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Title: Frequency dependent selection and fluorescent nodule phenotyping in the legume/rhizobia symbiosis
Creator: Siler, Eleanor A.
Date: 2018
Collection: Electronic Theses & Dissertations
Description: "The relationship between legumes and rhizobia is an important model mutualism for several reasons. It is essential to agriculture, it provides a crucial ecosystem service by fixing atmospheric nitrogen, and it provides a tractable system for examining questions about mutualism, evolution, and ecology [1, 2]. This symbiosis remains generally mutualistic despite the fact that models predict that mutualistic rhizobia will eventually be out-competed and overwhelmed by parasitic rhizobial...
Show more"The relationship between legumes and rhizobia is an important model mutualism for several reasons. It is essential to agriculture, it provides a crucial ecosystem service by fixing atmospheric nitrogen, and it provides a tractable system for examining questions about mutualism, evolution, and ecology [1, 2]. This symbiosis remains generally mutualistic despite the fact that models predict that mutualistic rhizobia will eventually be out-competed and overwhelmed by parasitic rhizobial symbionts known as cheaters. Here I investigate one possible mechanism that could maintain the diversity of rhizobia strains: frequency-dependent selection. I also introduce a novel method of conducting rhizobia competition experiments that uses non-destructive macroscopic fluorescent imaging to identify rhizobial symbionts in root nodules."--Page ii.
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Title: Urban expansion and urban environmental evaluation in Chengdu, China
Creator: Tao, Shiqi
Date: 2019
Collection: Electronic Theses & Dissertations
Description: Environmental consequences resulting from urbanization jeopardize the life quality and social welfare of urban residents. To date, studies have focused on the urban environment by using integrated assessment methods and providing one evaluation result for the whole geographic area within an administrative boundary. These studies lack consideration of spatial heterogeneity, failing to fully understand the urban environmental statuses and dynamics at the pixel scale. Therefore, this research...
Show moreEnvironmental consequences resulting from urbanization jeopardize the life quality and social welfare of urban residents. To date, studies have focused on the urban environment by using integrated assessment methods and providing one evaluation result for the whole geographic area within an administrative boundary. These studies lack consideration of spatial heterogeneity, failing to fully understand the urban environmental statuses and dynamics at the pixel scale. Therefore, this research aims to fill this gap by systematically evaluating the urban environment at every single spatial unit of urban land against the background of urban expansion in Chengdu, a megacity in western China. Guided by a proposed three-dimensional (self, neighborhood and accessibility) theoretical framework, this study uses remote sensing and GIS data and adapts the catastrophe theory to evaluate Chengdu's urban environment in a spatially explicit manner. Results from change detection of the urban area in Chengdu show a high-speed expansion from the urban center towards all directions, especially southwest during 2000-2015. Environmental assessment analysis reveals an improved urban center but degraded outskirts regarding environmental conditions. The regression analysis suggests a negative effect of rapid urban expansion on the environment, while this effect can be alleviated through better planning strategies. Therefore, it is suggested that policy makers should balance the speed of urban expansion and urban environmental planning to provide a better living environment for urban residents in Chengdu. The integration of remote sensing and urban environmental assessment can be applied to other cities in China and elsewhere around the world.
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Title: The effects of near, medium, and far prior speech context on function word perception
Creator: Streicher, Corinne
Date: 2018
Collection: Electronic Theses & Dissertations
Description: When listening to rapid, casual speech, humans effortlessly perceive boundaries between words that may be only weakly encoded in the acoustic information. Research into the temporal characteristics of speech has demonstrated that when context speech rate is manipulated, the number of words heard by a listener can be altered. Building on this research, this study investigated how specific manipulations of different portions of recorded speech can produce a disappearing word effect in which a...
Show moreWhen listening to rapid, casual speech, humans effortlessly perceive boundaries between words that may be only weakly encoded in the acoustic information. Research into the temporal characteristics of speech has demonstrated that when context speech rate is manipulated, the number of words heard by a listener can be altered. Building on this research, this study investigated how specific manipulations of different portions of recorded speech can produce a disappearing word effect in which a heavily co-articulated function word may be perceived as a part of the preceding syllable, e.g., “John didn’t tell the junior or representative about it.” The stimulus conditions entailed different numbers of syllables expanded/slowed, starting from the beginning of the sentence up through the target portion. Participants (n=34) listened to these sentences and typed what they heard. Results were analyzed for proportion of function words reported. It was found that all slowed conditions resulted in a decreased frequency of hearing function words. A stronger effect was associated with additional expanded syllables. These results suggest that slowing non-adjacent prior context elicits the LRE, a finding that may inform communicative disorders research including dyslexia intervention.
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Title: Hyperelastic swelling of spheres and cylinders and its generalization to elastic internally balanced materials
Creator: Zamani, Vahid
Date: 2018
Collection: Electronic Theses & Dissertations
Description: "Swelling as a notion of free volume change is typically due to some added mass procedures. We use modified constitutive laws that incorporate swelling into a continuum mechanics treatment. By incorporating local volume change (swelling) as a parametric constraint into the conventional theory of hyperelasticity it is possible to model a variety of swelling effects. We consider these effects in the study of certain boundary value problems for spherical and cylindrical finite deformations. In...
Show more"Swelling as a notion of free volume change is typically due to some added mass procedures. We use modified constitutive laws that incorporate swelling into a continuum mechanics treatment. By incorporating local volume change (swelling) as a parametric constraint into the conventional theory of hyperelasticity it is possible to model a variety of swelling effects. We consider these effects in the study of certain boundary value problems for spherical and cylindrical finite deformations. In addition to the traditional hyperelastic model, we also employ a relatively new type of constitutive treatment, termed internal balance. The theory of internally balanced materials employs energy minimization to obtain an additional balance principle to treat more complex behaviors. This is useful when conventional elastic behavior is modified by substructural reconfiguration. Hence, we also formulate our problems in the context of the internally balanced material theory for the case of cylindrical deformation where the results are compared to that of the conventional hyperelastic model. For thick spherical shells, the incompressible hyperelastic Mooney-Rivlin constitutive model allows for response to pressure-inflation that could either be globally stable (a monotonic pressure-radius graph) or could instead involve instability jumps of various kinds as pressurization