 97.0 100.0 98.8 100.0 0.0 92.6 97.2 80.2 64.5 85.7 92.2 99.1 95.9 100.0 0.0 75.6 84.4 58.5 24.4 56.1 61.0 92.7 83.4 97.1 0.0 71.6 80.3 44.5 19.2 55.0 39.3 90.8 79.0 95.6 0.0 87.1 92.6 79.2 63.8 71.3 79.4 96.6 91.4 98.2 19.1 57.0 0.0 95.6 99.4 86.9 94.4 58.7 96.2 99.4 98.7 100.0 p>F=0.07 60.6 18.1 38.4 34.3 27.5 LSD0.05 'These figures represent percentage reductions in dandelion counts per plot as compared with the untreated control. Table 5. Percentage dandelion cover1 in turf treated for the 2000 PBI Gordon Postemergence Broadleaf Study. Rate Material Mean product August 3 August 10 pts/A 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Untreated control NB20332 NB20332 NB30196 NB30196 NB30401 NB30401 NB30404 Trimec Classic Millenium Ultra NA 4.000 5.000 4.000 5.000 3.500 4.000 4.125 3.500 2.500 L S D o.05 23.3 3.7 2.3 7.3 18.3 7.0 2.3 1.0 2.3 0.7 26.7 5.3 2.3 13.3 16.7 10.3 8.3 1.0 3.7 1.0 25.0 4.5 2.3 10.3 17.5 8.7 5.3 1.0 3.0 0.8 8.5 11.5 9.7 'These figures represent the percentage area per plot covered by dandelions. Table 6. Percentage clover cover1 in turf treated for the 2000 PBI Gordon Postemergence Broadleaf Study. Rate Material product July July August Mean July July August pts/A 7 27 20 3 10 13 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Untreated control NB20332 NB20332 NB30196 NB30196 NB30401 NB30401 NB30404 Trimec Classic Millenium Ultra L S D o .05 NA 4.000 5.000 4.000 5.000 3.500 4.000 4.125 3.500 2.500 51.7 3.7 10.0 3.3 3.3 26.7 16.7 15.0 16.7 21.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 NS 6.7 5.0 0.0 8.3 6.7 5.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 14.6 14.6 9.6 7.2 0.0 0.0 0.3 1• 'These figures represent the percentage area per plot covered by clover. 30 p>F=0.06 13.4 24.7 0.6 1.7 0.6 0.6 1.9 0.0 1.4 1.1 0.8 10.0 Table 7. Percentage clover control1 in turf treated for the 2000 PBI Gordon Postemergence Broadleaf Study. Material 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Untreated control NB20332 NB20332 NB30196 NB30196 NB30401 NB30401 NB30404 Trimec Classic Millenium Ultra Rate product pts/A NA 4.000 5.000 4.000 5.000 3.500 4.000 4.125 3.500 2.500 July 7 July 13 July 20 July 27 August 3 August 10 0.0 92.9 80.7 93.6 93.6 100.0 100.0 83.9 87.1 90.3 0.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 75.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 70.1 100.0 98.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 28.2 54.7 57.4 47.8 NS 0.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 p>F=0.06 61.7 L S D q.05 Mean 0.0 97.5 93.3 97.8 97.8 92.1 100.0 94.2 95.5 96.6 40.4 'These figures represent percentage reductions in clover cover per plot as compared with the untreated control. Table 8. Visual quality1 of turf treated for the 2000 PBI Gordon Postemergence Broadleaf Study. Rate Material product June June June July July July July Aug pts/A 27 7 23 30 13 20 27 3 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Untreated control NB20332 NB20332 NB30196 NB30196 NB30401 NB30401 NB30404 Trimec Classic Millenium Ultra L S D 0.05 NA 4.000 5.000 4.000 5.000 3.500 4.000 4.125 3.500 2.500 Aug 10 Mean 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 8.6 8.6 8.6 8.6 8.6 8.6 8.6 8.6 8.6 8.6 — __ — __ — __ __ __ __ — 'Quality was assessed using a 9 to 1 scale with 9 = best, 6 = lowest acceptable, and 1 = worst quality Table 9. Crabgrass counts1 in turf treated for the 2000 PBI Gordon Postemergence Broadleaf Study. Rate Material product August 3 Mean August 10 pts/A 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. w . __ Untreated control NB20332 NB20332 NB30196 NB30196 NB30401 NB30401 NB30404 Trimec Classic Millenium Ultra NA 4.000 5.000 4.000 5.000 3.500 4.000 4.125 3.500 2.500 5.0 15.0 12.3 8.3 11.7 8.0 8.3 10.7 10.7 5.3 8.3 20.0 16.7 13.3 16.7 11.7 13.7 18.3 16.7 10.3 6.7 17.5 14.5 10.8 14.2 9.8 11.0 14.5 13.7 7.8 NS NS NS L S D 0.05 1These figures represent the number of crabgrass plants per plot. 31 2000 Postemergent Broadleaf Trial II Barbara R. Bingaman,Troy R. Oster, and Nick E. Christians This study was designed to determine the efficacy of research formulations as compared with the commercially produced herbicide Triplet and the degree of tolerance of turf to these products. The trial was conducted at the Iowa State University Research Station in an established area of 'Ram T Kentucky bluegrass. The soil was a Nicollet (fineloamy, mixed, mesic Aquic Hapludoll) with 4.2% organic matter, 120 ppm K, 6 ppm P, and a pH of 6.85. The experimental design was a randomized complete block. Individual plot size was 5 x 10 ft with three replications. An experimental Dissolve formulation, RDL 2000, was applied at 1.65 lb product/A and at 1.25 lb product/A in combination with a diflufenzopyr salt (DFFP) at three rates for a total of six treatments (Table 1). Triplet 49.7 at 3.5 pt product/A was included as the treated standard and an untreated control was also added. Sprayables were diluted in water and applied at an equivalent rate of 3 gal water/1000 ft2. The materials were applied on June 22 using a carbon dioxide backpack sprayer equipped with TeeJet #8006 flat fan nozzles at 30-35 psi. It was 75 degrees, sunny with a 10-15 mph SW wind. We had the materials on by 11:30 a.m. This date coincided with local lawn care broadleaf weed control applications. Weed control data were taken weekly until eight weeks after treatment beginning June 27 and ending August 16. On June 27 and 30, herbicide effects were recorded as percentage of plants severely damaged and expected to die (Table 1). Damage was assessed using a percentage scale with 100 = dead plants, 50 = 50% mortality, and 0 = undamaged plants. Beginning on July 7, the number of weeds remaining in each individual plot was counted. Dandelion and white clover were the predominant weed species present. Dandelion plants were counted as the number in each plot (Table 2) and clover infestation was estimated as the percentage area per plot covered by clover (Table 4). Dandelion and clover data were converted to percentage reductions as compared with the untreated controls (Tables 3 and 5). Black medic was present in most turf prior to treatment. Following treatment black medic was found in untreated turf but only a few individual plants were found in treated areas (Table 6). Oxalis also was present but the distribution was not uniform among the plots (Table 7). Black medic infestations were determined as percentage cover per plot and oxalis plants per plot were counted. Visual turf quality and turf tolerance ratings were made weekly from June 25 through August 16 (Table 8). Turf quality was rated using a 9 to 1 scale with 9 = best, 6 = lowest acceptable, and 1 = worst quality. Data were analyzed using Statistical Analysis System (SAS Institute Inc., 1989-1996) and the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) procedure. Treatment effects on weed populations and visual quality were tested using Fisher's Least Significant Difference (LSD) test. All materials caused similar levels of damage to dandelion and clover on June 27 and June 30 (Table 1). By July 7, there were very few dandelions left in treated turf (Table 2). Dandelion numbers increased in August but the numbers were still significantly less than the untreated control. Dandelion control remained > 98% for all products through July 27 and the mean level of control was above 92% for all herbicides (Table 3). By July 7, percentage clover cover was significantly reduced by all treatments but there were differences in clover cover among the treatments (Table 4). Some of the materials did not kill the clover as quickly as others but by July 27, clover populations were very low in all treated turf. Clover did not re-establish in any of the treated turf through August 16. Clover control was > 93% for all treatments from July 27 through August 16 (Table 5). Except for a few plants in one treated plot, black medic populations did not survive the herbicide treatments (Table 6). Oxalis was present in some treated plots beginning on July 14 had moved into all treated plots by August 16. Following treatment visual quality was similar in treated and untreated turf until July 7 (Table 8). On this date all treated turf had worse quality than the untreated control. By July 14, turf quality was similar in all treated and untreated turf. 32 Table 1. Damage1 detected on dandelions and white clover treated for the 2000 Riverdale Postemergence Broadleaf Study. W hite clover Dandelion Material 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Untreated control Triplet 49.7% RDL 2000-10 Dissolve (.66 DFFP (Salt) 0.75 Ibs/A RDL 2000-11 Dissolve (.50 DFFP (Salt) 0.75 Ibs/A RDL 2000-13 Dissolve (.66 DFFP (Salt) 0.05 Ibs/A RDL 2000-14 Dissolve (.50 DFFP (Salt) 0.05 Ibs/A RDL 2000-16 Dissolve (.66 DFFP (Salt) 0.0375 Ibs/A RDL 2000-14 Dissolve (.50 DFFP (Salt) 0.0375 Ibs/A lbs 2,4-D/A) lbs 2,4-D/A) lbs 2,4-D/A) lbs 2,4-D/A) lbs 2,4-D/A) lbs 2,4-D/A) Rate product/ 1000 ft2 NA 1.29 oz 17.20 g 0.90 g 13.03 g 0.90 g 17.20 g 0.60 g 13.03 g 0.60 g 17.20g 0.45 g 13.03g 0.45 g June 27 June 30 Mean June 27 June 30 Mean 6.7 70.0 0.0 75.0 3.3 72.5 6.7 53.3 0.0 58.3 3.3 55.8 76.7 85.0 80.8 31.7 66.7 49.2 63.3 76.7 70.0 46.7 63.3 55.0 80.0 80.0 80.0 56.7 58.3 57.5 70.0 63.3 66.7 36.7 60.0 48.3 80.0 80.0 80.0 46.7 61.7 54.2 56.7 60.0 58.3 81.7 73.3 77.5 27.7 27.1 27.2 15.2 NS 19.9 'Dandelion and clover damage was assessed as the percentage severely damaged with 100 = dead plants, 50 = 50% mortality, and 0 = undamaged plants. NS = means are not significantly different at the 0.05 level. LSDo.os Table 2. Dandelion counts1 in turf treated for the 2000 Riverdale Postemergence Broadleaf Study. Material 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Untreated control Triplet 49.7% RDL 2000-10 Dissolve (.66 DFFP (Salt) 0.75 Ibs/A RDL 2000-11 Dissolve (.50 DFFP (Salt) 0.75 Ibs/A RDL 2000-13 Dissolve (.66 DFFP (Salt) 0.05 Ibs/A RDL 2000-14 Dissolve (.50 DFFP (Salt) 0.05 Ibs/A RDL 2000-16 Dissolve (.66 DFFP (Salt) 0.0375 Ibs/A RDL 2000-14 Dissolve (.50 DFFP (Salt) 0.0375 Ibs/A lbs 2,4-D/A) lbs 2,4-D/A) lbs 2,4-D/A) lbs 2,4-D/A) lbs 2,4-D/A) lbs 2,4-D/A) Rate product/ 1000 ft2 July 7 NA 1.29 oz 17.20 g 0.90 g 13.03g 0.90 g 17.20g 0.60 g 13.03 g 0.60 g 17.20 g 0.45 g 13.03g 0.45 g LSDo.os July 14 July 20 Mean July 27 Aug 8 101.7 2.0 101.7 3.7 69.7 11.7 92.3 3.8 Aug 16 79.3 5.0 99.7 0.0 101.7 0.3 0.0 0.0 1.0 3.7 9.7 13.7 4.7 9.3 0.3 0.7 4.0 5.3 12.0 5.3 2.7 0.0 0.7 4.3 6.3 11.3 4.2 4.7 0.3 1.3 5.7 11.7 20.0 7.3 3.3 0.3 0.4 5.3 8.7 16.0 5.7 3.7 22.3 1.7 54.2 0.0 53.7 7.0 53.1 11.3 53.9 15.0 33.5 6.4 43.4 'These data represent the number of dandelions per individual plot. Table 3. Dandelion control1 in turf treated for the 2000 Riverdale Postemergence Broadleaf Study. Material Rate product/ 1000 ft2 July 7 NA Untreated control 0.0 Triplet 49.7% 1.29 oz 93.7 17.20g 100.0 RDL 2000-10 Dissolve (.66 lbs 2,4-D/A) 0.90 g DFFP (Salt) 0.75 Ibs/A 4. RDL 2000-11 Dissolve (.50 lbs 2,4-D/A) 13.03g 88.2 0.90 g DFFP (Salt) 0.75 Ibs/A RDL 2000-13 Dissolve (.66 lbs 2,4-D/A) 17.20 g 96.6 5. 0.60 g DFFP (Salt) 0.05 Ibs/A RDL 2000-14 Dissolve (.50 lbs 2,4-D/A) 13.03 g 94.1 6. DFFP (Salt) 0.05 Ibs/A 0.60 g 7. RDL 2000-16 Dissolve (.66 lbs 2,4-D/A) 17.20 g 95.8 DFFP (Salt) 0.0375 Ibs/A 0.45 g 95.4 8. RDL 2000-14 Dissolve (.50 lbs 2,4-D/A) 13.03g 0.45 g DFFP (Salt) 0.0375 Ibs/A 28.1 LSDo.os '~TT7— 'These data represent the reduction in dandelion counts as compared with the untreated 1. 2. 3. 33 July 14 July 20 July 27 Aug 8 Aug 16 Mean 0.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 99.7 99.0 0.0 98.0 96.4 0.0 96.4 90.5 0.0 83.3 80.4 0.0 95.9 94.9 99.7 99.3 96.1 94.8 82.8 94.3 100.0 99.3 95.7 93.8 83.7 95.4 99.7 98.7 94.4 88.5 71.3 92.1 99.7 99.3 94.8 91.5 77.0 93.8 98.3 100.0 93.1 88.9 78.5 93.0 54.4 control. 52.8 52.2 53.0 48.1 47.1 Table 4. Percentage clover cover1 in turf treated for the 2000 Riverdale Postemergence Broadleaf Study. Rate July product/ July July Material 7 14 1000 ft2 20 Aug 8 Aug 16 Mean 50.0 13.3 30.0 5.0 30.0 0.0 30.0 0.0 33.3 0.0 40.0 0.0 35.6 3.1 13.3 8.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 0.0 4.5 11.7 5.3 2.0 2.0 2.0 0.3 3.9 6.7 3.7 1.0 0.7 2.0 1.0 2.5 16.7 7.0 1.0 0.3 0.3 2.0 4.6 8.3 10.0 2.3 2.0 2.0 0.0 4.1 2.0 15.3 3.7 2.0 2.0 0.3 7.2 11.1 L S D q.05 'These data represent the percentage area per individual plot covered by clover. 9.9 2.6 2.4 4.9 6.2 4.4 July 27 Aug 8 Aug 16 Mean 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Untreated control Triplet 49.7% RDL 2000-10 Dissolve (.66 DFFP (Salt) 0.75 Ibs/A RDL 2000-11 Dissolve (.50 DFFP (Salt) 0.75 Ibs/A RDL 2000-13 Dissolve (.66 DFFP (Salt) 0.05 Ibs/A RDL 2000-14 Dissolve (.50 DFFP (Salt) 0.05 Ibs/A RDL 2000-16 Dissolve (.66 DFFP (Salt) 0.0375 Ibs/A RDL 2000-14 Dissolve (.50 DFFP (Salt) 0.0375 Ibs/A lbs 2,4-D/A) lbs 2,4-D/A) lbs 2,4-D/A) lbs 2,4-D/A) lbs 2,4-D/A) lbs 2,4-D/A) NA 1.29 oz 17.20g 0.90 g 13.03 g 0.90 g 17.20g 0.60 g 13.03 g 0.60 g 17.20g 0.45 g 13.03 g 0.45 g July 20 Table 5. Percentage clover control1 in turf treated for the 2000 Riverdale Postemergence Broadleaf Study Rate product/ July July July Material 7 14 1000 ft2 20 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 73.3 73.3 83.3 71.1 100.0 94.4 100.0 94.4 100.0 95.0 100.0 100.0 91.4 87.4 76.7 82.2 93.3 93.3 94.0 99.2 89.1 86.7 87.8 96.7 97.8 93.0 97.5 93.0 66.7 76.7 96.7 98.9 99.0 95.0 87.2 83.3 66.7 92.2 93.3 94.0 100.0 88.5 60.0 48.9 87.8 93.3 94.0 99.2 79.7 8.0 14.7 15.5 12.4 Table 6. Percentage black medic cover1 in turf treated for the 2000 Riverdale Postemergence Broadleaf Study Rate Material product/ July July July July 7 14 27 20 1000 ft2 Aug 8 Aug 16 Mean 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Untreated control Triplet 49.7% RDL 2000-10 Dissolve (.66 DFFP (Salt) 0.75 Ibs/A RDL 2000-11 Dissolve (.50 DFFP (Salt) 0.75 Ibs/A RDL 2000-13 Dissolve (.66 DFFP (Salt) 0.05 Ibs/A RDL 2000-14 Dissolve (.50 DFFP (Salt) 0.05 Ibs/A RDL 2000-16 Dissolve (.66 DFFP (Salt) 0.0375 Ibs/A RDL 2000-14 Dissolve (.50 DFFP (Salt) 0.0375 Ibs/A lbs 2,4-D/A) lbs 2,4-D/A) lbs 2,4-D/A) lbs 2,4-D/A) lbs 2,4-D/A) lbs 2,4-D/A) NA 1.29 oz 17.20 g 0.90 g 13.03 g 0.90 g 17.20g 0.60 g 13.03 g 0.60 g 17.20g 0.45 g 13.03 g 0.45 g 22.8 33.2 8.7 LSD0 .05 'These figures represent the percentage reduction in clover cover as compared with the untreated controls. NA 18.3 Untreated control 1.29 oz 0.0 Triplet 49.7% RDL 2000-10 Dissolve (.66 lbs 2,4-D/A) 17.20g 0.0 0.90 g DFFP (Salt) 0.75 Ibs/A 4. 13.03 g RDL 2000-11 Dissolve (.50 lbs 2,4-D/A) DFFP (Salt) 0.75 Ibs/A 0.90 g 0.0 RDL 2000-13 Dissolve (.66 lbs 2,4-D/A) 17.20 g 5. 0.0 DFFP (Salt) 0.05 Ibs/A 0.60 g RDL 2000-14 Dissolve (.50 lbs 2,4-D/A) 13.03 g 6. 0.60 g 0.0 DFFP (Salt) 0.05 Ibs/A 7. 17.20g RDL 2000-16 Dissolve (.66 lbs 2,4-D/A) 0.0 DFFP (Salt) 0.0375 Ibs/A 0.45 g 8. RDL 2000-14 Dissolve (.50 lbs 2,4-D/A) 13.03 g 0.0 DFFP (Salt) 0.0375 Ibs/A 0.45 g 'These data represent the percentage area per individual plot covered by black medic. 1. 2. 3. 34 11.7 10.0 13.3 16.7 3.3 12.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Table 7. Oxalis counts1 in turf treated for the 2000 Riverdale Postemergence Broadleaf Study Rate Material product/ July July 14 1000 ft2 20 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Untreated control Triplet 49.7% RDL 2000-10 Dissolve (.66 DFFP (Salt) 0.75 Ibs/A RDL 2000-11 Dissolve (.50 DFFP (Salt) 0.75 Ibs/A RDL 2000-13 Dissolve (.66 DFFP (Salt) 0.05 Ibs/A RDL 2000-14 Dissolve (.50 DFFP (Salt) 0.05 Ibs/A RDL 2000-16 Dissolve (.66 DFFP (Salt) 0.0375 Ibs/A RDL 2000-14 Dissolve (.50 DFFP (Salt) 0.0375 Ibs/A NA 1.29 oz 17.20g 0.90 g 13.03 g 0.90 g 17.20g 0.60 g 13.03 g 0.60 g 17.20g 0.45 g 13.03 g 0.45 g lbs 2,4-D/A) lbs 2,4-D/A) lbs 2,4-D/A) lbs 2,4-D/A) lbs 2,4-D/A) lbs 2,4-D/A) LSD0.05 July 27 Aug 8 Aug 16 Mean 1.3 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.3 0.0 1.3 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.2 1.0 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.5 1.0 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.7 0.5 0.3 0.0 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.7 0.7 0.3 0.5 0.0 0.0 1.3 2.0 1.7 1.0 NS NS 2.0 NS NS NS 'These data represent the number of oxalis plants per individual plot. Table 8. Visual quality1of Kentucky bluegrass treated for the 2000 Riverdale Postemergence Broadleaf StudyRate Material June product/ June June July July July 26 27 14 30 7 20 1000 ft2 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Untreated control Triplet 49.7% RDL 2000-10 Dissolve (.66 DFFP (Salt) 0.75 Ibs/A RDL 2000-11 Dissolve (.50 DFFP (Salt) 0.75 Ibs/A RDL 2000-13 Dissolve (.66 DFFP (Salt) 0.05 Ibs/A RDL 2000-14 Dissolve (.50 DFFP (Salt) 0.05 Ibs/A RDL 2000-16 Dissolve (.66 DFFP (Salt) 0.0375 Ibs/A RDL 2000-14 Dissolve (.50 DFFP (Salt) 0.0375 Ibs/A lbs 2,4-D/A) lbs 2,4-D/A) lbs 2,4-D/A) lbs 2,4-D/A) lbs 2,4-D/A) lbs 2,4-D/A) NA 1.29 oz 17.20 g 0.90 g 13.03g 0.90 g 17.20g 0.60 g 13.03 g 0.60 g 17.20 g 0.45 g 13.03 g 0.45 g July 20 Aug 8 Aug 16 Mean 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 5.3 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 8.6 9.0 9.0 9.0 5.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 8.6 9.0 9.0 9.0 5.7 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 8.6 9.0 9.0 9.0 5.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 8.6 9.0 9.0 9.0 4.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 8.4 9.0 9.0 9.0 6.3 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 8.7 — 9.0 9.0 4.7 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 8.5 - - -- -- 0.2 1.6 -LSD 0 .0 5 V isual quality was assessed using a 9 to 1 scale with 9 = best, 6 = lowest acceptable, and 1 = worst quality. —r m 35 2000 Postemergence Broadleaf Trial III Barbara R. Bingaman and Nick E. Christians The purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy of Scotts Turf Builder with Plus 2 weed control to that of competitive broadleaf herbicide products. The trial was conducted at the Iowa State University research station in an established area of 'common' Kentucky bluegrass. The soil was a Nicollet (fine-loamy, mixed, mesic Aquic Hapludoll) with 4.5% organic matter, 131 ppm K, 28 ppm P, and a pH of 7.6. The experimental design was a randomized complete block. Individual plot size was 5 x 10 ft with three replications. Scotts Turf Builder with Plus 2 Weed Control, Sta-Green 200+ Weed & feed, Vigoro Weed & Feed, Ultra Vigoro Weed & Feed, Best Turf Supreme Weed & Feed, Bandini Superblade Weed & Feed, and Schultz Expert Gardener Premium Weed & Feed were furnished by Scotts for comparisons. All materials from other sources than Scotts were applied at label rate for bluegrass (Table 1). Trimec Classic 3.4 SL was included as a standard and applied at label rate. An untreated control also was added for a total of nine treatments. All materials were applied postemergently when dandelions were flowering but not in the puff-ball stage. Applications were made on June 22. All treatments except Trimec Classic 3.4 SL were made to wet foliage as per instructions. No irrigation was used for 24 hours following applications and there was no rain during this period. The plot was not mowed within 1 day before and after application. On June 27, June 30, and July 7, dandelion and clover mortality data were recorded (Tables 1 and 2). Damage was assessed using a 0 to 100 scale with 100 = dead plants, 50 = 50% dead, 0 = no damaged plants. Dandelion and clover surviving populations were estimated from July 13 through August 17. The number of dandelions per plot was counted (Table 3) and the percentage area per plot covered by clover was estimated (Table 5). To account for the large number of small dandelions in some of the treated turf, percentage dandelion cover data were taken on August 17 (Table 3). Turf quality data were taken on each data collection date (Table 7). Quality was assessed using a 9 to 1 scale with 9 = best, 6 = lowest acceptable and 1 = worst quality. Data were analyzed using the Statistical Analysis System (SAS Institute Inc., 1989-1996) and the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) procedure. Treatment effects on weed populations and visual quality were tested using Fisher's Least Significant Difference (LSD) test. On June 27, dandelions treated with either Trimec Classic 3.4 SL or Scotts Turf Builder exhibited substantial damage (Table 1). Dandelions treated with the other herbicide materials and those untreated had significantly less damage. By July 7, dandelions treated with the other materials had higher levels of damage than noted on previous days but the damage was still significantly less than on dandelions treated with either Trimec Classic 3.4 SL or Scotts Turf Builder. Clover damage followed the same trend as dandelion damage. Trimec Classic 3.4 SL and Scotts Turf Builder caused significantly more damage than the other herbicides (Table 2). Damage caused by Scotts Turf Builder was statistically less than that caused by Trimec Classic 3.4 SL on June 27 and July 7 and mean damage also was less for Scotts Turf Builder. Beginning with the data for July 13, all remaining dandelions were counted as survivors (Table 3). Trimec Classic 3.4 SL provided better dandelion control than all of the other herbicides except Scotts Turf Builder. Sta-Green 200+ and Vigoro Weed & Feed did not cause significant reductions in dandelion counts as compared with the untreated control for the entire duration. Overall mean values show that dandelion control was similar for Trimec Classic 3.4 SL and Scotts Turf Builder and better than provided by the other herbicides. Percentage dandelion cover data from August 17 suggest that dandelion cover was significantly reduced by Trimec Classic 3.4 SL and Scotts Turf Builder (Tables 3 and 4). The levels for Trimec Classic 3.4 SL and Scotts Turf Builder were similar to those for Best Turf Supreme and Bandini Superblade. Trimec Classic 3.4 SL killed all clover by July 13 (Table 5). Clover cover was significantly less in turf treated with Trimec Classic 3.4 SL or Scotts Turf Builder than in untreated turf on July 27. On this date there was more clover in turf treated with Sta-Green 200+, or Bandini Superblade or Schultz Expert Gardener than in untreated turf. By August 3, clover was declining in treated and untreated turf because of the hot and dry conditions and there were no statistical differences in clover cover for August but there were numerical differences. Clover control provided by Trimec Classic 36 3.4 SL, Scotts Turf Builder, Ultra Vigoro Weed & Feed, and Bandini Superblade Weed & Feed was ;> 96% on August 17. There were some statistical differences in turf quality between both treated and untreated turf and among herbicide treatments (Table 7). On June 30 all treated turf had better quality than the untreated controls. On July 7 and July 13, quality of treated turf was better for all treated turf than the untreated controls. Because of the hot and dry conditions, the quality of all turf was declining by July 20 and no additional differences in quality were detected for the duration of the study. Table 1. Damage1 observed on dandelions treated for the 2000 Scotts Postemergent Broadleaf Study. Percent damage _________ Material 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Untreated control Trimec Classic 3.4 SL Scotts Turf Builder w/Plus 2 Sta-Green 200+ Weed & Feed Vigoro Weed & Feed Ultra Vigoro Weed & Feed Best Turf Supreme Weed & Feed Bandini Superblade Weed & Feed Schultz Expert Gardener Premium Weed & Feed Rate lb a.i./A NA 3.00 1.37 1.18 1.37 1.33 1.33 1.79 Rate product /1000 ft2 NA 1.50 2.86 3.20 3.20 3.20 3.60 3.60 3.60 oz lb lb lb lb lb lb lb L S D q.05 m _________ June 27 June 30 July 7 Mean 6.7 63.3 50.0 0.0 13.3 6.7 10.0 23.3 3.3 1.7 86.7 58.3 6.7 5.0 8.3 8.3 6.7 3.3 13.3 90.0 70.0 30.0 15.0 31.7 26.7 28.3 23.3 7.2 80.0 59.4 12.2 11.1 15.6 15.0 19.4 10.0 16.4 13.1 25.4 13.0 'Damage was assessed using a 0 -100% scale with 100% = dead plants, 50 = 50% dead, and 0 = no damage. Materials were applied on June 22, 2000. Table 2. Damage1 observed on clover treated for the 2000 Scotts Postemergent Broadleaf Study. Percent damage ___________ Rate product /1000 ft2 m _________ June 27 June 30 July 7 Mean 0.0 73.3 56.7 3.3 3.3 10.0 15.0 10.0 10.0 0.0 80.0 58.3 11.7 8.3 23.3 5.0 8.3 3.3 5.0 76.7 50.0 23.3 30.0 25.0 13.3 25.0 13.3 1.7 76.7 55.0 12.8 13.9 19.4 11.1 14.4 8.9 22.1 14.8 L S D q.05 1 r " \ __ 1Damage was assessed using a 0 -100% scale with 100% = dead plants, 50 = 50% dead, and 0 = no damage. 15.5 10.9 Material 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Untreated control Trimec Classic 3.4 SL Scotts Turf Builder w/Plus 2 Sta-Green 200+ Weed & Feed Vigoro Weed & Feed Ultra Vigoro Weed & Feed Best Turf Supreme Weed & Feed Bandini Superblade Weed & Feed Schultz Expert Gardener Premium Weed & Feed Rate lb a.i./A NA — 3.00 1.37 1.18 1.37 1.33 1.33 1.79 NA 1.50 2.86 3.20 3.20 3.20 3.60 3.60 3.60 37 oz lb lb lb lb lb lb lb Table 3. Dandelion counts1 in turf treated for the 2000 Scotts Postemergent Broadleaf Study. Rate lb a.i./A July 13 July 20 July 27 Aug 3 Aug 10 Aug 17 NA 78.3 0.0 7.3 53.0 63.3 27.0 58.7 42.3 36.7 93.0 148.3 2.0 17.7 107.3 118.3 85.0 58.7 68.3 74.0 151.7 18.7 35.0 124.7 133.3 105.0 79.0 81.7 93.3 160.0 27.7 46.7 171.7 166.7 145.0 112.0 88.3 116.7 175.0 39.0 50.0 173.3 175.0 166.7 120.0 108.3 136.0 134.4 14.6 28.5 115.6 124.0 98.7 82.6 73.4 83.3 35.0 45.3 41.3 L S D o.o5 'These values represent the number of dandelions per plot. These data are the percentage area per plot covered by dandelions on August 17. 51.5 62.2 62.6 43.6 Material 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Untreated control Trimec Classic 3.4 SL Scotts Turf Builder w/Plus 2 Sta-Green 200+ Weed & Feed Vigoro Weed & Feed Ultra Vigoro Weed & Feed Best Turf Supreme Weed & Feed Bandini Superblade Weed & Feed Schultz Expert Gardener Premium Weed & Feed — 3.00 1.37 1.18 1.37 1.33 1.33 1.79 0.0 14.3 63.3 87.3 63.3 67.3 51.7 43.3 Mean Percent2 cover Aug 17 38.3 5.0 10.0 36.7 41.7 36.7 26.7 23.3 28.3 22.5 Table 4. D a nd elion co u n t re d u c tio n s 1 in tu rf tre a te d fo r the 2 0 0 0 S co tts P o s te m e rg e n t B ro a d le a f S tudy. Material Rate lb a.i./A July 13 July 20 July 27 Aug 3 Aug 10 Aug 17 NA 0.0 0.0 Untreated control 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 — 98.7 100.0 100.0 87.7 82.7 Trimec Classic 3.4 SL 77.7 Scotts Turf Builder w/Plus 2 90.6 84.6 88.1 71.4 3.00 76.9 70.8 1.37 Sta-Green 200+ Weed & Feed 32.3 31.9 27.6 17.8 0.0 1.0 1.18 20.2 Vigoro Weed & Feed 19.1 6.1 12.1 0.0 0.0 1.37 65.5 31.9 42.7 9.4 Ultra Vigoro Weed & Feed 30.8 4.8 60.4 27.6 Best Turf Supreme Weed & Feed 1.33 25.1 47.9 30.0 31.4 44.4 45.9 53.9 46.2 Bandini Superblade Weed & Feed 1.33 44.8 38.1 53.4 27.1 53.2 Schultz Expert Gardener Premium 50.1 38.5 1.79 22.3 Weed & Feed 48.7 44.6 27.9 34.0 38.9 35.8 LSD 0 .0 5 'These values represent reductions in the number of dandelions per plot as compared with the untreated control. 2These data represent reductions in the area covered by dandelions per plot as compared with the untreated control. Mean Percent2 cover Aug 17 1. 0.0 0.0 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 89.2 78.8 14.0 7.7 26.6 38.5 45.4 38.0 86.9 73.9 4.3 4.3 30.4 39.1 26.0 32.4 58.9 0.0 Table 5. P erce ntag e c lo v e r c o v e r1 in tu rf tre a te d fo r the 20 0 0 S co tts P o s te m e rg e n t B ro a d le a f S tud y. Material 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Untreated control Trimec Classic 3.4 SL Scotts Turf Builder w/Plus 2 Sta-Green 200+ Weed & Feed Vigoro Weed & Feed Ultra Vigoro Weed & Feed Best Turf Supreme Weed & Feed Bandini Superblade Weed & Feed Schultz Expert Gardener Premium Weed & Feed Rate lb a.i./A NA -- 3.00 1.37 1.18 1.37 1.33 1.33 1.79 L S D q.05 July 13 July 20 26.7 July 27 23.3 0.0 16.7 23.3 28.3 18.3 16.7 25.0 25.0 18.3 26.7 28.3 16.7 20.0 26.7 30.0 18.3 0.0 3.7 23.3 16.7 11.7 11.7 18.3 25.0 12.2 15.9 14.4 0.0 NS = Means are not significantly different at the 0.05 level. 38 August 3 August 10 August 17 Mean 13.3 8.3 8.3 16.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 10.0 1.7 0.3 6.7 1.7 3.7 10.0 1.7 0.0 6.7 0.3 3.3 5.0 15.0 8.3 6.7 13.3 11.7 15.0 NS NS NS 7.8 18.1 14.2 8.9 12.5 13.9 17.0 10.1 Table 6. Percentage clover cover reductions1 in turf treated for the 2000 Scotts Postemergent Broadleaf Study. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Material Rate lb a.i./A July 13 Untreated control Trimec Classic 3.4 SL Scotts Turf Builder w/Plus 2 Sta-Green 200+ Weed & Feed Vigoro Weed & Feed Ultra Vigoro Weed & Feed Best Turf Supreme Weed & Feed Bandini Superblade Weed & Feed Schultz Expert Gardener Premium Weed & Feed NA 0.0 100.0 28.5 0.0 0.0 21.3 28.5 0.0 0.0 3.00 1.37 1.18 1.37 1.33 1.33 1.79 July 20 July 27 0.0 100.0 31.3 0.1 0.0 37.6 25.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 63.6 0.0 8.9 36.2 36.2 0.0 0.0 Mean August 3 August 10 August 17 0.0 100.0 62.4 0.0 37.3 19.9 0.0 12.3 0.0 0.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 79.9 96.0 19.7 79.9 55.8 0.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 79.9 100.0 19.7 96.0 59.8 0.0 100.0 52.6 0.0 13.6 45.5 23.8 15.0 0.0 NS NS 61.6 59.4 78.6 NS 52.5 LSDo.os 'These values represent reductions in clover cover per plot as compared with the untreated control. NS = Means are not significantly different at the 0.05 level. Table 7. Visual turf quality1 in turf treated for the 2000 Scotts Postemergent Broadleaf Study. Material 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Untreated control Trimec Classic 3.4 SL Scotts Turf Builder w/Plus 2 Sta-Green 200+ Weed & Feed Vigoro Weed & Feed Ultra Vigoro Weed & Feed Best Turf Supreme Weed & Feed Bandini Superblade Weed & Feed Schultz Expert Gardener Premium Weed & Feed Rate lb a.i./A NA — 3.00 1.37 1.18 1.37 1.33 1.33 1.79 June 26 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 June 30 July 7 7.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 8.7 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 6.3 8.0 8.7 8.0 8.3 8.7 8.7 8.7 9.0 July 13 7.0 8.0 8.7 8.0 8.3 8.7 8.7 8.7 9.0 July 20 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 July 27 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 -0.7 0.3 0.8 LSDo.os Visual quality was assessed using a 9 to 1 scale with 9 = best, 6 = lowest acceptable and 1 = worst quality. 39 Aug 3 Aug 10 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 -- Aug 17 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 - - Mean 7.4 7.9 8.0 7.9 7.9 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.1 0.2 The Use of Bensulide to Reduce a n n u a Infestations in Golf Course Fairways Nick E. Christians and Barbara R. Bingaman These studies were conducted in the 2000 season at the Ames Golf and Country Club. The objective was to determine if Bensulide, a preemergence herbicide, can be used to prevent the reestablishment of Poa annua back into areas that had been treated with Prograss (ethofumasate). STUDY 1 The study was conducted on the same area used for the 1999 Prograss trial (see pages 35 and 36 the 2000 Iowa Turfgrass Research Report). This replicated field trial was conducted on the 14th fairway. The Kentucky bluegrass fairway was estimated to have a 60% Poa annua cover in the area where the trial was conducted at the initiation of treatments. The study was arranged as a randomized complete block with 3 replications. Prograss was applied at 0, 0.75, 1.5, and 3 oz/1000 ft2 to plots measuring 5 ft x 5 ft on the following dates: May 14, June 7, June 29, August 1, September 16, and October 12. Data were collected on percentage Poa annua control on September 16 and October 12. Each application was combined in a tank mix with Sprint 330 at 3.5 oz product/1000 ft2 and urea at 0.1 lb N/1000 ft2. Prior to September 16, no reduction in Poa annua was observed at any of the application rates. No phytotoxicity was observed on the Kentucky bluegrass at any time during the season. The cumulative rate of application on the plots by September 16 was 0, 3.75, 7.5, and 15 oz/1000 ft2. The cumulative rate on October 12 was 0, 4.5, 9, and 18 oz/1000 ft2, and the total application rate for the season was 0, 5.25, 10.5, and 21 oz/1000 ft2. On September 16, Poa annua was reduced by 0, 0, 43, and 88% in response to cumulative rates of 0, 3.75, 7.5, and 15 oz/1000 ft2, respectively. By October 12, Poa annua reduction was observed to be 0, 25, 52, 93% in response to cumulative rates of 0, 5.25, 10.5, and 21 oz/1000 ft2 Prograss. A final treatment for the season was made on October 12 which resulted in cumulative rates of 0, 5.25, 10.5, and 21 oz/1000 ft2 Prograss for the season. On April 17, 2000, Poa annua reduction was 39, 72, and 97% in response to the cumulative Prograss applications of 5.25, 10.5, and 21 oz/1000 ft2, respectively. These same 5 ft by 5 ft plots were divided in half on April 21, 2000 and Bensulide (Betasan) was applied at 9.2 oz product (12.5 lb ai/acre) to one-half of each plot. The Bensulide treatments were randomly assigned and the study was conducted as a split plot study with Prograss treatments from the previous season as main plots and Bensulide treatments as subplots. Table 1. The effect of Bensulide on Poa annua populations with and without previous application of Prograss in the replicated field trial from 1999. Prograss Tmt. in Bensulide Tmt. in % Poa annua % Poa annua % Poa annua 1999 season cover on the spring of cover on cover on 2000 5/22/00 8/3/00 9/21/00 0 0 40 43 38 0 9.2 oz/1000 ft2 27 35 38 17 0 0 52 47 5.25 oz/1000 ft2 9.2 oz/1000 ft2 33 47 50 0 0 25 23 33 22 10.5 oz/1000 ft2 9.2 oz/1000 ft2 18 33 0 13 8 0 23 21 oz/1000 ft2 9.2 oz/1000 ft2 17 9 23 LSD 0.05 NS NS NS NS = means are not significantly different at the 0.05 level. The Prograss applications from 1999 numerically reduced Poa annua through the season. Bensulide applications had no effect on the Poa annua population at any of the data collection dates. STUDY 2 The second study was conducted on an adjacent area of the fairway. In the 1999 season, superintendent Don Portwine treated the north half of the 14th fairway with Prograss on the following schedule: May 20-3 oz, June 17-1.5 oz, July 131.5 oz, August 16-1.5 oz, September 24-1.5 oz, and October 18-1.5 oz/1000 ft2. The total application rate for the season was 10.5 oz/1000 ft2. The fairway was estimated to have a 60% cover of Poa annua and 40% Kentucky bluegrass at the initiation of treatments. Each application was combined in a tank mix with Sprint 330, an iron source containing 10% Fe by weight, at 3 oz product/1000 ft2, and urea at 0.1 lb N/1000 ft2. The treated area had approximately 25 to 30% infestation of Poa annua in the spring of 2000. 40 The second Bensulide study involved the establishment of 5 ft x 5 ft plots on the area treated with Prograss the year before and two 5 ft x 5 ft plots on an adjacent area that had not been treated with Prograss. One plot on each area was an untreated control and the other received Bensulide at 9.2 oz/1000 ft2. Treatments were randomly assigned and the study was conducted with 3 replications. Table 2. The effect of Bensulide on Poa annua populations with and without previous application of Prograss. % Poa annua % Poa annua Prograss Tmt. in % Poa annua Bensulide Tmt. in cover on 8/3/00 cover on 9/21/00 1999 season cover on 5/22/00 the spring of 2000 58 55 0 0 37 57 57 0 9.2 oz/1000 ft2 42 52 36 10.5 oz/1000 ft2 0 18 41 52 10.5 oz/1000 ft2 9.2 oz/1000 ft2 18 10 NS LSD 0.05 14 NS = means are not significantly different at the 0.05 level. Prograss applications in 1999 continued to reduce Poa annua populations through August of 2000, but the effect was no longer apparent in September. Bensulide did not reduce Poa annua populations at any of the rating dates. 41 Bentgrass Overseeding Study Barbara R. Bingaman,Troy R. Oster, and Nick E. Christians This study was designed to determine the optimal intervals between application of a Novartis experimental herbicide, CGA-362, and the overseeding of creeping bentgrass with perennial ryegrass and Poa trivialis. This herbicide is a new sulfonyl urea formulation that has potential as a non-selective product for cool season grasses. This study was conducted at the Iowa State University Horticulture Research Station on a native soil green with established 'Penncross' creeping bentgrass. The soil on this green was a Nicollet (fine-loamy, mixed, mesic Aquic Hapludoll) with 4.9% organic matter, 4 ppm P, 85 ppm K, and a pH of 7.15. The study was designed as a split plot with herbicide treatment as the main plot treatment and the seeding interval as the sub plot effect. Overseeding with either 'Charger IT perennial ryegrass or 'Winterplay' Poa trivialis took place at 3, 7, 14, and 21 days after treatment applications (DAT). The size of the individual plots was chosen so they could be divided into four subplots that were the width of the Blue Bird verticut. The blade width on the Blue Bird was 18" and it was 21" between the wheels. Each individual plot was, therefore, 7 x 5 ft. Each individual plot was divided into 4 sections in such a way that on each planting date one continuous strip was verticut for planting per replication. Five-foot barrier rows were left between replications. Seeding was performed by hand using the proper amount of seed per subplot. Perennial ryegrass and Poa trivialis were overseeded into separate plots. Ryegrass was seeded at 350 Ibs/A and Poa trivialis at 150 Ibs/A. Overseeding was performed on June 9, June 13, June 20, and June 27. At each event, one subplot per plot was randomly selected and was verticut, swept of debris, and hand planted. The seed was brushed into the grooves produced by the verticut. There were six treatments including CGA-362 at 20 and 40g a.i./A, and Roundup Pro at 1 lb a.i./A on overseeded plots. In addition, CGA-362 was applied at 10 g a.i./A and 15 g a.i./A on non-overseeded plots. A non-seeded, untreated control was included. The CGA-362 formulation was mixed with a non-ionic surfactant at 0.25% V/V for all applications. Treatments were applied on June 6, 2000. It was 75° F with a slight wind. The sprayables were applied with a carbon dioxide backpack sprayer equipped with TeeJet #8006 flat fan nozzles used at 30 - 40 psi. There was no drift of materials during application. The plots were checked when still wet and coverage was uniform. Bentgrass visual quality and percentage cover data were taken for overseeded and non-overseeded plots. Visual quality was assessed using a 9 to 1 scale with 9 = best, 6 = lowest acceptable, and 1 = worst quality. Quality data were taken from June 9 through September 5 (Table 1). Percentage bentgrass cover data were taken from June 27 through September 5 and represent the percentage area per plot covered by bentgrass. These data were converted to reflect percentage bentgrass kill per plot (Table 2). Perennial ryegrass and Poa trivialis overseeded plots were rated for stand density beginning soon after germination. Density was assessed as the percentage germination of the overseeded species in the grooves within each plot. Germination data for both species were taken from June 22 through September 5 (Tables 3 and 4). These data also were compiled by treatment for each date by species (Tables 5 and 6). Visual quality and percentage bentgrass cover data were analyzed using the Statistical Analysis System and the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) procedure. The analyses for bentgrass quality and percentage cover were designed to indicate differences between treatment effects on quality and cover. The analyses for perennial ryegrass and Poa trivialis germination were constructed to test for main plot (herbicide treatment) effects and subplot (seeding interval after herbicide treatment applications) effects and the General Linear Model (GLM) procedure was used. An interaction between herbicide treatment and seeding date was examined to test for an optimum date after treatment for planting each grass species. Significant differences in quality were found from June 9 through August 8 (Table 1). By June 13, the quality of all treated bentgrass was significantly worse than the untreated control. Bentgrass treated with Roundup Pro had the worst quality as compared with other treated and untreated bentgrass. The treated bentgrass had begun to recover by June 27 and new plants had emerged. From this date through the end of the test, the quality of the treated and untreated bentgrass was similar. Mean data indicate that Roundup Pro was the most toxic to bentgrass and was significantly different from the other treatments and the untreated control. The experimental formulation, CGA-362 was most harmful at 40 g a.i./A. The other CGA-362 treatment levels produced similar amounts of bentgrass damage. 42 Differences in percentage bentgrass cover were significant for the entire test period (Table 2). Treatment with Roundup Pro resulted in a 92.5% reduction in bentgrass cover on June 27 and the percentage cover remained below 25% through August 16. By September 5, recovery and regrowth had only filled in 40% of the Roundup Pro treated area and the mean percentage cover was 22.9%. Mean bentgrass cover reductions caused by CGA-362 were below 20% for the 10, 15, and 20 g a.i./A treatments. The mean cover reduction for the 40 g a.i./A treatment of CGA-362 was 38% as compared with 77.1% for Roundup Pro. The data analyses for Poa trivialis and perennial ryegrass did not show significant date by treatment interactions (Tables 3 and 4). These data indicate that there were no differences in Poa trivialis and perennial ryegrass percentage cover among the four different overseeding dates. Differences in percentage cover for both species were found among the treatments on some of the data sampling dates (Tables 5 and 6). Table 1. Visual quality1 of bentgrass on plots treated with CGA-362 and Roundup Pro (June 9 through July 20). Material Untreated control CGA-362 75WG CGA-362 75WG Roundup Pro .75 CGA-362 75WG CGA-362 75WG LSD Rate a.i./A N/A 20 g 40 g 1 lb 15 g 10g Timing of seeding N/A 3, 7, 14 & 21 3, 7, 14 & 21 3, 7, 14 & 21 N/A N/A o .o 5 Material Untreated control CGA-362 75WG CGA-362 75WG Roundup Pro .75 CGA-362 75WG CGA-362 75WG Rate a.i./A N/A 20 g 40 g 1 lb 15 g 1 0g Timing of seeding N/A 3, 7, 14 & 21 3, 7, 14 & 21 3, 7, 14 & 21 N/A N/A June 9 7.5 6.5 6.0 3.2 6.2 7.0 June 13 9.0 5.3 5.0 2.0 5.0 4.8 June 20 9.0 3.5 3.3 1.0 4.3 3.8 June 22 9.0 5.3 4.3 1.0 5.5 5.2 June 27 9.0 7.3 5.8 5.0 7.0 7.5 July 7 9.0 8.2 7.2 7.3 7.7 7.5 July 20 9.0 8.0 7.2 7.7 7.8 7.8 1.6 0.9 0.5 0.9 1.6 0.8 0.9 July 27 9.0 7.3 7.0 7.3 7.3 7.5 Aug 2 8.5 7.3 7.3 7.8 7.3 7.3 Aug 8 8.7 7.3 7.7 8.2 7.7 8.0 Aug 16 8.7 8.7 8.7 8.7 8.3 8.5 Aug 24 7.8 7.0 7.3 8.0 7.5 7.7 Aug 29 8.7 8.8 8.7 9.0 8.8 8.8 Sept 5 8.2 8.7 8.8 9.0 8.5 8.8 Mean 0.5 0.8 0.8 NS NS NS NS 0.2 L S D o.o5 1 w _ ------- '__ 1Visual quality was assessed using a 9 to 1 scale with 9 = best, 6 = lowest acceptable and 1 = worst quality. 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DAT = days after treatment application; 3 DAT overseeding was performed on June 9, 7 DAT on June 13,14 DAT on June 20, and 21 DAT on June 27, 2000. g-™ CO t- C 13.3 30.0 9.8 C M C M C O C O ^ - L O ^ - C M C M t- 26.7 34.6 12.5 c qcoT -^t^}-r--a3ooLncoa>T t l o s o o i ^ ^ t b c o ^ ^ r o s CD 0 13.3 35.8 10.2 c 0 Drive Bentgrass Seeding Study Barbara R. Bingaman, Troy R. Oster, and Nick E. Christians This study was designed to evaluate the safety of quinclorac (Drive 0.75DF) on spring-seeded creeping bentgrass. The trial was conducted at the Iowa State University research station on a bare soil plot that was plowed, tilled, and prepared Spring 2000. The soil was a Nicollet (fine-loamy, mixed, mesic Aquic Hapludoll) with 4.1% organic matter, 84 ppm K, 16 ppm P, and a pH of 7.15. Three bentgrass cultivars were sown: L93 (Cultivar 1), Penneagle (Cultivar 2), and Penncross (Cultivar 3). Seeding rate was 1 lb/1000 ft2. The experimental design was a 2 x 7 factorial in a split plot design. Bentgrass cultivar was the main block and the six herbicide treatments were the subplot factors. Individual plot size was 5 x 5 ft with 3 ft barrier strips between rows. Assignment of bentgrass cultivar and treatment to plots within reps was made according to instructions followed at the other sites. Preparation of the site included tilling and raking. The soil was enriched with urea (46-0-0) at 1 lb N/1000 ft2 and with triple super phosphorous at 11b P/1000 ft2. Drive 0.75DF was applied 7 days prior to seeding (7 DBS), immediately following seeding (0 DBS), and 14 and 28 days after emergence (14 and 28 DAE). Emergence was defined as the time at which approximately 50% germination had occurred. Siduron was applied immediately following seeding at the highest label rate. No methylated soy oil (MSO) or other surfactant was used with Drive 75DF for this study. Sprayables were diluted in water and applied at an equivalent rate of 2 gal water/1000 ft2. All treatments were watered in with 0.1 - 0.2 in water within 72 hours post application. Seven days before seeding treatments were applied on 10 May 2000. It was cool (65° F) and mostly sunny with a light wind. The materials were applied between 12:00 and 12:30 pm using a carbon dioxide backpack sprayer equipped with TeeJet #8006 flat fan nozzles at 30-35 psi. Seeding was performed on 17 May 2000. Individual plots were hand-seeded and then raked. Immediately following, the O DBS treatments were applied. Seeding and treatment were finished by 2:30 pm. It was 75° F and mostly cloudy with SW wind gusts 15-20 mph. Seedling and application were performed between gusts so there was no drift of either seed or herbicides. A heavy rainfall occurred within 48 hours of seeding and some washout of seed into the barrier areas was observed. Bentgrass emergence began on 25 May with grass observed in a few plots. By 29 May, bentgrass was present in all plots and this date was considered the seedling emergence date for the timing of additional herbicide treatments. The 14 DAE treatments were applied on 13 June. It rained 0.2 in approximately 3 hours post application. The 28 DAE treatments were applied on 27 June. It was 70° F and sunny with NW winds at 10 mph. Percentage bentgrass and phytotoxicity data were taken weekly beginning 2 June. Bentgrass emergence was measured by estimating the percentage bentgrass cover within individual plots. Phytotoxicity and visual quality were assessed using a 9 to 1 scale with 9 = best quality, 6 = lowest acceptable, and 1 = worst turf quality. By 8 June, broadleaf weeds were emerging. Purslane and prostrate pigweed were the predominate species. Beginning 15 June, percentage weed cover data also were taken and final weed cover data were taken 8 August. Weed populations were assessed by estimating the percentage weed cover per individual plot. Data were analyzed using Statistical Analysis System (SAS Institute Inc., 1989-1996) and the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) procedure. Treatment effects on bentgrass cover, weed cover, and visual quality were tested using Fisher's Least Significant Difference (LSD) test. Slight differences in quality for all three cultivars were evident on 22 June (Table 1). Bentgrass treated with Drive 75DF on 13 June had a slightly faded appearance. This symptom was not observed on 15 June and was not apparent on 30 June. None of the herbicide treatments significantly reduced the percentage cover of 'L93' bentgrass (Table 2). On 8 June, cover of 'Penneagle' bentgrass was less than the untreated control for all treatments except for the 28 DAE Drive 75DF application. Percentage cover of 'Penncross' treated with Drive 75DF at 7 DBS was higher than the untreated control on 7 July and 25 July. Treatment with Siduron at 0 DBS resulted in significantly more 'Penncross' cover than the untreated control on 7 July. Mean bentgrass cover data reflect no overall effect of the herbicide treatments on percentage bentgrass cover for the three cultivars. There were significant decreases in percentage weed cover in treated versus untreated bentgrass on 2 August for all three cultivars (Table 3). Weed cover in 'Penneagle' was significantly reduced by Siduron 50WP on 14 July, 25 July, and 2 August as compared with the untreated controls. Siduron 50WP reduced percentage weed cover in 'Penncross' for the entire period except 15 June when compared with the untreated control. 46 Table 1. Visual quality1of creeping bentgrass treated for the 2000 Drive Bentgrass Seeding Study. 'L93' 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Material Untreated control Drive 75DF Drive 75DF Siduron 50WP Drive 75DF Drive 75DF Timing2 NA 7 DBS 0 DBS 0 DBS 14 DAE 28 DAE L S D qo5 'Penneagle' 1. Untreated control 2. Drive 75DF 3. Drive 75DF 4. Siduron 50WP 5. Drive 75DF 6. Drive 75DF NA 7 DBS 0 DBS 0 DBS 14 DAE 28 DAE June 2 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 - June 8 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 -- June 15 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 - June 22 8.3 8.3 8.3 8.3 7.3 8.3 0.6 July 7 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 -- July 14 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 - July 25 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 -- Aug 2 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 ~ Aug 8 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 - Mean 8.9 8.9 8.9 8.9 8.8 8.9 -- 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 8.7 9.0 9.0 9.0 7.3 9.0 0.6 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 -- -- 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 — 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 -- 8.9 9.0 9.0 9.0 8.8 9.0 0.1 — 'Penncross' 1. Untreated control 2. Drive 75DF Drive 75DF 3. 4. Siduron 50WP 5. Drive 75DF 6. Drive 75DF - - -- NA 7 DBS 0 DBS 0 DBS 14 DAE 28 DAE 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 8.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 8.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 8.3 9.0 9.0 8.7 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 7.3 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 8.3 9.0 9.0 9.0 0.8 -----Visual quality was assessed using a 9 to 1 scale with 9 = best, 6 = lowest acceptable, and 1 = worst quality. 2Timing of application is based on seeding and emergence. Seven days before seeding treatments (7 DBS) were applied on May 10, at seeding treatments (O DBS) were made on May 17 after seeding was performed. Emergence was May 29 and the 14 days after emergence treatments DAE) were made on June 13 and the 28 days after emergence on June 27(28 DAE). 8.9 8.9 8.9 9.0 8.8 8.9 0.9 (14 Table 2. Percentage creeping bentgrass cover1 in plots treated for the 2000 Drive Bentgrass Seeding Study. 'L93' 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Material Untreated control Drive 75DF Drive 75DF Siduron 50WP Drive 75DF Drive 75DF Timing2 NA 7 DBS 0 DBS 0 DBS 14 DAE 28 DAE L S D o.05 'Penneagle' 1. Untreated control 2. Drive 75DF Drive 75DF 3. 4. Siduron 50WP Drive 75DF 5. Drive 75DF 6. NA 7 DBS 0 DBS 0 DBS 14 DAE 28 DAE 'Penncross' 1. Untreated control 2. Drive 75DF 3. Drive 75DF 4. Siduron 50WP Drive 75DF 5. Drive 75DF 6. NA 7 DBS 0 DBS 0 DBS 14 DAE 28 DAE June 2 30.0 28.3 23.3 25.0 26.7 23.3 NS June 8 35.0 38.3 33.3 31.7 33.3 31.7 NS June 15 53.3 58.3 53.3 43.3 53.3 50.0 NS June 22 66.7 60.0 61.7 51.7 48.3 53.3 NS July 7 73.3 70.0 71.7 76.7 63.3 65.0 NS July 14 80.0 70.0 76.7 78.3 66.7 70.0 NS July 25 80.0 75.0 76.7 78.3 68.3 78.3 NS Aug 2 78.3 80.0 80.0 85.0 78.3 78.3 NS Aug 8 90.0 85.0 90.0 88.3 85.0 90.0 NS Mean 65.2 62.8 63.0 62.0 58.1 60.0 NS 25.0 20.0 21.7 21.7 20.0 20.0 NS 28.3 23.3 21.7 23.3 21.7 28.3 4.3 36.7 28.3 35.0 30.0 33.3 31.7 NS 43.3 46.7 43.3 38.3 46.7 43.3 NS 66.7 63.3 58.3 61.7 63.3 60.0 NS 70.0 73.3 75.0 76.7 70.0 66.7 NS 71.7 71.7 75.0 76.7 73.3 66.7 NS 78.3 73.3 78.3 83.3 80.0 76.7 NS 85.0 85.0 85.0 85.0 85.0 81.7 NS 56.1 53.9 54.8 55.2 54.8 52.8 NS 85.0 58.1 25.0 30.0 41.7 51.7 65.0 75.0 70.0 80.0 88.3 66.5 33.3 33.3 53.3 66.7 78.3 80.0 81.7 83.3 83.3 59.8 30.0 35.0 43.3 51.7 68.3 70.0 73.3 83.3 51.7 76.7 88.3 63.0 25.0 35.0 43.3 80.0 78.3 88.3 62.2 26.7 61.7 70.0 78.3 81.7 83.3 33.3 50.0 75.0 55.2 25.0 26.7 63.3 65.0 80.0 83.3 43.3 50.0 60.0 NS NS NS NS 8.6 NS 9.6 NS NS NS ■1 W _ These data represent the percentage area per plot covered by bentgrass. 2Timing of application is based on seeding and emergence. Seven days before seeding treatments (7 DBS) were applied on May 10, at seeding treatments (O DBS) were made on May 17 after seeding was performed. Emergence was May 29 and the 14 days after emergence treatments were made on June 13 (14 DAE) and the 28 days after emergence on June 27 (28 DAE). 47 Table 3. Percentage weed cover1 in plots treated for the 2000 Drive Bentgrass Seeding Study. 'L93' 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Material Untreated control Drive 75DF Drive 75DF Siduron 50WP Drive 75DF Drive 75DF Timing2 NA 7 DBS 0 DBS 0 DBS 14 DAE 28 DAE L S D o.o5 'Penneagle' 1. Untreated control 2. Drive 75DF 3. Drive 75DF 4. Siduron 50WP 5. Drive 75DF 6. Drive 75DF NA 7 DBS 0 DBS 0 DBS 14 DAE 28 DAE 'Penncross' 1. Untreated control 2. Drive 75DF 3. Drive 75DF 4. Siduron 50WP 5. Drive 75DF 6. Drive 75DF NA 7 DBS 0 DBS 0 DBS 14 DAE 28 DAE June 15 4.0 4.0 5.7 2.0 2.3 4.0 NS June 22 5.3 4.0 5.3 2.0 2.3 10.0 4.6 July 7 6.7 10.3 8.3 2.3 7.0 11.7 NS July 14 20.0 20.3 18.3 10.3 21.7 35.0 NS July 25 21.7 21.7 15.0 10.3 18.3 30.0 NS August 2 31.7 28.3 18.3 9.0 25.0 30.0 14.7 August 8 23.3 21.7 15.0 6.7 18.3 28.3 NS Mean 16.1 15.8 12.3 6.1 13.6 21.3 NS 2.7 4.0 4.3 0.7 1.7 2.7 NS 6.7 7.0 11.7 1.0 5.0 8.3 NS 15.0 18.3 16.7 2.3 13.3 20.0 NS 33.3 21.7 21.7 3.7 21.7 25.0 11.7 31.7 23.3 20.0 5.0 21.7 28.3 11.6 35.0 23.3 25.0 5.3 33.3 33.3 15.2 28.3 25.0 21.7 8.3 23.3 26.7 NS 21.8 17.5 17.3 3.8 17.1 20.6 5.5 8.7 36.7 12.0 18.3 31.7 38.3 28.3 24.9 5.3 13.3 11.7 20.0 16.7 21.7 20.0 15.5 8.7 15.0 26.7 18.3 28.3 33.3 28.3 22.7 1.0 1.0 3.7 5.0 5.0 7.0 6.7 42 8.7 41.7 13.3 18.3 23.3 30.0 25.0 22.9 26.7 51.7 9.0 13.3 43.3 38.3 38.3 31.5 8.8 10.4 NS 20.2 17.4 19.8 17.3 11.1 These data represent the percentage area per plot covered by broadleaf and grass weed species. 2Timing of application is based on seeding and emergence. Seven days before seeding treatments (7 DBS) were applied on May 10, at seeding treatments (O DBS) were made on May 17 after seeding was performed. Emergence was May 29 and the 14 days after emergence treatments (14 DAE) were made on June 13 and the 28 days after emergence (28 DAE) on June 27. Table 4. Percent cover of creeping bentgrass and weeds1when treated with siduron and quinclorac at various times before and after seeding in Iowa. Creeping bentgrass cover Herbicide 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. —TTT“ Check Siduron Quinclorac Quinclorac Quinclorac Quinclorac Timing3 7 DBS 7 DBS 0 DBS 14 DAE 28 DAE L S D q.05 2Means over 3 replications and 3 cultiva: tim in g of application is based on seedinc treatments (O DBS) were made on May 1 were made on June 13 (14 DAE) and the Weed cover2 7 DAE 21 DAE 35 DAE 49 DAE 21 DAE 35 DAE 49 DAE 25 24 26 25 43 39 47 43 46 62 69 67 60 59 58 75 78 74 74 69 67 5 1 4 6 4 13 3 13 14 13 19 28 7 21 21 21 34 NS NS 6 NS 3 6 9 creeping bentgrass. Jemergence. Seven days before seeding treatments (7 DBS) were applied on May 10, at seeding .er seeding was performed. Emergence was May 29 and the 14 days after emergence treatments Jays after emergence on June 27 (28 DAE). 48 2000 Drive Seeding Tolerance Study Barbara R. Bingaman, Troy R. Oster, and Nick E. Christians This study was undertaken to screen perennial ryegrass and Kentucky bluegrass for seedling tolerance to Drive 75DF and Drive + starter fertilizer formulations. This study was conducted at the Iowa State University Horticulture Research Station in a bare soil area. The soil was a Nicollet (fine-loamy, mixed, mesic Aquic Hapludoll) with 4.2% organic matter, 79 ppm K, 7 ppm P, and a pH of 6.5. The design was a split plot with turf species as the main plot factor and herbicide and/or fertilizer treatment as the subplot factor. Two turfgrass species, 'Brightstar' perennial ryegrass (tested Jan 98) and 'Limousine' Kentucky bluegrass (Williams Seed - tested Jan 99) were seeded into a newly tilled and prepared bare soil plot. Seeding rates were 1.5 lb/1000 ft2 for bluegrass and 5.0 lb/1000 ft2 for ryegrass. There were two rows per replication with one turf species per row and three replications. Three-foot barrier areas were placed between rows within replications and between replications. Three materials were screened: L-0384 Drive 0.43% + Novex starter fairway fertilizer (16-24-11), Drive 75DF, and Novex starter fairway fertilizer (16-24-11) as the standard. An untreated control was included. Treatment applications were made at specific intervals throughout the study based on seedling emergence. Seeding was performed May 25 and immediately following seeding and raking, the at seeding (0 DAS) materials were applied. Granular materials were applied with containers used as 'shaker dispensers' to ensure uniform distribution. Sprayables were applied using a carbon dioxide powered backpack sprayer equipped with TeeJet #8006 nozzles at a spray pressure of 30-40 psi. Ryegrass emergence was on May 30 and the 7 days after emergence (7 DAE) treatments were applied on June 7, the 14 DAE on June 19, and the 28 DAE on June 30, 2000. Bluegrass emergence was on June 12 and the 7 DAE materials were applied on June 19, the 14 DAE on June 27, and the 28 DAE on July 11, 2000. Seedling tolerance was monitored throughout the season. Turf quality was visually assessed using a 9 to 1 scale with 9 = best, 6 = lowest acceptable, and 1 = worst quality (Tables 1 and 2). Turf tolerance was further measured by estimating percentage turf cover per individual plot for ryegrass (Tables 3 and 4) and bluegrass (Tables 5 and 6). Weed populations were assessed by estimating the percentage cover for all weed species (Tables 7 and 8). Quality, turf cover, and weed cover data were taken from June 8 through September 12. In addition, on September 12, weed populations per individual plot were assessed by species (Tables 9 and 10). The predominate species were witchgrass (Panicum capillare) and crabgrass. Data were analyzed using the Statistical Analysis System (SAS Institute Inc., 1989-1996) and the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) procedure. Additional analyses using the General Linear Model (GLM) procedure were conducted for ryegrass and bluegrass percentage turf cover omitting data for those plots not as yet treated. Treatment effects on seedling growth, weed populations, and turf quality were tested using Fisher's Least Significant Difference (LSD) test. Perennial ryegrass There were no phytotoxic symptoms found on ryegrass throughout the study. The only quality differences were observed on June 30 and July 7 (Table 1). On June 30, the worst quality was for ryegrass that was to receive 28 DAE applications. These treatments were applied on June 30 following data collection. By July 7, the quality of this turf had improved and was similar to other treated turf and to the fertilized control. From June 8 through June 30 there were differences in percentage ryegrass cover between rye treated with Drive and rye treated with only the Novex fertilizer (Table 3). The significantly lower percentages were for ryegrass that was not as yet treated. By July 30, the 14 and 28 DAE treatments had been made and the data from July 7 show no differences in percentage cover between ryegrass treated with Drive + fertilizer formulations and ryegrass treated with fertilizer alone. The data suggest that from July 14 through the remainder of the season, differences in percentage cover between Drive treated and untreated ryegrass are related to the percentage weed cover. The GLM analysis showed no differences in percentage cover among treatments for June 8 and June 15 (Table 4). On June 23, the percentage ryegrass cover treated at 14 DAE on June 20 was lower than the other treated ryegrass. By July 7, all of the treatments had been applied and there were statistical differences in weed cover (Table 7). Drive 75DF and L-0384 Drive reduced weed cover as compared with the Novex fertilizer throughout the test. The mean data suggest that the best weed control was provided by the Drive products applied 7 DAE but these levels were not statistically different from control provided by 0 DAS, 14 DAE, and 28 DAE. The predominant weed species throughout the plot were witchgrass and crabgrass (Table 9). There were statistical differences in witchgrass and crabgrass percentage cover among the treatments. The best witchgrass control was provided by Drive 75DF applied 0 DAS and 7 DAE. Crabgrass control was best in ryegrass treated with Drive 75DF at 0 DAS and 14 DAE or with L-0384 Drive at 7 DAE, 14 DAE and 28 DAE. 49 Kentucky blueqrass The data for bluegrass show that none of the treatments affected turf quality as compared with the fertilized control (Table 2). Bluegrass quality remained constant throughout the growing season. There were some statistical differences in percentage bluegrass cover (Table 5). Percentage cover for June 23, July 7, and August 8 was statistically higher than the fertilized control for bluegrass treated with Drive 75DF + fertilizer at seeding. For the balance of the duration, percentage cover was statistically similar for all bluegrass but cover remained numerically higher for grass treated with Drive 75DF + fertilizer at seeding than the fertilized controls. Mean data show that treatment with Drive 75DF + fertilizer produced a larger bluegrass cover than treatment with Novex fertilizer alone. The GLM analysis of these data removed the statistical differences in cover for July 7 (Table 6). There were no other changes in significant effects of the treatments. In general, percentage weed cover was much higher in the bluegrass plots than in the ryegrass (Table 8). Because bluegrass germination is much slower than ryegrass, weed populations were able to become established in bare plots not treated at seeding. There also was a significant replication effect on weed cover throughout the duration of the test. Percentage weed cover was higher in replication 3 than in the other replications. Through June 30, percentage weed cover was low in bluegrass treated with either Drive 75DF or L-0384 Drive formulations at seeding. From July 7 through August 8 and August 29 through September 12 there were statistical differences in percentage weed cover. Weed cover was greater than 50% in all bluegrass plots for much of the duration of the test. Mean data show that all applications of Drive 75DF reduced weed cover as compared with the Novex control. The L-0384 Drive formulation provided similar weed control when applied 7 DAE. Witchgrass and crabgrass infestation levels were similar in all bluegrass plots (Table 10). Treatment with either Drive 75DF or L-0384 Drive did not significantly reduce the populations of these weed species. Numerically, the least crabgrass was in bluegrass treated at 28 DAE with Drive 75DF. Table 1. Visual quality of perennial ryegrass1seeded for the 2000 Lesco Drive Seeding Tolerance Study- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Material NOVEX starter fertilizer (16-24-11) NOVEX starter fertilizer (16-24-11) NOVEX starter fertilizer (16-24-11) NOVEX starter fertilizer (16-24-11) Drive 75DF + fertilizer (16-24-11) Drive 75DF + fertilizer (16-24-11) Drive 75DF + fertilizer (16-24-11) Drive 75DF + fertilizer (16-24-11) L-0384 0.43% + fertilizer (16-24-11) L-0384 0.43% + fertilizer (16-24-11) L-0384 0.43% + fertilizer (16-24-11) L-0384 0.43% + fertilizer (16-24-11) LSD0 .0 5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Material NOVEX starter fertilizer (16-24-11) NOVEX starter fertilizer (16-24-11) NOVEX starter fertilizer (16-24-11) NOVEX starter fertilizer (16-24-11) Drive 75DF + fertilizer (16-24-11) Drive 75DF + fertilizer (16-24-11) Drive 75DF + fertilizer (16-24-11) Drive 75DF + fertilizer (16-24-11) L-0384 0.43% + fertilizer (16-24-11) L-0384 0.43% + fertilizer (16-24-11) L-0384 0.43% + fertilizer (16-24-11) L-0384 0.43% + fertilizer (16-24-11) LSD0 .0 5 Timing of application2 0DAS 7 DAE 14 DAE 28 DAE 0DAS 7 DAE 14 DAE 28 DAE 0DAS 7 DAE 14 DAE 28 DAE June2 June8 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 -- 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 - Timing of application2 0DAS 7 DAE 14 DAE 28 DAE 0DAS 7 DAE 14 DAE 28 DAE 0DAS 7 DAE 14 DAE 28 DAE Aug 2 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 - Aug 8 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 -- Junel 5 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 -- Aug 24 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 - June2 3 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 - Aug 29 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 -- June3 0 8.0 8.7 8.0 7.0 8.7 8.7 8.0 7.0 8.0 8.0 7.7 7.0 12 Sept 5 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 -- July 7 8.3 7.7 8.7 8.7 9.0 8.3 8.3 9.0 8.0 7.7 9.0 9.0 0.9 July 14 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 - Sept 12 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 -- July 27 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 - Mean 8.8 8.8 8.9 8.8 9.0 8.9 8.9 8.8 8.8 8.8 8.9 8.8 NS Visual quality was assessed using a 9 to 1 scale with 9 = best, 6 = iowest acceptable, and 1 = worst quality. 2DAS = days after seeding. DAE = days after seedling emergence PR emergence was on May 30. 0 DAS treatments were applied on May 25, 7 DAE on June 7, 14 DAE on June 20, and 28 DAE on June 30, 2000. 50 Table 2. Visual quality of Kentucky bluegrass1seeded for the 2000 Lesco Drive Seeding Tolerance Study. Timing of June June June June application2 Material 2 23 8 15 NOVEX starter fertilizer (16-24-11) 1 0DAS 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 NOVEX starter fertilizer (16-24-11) 7 DAE 2 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 NOVEX starter fertilizer (16-24-11) 14 DAE 3 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 4 NOVEX starter fertilizer (16-24-11) 28 DAE 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 5 Drive 75DF + fertilizer (16-24-11) 0DAS 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 6 Drive 75DF + fertilizer (16-24-11) 7 DAE 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 7 Drive 75DF + fertilizer (16-24-11) 14 DAE 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 8 Drive 75DF + fertilizer (16-24-11) 28 DAE 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9 L-0384 0.43% + fertilizer (16-24-11) 0DAS 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 7 DAE 10 L-0384 0.43% + fertilizer (16-24-11) 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 L-0384 0.43% + fertilizer (16-24-11) 14 DAE 11 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 L-0384 0.43% + fertilizer (16-24-11) 12 28 DAE 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 — — — — LSD 0 .0 5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Material NOVEX starter fertilizer (16-24-11) NOVEX starter fertilizer (16-24-11) NOVEX starter fertilizer (16-24-11) NOVEX starter fertilizer (16-24-11) Drive 75DF + fertilizer (16-24-11) Drive 75DF + fertilizer (16-24-11) Drive 75DF + fertilizer (16-24-11) Drive 75DF + fertilizer (16-24-11) L-0384 0.43% + fertilizer (16-24-11) L-0384 0.43% + fertilizer (16-24-11) L-0384 0.43% + fertilizer (16-24-11) L-0384 0.43% + fertilizer (16-24-11) Timing of application2 0DAS 7 DAE 14 DAE 28 DAE 0DAS 7 DAE 14 DAE 28 DAE 0DAS 7 DAE 14 DAE 28 DAE Aug 2 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 - LSDo.os Aug 8 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 -- Aug 24 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 -- Aug 29 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 - June 30 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 — July 14 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 — July 7 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 — Sept 5 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 - Sept 12 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 -- July 27 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 — Mean 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 -- 'Visual quality was assessed using a 9 to 1 scale with 9 = best, 6 = lowest acceptable, and 1 = worst quality. 2DAS = days after seeding. DAE = days after seedling emergence. KB emergence was on June 9. 0 DAS treatments were applied on May 25, 7 DAE on June 19, 14 DAE on June 27, and 28 DAE on July 11, 2000. Table 3. Percentage perennial ryegrass cover1treated for the 2000 Lesco Drive Seeding Tolerance Study (ANOVA analysis). Timing of June2 July June June8 Junel June3 application 7 2 Material 3 0 5 NOVEX starter fertilizer (16-24-11) 1 0DAS 16.7 50.0 63.3 76.7 75.0 83.3 2 NOVEX starter fertilizer (16-24-11) 7 DAE 16.7 46.7 58.3 70.0 76.7 73.3 NOVEX starter fertilizer (16-24-11) 75.0 14 DAE 15.0 43.3 46.7 50.0 68.3 3 4 NOVEX starter fertilizer (16-24-11) 16.7 78.3 28 DAE 43.3 40.0 50.0 60.0 71.7 76.7 80.0 5 Drive 75DF + fertilizer (16-24-11) 0DAS 18.3 58.3 68.3 86.7 16.7 6 Drive 75DF + fertilizer (16-24-11) 7 DAE 50.0 68.3 73.3 78.3 14 DAE 71.7 7 Drive 75DF + fertilizer (16-24-11) 78.3 15.0 43.3 53.3 43.3 81.7 8 Drive 75DF + fertilizer (16-24-11) 28 DAE 13.3 40.0 40.0 50.0 65.0 L-0384 0.43% + fertilizer (16-24-11) 9 0DAS 16.7 66.7 71.7 76.7 80.0 50.0 L-0384 0.43% + fertilizer (16-24-11) 61.7 81.7 7 DAE 13.3 46.7 63.3 10 73.3 80.0 11 L-0384 0.43% + fertilizer (16-24-11) 14 DAE 13.3 36.7 33.3 48.3 68.3 86.7 L-0384 0.43% + fertilizer (16-24-11) 28 DAE 16.7 12 40.0 53.3 63.3 60.0 11.1 7.9 NS NS 11.1 16.5 LSDo.os 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Material NOVEX starter fertilizer (16-24-11) NOVEX starter fertilizer (16-24-11) NOVEX starter fertilizer (16-24-11) * NOVEX starter fertilizer (16-24-11) Drive 75DF + fertilizer (16-24-11) Drive 75DF + fertilizer (16-24-11) Drive 75DF + fertilizer (16-24-11) Drive 75DF + fertilizer (16-24-11) L-0384 0.43% + fertilizer (16-24-11) L-0384 0.43% + fertilizer (16-24-11) L-0384 0.43% + fertilizer (16-24-11) L-0384 0.43% + fertilizer (16-24-11) LSDo.os Timing of application 0DAS 7 DAE 14 DAE 28 DAE 0DAS 7 DAE 14 DAE 28 DAE 0DAS 7 DAE 14 DAE 28 DAE Aug 2 81.7 76.7 76.7 75.0 78.3 81.7 78.3 80.0 78.3 78.3 76.7 81.7 NS Aug 8 80.0 80.0 78.3 80.0 80.0 85.0 80.0 80.0 78.3 80.0 81.7 81.7 NS Aug 24 88.3 85.0 90.0 85.0 90.0 91.7 88.3 88.3 90.0 88.3 88.3 93.3 5.0" Aug 29 88.3 85.0 90.0 85.0 90.0 91.7 88.3 88.3 90.0 88.3 88.3 93.3 5.0" Sept 5 81.7 78.3 80.0 78.3 80.0 85.0 80.0 81.7 80.0 78.3 80.0 86.7 NS July 14 76.7 73.3 70.0 71.7 80.0 83.3 80.0 76.7 78.3 80.0 80.0 78.3 8.1" Sept 12 81.7 78.3 80.0 78.3 80.0 85.0 80.0 81.7 80.0 80.0 80.0 86.7 NS July 27 75.0 70.0 70.0 65.0 76.7 78.3 75.0 68.3 75.0 70.0 70.0 78.3 NS Mean 72.7 69.2 66.7 64.8 73.5 75.4 68.2 66.8 72.3 70.2 66.1 71.4 5.0 ^These data represent the percentage area per plot covered by P. ryegrass. 2DAS = days after seeding. DAE = days after seedling emergence. PR emergence was on May 30. 0 DAS treatments were applied on May 25, 7 DAE on June 7, 14 DAE on June 20, and 28 DAE on June 30, 2000. 3P > F = 0.08 for these data. 51 Table 4. Percentage perennial ryegrass cover1treated for the 2000 Lesco Drive Seeding Tolerance Study (GLM analysis). Timing of June June June June June July application 2 8 7 Material 15 23 30 16.7 NOVEX starter fertilizer (16-24-11) 63.3 76.7 0DAS 50.0 75.0 1 83.3 — 46.7 NOVEX starter fertilizer (16-24-11) 7 DAE 76.7 58.3 70.0 2 73.3 — — — NOVEX starter fertilizer (16-24-11) 14 DAE 50.0 68.3 75.0 3 -— — — 4 28 DAE NOVEX starter fertilizer (16-24-11) 60.0 78.3 Drive 75DF + fertilizer (16-24-11) 0DAS 68.3 71.7 76.7 18.3 58.3 80.0 5 — 7 DAE 68.3 86.7 Drive 75DF + fertilizer (16-24-11) 50.0 73.3 78.3 6 — — — 71.7 Drive 75DF + fertilizer (16-24-11) 14 DAE 53.3 78.3 7 — — — — 28 DAE 81.7 Drive 75DF + fertilizer (16-24-11) 65.0 8 66.7 71.7 76.7 L-0384 0.43% + fertilizer (16-24-11) 0DAS 16.7 9 50.0 80.0 — 46.7 L-0384 0.43% + fertilizer (16-24-11) 7 DAE 61.7 81.7 63.3 73.3 10 — — — L-0384 0.43% + fertilizer (16-24-11) 14 DAE 48.3 80.0 11 68.3 — — — — L-0384 0.43% + fertilizer (16-24-11) 28 DAE 86.7 12 60.0 NS NS NS 10.9 7.9 NS LSD0 .05 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Material NOVEX starter fertilizer (16-24-11) NOVEX starter fertilizer (16-24-11) NOVEX starter fertilizer (16-24-11) NOVEX starter fertilizer (16-24-11) Drive 75DF + fertilizer (16-24-11) Drive 75DF + fertilizer (16-24-11) Drive 75DF + fertilizer (16-24-11) Drive 75DF + fertilizer (16-24-11) L-0384 0.43% + fertilizer (16-24-11) L-0384 0.43% + fertilizer (16-24-11) L-0384 0.43% + fertilizer (16-24-11) L-0384 0.43% + fertilizer (16-24-11) LSDo.os 0DAS 7 DAE 14 DAE 28 DAE 0DAS 7 DAE 14 DAE 28 DAE 0DAS 7 DAE 14 DAE 28 DAE Aug 2 81.7 76.7 76.7 75.0 78.3 81.7 78.3 80.0 78.3 78.3 76.7 81.7 NS Aug 8 80.0 80.0 78.3 80.0 80.0 85.0 80.0 80.0 78.3 80.0 81.7 81.7 NS Aug 24 Aug 29 88.3 85.0 90.0 85.0 90.0 91.7 88.3 88.3 90.0 88.3 88.3 93.3 5.0" 88.3 85.0 90.0 85.0 90.0 91.7 88.3 88.3 90.0 88.3 88.3 93.3 5.03 Sept 5 81.7 78.3 80.0 78.3 80.0 85.0 80.0 81.7 80.0 78.3 80.0 86.7 NS July 14 76.7 73.3 70.0 71.7 80.0 83.3 80.0 76.7 78.3 80.0 80.0 78.3 8.1" July 27 75.0 70.0 70.0 65.0 76.7 78.3 75.0 68.3 75.0 70.0 70.0 78.3 NS Sept 12 81.7 78.3 80.0 78.3 80.0 85.0 80.0 81.7 80.0 80.0 80.0 86.7 NS Mean 72.7 69.2 66.7 64.8 73.5 75.4 68.2 66.8 72.3 70.2 66.1 71.4 5.0 2DAS = days after seeding. DAE = days after seedling emergence. PR emergence was on May 30. 0 DAS treatments were applied on May 25, 7 DAE on June 7, 14 DAE on June 20, and 28 DAE on June 30, 2000. 3P > F = 0.08 for these data. Table 5. Percentage Kentucky bluegrass cover1treated for the 2000 Lesco Drive Seeding Tolerance Study (ANOVA analysis). 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Material NOVEX starter fertilizer (16-24-11) NOVEX starter fertilizer (16-24-11) NOVEX starter fertilizer (16-24-11) NOVEX starter fertilizer (16-24-11) Drive 75DF + fertilizer (16-24-11) Drive 75DF + fertilizer (16-24-11) Drive 75DF + fertilizer (16-24-11) Drive 75DF + fertilizer (16-24-11) L-0384 0.43% + fertilizer (16-24-11) L-0384 0.43% + fertilizer (16-24-11) L-0384 0.43% + fertilizer (16-24-11) L-0384 0.43% + fertilizer (16-24-11) LSDo.os 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Material NOVEX starter fertilizer (16-24-11) NOVEX starter fertilizer (16-24-11) NOVEX starter fertilizer (16-24-11) NOVEX starter fertilizer (16-24-11) Drive 75DF + fertilizer (16-24-11) Drive 75DF + fertilizer (16-24-11) Drive 75DF + fertilizer (16-24-11) Drive 75DF + fertilizer (16-24-11) L-0384 0.43% + fertilizer (16-24-11) L-0384 0.43% + fertilizer (16-24-11) L-0384 0.43% + fertilizer (16-24-11) L-0384 0.43% + fertilizer (16-24-11) LSDo.os Timing of application ODAS 7 DAE 14 DAE 28 DAE ODAS 7 DAE 14 DAE 28 DAE ODAS 7 DAE 14 DAE 28 DAE ODAS 7 DAE 14 DAE 28 DAE ODAS 7 DAE 14 DAE 28 DAE ODAS 7 DAE 14 DAE 28 DAE June 15 20.0 15.0 16.7 18.3 23.3 16.7 16.7 16.7 20.0 18.3 15.0 18.3 NS Aug2 26.7 28.3 23.3 26.7 45.0 25.0 28.3 31.7 33.3 31.7 30.0 23.3 NS June 23 16.7 11.7 11.7 15.0 25.0 13.3 15.0 15.0 18.3 13.3 11.7 11.7 7.9" Aug 8 33.3 26.7 33.3 36.7 46.7 33.3 28.3 36.7 36.7 28.3 35.0 30.0 11.1" June 30 18.3 13.3 11.7 15.0 31.7 18.3 13.3 15.0 25.0 16.7 18.3 13.3 10.3 Aug 24 36.7 31.7 33.3 43.3 53.3 41.7 26.7 43.3 38.3 40.0 36.7 40.0 NS July 7 30.0 20.0 21.7 20.0 36.7 26.7 23.3 18.3 25.0 23.3 23.3 18.3 9.4 Aug 29 36.7 33.3 36.7 46.7 61.7 43.3 36.7 51.7 56.7 41.7 36.7 41.7 NS July 14 23.7 20.3 15.3 20.0 30.0 25.0 18.3 21.7 23.3 21.7 21.7 20.0 NS July 27 25.0 20.0 20.0 21.7 36.7 30.0 25.0 23.3 30.0 23.3 25.0 18.3 NS Sept 5 40.0 36.7 33.3 50.0 61.7 51.7 45.0 53.3 43.3 55.0 41.7 50.0 NS Sept 12 41.7 36.7 46.7 51.7 65.0 50.0 41.7 58.3 48.3 50.0 38.3 41.7 NS Mean 29.1 24.5 25.3 30.4 43.1 31.3 26.5 32.1 33.2 30.3 27.8 27.2 10.0 2DAS = days after seeding. DAE = days after seedling emergence. KB emergence was on June 9. 0 DAS treatments were applied on May 25, 7 DAE on June 19, 14 DAE on June 27, and 28 DAE on July 11, 2000. 3iP > F = 0.07 for these data. 52 Table 6. Percentage Kentucky bluegrass cover1 treated for the 2000 Lesco Drive Seeding Tolerance Study (GLM analysis). Timing of June June June July application 7 Material 23 30 15 NOVEX starter fertilizer (16-24-11) 16.7 0DAS 20.0 18.3 30.0 1 — NOVEX starter fertilizer (16-24-11) 7 DAE 11.7 2 13.3 20.0 -— NOVEX starter fertilizer (16-24-11) 14 DAE 11.7 21.7 3 — — — — 4 NOVEX starter fertilizer (16-24-11) 28 DAE Drive 75DF + fertilizer (16-24-11) 0DAS 23.3 25.0 31.7 36.7 5 — Drive 75DF + fertilizer (16-24-11) 7 DAE 13.3 18.3 26.7 6 — — 7 Drive 75DF + fertilizer (16-24-11) 14 DAE 13.3 23.3 — — — — 8 Drive 75DF + fertilizer (16-24-11) 28 DAE 9 L-0384 0.43% + fertilizer (16-24-11) 0DAS 20.0 18.3 25.0 25.0 — 10 L-0384 0.43% + fertilizer (16-24-11) 7 DAE 13.3 16.7 23.3 — — 11 L-0384 0.43% + fertilizer (16-24-11) 14 DAE 18.3 23.3 -— — — L-0384 0.43% + fertilizer (16-24-11) 12 28 DAE NS 7.9 10.0 NS LSDo.os 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Material NOVEX starter fertilizer (16-24-11) NOVEX starter fertilizer (16-24-11) NOVEX starter fertilizer (16-24-11) NOVEX starter fertilizer (16-24-11) Drive 75DF + fertilizer (16-24-11) Drive 75DF + fertilizer (16-24-11) Drive 75DF + fertilizer (16-24-11) Drive 75DF + fertilizer (16-24-11) L-0384 0.43% + fertilizer (16-24-11) L-0384 0.43% + fertilizer (16-24-11) L-0384 0.43% + fertilizer (16-24-11) L-0384 0.43% + fertilizer (16-24-11) 0DAS 7 DAE 14 DAE 28 DAE 0DAS 7 DAE 14 DAE 28 DAE 0DAS 7 DAE 14 DAE 28 DAE LSDo.os Aug 2 26.7 28.3 23.3 26.7 45.0 25.0 28.3 31.7 33.3 31.7 30.0 23.3 NS Aug 8 33.3 26.7 33.3 36.7 46.7 33.3 28.3 36.7 36.7 28.3 35.0 30.0 11.1* Aug 24 36.7 31.7 33.3 43.3 53.3 41.7 26.7 43.3 38.3 40.0 36.7 40.0 NS Aug 29 36.7 33.3 36.7 46.7 61.7 43.3 36.7 51.7 56.7 41.7 36.7 41.7 NS Sept 5 40.0 36.7 33.3 50.0 61.7 51.7 45.0 53.3 43.3 55.0 41.7 50.0 NS July 14 23.7 20.3 15.3 20.0 30.0 25.0 18.3 21.7 23.3 21.7 21.7 20.0 NS Sept 12 41.7 36.7 46.7 51.7 65.0 50.0 41.7 58.3 48.3 50.0 38.3 41.7 NS July 27 25.0 20.0 20.0 21.7 36.7 30.0 25.0 23.3 30.0 23.3 25.0 18.3 NS Mean 29.1 24.5 25.3 30.4 43.1 31.3 26.5 32.1 33.2 30.3 27.8 27.2 10.0 ^ h e se data represent the percentage area per plot covered by Kentucky bluegrass. 2DAS = days after seeding. DAE = days after seedling emergence. KB emergence was on June 9. 0 DAS treatments were applied on May 25, 7 DAE on June 19, 14 DAE on June 27, and 28 DAE on July 11, 2000. 3P > F = 0.07 for these data. Table 7. Percentage weed cover1 in perennial ryegrass treated for the 2000 Lesco Drive Seeding Tolerance Study. Timing of June June July June application 7 Material 23 30 15 NOVEX starter fertilizer (16-24-11) 2.7 1 0DAS 3.7 8.3 10.0 NOVEX starter fertilizer (16-24-11) 11.7 16.7 2 7 DAE 3.0 4.3 NOVEX starter fertilizer (16-24-11) 14 DAE 3 1.7 2.0 8.3 13.3 4 NOVEX starter fertilizer (16-24-11) 6.7 28 DAE 1.3 10.0 1.3 Drive 75DF + fertilizer (16-24-11) 5 0DAS 1.3 5.0 5.0 1.3 Drive 75DF + fertilizer (16-24-11) 7 DAE 0.7 3.7 6 0.3 2.3 7 Drive 75DF + fertilizer (16-24-11) 6.7 14 DAE 1.3 5.0 1.3 6.7 Drive 75DF + fertilizer (16-24-11) 3.7 8 28 DAE 1.3 1.3 L-0384 0.43% + fertilizer (16-24-11) 6.7 9 1.7 0DAS 1.0 5.0 L-0384 0.43% + fertilizer (16-24-11) 0.7 10 7 DAE 0.0 2.3 2.3 L-0384 0.43% + fertilizer (16-24-11) 11 14 DAE 0.7 1.0 2.3 5.0 1.7 12 L-0384 0.43% + fertilizer (16-24-11) 6.7 6.7 28 DAE 2.3 1.7 NS NS 7.5 LSDo.os 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Material NOVEX starter fertilizer (16-24-11) NOVEX starter fertilizer (16-24-11) NOVEX starter fertilizer (16-24-11) NOVEX starter fertilizer (16-24-11) Drive 75DF + fertilizer (16-24-11) Drive 75DF + fertilizer (16-24-11) Drive 75DF + fertilizer (16-24-11) Drive 75DF + fertilizer (16-24-11) L-0384 0.43% + fertilizer (16-24-11) L-0384 0.43% + fertilizer (16-24-11) L-0384 0.43% + fertilizer (16-24-11) L-0384 0.43% + fertilizer (16-24-11) LSDo.os 0DAS 7 DAE 14 DAE 28 DAE 0DAS 7 DAE 14 DAE 28 DAE 0DAS 7 DAE 14 DAE 28 DAE Aug2 28.3 30.0 30.0 28.3 8.3 5.0 16.7 5.0 16.7 5.3 13.3 20.0 14.7 Aug8 26.7 28.3 30.0 28.3 13.3 5.0 10.0 8.3 20.0 8.3 15.0 18.3 10.1 Aug 24 13.3 23.3 23.3 26.7 15.0 6.7 11.7 8.3 13.3 5.0 10.0 15.0 13.63 Aug 29 13.3 23.3 23.3 26.7 15.0 6.7 11.7 8.3 13.3 5.0 10.0 15.0 13.63 July 14 16.7 16.7 23.3 20.0 8.3 2.3 10.0 8.3 10.0 4.0 8.3 13.3 7.7 Sept 5 25.0 30.0 25.0 30.0 6.7 11.7 10.0 11.7 21.7 6.7 8.3 16.7 13.9 Sept 12 25.0 30.0 26.7 30.0 6.7 13.3 11.7 11.7 21.7 8.3 8.3 16.7 12.9 July 27 21.7 31.7 28.3 25.0 10.0 5.0 11.7 8.3 10.0 8.3 10.0 16.7 12.1 Mean 16.2 20.8 19.6 19.5 8.0 5.2 9.0 6.9 11.8 4.7 7.7 12.4 7.3 2DAS = days after seeding. DAE = days after seedling emergence. PR emergence was on May 30. 0 DAS treatments were applied on May 25, 7 DAE on June 7, 14 DAE on June 20, and 28 DAE on June 30, 2000. 3P > F = 0.06 for these data. 53 Table 8. Percentage weed cover1 in Kentucky bluegrass treated for the 2000 Lesco Drive Seeding Tolerance Study. Timing of June 15 Material June 23 June 30 July 7 application2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 NOVEX starter fertilizer (16-24-11) NOVEX starter fertilizer (16-24-11) NOVEX starter fertilizer (16-24-11) NOVEX starter fertilizer (16-24-11) Drive 75DF + fertilizer (16-24-11) Drive 75DF + fertilizer (16-24-11) Drive 75DF + fertilizer (16-24-11) Drive 75DF + fertilizer (16-24-11) L-0384 0 43% + fertilizer (16-24-11) L-0384 0.43% + fertilizer (16-24-11) L-0384 0 43% + fertilizer (16-24-11) L-0384 0 43% + fertilizer (16-24-11) LSD0 .0 5 Material NOVEX starter fertilizer (16-24-11) NOVEX starter fertilizer (16-24-11) NOVEX starter fertilizer (16-24-11) NOVEX starter fertilizer (16-24-11) Drive 75DF + fertilizer (16-24-11) Drive 75DF + fertilizer (16-24-11) Drive 75DF + fertilizer (16-24-11) Drive 75DF + fertilizer (16-24-11) L-0384 0.43% + fertilizer (16-24-11) L-0384 0.43% + fertilizer (16-24-11) L-0384 0.43% + fertilizer (16-24-11) L-0384 0.43% + fertilizer (16-24-11) LSDo.os 0DAS 7 DAE 14 DAE 28 DAE 0DAS 7 DAE 14 DAE 28 DAE 0DAS 7 DAE 14 DAE 28 DAE 13.7 9.0 9.0 9.0 2.3 9.0 7.3 9.0 2.3 7.3 9.0 5.7 NS Aug2 76.7 83.0 78.0 71.7 60.0 70.0 61.7 63.3 70.0 63.3 63.3 73.0 14.9* 0DAS 7 DAE 14 DAE 28 DAE 0DAS 7 DAE 14 DAE 28 DAE 0DAS 7 DAE 14 DAE 28 DAE 21.7 20.0 16.7 18.0 11.7 4.3 14.3 14.7 11.7 8.0 11.3 15.0 NS Aug8 78.3 88.0 80.0 84.7 63.3 70.0 61.7 65.0 81.7 70.0 66.7 79.7 13.5 35.0 38.3 35.0 25.0 15.0 6.7 21.7 25.0 20.0 10.0 23.3 25.0 NS Aug 24 73.3 83.3 76.7 73.3 55.0 71.7 70.0 56.7 81.7 71.7 81.7 63.3 NS 45.0 51.7 48.3 41.7 31.7 21.7 25.0 33.3 38.3 20.0 26.7 43.3 18.4 Aug 29 78.3 81.7 58.3 76.7 55.0 68.3 61.7 51.7 73.3 66.7 66.7 70.0 17.7 Sept 5 71.7 78.3 78.3 70.0 50.0 61.7 58.3 43.3 66.7 51.7 73.3 56.7 18.7 July 14 July 27 70.0 71.7 73.3 55.0 60.0 50.0 36.7 46.7 55.0 40.0 51.7 60.0 19.2 81.7 79.7 76.3 65.0 55.0 60.0 56.7 51.7 63.3 50.0 61.7 63.3 17.4 Sept 12 68.3 78.3 78.3 70.0 50.0 61.7 58.3 41.7 66.7 51.7 70.0 56.7 19.7 Mean 59.5 63.6 59.0 55.0 42.4 46.3 44.4 41.8 52.6 42.5 50.4 51.9 9.0 'These data represent the percentage area per plot covered by broadleaf and grass weed species. 2DAS = days after seeding. DAE = days after seedling emergence. KB emergence was on June 9. 0 DAS treatments were applied on May 25, 7 DAE on June 19, 14 DAE on June 27, and 28 DAE on July 11, 2000. 3P > F = 0.07 for these data. Table 9. Percentage witchgrass (Panicum capillare) and crabgrass cover1 in perennial ryegrass treated for the 2000 Lesco Drive Seeding Tolerance Study on September 12, 2000._________________________________________________ ______________________________ Rate (lb a.i./A) Timing of application^ Material Witchgrass Crabgrass NOVEX starter fertilizer (16-24-11) NA 0DAS 10.0 20.0 1 NA NOVEX starter fertilizer (16-24-11) 7 DAE 23.3 2 5.0 NA 14 DAE NOVEX starter fertilizer (16-24-11) 21.7 6.7 3 NA NOVEX starter fertilizer (16-24-11) 28 DAE 4 23.3 5.0 Drive 75DF + fertilizer (16-24-11) 0.75 0DAS 8.3 3.3 5 Drive 75DF + fertilizer (16-24-11) 0.75 7 DAE 1.7 6 15.0 14 DAE Drive 75DF + fertilizer (16-24-11) 0.75 8.3 7 5.0 0.75 28 DAE Drive 75DF + fertilizer (16-24-11) 10.0 8 5.0 L-0384 0.43% + fertilizer (16-24-11) 0.75 0DAS 21.7 9 5.0 7 DAE L-0384 0.43% + fertilizer (16-24-11) 0.75 5.0 5.0 10 0.75 14 DAE L-0384 0.43% + fertilizer (16-24-11) 8.3 11 5.0 L-0384 0.43% + fertilizer (16-24-11) 0.75 28 DAE 5.0 8.3 12 3.6 11.6 LSDo.os Table 10. Percentage witchgrass (Panicum capillare) and crabgrass cover1 in Kentucky bluegrass treated for the 2000 Lesco Drive Seeding Tolerance Study on September 12, 2000._________________________________________________ Material Rate (lb a.i./A) Timing of application^ Witchgrass Crabgrass NA 66.7 NOVEX starter fertilizer (16-24-11) 0DAS 1 10.0 NA 7 DAE NOVEX starter fertilizer (16-24-11) 2 8.3 63.3 NA NOVEX starter fertilizer (16-24-11) 14 DAE 16.7 60.0 3 NA NOVEX starter fertilizer (16-24-11) 28 DAE 4 18.3 53.3 0.75 Drive 75DF + fertilizer (16-24-11) 0DAS 8.3 40.0 5 7 DAE Drive 75DF + fertilizer (16-24-11) 0.75 18.3 53.3 6 Drive 75DF + fertilizer (16-24-11) 0.75 14 DAE 21.7 46.7 7 28 DAE Drive 75DF + fertilizer (16-24-11) 0.75 13.3 33.3 8 L-0384 0.43% + fertilizer (16-24-11) 0.75 0DAS 11.7 58.3 9 7 DAE L-0384 0.43% + fertilizer (16-24-11) 0.75 8.3 43.3 10 11 L-0384 0.43% + fertilizer (16-24-11) 0.75 14 DAE 10.0 58.3 L-0384 0.43% + fertilizer (16-24-11) 0.75 28 DAE 11.7 46.7 12 NS NS LSDo.os 1 l ___ nTThese data represent the percentage area per plot covered by witchgrass and crabgrass. 2DAS = days after seeding. DAE = days after seedling emergence. KB emergence was on June 9. 0 DAS treatments were applied on May 25, 7 DAE on June 19, 14 DAE on June 27, and 28 DAE on July 11, 2000. 54 2000 Plant Growth Regulator Study Mark J. Howieson and Nick E. Christians Proxy 2SL (ethephon) was compared to Primo 1EC (trinexapac-ethyl) to evaluate their effects on growth suppression and visual quality, e.g., color, density and uniformity, of ‘1020’ creeping bentgrass (Agrostis palustris Huds.). The trial was organized as a completely randomized block design, which was replicated three times. There were five treatments within each block- two Proxy 2SL and Primo 1EC treatments and an untreated control. Application timing and rate differed between the plant growth regulator treatments. Proxy 2SL was applied either at two- or six-week intervals. Twoweek interval treatments were made at a rate of 2.5 fl oz/1000 ft 2 and six-week interval treatments were applied at a rate of 5.0 fl oz/1000 ft2. Similarly, Primo 1EC treatments were also made at two- or six-week intervals. Two-week treatments were applied at rates of 0.125 fl oz/1000 ft2, while the six-week treatments were made at 0.25 fl oz/1000 ft2. Treatment applications began on May 10, with subsequent applications occurring at either two- or six-week intervals, depending on the treatment protocol. Plant growth regulator applications were made to 5x5 ft plots using a e m p ow e re d backpack sprayer. The sprayer was calibrated to apply 3.0 gallons of material/1000 ft2. Established stands of ‘1020’ creeping bentgrass at the Iowa State University Horticulture Research Station were used for the study. The turf was maintained at a height of 1/ 2 inch and watered as necessary to facilitate normal growth and prevent desiccation. The turfgrass stand was grown in a medium consisting of V3 Nicollet soil, V3 peat and 1/ 3 sand. The medium had a pH of 8.05, an organic matter content of 3.04%, 3 ppm of nitrogen, 2 ppm of phosphorus and 41 ppm of potassium. Turf evaluations of color, density, uniformity, and clipping yield were performed on a weekly basis following initial chemical treatment. Visual quality ratings were determined using a 1 to 9 scale, with 9=best, 6 =lowest acceptable and 1=worst. Clipping yield was a measurement of the fresh weight, in grams, of clippings obtained from mowing the treated turf at 0.50 inch. The weekly evaluations for color are located in Table 1. In general, both application intervals and rates of Primo improved the color ratings of creeping bentgrass. Proxy, on the other hand, resulted in a slight, but acceptable, reduction in color. Proxy treated plots appeared to have a florescent yellow hue. Primo applied at two-week intervals consistently produced the highest color ratings. Additionally, phytotoxicity was not noted after any of the plant growth regulator treatments. Proxy at both application intervals enhanced the density of creeping bentgrass (Table 2). Both Primo treatments also improved density, but not as much as the Proxy treatments. Changes in density associated with Proxy treatments did not appear until the third week of the study, but continued throughout the remainder of the study. Proxy applied at a two-week interval resulted in the most consistent enhancement of turfgrass density, although Proxy applied at six-week intervals produced similar results. The uniformity of the grass plots was also influenced by plant growth regulator treatments (Table 3). Proxy and Primo treated plots produced a grass stand that was far less grainy, with a more consistent color and density than the untreated controls. Primo treatments did not impact uniformity as much as Proxy treatments, and occasionally resulted in lowered uniformity ratings in comparison to controls. Proxy treated plots, however, appeared to be much tighter and denser, with a more consistent color- more uniform. Once again, Proxy applied at a two-week interval produced the highest uniformity ratings. Growth regulator treatments also affected clipping yield, although the extent and persistence was variable and treatment-dependant (Table 4). Primo applied at six-week intervals initially resulted in a dramatic decrease in a relative clipping yield, but after four weeks there was an equally dramatic post-inhibition stimulation of growth that lasted until the next chemical application. Primo treatments applied at two-week intervals produced much more consistent reductions in clipping yields than those achieved with the six-week application interval. Both of the Proxy treatments resulted in an initial flush of growth the week after the first chemical application. Relative clipping yields in the Proxy six-week treatments were reduced in the ensuing 17 weeks of the study. Proxy two-week treatments, however, resulted in a flush of growth for two weeks after initial chemical applications and did not result in a satisfactory reduction in relative clipping yield until the sixth week of the study. Primo two-week treatments produced the most consistent reduction in relative clipping yield and were not susceptible to the post-inhibition growth response associated with the Primo six-week treatm ents. Primo and Proxy are both plant growth regulators that can be used as part of a balanced maintenance program to reduce mowing costs and improve efficiency. An additional benefit is improvement in turf quality. While Primo readily improves the color of treated turf, Proxy greatly improves density and uniformity. Two main drawbacks, however, associated with Proxy are its reduction of turf color and the flush of growth after initial application. Future research considerations should look at ways to mask or reduce Proxy’s effect on turf color, such as addition of supplemental iron or magnesium. Moreover, it may be possible to limit the initial growth flush, while maintaining improvements in density and uniformity, with the addition of a type II plant growth regulator. The growth flush is most likely the result of either increased production of, or sensitivity to, gibberellic acid or to the accumulation of carbohydrates during growth suppression. 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I l s « £ .S 0 tn hwoiS Effects of Trinexapac-ethyl (Primo) and Mower Adjustment on Creeping Bentgrass Mowing Quality Mark J. Howieson and Nick E. Christians The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of mower adjustment and Primo 1EC on the quality of creeping bentgrass (Agrostis palustris). Mowing quality and Primo response was assessed using a visual rating of the overall turf quality, a measurement of the leaf tip shredding, leaf tissue chlorophyll content, and evolved ethylene. Materials and Methods This study was conducted at the Iowa State University Horticulture Research Station using ‘Penneagle’ creeping bentgrass established on a V3 peat, V3 sand and V3 Nicollet soil growth medium. Toro Greensmaster 1000 walk behind reel mowers were utilized in the study. The mowers had a cutting width of 21 inches and were bench set to a cutting height of V2 inch. The mowers were sharpened and backlapped to Toro specifications at the factory prior to the initiation of the study. Four different mower adjustments were examined in this study (Table 1). Mowers A and C were maintained with slight reel-to-bedknife contact for the duration of the trial. Additionally, Mower C was operated for eight hours prior to the initiation of mowing treatments. This was to simulate a slightly dull mower that should be backlapped to perform optimally. Mower A represented a recently serviced mower that was adjusted and maintained with slight reel-to-bedknife contact, per manufacturer specifications. Mowers B and D were adjusted so that there was no reel-to-bedknife contact. Mower D was also operated for eight hours to mimic a mower that needed backlapping. Mower B characterizes an alternative mower adjustment prevalent in the golf course industry. Many mechanics adjust mowers with no reel-to-bedknife contact in order to extend the time between scheduled mower maintenance. It is assumed that since the reel is not making contact with the bedknife, friction and heat buildup will be reduced, allowing the bedknife to remain sharp for an extended period of time. Mower D was a slightly dull mower that was adjusted according to this philosophy. The reel-to-bedknife contact of mowers A and C was adjusted as necessary during the study so that the mowers were capable of cutting 20-lb. office paper the entire length of the bedknife. Similarly, Mowers B and D were adjusted over the duration of the trial so that they would cut cardstock along the entire length of the bedknife. Mowing treatments were performed three times a week beginning June 8 , 2000. Primo treatments were made at a four-week interval using a CO 2 - powered backpack sprayer calibrated to apply 3.0 gallons of material/1000 ft2. Primo was applied at a rate of 0.25 fl. oz. of product/1000 ft 2 and compared to an untreated control. Primo applications were initiated on June 10, 2000 and a total of four applications were made over the duration of the study. Turf assessments were made on a weekly interval. Data collected included an overall visual rating and a measurement of mowing injury. The overall visual rating was based on a comprehensive measure of the color, density and uniformity of the turfgrass. Ratings were assigned on a 9 to 1 scale, with 9=best, 6 =lowest acceptable turf quality and 1=worst. Mowing injury was determined by measuring the amount of shredding and browning on the tips of leaf blades that were randomly selected from each plot. This leaf damage evaluation was measured in millimeters under a microscope. The chlorophyll content of grass samples from each treatment plot was determined every two-weeks. Chlorophyll content was determined as a means to quantify mowing injury. The necrotic and brown tissue damaged by mowing will not yield chlorophyll. Therefore, leaf tips that are torn and shredded rather than cut cleanly, will have larger brown and necrotic areas and will not contain as much chlorophyll. To further quantify turfgrass mowing injury, ethylene production rates of grass samples from each treatment were determined. Ethylene production is induced when the turfgrass plant is stressed or damaged. Mechanical stress, such as mowing, will initiate ethylene production, and the amount of ethylene produced will increase as the severity of the injury increases. Results Visual Quality The turfgrass quality of the Primo and untreated control PGR treatments can be found in Table 2. The untreated control plots rated higher in visual quality than the Primo treated plots. The reduction in visual quality associated with the Primo treated plots was primarily the result of minor discoloration the week after each PGR application. In the week following PGR application, Primo treated plots acquired a gray hue, causing a slight, but acceptable, reduction in visual 57 quality. Primo treated plots achieved visual quality ratings similar to the untreated control the remaining three weeks between PGR treatments. Mower A (reel-to-bedknife contact) and Mower C (reel-to-bedknife contact with 8 hours of use mower adjustments), generally resulted in the highest visual ratings of the mower adjustment treatments. Mowers B and D produced the lowest visual quality ratings. Mower B was adjusted with no reel-to-bedknife contact while Mower D was adjusted with no reel-to-bedknife contact with eight hours of use (Table 3). Necrotic, ragged, and frayed leaf tips caused by Mower D significantly lowered the visual quality of the affected turf. Mowing Injury No statistically significant differences in mowing injury were observed among the Primo and untreated control PGR treatments (Table 2). Mower A consistently produced the smallest amount of mowing injury of the four mower adjustments, while Mower D, the no reel-to-bedknife contact with 8 hours of use adjustment, produced the largest (Table 3). Mowers B and C produced intermediate amounts of mowing injury, although at times Mower C resulted in mowing injury similar to Mower A. Chlorophyll Content Compared to the untreated controls, Primo treated plots had higher total chlorophyll concentrations (Table 2). Primo applications slightly reduced the visual quality of treated turf for one week after the treatment was applied. However, the Primo plots attained a darker color the remaining three weeks until the next application. This is reflected in the chlorophyll concentration data. Primo clearly increased the chlorophyll concentration of treated turfgrass. Mowers A and C resulted in the highest chlorophyll content of the mower adjustment treatments, while Mowers B and D produced the lowest (Table 4). The numbers of frayed and shredded edges were limited in the Mower A and C plots. This resulted in higher chlorophyll content. Remember that brown or necrotic tissue damaged by mowing does not contain appreciable quantities of chlorophyll. The leaf tips of grass plants mown with the B and D mower adjustments were visibly damaged. Accordingly, their chlorophyll concentration was much lower. Ethylene Production Primo had no significant effect on the ethylene production rate as compared to the untreated control (Table 3). Mower A, however, consistently resulted in the smallest ethylene production rate of the four mower adjustments. Ethylene production increases as a result of stress, or wounding, and the amount of ethylene produced increases as the severity of the stress increases. Mower D had the highest ethylene production rate. Therefore, Mower A resulted in the least amount of stress, while Mower D resulted in the highest amount stress of the four mower adjustments (Table 3). Discussion Primo had little affect on mowing quality, although it did cause a slight, but acceptable reduction in visual quality. This reduction was due primarily to the discoloration of the turfgrass the week immediately following Primo applications. In the three weeks before the next Primo application, however, the treated plots regained a healthy green color that at times surpassed the visual quality of the untreated control. This is reflected in the chlorophyll content data. Primo application increased the chlorophyll content of treated plots above that of the untreated control. Mower adjustment had the greatest influence on mowing quality. Mower A, the reel-to-bedknife contact adjustment, consistently achieved superior mowing quality ratings as assessed by visual quality, mowing injury, chlorophyll content and ethylene production rate. Mower A most often resulted in the highest visual rating and chlorophyll content, while it produced the least amount of mowing injury and had the lowest ethylene production rates. Mower D, the no reel-to-bedknife contact adjustment with eight hours of use, produced the worst mowing quality. This mower adjustment produced the lowest visual ratings, as well as the lowest chlorophyll content. Mower D also produced the largest amount of mowing injury and the highest ethylene production rate. These results indicate that the mowers utilized in this study should be maintained with reel-to-bedknife contact, per manufacturer’s specifications, to ensure the highest mowing quality. 58 Table 1. Mower Adjustment Treatments Mower Reel-to-bedknife contact Operation Prior to Treatment A Slight None B None None C Slight 8 hours D None 8 hours Table 2. Average PGR Treatment Assessments PGR Treatment Visual Q uality1 Mowing Injury2 Chlorophyll Content* Ethylene Production Rate4 Control 8.50 1.61 16.35 0.622 Prim o 8.18 1.54 16.98 0.581 0.25 NS 0.50 NS L S D o.o5 Table 3. Average Mower Adjustment Treatment Assessments Mower Mowing Injury2 Visual Quality1 Treatment A Chlorophyll Content* Ethylene Production Rate4 8.68 0.83 17.46 0.541 B 8.20 1.85 15.73 0.593 C 8.41 1.28 17.12 0.603 D 8.07 2.35 16.34 0.669 L S D o.o5 0.16 0.24 0.71 0.073 ■Mowing injury was measured under a microscope in millimeters of shredded tissue from the tip. Reported as mg/L of the 30 mL combined acetone extracts per Bruinsma (1961). 4 Reported as pg hr'1 g'1 of clipping fresh weight. NS: Means are not significant per Fischer’s LSD test when a=0.05 59 Kentucky Bluegrass Fertility Trial Barbara R. Bingaman, Troy R. Oster, and Nick E. Christians This study was designed to screen new Sustane formulations on Kentucky bluegrass. The trial was conducted at the Iowa State University Horticulture Research Station in established 'Park' Kentucky bluegrass. The soil in this area was a Nicollet (fine-loamy, mixed, mesic Aquic Hapludoll) with an organic content of 4.0, a pH of 7.1, 8 ppm P, and 81 ppm K. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with three replications. Individual plot size was 5 x 5 ft with 3 ft barrier rows between replications. Four medium grade Sustane formulations were provided. Sustane 5-2-4 + Fe, Sustane 18-1-8 + Fe (with Nutralene & PCSCU), Sustane 10-1-2 (all organic), and Sustane + Novex 12-2-12 experimental were screened with corn gluten meal and an untreated control. All materials were applied at a yearly rate of 2 lb N/1000 ft2 in split applications of 1 lb N/1000 ft2 on May 22 and August 2, 2000. The fertilizers were applied using cardboard cartons as 'shaker dispensers' to ensure uniform application and were watered in. The study was monitored weekly for visual quality from June 2 through September 12 (Table 1). Rainfall in October caused a 'greenup' so additional quality data were taken on October 27. Quality was assessed using a 9 to 1 scale with 9 = best, 6 = lowest acceptable and 1 = worst quality. Fresh clipping weight data were taken from June 2 through September 12 (Table 2). Because of the extremely dry season, modifications were made so data were taken when sufficient growth had occurred. Data were analyzed using the Statistical Analysis System (SAS Institute Inc., 1989-1996) and the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) procedure. Treatment effects on fresh clipping weight and visual quality were tested using Fisher's Least Significant Difference (LSD) test. There were significant differences in turf quality from June 2 through June 30 (Table 1). During this period, however, some fertilizers did not produce better quality than the untreated control. Between July 7 and August 2 quality was similar for treated and untreated turf. Following the sequential applications on August 2, the quality of the treated turf improved. The quality of turf treated with the all natural fertilizers, Sustane 10-1-2 and corn gluten meal, did not improve as rapidly as turf treated with the other fertilizers. Data from the late 'greenup' in October show that all fertilizers improved quality as compared with the untreated control. The best quality according to the mean data was for turf treated with Sustane 18-1-8 + Fe (with Nutralene & PCSCU). Fresh clipping weights were similar for treated and untreated turf from June 2 through August 2 (Table 2). On August 16, turf treated with either Sustane 5-2-4 + Fe, Sustane 18-1-8 + Fe (with Nutralene & PCSCU), or Sustane + Novex 122-12 had significantly more clippings than the untreated control. On August 29 and September 12, Sustane 18-1-8 + Fe (with Nutralene & PCSCU) and corn gluten meal produced the most clippings. 60 T a b le 1. Turf quality1 of 'Park' Kentucky bluegrass treated for the 2000 Sustane Kentucky Bluegrass Fertility Trial. Material 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 4. 5. 6. June 8 June 15 June 23 June 30 July 7 July 14 July 27 Aug 2 6.3 8.7 6.0 8.0 6.0 8.0 6.0 7.7 6.0 7.3 6.3 7.0 6.7 7.7 6.3 7.3 6.0 7.0 8.3 8.3 8.3 8.3 8.0 7.7 7.3 7.3 7.0 Untreated control Sustane 5-2-4 + Fe, medium grade Sustane 18-1-8 + Fe, medium grade (includes Nutralene & PCSCU) Sustane 10-1-2 all organic, medium grade Sustane + Novex 12-2-12 medium grade Corn gluten meal 6.7 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.3 6.7 6.7 6.7 7.0 8.3 7.0 7.3 8.3 7.0 9.0 7.0 8.3 7.3 8.0 7.0 7.0 7.3 7.7 7.3 7.0 7.0 7.0 LSD o.os 1.0 1.4 0.4 1.1 0.7 NS NS NS NS Material 1. 2. 3. June 2 Untreated control Sustane 5-2-4 + Fe, medium grade Sustane 18-1-8 + Fe, medium grade (includes Nutralene & PCSCU) Sustane 10-1-2 all organic, medium grade Sustane + Novex 12-2-12 medium grade Corn gluten meal LSD o.os Aug 8 Aug 16 Aug 24 Aug 29 Sept 5 Sept 12 Oct 27 Mean 6.0 8.0 6.0 8.0 6.0 8.0 6.0 7.7 6.3 6.3 5.0 5.3 6.0 7.3 6.1 7.5 8.3 8.7 8.7 8.7 7.0 7.0 8.7 8.0 6.7 7.0 7.0 7.0 6.7 5.3 7.3 6.8 8.0 6.3 8.3 7.3 8.0 7.3 8.0 8.3 7.0 7.0 5.7 6.3 7.3 8.7 7.4 7.5 1.4 1.1 1.1 1.1 NS 0.9 0.9 0.4 It... ^Turf quality was assessed using a 9 to 1 scale with 9 = best, 6 = lowest acceptable, and 1 = worst quality. All products were applied at an annual rate of 2 lb N/1000 ft2. Initial applications were made on May 22 and sequential on August 2, 2000. NS = Means are not different at the 0.05 level. T a b le 2. Fresh clipping weights1 of 'Park' Kentucky bluegrass treated for the 2000 Sustane Kentucky Bluegrass Fertility Trial. Material 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Untreated control Sustane 5-2-4 + Fe, medium grade Sustane 18-1-8 + Fe, medium grade (includes Nutralene & PCSCU) Sustane 10-1-2 all organic, medium grade Sustane + Novex 12-2-12 experimental, medium grade Corn gluten meal LSD o.os June 2 June 15 June 23 June 30 July 14 Aug 2 Aug 16 Aug 29 Sept 12 Mean 571.0 289.7 142.8 125.5 354.4 208.3 197.6 150.6 101.4 237.9 597.1 414.2 190.4 161.3 430.8 209.7 323.6 205.1 106.2 293.2 735.8 446.1 217.6 178.2 496.9 255.1 372.7 251.7 130.7 342.8 572.5 383.8 190.6 155.7 450.0 227.0 252.3 206.2 111.4 283.3 676.0 623.8 396.8 440.7 181.3 212.9 154.5 162.6 422.2 479.0 221.5 241.5 353.4 261.5 206.2 240.6 99.3 139.2 301.3 311.3 NS NS NS NS NS NS 68.0 23.1 NS 67.02 'These data are expressed in grams fresh clipping weight. 2P > F = 0.08 All products were applied at an annual rate of 2 lb N/1000 ft2. Initial applications were made on May 22 and sequential on August 2, 2000. NS = Means are not different at the 0.05 level. 61 2000 Granular Spoon-Feeding Study MarkJ. Howieson and Nick E. Christians Historically, spoon-feeding fertilizer programs have necessitated the use of liquid fertilizers, as granular materials commonly contain high nitrogen concentrations, which make it difficult to achieve acceptable levels of uniformity applied at low rates. With the advent of new production methods and formulations, however, granular materials have been created that could potentially be utilized in a spoon-feeding regimen. This experiment was performed to determine the feasibility of using granular materials in a spoon-feeding fertilizer program. The trial was initiated on the ‘Penncross’ creeping bentgrass (Agrostis palustris Huds) USGA green at the Iowa State University Research Station. A randomized complete block design with three replications was utilized to organize the study. Each individual block consisted of ten 5x5 ft treatment plots containing nine fertilizer treatments and an untreated control. The nine products utilized in the study included three Lesco Novex fertilizers with analyses 18-2-18, 19-2-19 and 32-0-0, a 10-2-10 Sustane and Nutralene experimental material, a 12-2-12 Sustane and Novex experimental material, a 17-3-17 PPSCU Lesco granular fertilizer, a 19-3-19 Scotts Contec fertilizer, a 14-14-14 UHS material and a liquid fertilizer composed of urea and potassium sulfate (46-0-0 and 0-0-50, respectively). All of the fertilizers were applied at a rate of 0.25-lb of N/1000 ft2 every ten days. In addition, potassium was applied at a rate of 0.25-lb/1000 ft2 in the liquid fertilizer treatment. Granular fertilizers were applied to each individual 5x5 ft plot by hand, and in two different directions to ensure uniform coverage. The liquid fertilizer applications were made using a C 0 2-powered backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 3.0 gallons of material/1000 ft2. The first fertilizer treatment applications were made on May 22 with subsequent applications made at ten-day intervals. Weekly, visual turf evaluations of color and uniformity were made on a scale from 1 to 9, with 9=best, 6=lowest acceptable and 1=worst. In addition, tissue samples were taken from each treatment plot every 30 days and analyzed for total nitrogen content. The Iowa State University Horticulture Plant Nutrition Laboratory used the Kjeldahl method to determine the total nitrogen content. Weekly color ratings indicated that, while all three of the Novex materials and the Sustane and Novex 12-2-12 experimental fertilizer produced high color ratings, the liquid fertilizer consistently resulted in the best color ratings (Table 1). The UHS 14-14-14 fertilizer and the untreated control resulted in the lowest color ratings and the Sustane and Nutralene 10-2-10, Lesco PPSCU 29-0-0 and Scotts Contec 19-3-19 produced intermediate ratings. The liquid fertilizer also consistently produced the highest uniformity ratings (Table 2). On the other end of the spectrum, was the UHS 14-14-14 fertilizer. UHS 14-14-14 treatment plots oftentimes exhibited several small green spots of over-stimulated turf, a sign of poor nitrogen distribution characteristics. Only the untreated control received lower uniformity ratings then the UHS 14-14-14 fertilizer. The remaining seven fertilizer materials achieved uniformity ratings that were intermediate between the liquid and UHS 14-14-14 fertilizer treatments. It is acknowledged that the UHS 14-14-14 is not designed for, nor is it recommended by the manufacturer for spoon-feeding. This fertilizer was included in the study only as an example of the poor nitrogen response characteristics resulting when a fertilizer with a large particle size is applied at low rates and in no way is indicative of the quality of UHS products. Little significant data can be interpreted from the tissue sample total nitrogen content, other than that treatment plots receiving fertilizer application generally resulted in a higher concentration of total nitrogen in tissue samples than the untreated control (Table 3). Of all of the fertilizer treatments, the liquid material resulted in the highest ratings, both in color and uniformity. Other fertilizer materials, such as the three Novex materials, both of the Sustane materials and the 19-3-19 Scotts Contec materials, however, also produced high color and uniformity ratings. The greatest difference between the liquid fertilizer treatment and these materials was a slight reduction in uniformity. These materials produced similar color ratings, but did not result in as high a level of uniformity throughout their plots. The UHS 14-14-14 was not designed, nor intended, for use in a spoon-feeding program and did not perform as well as the other products. When applied in larger quantities the UHS 14-14-14 fertilizer produces turf of high quality. The three Novex materials and the Sustane and Novex 12-212 materials resulted in plots of excellent quality, similar in color to the liquid and with only a slight reduction in the uniformity. The Sustane and Nutralene 10-2-10, LESCO PPSCU 29-0-0 and Scotts Contec 19-3-19 produced plots of intermediate quality. While superior to the UHS 14-14-14 and untreated control treatments, they seemed to lag slightly behind the liquid, Novex and Sustane and Novex treatments, never quite achieving the same level of visual quality. 62 Table 1. Color1 of ‘Penncross’ creeping bentgrass treated with the following fertilizers. June 7 June 14 June 21 June 28 July 5 July 12 July 19 July 26 Aug 2 Aug 9 A ug 16 A ug 23 A ug 30 Sep 7 Novex 19-2-19 8.33 8.00 8.67 8.67 9.00 8.67 8.67 9.00 9.00 9.00 9.00 9.00 9.00 8.67 Novex 32-0-0 8.67 9.00 8.67 8.00 8.00 8.33 8.33 8.67 8.33 8.33 9.00 9.00 9.00 8.33 Novex 18-2-18 8.33 8.00 8.67 8.00 8.67 8.67 8.67 8.67 8.67 9.00 9.00 9.00 8.67 8.33 8.33 8.67 8.67 8.67 8.67 8.67 8.33 9.00 9.00 9.00 8.67 9.00 8.67 8.67 8.00 7.33 8.33 8.00 8.00 7.67 7.67 8.00 8.00 8.33 8.33 8.67 8.67 8.67 Liquid1 2 9.00 8.33 9.00 9.00 9.00 9.00 9.00 9.00 9.00 9.00 9.00 9.00 9.00 9.00 LESCO PPSCU 29-0-0 UHS Signature 1414-14 Scott’s Contec 193-19 7.67 8.00 8.33 7.67 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.33 8.33 8.33 8.67 8.33 8.00 7.33 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 6.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 8.33 7.33 7.67 7.33 8.00 7.67 8.00 8.33 7.67 8.67 8.33 8.00 8.00 8.00 7.00 6.33 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 0.82 0.64 0.80 0.79 0.68 0.08 1.03 0.56 0.66 0.65 0.65 0.42 0.54 0.80 T re a tm e n t Sustane and Novex 12-2-12 Sustane and Nutralene 10-2-10 Untreated Control L S D 0.05 1Color ratings were assigned using a 1 to 9 scale, with 9=Best, 6=Lowest Acceptable and 1=Worst. 2 Comprised of urea (46-0-0) and potassium sulfate (0-0-50) NS - Means between treatments are not statistically significant per Fischer’s LSD test when a=0.05. Table 2. Uniformity1 of Penncross’ creeping bentgrass treated with the following fertilizers. June 7 June 14 June 21 June 28 July 5 July 12 July 19 July 26 A ug 2 A ug 9 A ug 16 A ug 23 A ug 30 Sep 7 Novex 19-2-19 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 7.67 8.00 8.00 7.67 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 Novex 32-0-0 8.00 9.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 7.67 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 Novex 18-2-18 8.00 8.00 8.33 8.00 7.67 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.67 8.00 8.00 7.33 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.33 8.00 8.00 8.00 7.33 8.00 8.00 7.67 7.67 7.67 8.00 8.00 8.00 7.67 7.67 8.00 7.67 8.67 8.33 9.00 8.67 9.00 8.67 9.00 9.00 9.00 9.00 9.00 8.67 9.00 9.00 7.67 8.00 8.00 7.67 7.67 8.00 7.67 7.33 7.67 7.67 8.00 7.67 8.00 8.00 7.33 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 5.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 6.33 7.00 7.00 Scott’s Contec 193-19 8.00 7.33 7.33 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.33 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 Untreated Control 7.00 7.00 6.33 6.67 6.67 6.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 0.50 0.60 0.57 0.54 0.76 0.46 NS 0.53 0.86 0.31 0.31 0.71 0.01 0.31 T re a tm e n t Sustane and Novex 12-2-12 Sustane and Nutralene 10-2-10 Liquid2 LESCO PPSCU 29-0-0 UHS Signature 1414-14 L S D q.05 1Uniformity ratings were assigned using a 1 to 9 scale, with 9=Best, 6=Lowest Acceptable and 1=Worst. 2 Comprised of urea (46-0-0) and potassium sulfate (0-0-50) NS - Means between treatments are not statistically significant per Fischer’s LSD test when a=0.05. 63 Table 3. Total nitrogen1 of ‘Penncross’ creeping bentgrass treated with the following fertilizers. Treatment May 22 June 11 July 11 August 10 Sept 9 Novex 19-2-19 2.695 3.2470 2.6148 3.2452 2.0777 Novex 32-0-0 2.695 2.9608 3.0545 2.9072 2.3120 Novex 18-2-18 2.695 2.4842 3.0657 3.3815 2.6253 2.695 3.0715 3.0908 2.9480 2.5477 2.695 3.0158 2.3878 3.2730 2.6290 Liquid2 2.695 3.2572 3.0082 2.8718 2.4662 LESCO PPSCU 29-0-0 2.695 2.9887 3.0067 2.9287 2.2875 UHS Signature 14-14-14 2.695 3.2148 2.7452 3.3113 2.8990 Scott’s Contec 19-3-19 2.695 2.0928 3.0300 3.2632 2.7565 Untreated Control 2.695 2.8183 2.5047 2.3628 1.6582 NS NS NS NS 0.4799 Sustane and Novex 12-2-12 Sustane and Nutralene 10-2-10 L S D q.05 Total Nitrogen was determined using the Kjeldahl method and is reported as the percentage of nitrogen per gram of dry weight of tissue. 2 Comprised of urea (46-0-0) and potassium sulfate (0-0-50) NS - Means between treatments are not statistically significant per Fischer’s LSD test when a=0.05. 64 Evaluation of Fungicides for Control of Brown Patch in Creeping Bentgrass - 2000 MarkL. Gleason Trials were conducted at Veenker Golf Course on the campus of Iowa State University. Fungicides were applied to creeping bentgrass maintained at 5/32-inch cutting height, using a modified bicycle sprayer at 30 psi and a dilution rate of 5 gal/1,000 ft2. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with four replications. All plots measured 4 ft x 5 ft. Fungicide applications began on June 16. Subsequent applications were made on June 23 and 30, and July 6, 14, 21, and 28. Rainfall and air temperatures were slightly below normal through June and July. Brown patch symptoms were first observed on July 1. Brown patch development on untreated check plots - expressed on a 0-5 scale (0=no disease, 1=1-5%, 2=5-10%, 3=10-25%, 4=25-50%, 5=>50%) was light on July 1 and July 8, and to severe on July 24. Most, but not all, fungicide treatments exhibited significantly (LSD, P=0.05) less disease than the untreated check on all dates. Dollar spot development on the brown patch plot, also depicted in the Table, was light on July 1 and 8 and moderate on July 24. NOTE: The dollar spot data is provided for your information. The fungicides selected for the trial were aimed primarily against brown patch. No phytotoxicity symptoms were observed during the trials. 65 0 O co O :§ o O g ^Ç N Q 2, E ^ ^ N o o T— d N N N O O o LO O o CN LO rd d d ^ ^ ^ tJ- ^ 1^- 1^ ^ ^J- 00 CN 1 « C^ ga Ü < < < S CQ 0í O o o 0 i_ O 0 0 o: O § N N N o O O co CO CN T~ T“ “d N O N LO O CN CN d d 0 0 0 O) O) O) N N n K. LO CN N O o C* D 00 CD o LO CN CN LO O) 00 d d d d d d N o N o N 5= o LO 5= 00 q q 00 T- T“ N o N N N N O 0= o o o q q q oo 00 d N N o O LO Ç= ■ « — q d O o O 0 k_ D - oo 0 O P & w §>3 « H *0 S o ®o»t§ 0 o| 0 *-> o a 21.25 4.50 10.45 ^ i ^ l E ë < g < = ® o Q. O o O) Ü 0 ■0 o —■o ^ 0 o .n n 0 .-ir lU £ Ú j¡ O + O + X I < < O O 2 2 2 2 2 2 O) O) O) O) O) O) < < < < < < V* c c c c c c o 0 0 0 0 0 0 © E E E E E E f i o o o o o o O H 1- h- h- h- H < c 0 E o h- E T- M CO 00 £ 0 i Ifì 0 S e CD 2 s CD < c 0 E o H h - 1- z z 2 2 2 2 2 O) O) O) O) O) < < < < < 0 C C C C C t 0 0 0 0 0 0 E E E E E > O O O O O O O T- CM 0 ^ LD 0 r 0 > o LULU 9 9 LL LL 0 c Z Z 0 oo > < 1^- 00 CT) 0 '-4— » c 0 > < O CN 0 o 0 c 0 N T - CM 0 CNJ CN CN Evaluation of Fungicides for Control of Dollar Spot in Penncross Creeping Bentgrass - 2000 MarkL. Gleason Trials were conducted at the Turfgrass Research Area of Iowa State University's Horticulture Research Farm, Gilbert, IA. Fungicides were applied to Penncross creeping bentgrass maintained at 5/32-inch cutting height, using a modified bicycle sprayer at 30 psi and a dilution rate of 5 gal/1000 ft2. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with four replications. All plots measured 4 ft x 5 ft. After inoculation of the entire plot with pathogen-infested rye grain on June 8, spray applications began on June 14. Subsequent applications were made at specified intervals on June 29 and July 12. Weather during June and July was slightly below normal in temperature and rainfall. Dollar spot symptoms appeared in the plot within 2 weeks after the first spray treatment. Disease development was light on both rating dates (June 29 and July 24). Most, but not all, treatments exhibited significantly less disease than the untreated control on July 24. DOLLAR SPOT TRIAL - 2000 ISU Horticulture Farm (Penncross creeping bentgrass) Plot size: 20 ft2 (4 ft x 5 ft); 4 plots per treatment Trt # Company 1 2 3 Check Bayer Bayer 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Rohm and Haas Rohm and Haas Rohm and Haas Rohm and Haas Rohm and Haas Novartis Bayer Aventis Tomen Agro Tomen Agro Tomen Agro Tomen Agro Tomen Agro Tomen Agro 18 Tomen Agro 19 20 21 22 23 24 Tomen Agro Tomen Agro Tomen Agro Tomen Agro Tomen Agro Tomen Agro LSD (0.05) Product Rate/1,000 ft2 Lynx 45WP Lynx 45WP + Daconil Ultrex 82.5WG Eagle 40WSP Eagle 40WSP Fore Rainshield Fore Rainshield RH-0611 (Manhandle) Banner MAXX Bayleton 25WP Daconil Ultrex 82.5WG TM-41702 40WP TM-41702 40WP TM-41702 40WP TM-41702 40WP Daconil Ultrex 82.5WG Daconil Ultrex 82.5 WDG + Heritage 50WG TM-41702 40WP + Heritage 50WG TM-41702 40WP TM-430 50SC TM-430 50SC TM-430 50SC Heritage 50WG Daconil Ultrex 82.5WDG 0.56 oz 0.28 oz 1.82 oz 0.6 oz 1.2 oz 8 oz 6 oz 10 oz 2.0 oz 0.5 oz 3.2 oz 0.10 oz 0.25 oz 0.50 oz 0.70 oz 1.8 oz 1.8 oz 0.2 oz 0.25 oz 0.2 oz 0.5 oz 0.267 gal/A 0.535 gal/A 0.962 gal/A 0.3 oz 3.8 oz 67 14 14 Dollar spot sev (%) 6/29/00 2.75 0.08 0.53 Dollar spot sev (%) 7/24/00 3.50 0.00 0.00 14 28 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 0.93 0.93 1.55 2.50 0.13 0.00 0.80 3.75 3.53 1.80 1.65 0.90 1.30 6.78 0.00 0.10 1.88 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.03 2.50 1.53 0.15 0.03 0.03 3.63 4.28 14 0.40 0.00 14 14 14 14 14 14 0.20 3.75 4.20 1.63 2.00 2.28 2.71 0.00 4.75 3.13 2.50 1.78 0.80 2.83 Interval (days) 1991 Corn Gluten Meal Crabgrass Control Study - Year 10 Barbara R. Bingaman,Troy R. Oster, and Nick E. Christians Com gluten meal (CGM) has been screened for efficacy as a natural product herbicide and fertilizer in turf on the same plot since 1991. The study is being conducted at the Iowa State University Research Station north of Ames, IA in an area of 'Parade' Kentucky bluegrass. The soil in this experimental area is a Nicollet (fine-loamy, mixed, mesic Aquic Hapludoll) with an organic matter content of 4.2%, a pH of 6.75, 17 ppm P, and 103 ppm K. Individual experimental plots are 5 x 5 ft and there are 5 treatments with 3 replications. The experimental design is a randomized complete block. Corn gluten meal is applied each year to the same plots at 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, and 120 lbs/1000 ft2 (Table 1). Because corn gluten meal is 10% N, these rates are equivalent to 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 lb N/1000 ft2. The CGM is applied each year in a single, early-spring preemergence application using 'shaker dispensers'. The materials are watered in with the irrigation system. Supplemental irrigation is used to provide adequate moisture to maintain the grass in good growing condition. In 2000, applications were made on April 18. Turf quality was monitored from April 26 through August 24 (Table 1). Visual turf quality was assessed using a 9 to 1 scale with 9 = best, 6 = lowest acceptable, and 1 = worst turf quality. Additional quality data were taken on October 27 because above normal temperatures and moderate rainfall resulted in a 'greenup' of the turf. Weed populations were measured by either counting the number of plants or estimating the percentage cover per individual plot. Crabgrass plants in the 1- to 3-leaf stage were found in late June. Crabgrass count data represent the number of plants per individual plot. The crabgrass plants were large enough by July 14 to count the number per plot. Subsequent counts were made on July 25, August 2, August 8, August 16, August 24, and September 12 (Table 2). The predominate broadleaf species were dandelion and clover. Dandelion infestations were determined by counting the number of plants per individual plot. Clover populations were estimated by assessing the percentage area of each plot covered by clover. Dandelion and clover cover data were taken on May 2, June 2, June 15, June 22, June 30, July 7, July 14, July 25, August 2, August 8, August 16, August 24, and September 12. These numbers were converted to represent the percentage reductions as compared with the untreated controls (Tables 3 and 4). Data were analyzed with the Statistical Analysis System (SAS, Version 6.12) and the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) procedure. Effects of CGM on bluegrass quality and weed control were examined using Fisher’s Least Significant Difference (LSD) means comparison tests. Spring 2000 was quite warm and dry with above-average temperatures and below-average rainfall. At spring greenup in April, there were slight quality differences between treated and untreated turf but by mid-May, the differences were quite distinct (Table 1). Quality differences between CGM-treated turf and untreated turf were significantly different for the entire season but on some dates, the quality of turf treated at various CGM levels was not different from the untreated control. By mid- to late-July, the quality of all treated and untreated turf began to deteriorate because of the lack of rainfall. Some rainfall improved turf quality by late August. Late season data from October 27 show a definite CGM effect in turf treated with CGM at 60 lb/1000 ft2 and above. Treatment with CGM resulted in numeric reductions in crabgrass populations for the entire season but the differences were not statistically s ificant (Table 2). Mean crabgrass reductions for the entire season were ;> 98% for all CGM rates except 20 lb/10C ft2 (Table 2). In 1997 through 1999, crabgrass counts were higher in turf treated with 20 lb/1000 ft2 than in untreated turf. In 2000, crabgrass counts were higher in untreated turf and CGM at 20 lb/1000 ft2 provided a 63.3% reduction in crabgrass (Table 5). Reductions in crabgrass counts for 2000 were higher than in 1997, 1998, and 1999 at all other CGM levels. Dandelion counts were significantly reduced by CGM at all levels except 20 lb/1000 ft2 as compared with the untreated control (Table 3). Mean reductions were at least 89.5% for CGM at 40 lb/1000 ft2 and higher and greater than 96% for CGM at 60 lb/1000 ft2 and higher. In 2000, CGM at 20 and 40 lb/1000 ft2 reduced dandelion populations more than in 1997, 1998, and 1999. Dandelion control at the other CGM rates was similar to the levels in 1999 (Table 6). Percentage clover cover was significantly reduced in turf treated with CGM as compared with the untreated controls for the entire season except July 14 (Table 4). Mean reductions in clover cover were > 79% as compared with the untreated controls in turf treated with CGM at all levels except 20 lb (Table 7). Clover control in 2000 was similar to that in previous years except at 20 lb/1000 ft2. At this rate, the level of clover control was higher than in 1998 and 1999. 68 Table 1. Visual quality1of Kentucky bluegrass treated in the 1991 Com Gluten Meal Weed Control Study. lbs CGM lbs N April May May May May 17 23 Material 26 2 /1000 ft2 /1000 ft2 10 1 Untreated control 0 5.3 6.0 0 5.3 5.0 5.3 6.7 6.3 20 2 2 Com gluten meal 6.0 5.3 6.3 40 4 6.7 7.0 6.0 6.0 7.3 3 Corn gluten meal 5.7 6.7 7.7 7.7 4 Corn gluten meal 60 6 7.0 80 8.3 8.0 5 Corn gluten meal 8 6.0 6.0 8.0 100 10 7.7 8.0 8.3 7.0 7.0 6 Corn gluten meal 7 Corn gluten meal 120 12 8.7 8.3 7.0 7.3 8.0 1.1 1.1 0.7 0.9 1.2 LSDo.os June June 22 30 1 6.0 5.3 2 6.7 6.7 3 8.0 8.0 8.7 8.7 4 5 9.0 9.0 6 9.0 9.0 7 9.0 9.0 0.7 0.6 LSDo.os V isual quality was assessed using a 9 to 1 scale with 9 = best, Material Untreated control Com gluten meal Corn gluten meal Com gluten meal Com gluten meal Corn gluten meal Corn gluten meal lbs CGM /1000 ft2 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 June 2 5.3 6.7 7.7 8.3 8.7 8.3 8.0 1.0 Aug July Aug July July 2 16 7 14 25 6.3 6.3 6.3 5.3 6.0 6.7 6.0 6.0 6.3 6.3 6.7 6.7 7.0 6.7 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.3 7.0 7.0 6.7 7.0 8.7 7.0 7.0 7.7 7.7 8.7 7.7 7.7 7.7 7.3 8.7 8.0 8.3 0.7 0.9 0.7 1.0 0.8 6 = lowest acceptable, and 1 = worst turf quality. June 8 5.3 6.7 7.3 7.7 8.3 8.0 8.0 1.1 Aug June 15 5.7 6.7 7.7 8.0 7.7 8.7 8.0 0.8 Oct 24 27 6.3 6.3 7.0 7.3 7.7 8.3 8.0 0.8 5.3 5.7 6.7 8.0 8.0 9.0 8.7 0.8 Mean 5.7 6.4 7.0 7.4 7.7 8.0 8.1 0.4 Table 2. Percentage crabgrass count reductions1in Kentucky bluegrass treated in the 1991 Com Gluten Meal Weed Control Study. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Material Untreated control Com gluten meal Com gluten meal Com gluten meal Corn gluten meal Com gluten meal Corn gluten meal lbs CGM /1000 ft2 0 July 14 July 25 0.0 0.0 August August 8 2 0.0 0.0 August 16 August 24 0.0 0.0i Sept 12 Mean 0.0 0.0 63.3 71.8 58.2 68.2 61.6 66.3 72.5 59.6 100.0 100.0i 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0' 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 89.1 100.0 97.7 100.0 100.0i 100.0 98.1 100.0 100.0> 100.0 98.9 95.5 100.0 100.0 97.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0I 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 NS NS NS NS NS NS NS* NS LSDo.os 'These values represent percentage reductions in the number of crabgrass plants per plot as compared to the untreated control. NS = means are not significantly different at the 0.05 level. 20 40 60 80 100 120 Table 3. Percentage dandelion count reductions1 in Kentucky bluegrass treated in the 1991 Com Gluten Meal Weed Control Study. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Material Untreated control Com gluten meal Com gluten meal Com gluten meal Com gluten meal Com gluten meal Com gluten meal lbs CGM /1000 ft2 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 LSDo.os 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Material Untreated control Com gluten meal Com gluten meal Com gluten meal Com gluten meal Com gluten meal Com gluten meal lbs CGM /1000 ft2 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 May 2 June 2 June 15 June 22 June 30 July 7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 31.5 81.9 91.7 94.7 93.2 100.0 48.9 11.6 91.8 97.3 97.3 97.3 98.2 48.6 44.3 84.6 96.2 95.2 98.1 99.0 42.6 35.1 88.8 97.0 95.5 94.0 98.5 55.2 43.9 93.6 96.8 96.0 96.0 99.2 52.8 4.9 87.3 97.5 97.5 96.2 100.0 65.5 July 14 July 25 Aug 2 Aug 8 Aug 24 Sept 12 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 25.3 48.0 88.6 92.0 96.2 97.3 97.5 97.3 98.7 96.2 98.7 100.0 44.4 44.2 the untreated control. 33.2 89.5 96.3 96.0 96.5 99.2 48.5 34.0 8.0 92.8 93.4 99.0 98.4 100.0 93.4 96.9 96.7 100.0 100.0 57.5 52.3 LSDo.os 1iv ._____ .__________ : ' 'These values represent percentage reductions in the number of dandelion 7.8 43.0 92.2 90.8 96.0 93.9 96.0 90.8 100.0 96.9 100.0 96.9 58.5 52.6 plants per plot as compared to 69 Mean Table 4. Percentage clover cover reductions1 in Kentucky bluegrass treated in the 1991 Corn Gluten Meal Weed Control Study. May June lbs CGM June June June July 2 2 Material /1000 ft2 15 22 30 7 1 Untreated control 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2 Com gluten meal 20 78.5 70.8 70.0 64.3 63.1 69.5 85.7 87.5 81.8 81.4 3 Com gluten meal 40 73.9 84.5 64.2 66.7 4 Com gluten meal 60 73.5 82.2 78.3 80.0 5 Com gluten meal 80 98.6 82.5 93.5 95.2 95.0 94.5 91.7 100 92.8 6 Com gluten meal 93.5 89.3 93.0 93.5 7 Com gluten meal 120 92.8 95.8 85.3 92.9 88.7 94.5 18.4 43.1 27.0 36.1 32.7 24.7 L S D 0.05 July July Aug Aug Aug 14 25 24 2 8 1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 60.0 57.1 64.7 2 70.8 84.0 80.0 74.3 74.1 78.4 3 78.3 4 70.0 85.7 82.3 90.8 84.0 79.0 93.3 5 94.6 99.2 100.0 84.0 85.7 6 82.3 90.8 88.0 7 89.0 90.5 92.9 95.2 95.0 40.7 61.6 58.3 40.5 33.2 L S D q.05 'These values represent percentage reductions in the clover cover per plot as compared to the untreated control. Material Untreated control Com gluten meal Com gluten meal Com gluten meal Com gluten meal Com gluten meal Com gluten meal lbs CGM /1000 ft2 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 Sept 12 0.0 76.4 63.5 82.3 98.8 88.2 92.9 51.1 Mean 0.0 68.6 79.0 78.7 93.9 90.2 91.8 27.7 Table 5. Comparisons of the mean crabgrass count reductions1 in Kentucky bluegrass treated in the 1991 Com Gluten Meal Weed Control Study for 1991 through 2000. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Material Untreated control Com gluten meal Corn gluten meal Corn gluten meal Corn gluten meal Corn gluten meal Corn gluten meal lbs CGM /1000 ft2 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 1991 0 58 86 97 87 79 97 26 1992 0 85 98 98 93 94 100 44 1994 0 70 97 98 87 86 98 39 1993 0 91 98 93 93 95 100 31 1995 0 36 88 93 75 75 84 40 1996 0 15 97 85 69 87 97 60 l s d 005 TTT 1These values represent reductions in crabgrass plants per plot as compared with the untreated controls. NS = means are not significantly different at the 0.05 level. 1997 0 0 79 82 54 79 82 NS 1998 0 0 91 92 56 83 76 NS Table 6. Comparisons of the mean percentage dandelion count reductions1in Kentucky bluegrass treated in the 1991 Com Gluten Meal Weed Control Study for 1994 through lbs CGM Material /1000 ft2 1 Untreated control 0 2 Corn gluten meal 20 3 Com gluten meal 40 4 Com gluten meal 60 5 Corn gluten meal 80 6 Com gluten meal 100 7 Corn gluten meal 120 2000. 1994 1997 1995 1996 1998 0 0 0 0 0 71 49 24 33 5 77 100 75 76 72 100 89 84 79 83 98 96 95 93 91 100 98 96 88 89 97 100 100 100 97 50 65 60 61 37 L S D 0.05 “ TT7—------ .............. .... . 'These values represent the reductions in dandelion counts per plot as compared with the untreated controls. 1999 0 1 77 92 94 97 99 25 2000 0 33 90 96 96 97 99 49 Table 7. Comparisons of the mean percentage clover cover reductions1 in Kentucky bluegrass treated in the 1991 Com Gluten Meal Weed Control Study for 1994 through 2000._______________________________________________________________ lbs CGM 1994 /1000 ft2 Material 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 0 0 1 Untreated control 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 2 Corn gluten meal 81 56 71 63 27 40 69 64 3 Com gluten meal 82 87 40 90 84 82 79 4 Com gluten meal 60 98 93 93 95 82 85 79 5 Com gluten meal 80 100 76 90 95 93 92 94 84 92 6 Corn gluten meal 100 9* 76 90 90 90 7 Com gluten meal 120 90 93 93 93 90 88 92 NS 48 29 26 21 27 28 L S D o os "It .______,__ ' TT 'These values represent reductions in percentage clover cover per plot as compared with the untreated controls. NS = means are not significantly different at the 0.05 level. 70 1999 0 0 99 99 95 96 97 68 2000 0 63 100 100 98 99 100 NS 1995 Corn Gluten Meal Rate Weed Control Study - Year 6 Barbara R. Bingaman and Nick E. Christians Corn gluten meal (CGM) is being screened for efficacy as a natural product herbicide in turf. This long-term study was begun in 1995 at the Iowa State University Horticulture Research Station north of Ames, IA. The experimental is in established 'Ram T Kentucky bluegrass. The soil is a Nicollet (fine-loamy, mixed, mesic Aquic Hapludoll) with an organic matter content of 4.2%, a pH of 6.85, 6 ppm P, and 120 ppm K. Prior to treatment in 1995, the percentage broadleaf weed cover within the study perimeter exceeded 50%. Individual experimental plots are 10 x 10 ft with three replications. The experimental design is a randomized complete block design. Each year corn gluten meal is applied to the same plots at a yearly rate of 40 lb CGM/1000 ft2 (equivalent to 4 lb N/1000 ft2) using four different regimes of single and split applications for a total of five treatments (Table 1). Four applications of 10 lb/1000 ft2, split applications of 20 lb/1000 ft2, an initial application of 30 lb plus a sequential of 10 lb/1000 ft2, and a single application of 40 lb/1000 ft2 are included with an untreated control. Initial applications for 2000 were made on April 18 before crabgrass germination. It was warm (65°) and sunny with a SW wind and the temperatures remained warm with only 0.13" rainfall for the remainder of April. The second application of treatment 2 was made on June 19 under sunny skies with a high temperature of 83° and a SW wind. The third application of treatment 2 and the second of treatments 3 and 4 were made on July 27. It was 86°, sunny and dry. There was no rain until August 4 and only 2.43" of rainfall for the entire month of August. The final application of treatment 2 was made on September 5. Temperatures remained above normal for the entire month of September and rainfall amounts were below normal. The experimental plot was checked for phytotoxicity after each treatment. Turf quality data were taken weekly from spring greenup on April 26 through September 12. Visual quality was measured using a 9 to 1 scale with 9 = best and 6 = lowest acceptable, and 1 = worst quality (Table 1). Crabgrass was first observed on June 27. Population data were recorded on July 14, July 25, August 2, August 8, August 16, August 24, August 29 and September 12 (Tables 2 and 3). Broadleaf data were taken from April 26 through September 12. Dandelion and clover were the predominate broadleaf weed species within the experimental plot. Dandelion populations were measured counting the number of plants per plot Tables 4 and 5). Clover infestations were estimated by determining the percentage area in each individual plot covered by clover (Tables 6 and 7). Data were analyzed with the Statistical Analysis System (SAS, Version 6.12) and the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) procedure. Means comparisons were made with Fisher’s Least Significant Difference test (LSD). Crabgrass, clover, and dandelion population data were converted to percentage reductions as compared with the untreated controls (Tables 3, 5, and 7). The 2000 growing season was extremely dry. As a result there was less response to the nitrogen in the corn gluten meal than in previous years. Supplemental irrigation was used as required to keep the bluegrass from entering dormancy. In spite of the growing conditions, turf quality was significantly better in bluegrass treated with CGM than in the untreated control for most of the season (Table 1). By September 5, the turf was dormant but rainfall in late October resulted in significant greening so additional data were taken on October 27. On this date, turfgrass that received sequential applications (treatments 2, 3, and 4) had better quality than the untreated control and treated turf that received only an initial CGM treatment. Mean visual quality for the entire season was better for bluegrass treated with CGM than the untreated grass. Crabgrass populations were statistically reduced by CGM at all application rates as compared with the untreated control from August 2 through September 12 (Table 2). The best crabgrass control was in turf treated with split applications of 20 lb CGM but this level of control was not statistically different from the other CGM treatments. Mean reductions in crabgrass counts were > 85% in all CGM treated turf as compared with the untreated control (Table 3). 71 In 2000, crabgrass counts in CGM treated turf were statistically lower than in the untreated control (Table 8). Crabgrass control was better at all CGM treatment levels than in previous years. Four sequential applications of 10 lb CGM provided 85% reduction in crabgrass counts in 2000 but only 28, 0, 48, 42, and 67% in 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, and 1999, respectively. Split applications of 20 lb CGM provided 100% crabgrass reductions in 2000 as compared to 45, 33, 50, 86, and 95% in 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, and 1999, respectively. A single 40 lb CGM application decreased crabgrass counts by 92% in 2000. Dandelion numbers were significantly lower in all CGM treated turf as compared with the untreated controls for the entire 2000 season (Table 4). The highest level of dandelion control (88.4% reduction) was in turf treated with split applications of 20 lb CGM but this control was not different from the other CGM treatments. Mean crabgrass reductions were similar for all CGM treatments and ranged from 77.8 to 88.4% (Table 5). Dandelion control was equal to or slightly better than control in previous years (Table 10). Dandelion reductions were 48, 50, 66, and 69% in 1996, 1997, 1998, and 1999, respectively as compared with 78% in 2000. Clover cover fluctuated throughout the season because of the dry conditions. Clover populations were significantly lower in all CGM treated turf than in untreated on all data collection dates except May 2 and June 2 (Table 6). Mean reductions for all CGM treatments were > 94% and all were statistically different from the untreated controls (Table 7). Clover control in 2000 was approximately equal to control in 1999. At all CGM treatment levels, control was better than control in 1996, 1997 and 1998 (Table 11). Table 1. Visual quality1 of Kentucky bluegrass treated with corn gluten meal in the 1995 Corn Gluten Meal Rate Weed Control Study (April 26 - October 27).______________________________________________________________________________ April May May May May June June June June June Rate 17 2 10 23 2 8 22 Material lb product/1000 ft2 26 15 30 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Untreated control Corn gluten meal Corn gluten meal Corn gluten meal Corn gluten meal NA 10 fb 10 fb 10 fb 10 20 fb 20 30 fb 10 40 6.0 8.7 7.0 6.7 6.3 0.8 5.7 8.7 8.3 7.7 6.7 1.1 6.0 7.7 7.7 7.3 8.0 NS 6.0 7.7 8.3 8.3 8.3 1.0 6.0 7.3 8.3 9.0 9.0 0.7 6.0 7.3 7.7 8.3 8.7 1.1 6.0 7.0 7.7 8.7 8.7 0.8 6.0 7.0 7.7 8.3 8.7 0.9 6.0 7.0 7.7 8.7 9.0 0.7 6.0 7.0 8.0 8.7 8.3 0.8 Rate lb product/1000 ft2 July 7 July 14 July 25 Aug 2 Aug 8 Aug 24 Aug 29 Sept 5 Oct 27 Mean NA 10 fb 10 fb 10 fb 10 20 fb 20 30 fb 10 40 6.0 8.0 7.3 8.0 8.7 1.2 6.0 8.7 7.0 8.0 8.3 0.8 6.0 7.7 7.3 7.7 8.3 NS 6.0 8.3 7.0 8.3 8.7 1.2 6.0 8.3 7.3 7.7 8.0 1.62 6.0 8.0 8.3 8.3 7.3 1.3 6.0 8.0 8.0 8.7 7.7 1.5 6.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 NS 6.0 8.3 8.3 8.0 7.3 1.6 6.0 7.8 7.7 8.1 8.1 0.5 L S D o.o5 Material 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Untreated control Corn gluten meal Corn gluten meal Corn gluten meal Corn gluten meal L S D 0.05 Visual quality was assessed using a 9 to 1 scale with 9 = best, 6 = lowest acceptable, and 1 = worst turf quality. 2For these data P > F=0.07 Initial applications were made on April 18. Sequential applications of treatment 2 were made on June 29, July 27, and September 5. Sequential applications of treatments 3 & 4 were made on July 27. NS = means are not significantly different at the 0.05 level. Table 2. Crabgrass counts1 in Kentucky bluegrass treated with corn gluten meal in the 1995 Corn Gluten Meal Rate Weed Control Study._________________ _________________________________________________________________ Rate July July Aug Aug Aug Aug Aug Sept Material 14 2 16 24 12 lb product/1000 ft2 25 Mean 8 29 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 1-T-l Untreated control Corn gluten meal Corn gluten meal Corn gluten meal Com gluten meal L S D q.05 NA 10 fb 10 fb 10 fb 10 20 fb 20 30 fb 10 40 4.3 5.7 13.0 1.7 15.7 1.7 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 1.0 NS 0.3 NS 1These values represent the number of crabgrass plants per plot. 2For these data P > F = 0.08. NS = means are not significantly different at the 0.05 level. 72 2.0 12.62 47.0 10.0 0.3 4.3 3.0 36.22 59.0 6.0 0.3 2.7 3.3 38.9 39.3 5.0 0.3 3.3 2.3 24.8 55.0 5.0 0.3 5.3 4.3 36.0 34.0 4.3 0 .0 3.3 5.3 16.7 33.4 4.9 0.2 2.4 2.7 21.0 Table 3. Crabgrass count reductions1 in Kentucky bluegrass treated with corn gluten meal in the 1995 Corn Gluten Meal Rate Weed Control Study._____________________________________________________________________ Material 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Untreated control Corn gluten meal Corn gluten meal Corn gluten meal Corn gluten meal LSDo.os Rate lb product/1000 ft2 July 14 July 25 Aug 2 Aug 8 Aug 16 Aug 24 Aug 29 Sept 12 Mean NA 10 fb 10 fb 10 fb 10 20 fb 20 30 fb 10 40 0.0 0.0 100.0 100.0 76.7 NS 0.0 87.2 100.0 100.0 97.4 NS 0. 89.4 100.0 100.0 87.3 80.52 0.0 78.7 99.3 90.8 93.6 77.02 0.0 89.8 99.4 95.5 94.4 65.9 0.0 87.3 99.2 91.5 94.1 63.1 0.0 90.9 99.4 90.3 92.1 65.4 0.0 87.3 100.0 90.2 84.3 49.1 0.0 85.3 99.5 92.9 91.9 63.0 1These values represent the percentage reduction in crabgrass plants per plot as compared with the untreated control. 2For these data P > F = 0.08. NS = means are not significantly different at the 0.05 level. Table 4. Dandelion counts1 in Kentucky bluegrass treated with corn gluten meal in the 1995 Corn Gluten Meal Rate Weed Control Study._________________________________________________________________________ June June June April July May May June Rate 17 22 30 7 2 2 15 lb product/1000 ft2 26 Material 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Untreated control Corn gluten meal Corn gluten meal Corn gluten meal Corn gluten meal LSD0.05 Material 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Untreated control Corn gluten meal Corn gluten meal Corn gluten meal Corn gluten meal NA 10 fb 10 fb 10 fb 10 20 fb 20 30 fb 10 40 65.7 17.0 10.7 18.0 18.0 32.4 71.3 19.7 11.3 21.3 17.7 31.1 61.3 9.3 8.3 11.7 11.3 29.8 58.3 16.3 9.0 16.3 15.0 25.2 59.3 15.7 7.7 13.7 13.7 21.6 78.3 23.0 9.0 18.0 24.3 34.0 68.7 17.3 7.7 13.0 14.7 25.3 68.3 17.7 6.3 13.7 14.3 24.1 Rate lb product/1000 ft2 July 14 July 25 Aug 2 Aug 8 Aug 24 Aug 29 Sept 12 Mean NA 10 fb 10 fb 10 fb 10 20 fb 20 30 fb 10 40 61.7 9.7 6.3 6.7 9.0 17.5 68.0 14.7 6.0 11.0 11.3 28.9 68.7 14.7 7.3 12.0 12.3 27.5 67.3 10.3 5.3 7.0 9.3 28.3 54.3 8.0 5.0 7.3 9.0 16.5 48.7 9.0 3.7 8.7 10.7 26.1 56.3 9.7 7.0 12.0 12.7 20.9 63.8 14.1 7.4 12.7 13.6 24.4 LSD o.os 'These data represent the number of dandelion plants per plot. Table 5. Dandelion count reductions1 in Kentucky bluegrass treated with corn gluten meal in the 1995 Corn Gluten Meal Rate Weed Control Study. June April May June June June May Rate 22 2 17 2 15 30 lb product/1000 ft2 26 Material 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Untreated control Corn gluten meal Corn gluten meal Corn gluten meal Corn gluten meal NA 10 fb 10 fb 10 fb 10 20 fb 20 30 fb 10 40 0.0 74.1 83.8 72.6 72.6 49.3 0.0 72.4 84.1 70.1 78.2 43.6 0.0 84.8 86.4 81.0 81.5 48.7 0.0 72.0 84.6 72.0 74.3 43.3 0.0 73.6 87.1 77.0 77.0 36.4 0.0 70.6 88.5 77.0 68.9 43.4 0.0 74.8 88.8 81.1 78.7 36.8 0.0 74.1 90.7 80.0 79.0 35.3 Rate lb product/1000 ft2 July 14 July 25 Aug 2 Aug 8 Aug 24 Aug 29 Sept 12 Mean NA 10 fb 10 fb 10 fb 10 20 fb 20 30 fb 10 40 0.0 84.3 89.7 89.2 85.4 28.4 0.0 78.4 91.2 83.8 83.3 42.4 0.0 78.7 89.3 82.5 82.0 40.0 0.0 84.6 92.1 89.6 86.1 42.1 0.0 85.3 90.8 86.5 83.5 30.3 0.0 81.5 92.5 82.2 78.1 53.5 0.0 82.8 87.6 78.7 77.5 37.1 0.0 77.8 88.4 80.1 78.8 38.3 LSD o.os Material 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. l-m Untreated control Corn gluten meal Corn gluten meal Corn gluten meal Corn gluten meal LSD o.os July 7 'These values represent the percentage reductions in dandelion counts per plot as compared with the untreated control. 73 Table 6. Percentage clover cover1 in Kentucky bluegrass treated with corn gluten meal in the 1995 Corn Gluten Meal Rate Weed Control Study.______________________________________________________ 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Material Rate lb product/1000 ft2 April 26 May 2 May 17 June 2 June 15 June 22 June 30 July 7 Untreated control Corn gluten meal Corn gluten meal Corn gluten meal Corn gluten meal NA 10 fb 10 fb 10 fb 10 20 fb 20 30 fb 10 40 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 3.7 0.3 1.7 0.3 0.3 NS 30.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 16.6 13.7 0.7 0.3 0.3 0.7 NS 13.3 0.0 0.7 0.3 0.3 8.6 13.3 0.7 0.0 0.3 0.7 8.7 30.0 0.3 0.7 0.7 1.0 14.9 38.3 0.3 2.0 2.3 0.3 16.8 Rate lb product/1000 ft2 July 14 July 25 Aug 2 Aug 8 Aug 24 Aug 29 Sept 12 Mean NA 10 fb 10 fb 10 fb 10 20 fb 20 30 fb 10 40 15.0 0.3 0.3 2.0 0.7 7.4 21.7 0.0 0.3 2.0 0.3 8.6 31.7 1.7 0.7 0.7 2.0 7.0 12.7 1.7 1.0 0.6 1.7 7.8 38.3 0.7 0.0 1.7 3.3 10.4 33.3 0.3 0.7 2.0 1.7 12.9 35.0 1.7 2.0 3.3 1.7 8.1 22.0 0.6 0.7 1.1 1.1 6.9 L S D o.o5 Material 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Untreated control Corn gluten meal Corn gluten meal Corn gluten meal Corn gluten meal L S D 0.05 'T h e s e figures represent th e p ercentage of ea c h plot covered by clover. NS = m ean s a re not significantly different at the 0 .0 5 level. Table 7. Percentage clover cover reductions1 in Kentucky bluegrass treated with corn gluten meal in the 1995 Corn Gluten Meal Rate Weed Control Study. April Rate May May June June June June July Material lb product/1000 ft2 2 17 2 22 30 7 26 15 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Untreated control Corn gluten meal Corn gluten meal Corn gluten meal Corn gluten meal NA 10 fb 10 fb 10 fb 10 20 fb 20 30 fb 10 40 0.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 69.5 0.0 91.0 55.0 91.0 91.0 NS 0.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 93.3 55.2 0.0 95.1 97.6 97.6 95.1 NS 0.0 100.0 95.0 97.5 97.5 64.9 0.0 95.0 100.0 97.5 95.0 65.6 0.0 98.9 97.8 97.8 96.7 49.7 0.0 99.1 94.8 93.9 99.1 43.8 Rate lb product/1000 ft2 July 14 July 25 Aug 2 Aug 8 Aug 24 Aug 29 Sept 12 Mean NA 10 fb 10 fb 10 fb 10 20 fb 20 30 fb 10 40 0.0 97.8 97.8 86.7 95.6 49.5 0.0 100.0 98.5 90.8 98.5 39.5 0.0 94.7 97.9 97.9 93.7 22.0 0.0 84.9 92.1 97.4 86.9 61.7 0.0 98.3 100.0 95.6 91.3 27.0 0.0 99.0 98.0 94.0 95.0 38.7 0.0 95.2 94.3 90.5 95.2 23.3 0.0 97.4 96.9 95.1 94.9 31.3 L S D o.o5 Material 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Untreated control Corn gluten meal Corn gluten meal Corn gluten meal Corn gluten meal L S D 0.05 1These figures represent the percentage reductions in clover cover per plot as compared to the untreated control. NS = means are not significantly different at the 0.05 level. Table 8. Crabgrass counts1 in Kentucky bluegrass treated in the 1995 Corn Gluten Meal Rate Weed Control Study for 1996 through 2000.________________________________________________________ Rate Material lb product/1000 ft2 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. w. Untreated control Corn gluten meal Corn gluten meal Corn gluten meal Corn gluten meal NA 10 fb 10 fb 10 fb 10 20 fb 20 30 fb 10 40 L S D 0.05 4 7 3 1 5 NS 36 19 18 14 37 NS 'These values represent the number of crabgrass plants per plot. NS = means are not significantly different at the 0.05 level. 74 19 11 3 4 9 NS 102 33 5 17 10 NS 33 5 0 2 3 21 Table 9. Percentage crabgrass count reductions1 in Kentucky bluegrass treated in the 1995 Corn Gluten Meal Rate Weed Control Study for 1995 through 2000._______________________________ Rate 1997 1998 1999 2000 lb product/1000 ft2 1995 1996 Material 0 1. Untreated control NA 0 0 0 0 0 42 67 85 2. Corn gluten meal 10 fb 10 fb 10 fb 10 28 0 48 45 33 50 86 95 100 3. Corn gluten meal 20 fb 20 44 67 86 93 4. Corn gluten meal 61 78 30 fb 10 54 92 0 0 53 90 5. Corn gluten meal 40 NS NS NS NS NS 63 L S D 0.05 TTT“ 'These values represent the percentage reductions in crabgrass plants per plot as compared with the untreated controls. NS = means are not significantly different at the 0.05 level. " Table 10. Percentage dandelion count reductions1 in Kentucky bluegrass treated in the 1995 Corn Gluten Meal Rate Weed Control Study for 1996 through 2000._____________ Rate 1997 2000 1998 1999 lb product/1000 ft2 1996 Material NA 0 0 0 0 1. Untreated control 0 66 69 78 2. Corn gluten meal 10 fb 10 fb 10 fb 10 48 50 50 60 59 85 88 3. Corn gluten meal 20 fb 20 4. Corn gluten meal 30 fb 10 28 28 69 76 80 62 79 50 58 79 5. Corn gluten meal 40 21 38 38 NS NS L S D o.o5 t t -t • 'These figures represent the percentage reductions in dandelion counts per plot as compared to the untreated control. NS = means are not significantly different at the 0.05 level. Table 11. Percentage clover cover reductions1 in Kentucky bluegrass treated in the 1995 Corn Gluten Meal Rate Weed Control Study for 1996 through 2000.___________________ Rate 1997 2000 1996 1998 1999 lb product/1000 ft2 Material 1. Untreated control NA 0 0 0 0 0 97 74 96 2. Corn gluten meal 45 65 10 fb 10 fb 10 fb 10 97 82 72 99 69 3. Corn gluten meal 20 fb 20 64 4. Corn gluten meal 90 92 99 95 30 fb 10 92 83 93 100 95 5. Corn gluten meal 40 71 NS 49 31 58 L S D 0.05 1These figures represent the percentage reductions in clover cover per plot as compared to the untreated control. NS = means are not significantly different at the 0.05 level. 75 1999 Corn Gluten Meal/Urea Crabgrass Control Study - Year 2 Barbara R. Bingamanand Nick E. Chris This study was initiated in 1999 to determine if the levels of annual grass and broadleaf weed control provided by corn gluten meal (CGM) treatments can be explained by the nitrogen response of treated bluegrass and not herbicidal activity of CGM. The study is being conducted at the Iowa State University Research Station north of Ames, IA in an area of 'Parade' Kentucky bluegrass. The soil in this experimental area is a Nicollet (fine-loamy, mixed, mesic Aquic Hapludoll) with an organic matter content of 4.2% a pH of 6.75, 17 ppm P, and 103 ppm K. The experimental design is a randomized complete block with three replications. Individual experimental plots are 5 x 5 ft with five treatments. Corn gluten meal and urea are applied yearly to the same plots at an annual rate of 4 lbs N/1000 ft2 (Table 1). Treatments included split applications of 2 lb N/1000 ft2 and four applications of 1 lb N/1000 ft2. The CGM and urea are applied using cardboard containers as 'shaker dispensers'. The materials are watered-in with the irrigation system. Supplemental irrigation is used to provide adequate moisture to maintain the grass in good growing condition. In 2000, initial applications of all urea and CGM treatments were made on April 21. Sequential applications of 1 lb N/1000 ft2 were made on July 7, July 27, and September 5. The second applications of 2 lb N/1000 ft2 for urea and CGM (Treatment 3 and 5) were made on July 27. Turf quality was monitored from May 2 through September 12 (Table 1). Visual turf quality was assessed using a 9 to 1 scale with 9 = best, 6 = lowest acceptable, and 1 = worst turf quality. Additional quality data were taken on October 27 because above-normal temperatures and moderate rainfall resulted in a 'greenup' of the turf. Table 1. Material 1 Untreated control 2 Corn gluten meal 3 Corn gluten meal 4 Urea (46-0-0) 5 Urea (46-0-0) Number of applications May 2 May 10 May 17 May 23 June 2 June 8 June 15 June 22 June 30 July 7 NA 7.0 6.7 6.7 6.7 6.0 6.3 6.0 6.0 6.7 7.0 4 2 4 2 6.3 6.0 7.0 7.7 6.3 6.7 8.7 8.3 6.7 6.7 7.7 7.7 7.3 7.0 7.7 8.3 7.3 8.0 6.7 8.0 7.7 8.0 7.3 7.7 7.7 8.3 7.0 8.3 7.3 8.7 7.3 8.3 7.3 8.0 7.3 8.7 7.7 8.0 7.7 8.3 1.12 1.2 NS NS 1.0 1.0 1.3 0.9 NS NS L S D 0.05 Material 1 Untreated control 2 Corn gluten meal 3 Corn gluten meal 4 Urea (46-0-0) 5 Urea (46-0-0) L S D 0.05 Number of applications July 14 July 25 Aug 2 Aug 8 Aug 16 Aug 24 Aug 29 Sept 5 Sept 12 Oct 27 Mean NA 6.3 7.0 6.3 6.3 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.3 4.7 5.0 6.3 4 2 4 2 8.0 7.0 8.7 6.7 8.0 7.3 8.3 7.0 9.0 7.0 8.3 7.0 8.0 7.3 8.7 7.7 7.7 7.7 8.3 8.7 8.0 7.7 8.0 8.7 9.0 7.7 8.3 7.7 7.0 7.3 6.7 6.7 5.0 5.0 4.3 5.0 8.3 6.7 8.0 6.7 7.5 7.3 7.6 7.7 1.2 NS 1.8 1.4 0.6 1.1 0.8 NS NS 1.2 0.6 2These data are significantly different at the 0.06 level. Initial applications of all treatments were made on April 21. Sequential applications of treatments 2 and 4 were made on July 7, July 27, and September 5. The second applications of treatments 3 and 5 were made on July 27. NS = means are not significantly different at the 0.05 level. Crabgrass plants in the 1- to 3-leaf stage were found in late June. Crabgrass data represent the number of plants per individual plot. Crabgrass counts were made on August 16, August 29, and September 12 (Table 2). Broadleaf weed populations were measured by either counting the number of plants or estimating the percentage cover per individual plot. Data for dandelion and clover were taken on April 26, May 17 (clover only), June 22, July 25, August 2, August 29, and September 12. Dandelion infestations were determined by counting the number of plants per individual plot. Clover populations were estimated by assessing the percentage area of each plot covered by clover. 76 Data were analyzed with the Statistical Analysis System (SAS, Version 6.12) and the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) procedure. Effects of CGM and urea on bluegrass quality and weed control were examined using Fisher’s Least Significant Difference (LSD) means comparison tests. The 2000 growing season was quite warm and dry with above-average temperatures and below-average rainfall from April through September. Supplemental irrigation was required throughout the season to keep the bluegrass in good condition. In early May, bluegrass quality was improved on grass treated with urea. Response to CGM treatment was slower but the quality of urea and CGM treated turf was similar through June and better than the untreated control. As expected, quality improved following the sequential treatments of CGM and urea in July and August. By September, the high temperatures and below-normal rainfall caused the bluegrass to enter dormancy. Rainfall and moderate temperatures in October caused a late season greenup and on October 27, grass treated with CGM or urea on September 5 (Treatments 2 and 4) had significantly better quality than grass not receiving treatments on that date. Mean data for the entire season show that all CGM and urea-treated grass had better quality than untreated. There were no statistically significant differences in weed populations between the treated and untreated bluegrass. Crabgrass populations were low in all plots (Table 2). There were fewer crabgrass plants in untreated bluegrass than in treated because of increased competition from broadleaf weeds in the untreated grass. Dandelion populations were similar in treated and untreated bluegrass (Table 3). There were slight numerical differences but none were statistically different. Percentage clover cover also was similar in the treated and untreated bluegrass (Table 4). Through August 29, clover cover was numerically greater in bluegrass treated with CGM and urea in split applications of 2 lb/1000 ft2 than in the untreated controls. Table 2. Crabgrass counts1 in Kentucky bluegrass treated in the 1999 Corn Gluten Meal/Urea Weed Control Study. Number of Aug Aug Sept lbs N Mean 12 applications 16 29 Material /1000 ft2 1.7 1.2 1.0 1.0 1 Untreated control NA NA 2.7 2.7 3.4 4 4 5.0 2 Corn gluten meal 2.7 4.7 3.4 4 2 3.0 3 Corn gluten meal 4 Urea (46-0-0) 4 4 6.3 3.3 1.7 3.8 2.3 2.3 2.0 4 2 1.3 5 Urea (46-0-0) NS L S D 0.05 NS NS NS 'These values represent the number of crabgrass plants per plot covered. NS = means are not significantly different at the 0.05 level. Table 3. Dandelion counts1 in Kentucky Number of applications Material NA 1 Untreated control 2 Corn gluten meal 4 3 Corn gluten meal 2 4 Urea (46-0-0) 4 5 Urea (46-0-0) 2 L S D q.05 bluegrass treated in the 1999 Corn Gluten April June July Aug 22 25 2 26 20.0 23.0 20.3 21.3 20.7 31.7 20.0 30.0 29.7 17.7 19.7 21.7 21.7 21.0 15.0 20.0 21.7 17.3 19.3 18.3 NS NS NS NS Meal/Urea Aug 29 23.0 23.0 17.7 20.0 22.7 NS Weed Control Study. Sept Mean 12 22.4 26.7 24.0 24.9 21.1 20.3 19.7 19.6 20.7 25.0 NS NS 'These values represent the number of dandelion plants per plot. NS = means are not significantly different at the 0.05 level. Table 4. Percentage clover cover1 in Kentucky bluegrass treated in the 1999 Corn Gluten Meal/Urea Weed Study. Number of April May June July Aug Aug Sept 17 22 12 25 2 29 applications 26 Material 41.7 26.7 16.7 23.3 NA 6.7 31.7 33.3 1 Untreated control 36.7 28.7 33.3 33.3 30.0 16.7 2 Corn gluten meal 4 17.3 36.7 31.7 15.0 46.7 55.0 43.3 3 Corn gluten meal 2 23.3 36.7 33.7 13.7 6.7 4 33.3 20.0 4 18.7 Urea (46-0-0) 28.7 45.0 45.0 38.3 31.7 31.7 16.7 5 Urea (46-0-0) 2 L S D q.05 NS NS NS 'These values represent the area per plot covered by clover. NS = means are not significantly different at the 0.05 level. 77 NS NS NS NS Control Mean 25.7 28.0 36.0 23.2 33.9 NS 2000-2001 Arbuscular Mychorrhizal a n n u a Control Study Barbara R. Bingaman and Nick E. Christians This study was designed to screen arbuscular mychorrhizal material for effectiveness in improving the quality of creeping bentgrass and in reducing the growth of Poa annua. The experimental plot was on an established 'Penncross' creeping bentgrass sand-based practice green at Veenker Golf Course in Ames, IA with a relatively uniform Poa annua infestation in spring 2000. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with three replications. Individual plot size was 5 x 5 ft. The mychorrhizal material was applied at 0, 20, and 40 g/m2 timed to correspond with core aerification of the green. A Ryan GA30 aerifier was used with 5/8" cores spaced 2-1/2 x 3". Following removal of the cores, sand topdressing was added and smoothed across each 5 x 5 ' individual plot. The mychorrhizal material was added to the sand in the treated plots and raked into the cores. The whole plot was then overseeded with 'Penncross1 bentgrass at 1 lb/1000 ft2. The plot was watered under the normal watering schedule for the practice green. The mychorrizal material was applied in the spring on May 16 when the Poa annua infestation was 70 to 80%. Percentage Poa annua cover data were taken throughout the season (Table 1) and because no differences among treatments were found, the material was reapplied on September 20, 2000. Turf quality of the bentgrass also was monitored and no differences were noted (Table 2). Additional percentage Poa annua cover data were collected fall 2000 until the bentgrass was dormant and no differences were found. The study was surveyed April and May 2001 and no differences in Poa annua cover and visual quality were found between treated and untreated bentgrass. Table 1. Percentage Poa annua cover1 in creeping bentgrass treated for the 2000 Arbuscular Mychorrhizal Poa annua Control Study. Material 1. 2. 3. - it :'’" Untreated control Arbuscular mychorrhizal Arbuscular mychorrhizal LSD Rate g/m2 May 16 July 27 Aug 18 Sept 7 Sept 20 Oct 12 Mean NA 20 40 78.3 68.3 76.7 48.3 50.0 46.7 25.0 26.7 26.7 25.0 25.0 26.7 20.0 23.3 23.3 23.3 23.3 25.0 36.7 36.1 37.5 7.6 NS NS NS NS NS NS o .o5 'These data represent the percentage area per plot covered by Poa annua. Initial application of the mychorrhizal material was on May 16 and the material was reapplied on September 20, 2000. Table 2. Visual quality1 of creeping bentgrass treated for the 2000 Arbuscular Mychorrhizal Poa annua Control Study. Material 1. 2. 3. Untreated control Arbuscular mychorrhizal Arbuscular mychorrhizal L S D q.05 Rate g/m2 May 16 July 27 August 18 Sept 7 Sept 20 Oct 12 Mean NA 20 40 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 -- -- -- - -- -- - 'These data were not applicable for means comparisons such as LSD. 78 1999 Kentucky Bluegrass Cultivar/Crabgrass Control Study Barbara R. Bingaman and Nick E. Christians This was the first year of an ongoing study that was established in 1999 to determine if 'Moonlight' Kentucky bluegrass could suppress crabgrass populations. The 1998 Preemergence Annual Weed Control Study was conducted in an area of 'Moonlight' that was seeded in the fall of 1997. At the time of treatment in April 1998, approximately 50% of the area was covered by 'Moonlight'. This cultivar quickly filled in the bare areas and at the end of the season, the plot was covered by very dense turf with no crabgrass even in the untreated areas. There were no additional herbicide treatments on this plot so it was speculated that this cultivar either may possess some allelopathic properties or could be particularly aggressive in the establishment year. This study is being conducted at the Iowa State University Horticulture Research Station. Individual 5 x 5 ft plots in a prepared bare soil area were seeded with 'Moonlight', 'Kenblue', 'Blue Moon', 'Rugby IT, and 'Park' Kentucky bluegrass at 1.5 lb/1000 ft2 on October 5, 1999. The soil in this area is a Nicollet (fine-loamy, mixed, mesic Aquic Hapludoll) with an 1.9% organic matter, pH of 7.25, 35 ppm P, and 62 ppm K. Seeding was done by hand for each individual plot to ensure uniform distribution. Each individual plot was carefully raked following seeding. Three replications were performed. No herbicides were applied prior to or following seeding. Turf establishment was measured by estimating the percentage area per plot covered by turf. Percentage turfgrass cover data were taken from April 26 through August 29 (Table 1). Crabgrass populations were determined by estimating the percentage area per plot covered by crabgrass. Crabgrass data were taken on July 21, August 2, August 8, August 16, August 24, and August 29 (Table 2). Data were analyzed using the Statistical Analysis System (SAS Institute Inc., 1996) and the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) procedure. Means comparisons were made using Fisher's Least Significant Difference (LSD) test. There were significant differences throughout the season in percentage turf cover (Table 1). 'Kenblue' and 'Park' established quicker than 'Moonlight', 'Blue Moon', and 'Rugby II'. By August 29, 'Moonlight' covered 51.7% of its plots while 'Kenblue' and 'Park' covered 85 and 76.7%, respectively. Because there was less competition from turf plants, higher numbers of crabgrass plants were able to establish in plots with less turf cover (Table 2). There was significantly less crabgrass in 'Kenblue' than in 'Moonlight' plots for the entire season. These establishment year data show that 'Moonlight' did not exhibit a more aggressive growth than the other tested cultivars. In addition, there was no indication of allelopathic properties for 'Moonlight'. The 2000 growing season was particularly dry and warm and it is possible that these climatic factors may have affected the establishment of the cultivars. Additional data for both turfgrass and crabgrass cover will be taken in 2001. Table 1. Percentage turfgrass cover1 in the 1999 Kentucky Bluegrass Crabgrass trial.________________ Material 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Moonlight Kenblue Blue Moon Rugby II Park L S D q.05 Material April 26 May 2 May 10 May 17 May 23 May 31 June 8 June 15 June 22 13.3 33.3 13.3 15.0 28.3 12.3 10.0 38.3 11.7 15.0 36.7 16.1 13.3 43.3 16.7 21.7 36.7 15.0 16.7 53.3 15.0 23.3 43.3 11.8 16.7 50.0 21.7 20.0 36.7 8.4 20.0 60.0 26.7 30.0 48.3 8.8 25.0 61.7 28.3 38.3 53.3 24.4 25.0 60.0 28.3 28.3 50.0 9.2 28.3 60.0 31.7 38.3 46.7 14.1 June 30 July 7 June 21 Aug 2 Aug 8 Aug 16 Aug 24 Aug 29 Mean 26.7 26.7 70.0 75.0 33.3 33.3 30.0 40.0 56.7 56.7 17.7 16.9 L S D q.05 1T l _____ ^These figures represent the percentage area 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Moonlight Kenblue Blue Moon Rugby II Park 40.0 40.0 76.7 81.7 46.7 50.0 50.0 55.0 68.3 75.0 20.0 23.6 per plot covered 79 48.3 60.0 50.0 86.7 86.7 83.3 58.3 61.7 61.7 71.7 58.3 65.0 75.0 76.7 78.3 19.7 21.0 19.3 by the desirable turfgrass 51.7 85.0 53.3 61.7 76.7 20.3 species. 30.1 65.0 34.8 38.9 55.5 11.7 Table 2. Percentage crabgrass cover in the 1999 Kentucky Bluegrass Crabgrass trial. Material July 21 Aug 2 51.7 55.0 23.3 18.3 43.3 38.3 50.0 50.0 26.7 33.3 19.1 21.6 L S D o.o5 ^ h e s e figures represent the percentage area 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Moonlight Kenblue Blue Moon Rugby II Park Aug 8 Aug 16 Aug 24 Aug 29 53.3 55.0 60.0 58.3 20.0 23.3 25.0 25.0 36.7 50.0 43.3 45.0 50.0 53.3 45.0 53.3 26.7 31.7 31.7 31.7 19.4 20.8 17.4 16.6 per plot covered by crabgrass. 80 Mean 55.6 22.5 42.8 50.3 30.3 16.8 Thermal Properties of Sand-based Rootzone Media Modified with Inorganic Soil Amendments Deying Li,Nick E. Christians, and David D. Minner Thermal properties of the root-zone media are very important physical factors that affect the energy balance and temperature distribution in the root-zone. Understanding the pattern of soil temperature is desired in helping make decisions as to when and how to apply water, fertilizers, chemicals, and soil amendments. The information also is important for predicting infestations such as weeds, diseases, and insect pests. The reason for this is that plant growth, fate of chemicals, and microbial population all are temperature dependent. Many of the turf management practices can affect the temperature and energy regime in turfgrass rootzones. The primary objective of this study, therefore, was to understand the thermal properties of sand-based media modified by inorganic amendments. Materials And Methods Treatments included the inorganic amendments calcined clay (Profile, Profile Products LLC, Buffalo Grove, IL.), calcined diatomaceous earth (CDE) (Axis, Eagle-Picher Minerals, Inc., Reno, NV), Zeolite clinoptilolite (ZeoponiX, Inc. Louisville, CO.), and polymer coated clay with a kelp material incorporated on the exterior of the polymer coating (PCC) (Bio-flex-a-clay, True Pitch Inc., Altoona, IA). Reed-sedge peat (Dakota Peat and Blenders, Grand Forks, ND) was used as a control because peat is commonly used as an organic amendment in golf greens. Inorganic soil amendments were oven-dried at 105° C for 24 hr before use. Fifteen percent of each inorganic amendment was mixed with 85% of sand (v/v). The mixtures were then filled into brass rings measuring 5.45 cm in diam. and 6 cm in length with a double cheesecloth layer attached to the bottom with a rubber band. The mixtures in the ring were then compacted following the USGA specifications. Each material had three replications. The sand mixtures were saturated from the bottom with water for 24 hr before they were set on a suction table. The suction table is a Plexiglas box with a sandwich of 10 cm of fine glass beads between the wire mesh at the bottom and a layer of block paper on the top, and a hanging water column connected to the bottom of the glass beads through a hole at the bottom of the box. Zero, -10, -25, -40, and -60 cm pressure head was applied to the suction table by positioning the outlet level of the hanging water column to the respective depth with reference to the top surface of the glass beads. At each pressure head, the volumetric water content and thermal properties were measured by a method and instrument established by Ren, Noborio, and Horton (1999). The volumetric water content was also measured at each pressure head by weighing the materials in the rings and weighing the oven-dried materials at the end of the experiment. A field study was conducted at the Horticulture Research Station 15 miles to the north of Ames, Iowa. The green consisted of a 30 cm sand root zone placed over a 10 cm gravel blanket. No intermediate layer was used between the sand and the gravel blanket. A network of 10 cm diameter drain lines was trenched into the gravel blanket at 4.6 m intervals. The top 15 cm of sand from each plot was removed and combined with 5% peat on a volumetric basis. The field study consisted of a control with peat only and the 4 soil amendment treatments added at 10% on a volumetric basis. The treatments included calcined clay, CDE, ceramic, and PCC. The mixture was replaced on the plot area and allowed to settle during the winter. Treatments were replicated three times in a randomized complete block design with plots measuring 5 m2. The area was seeded with 73 kg of 'Crenshaw' creeping bentgrass ha-1 on 13 May 1997. Fertilizer was applied at seeding to supply 50, 90, and 80 kg ha'1 of N, P and K, respectively. The treatment mixtures also were applied as topdressing once a year after establishment. Copper-Constant thermal couples will be placed at the surface, 2.5, and 15 cm below the surface of the plots, respectively. The thermocouples will then be multiplexed to a data logger and the temperature will be recorded every 15 minutes. Water content of the profile will be measured with a TDR. Thermal diffusivity (a) will be estimated for the 15 cm depth by the phase angle lag method (Horton, 1983). The calculated values will be compared with that measured in the laboratory and used to predict numerically the soil temperature in the 15 cm profile. Results And Discussion Volumetric water content (0V) measured by TDR and using Topp et al. (1980) equation gave under-estimations compared to the value of oven-dried method across all the materials used in this study. We pooled all the Kg data except PCC, a swell-and-shrink material, and did a linear regression to calibrate the equation. The 6V values calculated based on the new equation were shown in Fig 1 and 2. The calibrated data of water content agree with the oven-dried data, suggesting that the discrepancy was due to the probe constant rather than chemical properties of the materials. 81 The water release curve for all the mixtures is shown in Fig. 3. It is obvious that all the inorganic materials increased the water holding capacity of the sand mixtures especially PCC and CDE. The volumetric heat capacity measured at different water content agrees well with that calculated from volumetric water content and heat capacity of dry materials (Fig. 4 and 5). Notice, however, that the volumetric heat capacity was under estimated for sand over a large range of water content (Fig. 6). The a values measured by the thermal-time domain reflectometry probe at different water content are shown in Fig. 7 and 8. Conclusion The study showed clearly that inorganic soil amendments commonly used in golf course root-zone media can affect the soil thermal properties and cause different temperature status. Such temperature changes may be predicted based on the surface temperature and water content measurement. Furthermore, the thermal diffusivity curve established in the laboratory may be referenced for the prediction. The impact of the temperature difference caused by inorganic soil amendments on turfgrass growth, microbial activities, and chemical degradation in the rootzone needs further study. 82 0 .4 5 b— — ------------------------- — ------------------------------------------------------------------------ . 0 .4 0 co oo Fig. 4 Volumetric Heat Capacity of Profile Sand Mixture Fig. 8 Profile/Sand Mixture (,.0 e -W r)^ AnAjsiryip |b iu j 9L|i (ko j.Lur)'^ AjiAisnjiip |B iu j 9 i|i 00 Managing Bentgrass Stress on Putting Green Slopes -2 0 0 0 Report David D. Minner, Deying Li, and Nick E. Christians A sloped research green (SRG) was constructed and established with ‘Crenshaw’ creeping bentgrass at the Horticulture Research Center, Ames, IA in July 1997 to evaluate bentgrass management under difficult and variable growing conditions. The objective of this project was to evaluate organic and inorganic amendments applied as topdressing. Iowa State University, Iowa Golf Course Superintendents Association and the Golf Course Superintendents Association of America fund this project. The SRG was erected to simulate the undulating topography that occurs on many putting greens - as opposed to a typical flat research green. The sand based portion of the SRG is 100 ft by 40 ft by 1 ft. The subgrade, gravel blanket, and sand rootzone all follow the same contour. The 12-inch sand rootzone contains no amendment and is positioned over a 4-inch gravel blanket with 4-inch drain lines. The SRG has four distinct micro­ environments that will be simultaneously evaluated for nine different treatments. The micro-environments are: 1) cool slope - this 7.0% slope faces north and should be cooler in the summer but also colder in the winter, 2) knoll - the crown of the green is expected to have the most potential for scalping and dry spot injury in the summer, 3) hot slope - this 6.6% slope faces south and is expected to generate high surface temperatures, and 4) swale - the low portion of the green is expected to have excessively wet conditions. No amendments, organic or inorganic, were used to construct the 12-inch rootzone. The sand has a pH of 8.2 and is calcareous. Topdressing treatments will be routinely applied to 40 ft. by 6 ft. plots. The long and narrow plots are situated so that each treatment covers all four distinct micro­ environments on the green. The five topdressing treatments are listed in Table 1. The inorganic amendments Axis, Profile, Zeolite, and Zeopro are being compared with the organic amendment sand plus Dakota Peat. Axis is a diatomaceous earth, Profile is a porous ceramic clay, Zeolite is an aluminosilicate mineral, and Zeopro is a nutrient loaded Zeolite. All of the products claim to improve cation exchange, and nutrient and water holding capacity. Materials and Methods Samples for soil nutrition were collected from three locations of the slope green; north slope, knoll, and swale. Since the topdressing materials were located in the top 2.5 cm, samples were collected from two different depths, 0 to 3.35 cm and 3.35 cm to 12.5 cm. Living roots were picked out and the sample before air drying and screening through a 2 mm sieve. Soil fertility analysis was conducted by Harris Lab, Lincoln, Nebraska. Light and frequent applications of topdressing treatments have resulted in 3.35 cm (1.32 inches) of topdressing being applied from 1998 through September 2000. From May through September 1.25 cm (.5 inches) of topdressing was applied from each treatment. Zeopro is a loaded amendment that contains additional N, P, and K. Table 1 shows the total amount of nutrition applied for each treatment in 2000. Similar to 1999, in 2000 water was restricted to impose artificial water stress. The first water stress was from 9 to 18 August 2000 and the second water stress was from 1 to 6 September 2000. Turf color and percent of the plot area covered with dry patches was evaluated every two weeks. Volumetric water content was measured at the 5 cm, 10 cm, and 20 cm depth before and after water stress. Results The topdressing treatments applied in this study are listed in Table 2. A program of light and frequent application of topdressing has resulted in a total topdressing dept of 3.35 cm (1.32 inches) applied from 1998 through September 2000 . Table 3 shows the turf color ratings and percent of area covered with dry patches during the spring and summer of 2000. The first water stress period occurred from 9 to 18 August 2000 by completely restricting irrigation. A second water stress period occurred from 1 to 6 September 2000 while maximum air temperature was above 32°C from September 1-3. In 2000 none of the inorganic topdressing treatments had an effect on the amount of dry patch compared to the sand/peat control. The only notable difference occurred in the spring of 2000 when Zeopro had significantly more dry patch (46%) compared to Zeolite (13.3%) and Axis (9%). Table 4 shows the soil nutrient levels in the spring of 2000. Zeolite and Zeopro resulted in very high levels of K and twice as much Na compared to the control, Axis, and Profile treatments. The realistic conditions of the SRG have demonstrated treatment differences that may not have been apparent on a flat research green. In 2000 the knoll area showed differences in dry patch that were not apparent on the north slope, south slope, and swale area of the green with respect to the amount of visible dry patch. It is important to simulate realistic conditions whenever possible in our turfgrass research programs. 85 Table 1. Amount of inorganic amendments and fertilizers applied in 2000. Amount put on N P Eq. Inches K lbs/1000 sq ft Mowing height inches Control(Dakota Peat) 0.32 2.37 0.38 1.19 0.125 Axis 0.32 2.37 0.38 1.19 0.125 Profile 0.32 2.37 0.38 1.19 0.125 Zeolite 0.32 2.37 0.38 1.19 0.125 Zeopro 0.32 2.67 0.45 2.69 0.125 Table 2. Organic and inorganic amendments applied to the sloped putting green as topdressing treatments. Inorganic Organic Topdressing Treatment Calcareous Sand Amendment Amendment % by volume 90 10 1 sand + Dakota peat (control) 80 2 sand + Axis 20 80 20 3 sand + Profile 80 4 sand + Zeolite 20 80 20 5 sand + Zeopro - Table 3. Turfgrass color and occurance of dry patch and in 2000 for four microenvironments of a sloped green treated with inorganic amendments. Color 0-9 scale, 9 = best % area covered with dry patches I After 1st After 2na After 1st After 2na spring spring Treatment water stress water stress water stress water stress 3-6-00 8-18-00 9-6-00 3-6-00 8-18-00 9-6-00 Cool area Cool area 5.7 7.0 6.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 Control 6.7 1.7 6.0 6.0 2.0 0.0 Axis 4.7 7.0 6.0 0.7 0.0 2.3 Profile 6.3 6.0 1.7 3.0 5.3 2.0 Zeolite 7.0 6.0 2.0 1.3 5.3 0.0 Ze 'o NS NS NS NS NS NS LS os Knoll area Knoll area 2.7 7.0 6.0 21.0 3.0 25.0 Control 6.3 6.0 4.0 9.0 8.0 36.3 Axis 6.7 4.3 6.0 25.0 2.0 24.3 Profile 4.7 6.3 6.0 34.3 13.3 5.0 Zeolite 6.3 6.0 46.7 5.7 24.0 3.0 Zeopro NS NS NS 30.0 NS L S D 0.05 Hot area Hot area 6.7 26.7 7.0 7.0 5.3 0.3 Control 6.7 6.7 7.0 14.0 0.0 27.0 Axis 6.3 7.0 20.3 7.0 20.0 0.0 Profile 7.0 7.0 7.0 14.0 0.3 27.0 Zeolite 6.7 6.7 7.0 21.7 0.0 18.0 Zeopro NS NS NS NS NS NS L S D 0.05 Swale area Swale area 7.7 7.0 7.0 0.0 7.0 3.3 Control 7.7 7.0 7.0 5.3 Axis 0.3 0.3 7.7 0.7 7.0 7.0 0.0 4.3 Profile 7.7 7.0 7.0 0.3 0.2 1.3 Zeolite 7.7 7.0 7.0 5.3 0.3 0.3 Zeopro NS NS NS NS NS NS L S D o.o5 86 Table 4. Spring 2000 soil nutrition in the surface topdressing zone (0-3.35 cm) compared to the lower portion of the original rootzone sand (3.35-12.5 cm)._____________________________________________________________ K P Na B B T T Bz ~ T ~ ..................... n, Krn\ y' 1 ................................. Treatment 52.7 Peat (control) 9.0 9.3 132.3 62.3 Axis 8.3 129.3 13.3 60.3 Profile 10.7 8.3 167.3 86.0 Zeolite 9.3 9.0 405.0 87.7 8.7 557.7 Zeopro 9.3 158.0 NS 2.7 NS LSD0.05 W _ o o r - ________ T = Top 3.35 cm of rootzone profile containing amendment treatments. 2B = Bottom (3.35-12.5 cm) of rootzone containing original sand construction. Fig 1. Sloped Research 87 12.7 17.0 15.7 32.7 47.7 11.6 8.7 9.7 8.3 13.0 14.3 NS Quantitative Evaluation of Sand Shape and Roundness and Their Potential Effect on Stability of Sand-based Athletic Fields Deying Li, David D. Minner, and Nick E. Christians Playing surface stability of a sports field has often been a problem for sand-based media. Many factors, such as particle size, particle-size gradation, shape/roundness, water content, and plant materials may affect the surface stability. The relative importance of these factors is not clearly understood. The primary objective of this study was to evaluate shape and roundness of sand particles quantitatively so that they can be compared with other factors in terms of their contributions to the surface stability. Materials and Methods Mason sand, concrete sand, silica sand, crushed brick, and crushed stone were used in this study to cover a wide range of shapes and roundness based on visual observation. In order to test the methodology, we used glass beads as the base line. We also crushed glass to make a very angular sample. All materials were washed free of silt- and clay-sized particles and oven dried before use in evaluation. A roughness index (lr) was proposed as the ratio of the particle surface area to the area of a sphere of the same volume. Surface areas were determined by coating the materials with aniline blue dye and measuring the light absorption of the dye washed off the particle surface. Angle at repose, coefficient of uniformity (CU), coefficient of friction (CF), and two-dimensional image analysis were also included in the evaluation of the materials. Results Principle component analysis indicated that only three factors — angle at repose, CU, and lr,— are necessary to explain 98.5% of the variance contributing to surface stability of sand-based media. The results of this study showed that shape and roundness of sand grains could be expressed by lr, which is sensitive and convenient for picking out the differences between materials. Two-dimensional image analysis, which returns form factor, roundness, and aspect ratio, provided insufficient separation of the diverse sands evaluated in this study. No endorsement of products or firms is intended, nor is criticism implied of those not mentioned. Table 1. A comparison of the effectiveness of different factors for bulk samples in predicting sand stability. Form Angle at Aspect CF Roundness Materials CU lr factor repose ratio degree Glass bead 23.4 6.44 0.60 1.00 0.89 0.95 1.06 Crushed glass 39.7 6.44 0.91 6.68 0.65 0.63 1.69 DF-1000 38.5 3.38 0.95 4.31 0.77 0.73 1.41 Florida superior 220 35.4 2.73 0.81 1.90 0.77 0.71 1.45 Silica sand 36.2 2.89 0.89 1.53 0.79 0.77 1.33 Crushed brick 38.9 131.25 1.04 - 0.74 0.70 1.50 Bunker white 36.2 3.27 0.85 2.11 0.77 0.73 1.42 Best 535 35.0 1.90 0.98 2.61 0.80 0.73 1.40 Sidley Pro/Angle 38.2 3.89 0.96 2.38 0.75 0.71 1.45 Construction sand 34.1 2.43 0.82 1.61 0.79 0.75 1.37 Concrete sand 34.9 2.67 0.91 1.58 0.79 0.75 1.36 88 1.0 Principle component two 0.8 ♦ c u 0.6 4 lr 0.4 0.2 A n g le at re p ose 0 .0 ♦ - 0.2 - 0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 Principle component one Fig.1. Principle component analysis based on the angle of repose, lr, coefficient of friction, form factor, roundness, and aspect ratio of bulk samples. 89 Modifying Athletic Field Soils with Calcined Clay and Tillage David D. Minner and Deying Li The objective of this study was to evaluate calcined clay in a tilling renovation process and its effects on turfgrass growth. A study was initiated in November 1997 at an Ames High School football practice field in Ames, Iowa, to evaluate calcined clay (Turface® MVP) in a tilled renovation procedure. The soil contained 54% sand, 7% silt, and 39% clay. The 15,750 sq. ft. experimental plot area was arranged between the hash marks and the goal lines. Each individual plot measured 15 ft. by 50 ft. and was centered on every yard line marker (goal line, 5, 10, 15, 20, etc.) (Table 1) such that 7.5 ft. was on one side of the yard line and 7.5 ft. was on the other side of the same yard line. Treatments consisted of calcined clay at 1 ton/1000 sq. ft., calcined clay at 2 tons/1000 sq. ft., and an untreated control (Table 2). Treatments were randomized in each block and replicated seven times. Each replication was 45 ft. by 50 ft. with three treatments. Treatments were topdressed at their respective rate and tilled into the top 4 inches of soil with a Rotadairon (Bryan Wood, Commercial Turf & Tractor). Each large plot was individually dragged with a steel mat to prepare the surface for seeding and prevent cross contamination of treatments. The study area was initially seeded in May 1998 at 3 lb/1000 sq. ft. with a bluegrass blend containing equal parts of ‘Nublue’, ‘Limousine’, and ‘Touchdown’. The field was primarily used for autumn football practice (September through November) and spring soccer (April and May). As a routine maintenance practice, the field was hollow cored on 3-inch centers with 0.75-inch hollow tines each year in late November. The test area was drill seeded with perennial ryegrass at 10 lbs/1000 sq. ft. on 9 June 1999 and 5 June 2000. Each year the plot area located between the hash marks on the field began with a minimum of 90 percent turf cover in September and by May the following year there was exposed soil with less than 50 percent turf cover. Three undisturbed soil columns measuring 5.2 cm in diameter and 6.1 cm in length were collected from the top 6.5 cm of each treatment for four blocks in November 1999 and September 2000. Saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat) at 34 cm constant water head and soil bulk density were determined for undisturbed field samples (Klute and Dirksen, 1986). The Ksat data were converted to values at 20°C before statistical analysis. Means were separated using Fisher’s least significant difference (LSD) in the analysis of variance (ANOVA) procedure in the Statistical Analysis System (SAS version 6.12, SAS Institute, 1996). Bulk Density (BD) Bulk density represents the weight of soil per unit volume and thus provides a direct measurement of soil compaction. Intense traffic from sport activities causes soils to be compressed near the surface resulting in the displacement of soil pores by soil solids. Higher BD represents less pore space, less favorable growing conditions, and harder playing surfaces. On 7 Nov 1999, after one year of traffic, there were no significant differences among treatments. By the end of the second year of field use, the soil amended with 1 or 2 tons/1000 sq. ft. of Turface resulted in a significant BD reduction. On 26 Sept 2000 the BD for the 1 or 2 ton/1000 sq. ft. rate of Turface was below 1.37 g cm-3 compared to the control that was at 1.53 g cm-3. This indicates that soils amended with Turface maintain a more favorable BD for plant growth. This reduction in BD could reduce surface hardness and improve penetration by cleated shoes and tined aerifier equipment. Water percolation The Ksat is a measurement of how fast water flows through a soil profile under saturated conditions. Higher Ksat values indicated that excessive water will drain through the soil profile faster. In both years there was no difference in water movement between the control and the 1 ton/1000 sq. ft. rate of Turface, however, the 2 ton/1000 sq. ft. rate of Turface significantly increased Ksat- (Tables 3 and 4) Water Content The amount of water near the surface was measured two days after irrigation on 26 Oct 1999. Gravametric water content in the top 3 cm of the soil was significantly reduced when soil was amended with Turface at 2 tons/1000 sq. ft. (Table 3). The soil water measurements near the surface confirmed our observation that the Turface-treated plots usually appeared drier and produced less visible mud compared to the non-amended control plots. This is especially important under intense traffic conditions when the protective grass mat has been worn away and soils are exposed. Rain and routine irrigation to promote turf recovery can often leave the playing surface too wet. Turface-amended soil produced a drier and less muddy surface during the playing season. Turf Cover This study was conducted on a multi-use sports field that receives traffic from high school football and soccer practice as well as miscellaneous recess activities. The study area received 150 days of use per year and by the end of spring soccer in May there was very little grass cover left on the field. Coring and seeding in June provided a young stand of perennial ryegrass by the start of the 15 August football practice season. Under these conditions of intense traffic where nearly all of the grass was worn away, there was no increase in turf cover in the Turface plots compared to the no Turface control plots. 90 Conclusions Turface had a favorable affect on growing conditions by reducing soil bulk density and increasing water movement. Turface also had a positive impact on the soil by reducing compaction and making the playing surface less muddy. Turf cover was not affected by the use of Turface under the intense traffic conditions of this study. References Klute, A. 1986. Water retention: Laboratory methods. 635-662. In: A. Klute (ed.) Methods of soil analysis. Part 1. Agronomy 9. ASA and SSSA publish. Madison, Wl. Klute, A. and C. Dirksen. 1986. Hydraulic conductivity and diffusivity: Laboratory methods. 687-734. In: A. Klute (ed.) Methods of soil analysis. Part 1. Agronomy 9. ASA and SSSA publish. Madison, Wl. SAS Institute. 1996. The SAS system for Macintosh. Release 6.12. SAS Inst., Cary, NC. Table 1. Experimental plot layout of calcined clay tilled renovation. Treatments were applied on November 13, 1997. _ [C e n te ro f field] ____ Plot # i Plot size is 1 i T 50 x 15 ft Goal Line i i 2 REP 1 1 i 2 i i 3 1 4 2 i i i i i i i 3 i i 3 11 3 i i 12 1 13 3 i i i i i i i 15 1 i i 16 1 2 i i ■ i i 1 i i i i i i i 3 2 3 2 Goal Line 7 -------------- 2-------------- 2 -------------- 1-------------- 91 REP 2 6 i i 1 i i i i i i i 1 50-yd Line 5 Plots are centered Between hash marks 8 Each 5-yard line is the Center of the plot REP 3 9 10 14 17 REP 4 REP 5 REP 6 18 19 20 21 REP 7 Table 2. Treatment listing and respective rates. Rate (tons/1000 ft2) 1 2 NA Treatment 1 2 3 Turface Turface Untreated control* Turface applied to plots with topdresser and then tilled with Rotadairon to 4-inch depth. *Untreated control received no amendment but was tilled with the Rotadairon. Table 3. Physical characteristics of soil amended with Turface at Ames High School Football Field, 1999. Bulk Density Treatment Ksat 0m ( 0-3 cm) cm h '1 9 cm'3 % Control 1 ton/1000 ft2 2 tons/1000 ft2 4.43 2.46 8.20 1.30 1.28 1.07 24.25 24.84 18.56 L S D o.05 2.20 NS 2.82 For water content test, samples were collected two days after irrigation on October 26,1999. Ksat, Saturated hydraulic conductivity samples were collected November 7, 1999. 0m, Gravimetric water content. Table 4. Physical characteristics of soil amended with Turface at Ames High School Football Field, 2000. Treatment Bulk Density Ksat g cm'3 cm h'1 Control 1.53 0.15 1.37 1 ton/1000 ft2 1.02 1.27 2 tons/1000 ft2 2.35 L S D q.05 0.15 1.70 Samples were collected Sept. 26, 2000. Ksat, saturated hydraulic conductivity. 92 Sand-based Sport Field Stability Study Deying Li, David D. Minner, and Nick E. Christians Sports turf is an important area of turfgrass application. Unlike golf courses, most of the sports turf fields require a more stable playing surface to support the activities of players and facilities, and to provide protection against sports injuries. Playing surface quality is decided jointly by turfgrass and soil media (Canaway and Baker, 1993). Surface quality is usually expressed as friction, traction, stiffness, and resilience when the interaction between the surface and player is the main concern. It also can be evaluated from the ball bounce resilience and rolling resistance or ball speed when information about the behavior of sport facilities on a playing surface is needed (Bell et al., 1985; Baker et al., 1988; McClements and Baker, 1994). Of all the qualities of playing surface, perhaps the safety of the players is the most important consideration when constructing and evaluating a sports field. Many sports injuries are related to varying degree of surface stability (Valiant, 1988; Powell and Schootman, 1993; Waddington and McNitt, 1995). The interaction of several factors may contribute to surface displacement of sand-based fields. Some factors contributing to stability are; rooting, amount of traffic, compaction, sand characteristics, moisture content, shoe and athlete type, and many other factors. It is conventionally thought that a more rounded shape of sand contributes to surface instability and that this could reduce field safety. There is little information that directly relates sand type to field safety. Before any link can be made between sand type and field performance we must gain a better understanding of the role that sand shape plays in surface stability, even in the absence of grass and roots. The objective of this study is to evaluate the relative importance of sand particle size, particle-size distribution, particle shape and roundness, plant roots and root-zone water content in the stability of a sand-based sport field surface. Materials and Methods The study is established on an existing sand-based sports turf area at the Horticultural Research Station. The root zones were excaved from to form 5 X 10 ft plots 15 cm deep. Five treatments, Hallett mason sand, Hallett concrete sand, Sidley Proangle sand, Bunker white sand, and Hallett mason sand + 15% soil (v/v) were filled in the plots and compacted with a vibrating Whacker. The experimental design is a randomized complete block, with three replications. Sand particle size, particle-size distribution, particle shape, and roundness was analyzed before the application of materials to the plots. We will measure the water content by TDR, penetration by a penetrometer, surface hardness by a B&K 2500 vibration equipment, traction by a torque wrench which is set on a disk-shaped football cleat. Bulk density will also be measured each time we measure the above parameters. We will seed and sod the plots with Kentucky bluegrass later on to evaluate the contribution of plant roots in the surface stability. Preliminary Results At this time, we are able to see the differences in stability between different treatments without the factor of plant roots. Particle shape and roundness seem to play a role but together with the other factors. Detailed analysis will be reported later this year. References Baker, S.W. A.R. Cole, and S.L. Thornton. 1988. Performance standards and the interpretation of playing quality for soccer in relation to rootzone composition. J. Sports Turf Res. Inst. 64:120-132. Bell, M.J., S.W. Baker, and P.M. Canaway. 1985. Playing quality of sports surfaces: a review. J.Sports Turf Res.Inst. 61:26-45. Canaway, P.M. and S.W. Baker. 1993. Soil and turf properties governing play. International Turfgrass Society Research Journal. 7:192-200. McClements, I. and S.W. Baker. 1994. The playing quality of rugby pitches. Journal of the Sports Turf Research Institute. 70:29-43. Powell, J.W., and M. Schootman. 1993. A multivariate risk analysis of natural grass and astroturf playing surfaces in the National Football League 1980-1989. International Turfgrass Society Research Journal. 7:201-211. Valiant, G.A. 1988. Ground reaction forces developed on artificial turf. Science and football, p. 406-415. In: Reilly, T., Lees A., Davids, K. and Murphy, W.J. (ed). First world congress of science and football, Liverpool, 13-17 April 1987. E.&.F.M.Spon Ltd. 12 New Fetter Land, London EC4P 4EE; E. & F.M. Spon, 29 West 35th Street, New York, NY10001. Waddington, D.V. and A.S. McNitt. 1995. Penn State Research on surface characteristics of playing fields, the Keynoter. 23(2):5-7. 93 The Effect of W inter Covers on Autumn Established Kentucky Bluegrass David D. Minner, Deying Li, and Federico Valverde O bjectives The objective of this study was to determine if winter covering of autumn seeded Kentucky bluegrass had any effect on turf establishment by the following spring. Various tarp colors and cover materials were evaluated. Background The specific color of vinyl-coated polyester tarps used to protect baseball fields from rain has been shown to have a dramatic effect on turf color and growth when used for the entire winter as a protective cover on Kentucky bluegrass in Iowa (Minner et. al. 2001). The effect of tarp color on turf performance follows the general ranking from best to worst; red, yellow, orange > white, purple, light-blue, blue > gray/white, light-green, dark-green, white/black, black/white. There was a strong correlation (r = 0.78 to 0.99) between turf color and photosynthetic photon flux density for both the vinyl and polyethylene materials. Winter covering produced less injury than spring covering, especially for the light-green, dark-green, black/white, and white/black tarps. More investigation is needed to determine if tarp color has any effect on turf performance when covered for shorter intervals and under warmer conditions during the summer. The research mentioned above was conducted on mature stands of Kentucky bluegrass. Seedling turf is often present in late autumn as the result of overseeding after the autumn football season. This study was initiated to evaluate the effect of covering materials placed over seedling turf in the autumn and then removed in the spring. Materials and Methods Thirteen cover materials were used in this study (Table 1.) The experimental design was a randomized complete block with three replications. Individual covered plots were 5 ft by 5 ft. ‘Unique’ Kentucky bluegrass was planted in September 2000 at 3 lbs/1000 sq.ft. Turf covers were placed on 7 December 2000, approximately 70 days after seedling emergence. On 4 April 2001, all cover materials were shifted 2.5 ft so that half of the originally covered plot was uncovered and the remainder of the plot continued to be covered. Turf color was visually rated on a scale of 1 to 10, 10 = darkest green and 1 = no green color (white or brown tissue) and 6 = lowest acceptable color. Turf leaf growth was rated on a scale of 1 to 10, 10 = most vertical leaf growth and 1 = no vertical leaf growth. Turf cover was visually estimated as the percent of the plot area with living turf. Turf evaluations were made on 4 and 19 April, and 3 May 2001 . Data were analyzed using ANOVA and the results are listed in Tables 2, 3, and 4. Results On 4 April 2001 the yellow and orange tarps provided the best color when covered in the winter. When covered for a longer period of time (winter/spring) yellow, orange, and red tarps showed poor color and elongated growth on 19 April 2001. Even with this less desirable growth, the yellow and orange tarps had the highest amount of turf cover, 82% and 72% cover, respectively. On 19 April the winter covered grass had significantly more cover under the Typar black, Turf Defender, Evergreen, white, and red tarps when compared to the non-covered control plot. Enka Plus, light-green, purple, and the control had inferior turf cover on 19 April 2001 in the winter/spring covered plots. Literature Cited Minner, D.D., D. Li, V. Patterozzi, and J.J. Salmond. 2001. The effect of tarp color and material on Poa pratensis growth. International Turfgrass Society Research Journal, Canada, 2001. 94 T a b le 1. Cover materials placed over autumn-established Kentucky bluegrass. Cover Material Description 1. Typar white Nonwoven fabric composed of thermally bonded, continuous polypropylene 2. Typar black Nonwoven fabric composed of thermally bonded, continuous polypropylene 3. Enkamat Plus Enkamat Plus® is Enkamat with a geotextile fabric attached to one surface. Used primarily to protect field from traffic. 4. Enkamat Flat Back Enkamat® is a bulky black mat made from nylon threads which are fused together where they cross. Although Enkamat is primarily used to physically protect turf or prevent erosion, the black color of Enkamat also may enhance turf greenup during the spring. 5. Turf Defender Woven polypropylene 6. Covermaster Evergreen Evergreen® turf enhancement cover high density, translucent polyethylene by Covermaster, Inc. 7. VCP Yellow 7 oz./sq.yd. vinyl-coated polyester (274 gms/sq. meter). 8. VCP Dark blue 7 oz./sq.yd. vinyl-coated polyester (274 gms/sq. meter). 9. VCP Light green 7 oz./sq.yd. vinyl-coated polyester (274 gms/sq. meter). 10. VCP White 7 oz./sq.yd. vinyl-coated polyester (274 gms/sq. meter). 11. 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Frozen conditions in the absence of snow cover can cause a slow but constant loss of moisture. This type of winter injury known as desiccation is especially damaging during sunny and windy conditions. It is known that artificial barriers between the grass and the environment can positively decrease the physiological damage. Protective covers or tarps are often placed over the turf just prior to ground freeze and are not removed in the spring until the surface thaws. For most winter conditions turf covers speed spring green-up and reduce winter injury. An alternative to using plastic or any other kind of covers in turfgrass is the use of anti-dessicants (AD). These substances decrease the rate at which plant tissue would lose water. Procedure The study was initiated November 15, 2000 at the Horticulture Research Station on a USGA sand based putting green containing a mature stand of ‘Penncross’ creeping bentgrass. The trial had eight treatments (Table 1) and 3 replications. Each treatment was applied using a CO 2 sprayer on an area of 5 x 5 ft2. The Evergreen Turf Cover was placed on the same day that anti-desiccant treatments were applied. Table 1. Description of treatments. Treatment (Rate oz/1000 ft2) 1 GLAD 42 2 GLAD 17 3 GLAD 11 4 GLAD 8 5 Transfilm 8 6 W ilt-Pruf 42 7 Evergreen Turf Cover - 8 Control - No other practice or treatment was applied to the trial. A foot of snow was on top of the trial for about 90 days. The first rating of the trial was done 26 March, and every ten days thereafter, for a total of 4 ratings. Turf color was visually evaluated using a scale from 1-10, where 1 is white-brown color and 10 dark green. Results The winter of 2000 - 2001 produced record snow cover with just over 90 days of snow cover between December and March. The extensive snow cover eliminated any chance of injury from winter desiccation. Gray Snow Mold was generally extensive throughout the state, but there was only minimal injury on this particular bentgrass research site. Table 1 shows the summary of four evaluation dates in the spring. Turf color was used to evaluate the amount of winter injury as well as the rate of spring green-up. Normal spring green-up began during the first week of April. The untreated control and the Evergreen cover were used for comparison with the anti-desiccant materials. The Evergreen cover provided better turf color than the non-treated control. Lower turf color ratings for the anti-desiccant materials seemed to be associated with a lighter tan color of the turfgrass blades. There was no rate effect among the GLAD treatments. 98 While there were no significant differences between the control and any of the anti-desiccant materials, there appeared to be a non-statistical trend. This trend indicated that the anti-desiccant materials resulted in lower turf color ratings than the non-treated control. By 4 May all of the grass treated with anti-desiccants had recovered to a level equal to the non-treated control and the trend ceased to exist. The anti-desiccant materials used in this trial did not improve the spring performance of putting green turf following the winter. The winter of 2000 - 2001 did not produce winter desiccation conditions. Turf Quality Treatment GLAD Rate oz/1000 ft2 42 3-26 4-4 4-14 4-24 Avg 2.3 2.7 4.3 5.0 3.5 GLAD 17 3.7 3.0 4.3 4.7 4.2 GLAD 11 2.3 2.3 3.7 4.7 3.2 GLAD 8 3.3 3.3 5.0 5.7 4.3 Transfilm 8 2.3 2.3 3.7 4.3 3.3 W ilt-Pruf 42 3.3 2.7 4.7 5.7 4.1 Evergreen cover -- 7.0 7.0 7.0 8.0 7.2 Control - 4.0 4.0 5.0 5.0 4.6 1.9 2.3 2.2 1.7 1.7 LSD..os 99 The Effect of Inorganic Topdressing Amendments on Rootzone Tem perature Deying Li,David D. Minner, Nick E. Christians, and Natalie J. Canier O bjective The objective of this study was to determine if the source of inorganic topdressing amendment has any impact on the rootzone temperature and the performance of creeping bentgrass putting greens. Introduction Thermal properties of the root-zone media of turfgrass are very important physical factors that affect the energy balance and temperature distribution in the root-zone. Understanding the pattern of soil temperature is useful to make decisions as to when and how to apply water, fertilizers, chemicals, and soil amendments. It is also important information for predicting development of pest problems such as weeds, diseases, and insect pests. The reason for this is that plant growth, fate of chemicals, microbial population all are temperature dependent. Many of the turf management practices can affect the temperature and energy regime of the turfgrass rootzone. We are specifically interested in heat dissipation in the top 1/4" layer of the media applied as topdressing. We will assess the thermal properties by measuring the temperature difference between the top and the bottom layers in soil profile at certain water content conditions. Materials and Methods The experiment was initiated at the Horticultural Research Station, Ames, IA on 14 September 2000. The USGA-type sand based putting green used in this study was established in 1996 with ‘Crenshaw’ creeping bentgrass. On 14 September 2000 the study area was verticut at a 0.75 cm depth and overseeded with ‘Crenshaw’ creeping bentgrass at 2 lbs/1000 ft2 to make the study area more uniform with the heavy topdressing treatments. Treatments of pure Profile, Quickdry, Zeolite, Axis, sand, and a mixture of sand and peat (90%/10% v/v) were applied at a topdressing depth of 0.5 cm. After topdressing N, P2O 5, and K20 were at the rate of 1, 0.5, and 0.5 lbs/1000 ft2, respectively. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with six treatments and three replications. Temperatures were measured at three depths from the surface (0, 1, and 6 inches) for each plot via automated thermalcouples. Water content was measured with a time domain reflectometer (TDR). Diurnal heat transfer and temperature distribution in the top 15 cm of the root-zone was recorded and the data were used to predict thermal properties. Creeping bentgrass turf quality was evaluated at various stages of development on a 1-10 scale, 10 = best turf. Preliminary Results To become familiar with the thermal properties of the inorganic amendments, temperatures were taken in the spring of 2001 (Table 1). Only slight differences in maximum temperature were detected. For example the sand/peat material was approximately 2° C higher than any of the other materials tested. The effect of these slight, but cumulative, differences in temperature is not well understood. Our intent is to measure thermal properties during the summer when higher surface temperatures are anticipated. The question we are trying to answer is "Do the different topdressing materials have different abilities to dissipate radiation energy and does this in turn result in a benefit to the plant?" Table. 1. Daily maximum temperature (°C) from April 14 to 16, 2001. Depth Treatments Surface 2.5 cm 15 cm Sand 23.0 20.0 16.2 Zeolite 22.1 19.0 16.0 Axis 21.6 18.8 15.6 Sand/Peat 24.3 21.1 16.5 Profile 22.0 18.4 15.8 Quickdry 22.9 18.8 15.7 100 Introducing Iowa State University Personnel Affiliated with the Turfgrass Research Program Barbara Bingaman, Ph.D. Postdoctoral Research Associate, Horticulture Dept. Natalie Canier Graduate Student, M.S. (Minner) Nick Christians, Ph.D. Professor, Turfgrass Science Research and Teaching, Horticulture Dept. Will Emley Superintendent, Horticulture Research Station Shui-Zhang Fei, Ph.D. Assistant Professor, Turfgrass Science Research (Plant Breeding) Horticulture Dept. Mark Gleason, Ph.D. Professor, Extension Plant Pathologist, Plant Pathology Dept. Justin Helgeson Field Technician, Horticulture Dept. Mark Helgeson Field Technician, Horticulture Dept. Mark Howieson Graduate Student, Ph.D. (Christians) Jeff lies, Ph.D. Associate Professor, Extension, Nursery Crops/Ornamentals, Horticulture Dept. Young K. Joo, Ph.D. Visiting Scientist from Korea Jason Kruse Graduate Student, Ph.D. (Christians and Chaplin - starting Fall 2001) Donald Lewis, Ph.D. Professor, Extension Entomologist, Entomology Department Deying Li Graduate Student, Ph.D. (Christians and Minner) David Minner, Ph.D. Associate Professor, Turfgrass Science Research and Extension Horticulture Dept. Daniel Oschner Field Technician, Horticulture Dept. Troy Oster Graduate Student, M.S. (Christians) Rodney St. John Superintendent, Turfgrass Research Station, Horticulture Dept. Mark Smith Field Technician, Horticulture Dept. Joe Stoeffler Field Technician, Horticulture Dept. Federico Valverde Research Associate, Horticulture Dept. 101 Companies and Organizations That Made Donations or Supplied Products to the Iowa State University Turfgrass Research Program Special thanks are expressed to the Big Bear Turf Equipment Company and Textron for providing a Cushman Turfgrass Truckster, and Ryan GA30 aerifier; to Tri-State Turf and Irrigation for providing a Greensmaster 3100 Triplex Greensmower and a Groundsmaster 345 rotary mower; and, to Great American Outdoor for providing a John Deere 2500 Triplex Greensmower for use at the research area. We would also like to acknowledge Williams Lawn Seed Company of Maryville, MO for supplying a Perma Lock Inc. pesticide storage building for use at the turfgrass research area. Aiken Peat Andersons Lawn Tech Aventis BASF Becker Underwood Big Bear Turf Equipment Company Chemical Services Labs Colbond Geosynthetics Inc. Covermaster, Inc. D & K Turf Products Dow Agrosciences Gardens Alive Golf Course Superintendents Association of America Great American Outdoor Green and Bio Tech, Inc. Heatway Hunter Industries, Inc. Iowa Golf Course Superintendents Association Iowa Professional Lawn Care Association Iowa Sports Turf Managers Association Iowa Turfgrass Institute Jacklin Seed LESCO Incorporated M. Putterman & Company Inc. Micro Flo Milorganite Monsanto Company Ossian Inc. PBI/Gordon Corporation Pickseed West Incorporated Profile Products Rainbird Irrigation Company Rhone-Poulenc Chemical Company Riverdale Chemical Company Rohm and Haas Co. The Scotts Company Seeds West Inc. Standard Golf Company SubAir Sustane Syngenta TeeJet Spray Products Terra Chemical Corporation Textron The Toro Company Tri State Turf & Irrigation Co. True Pitch, Inc. Turf-Seed, Inc. United Horticultural Supply United Seeds Inc. Weathermatic Corporation Williams Lawn Seed Company 102 . . . and justice for all The Iowa Cooperative Extension Service s programs and policies are consistent with pertinent federal and state laws and regulations on nondiscrimination. Many materials can be made available in alternative formats for ADA clients. Issued in furtherance of Cooperative Extension work, Acts of May 8 and June 30, 1914, in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Stanley R. Johnson, director, Cooperative Extension Service, Iowa State University of Science and Technology, Ames, Iowa.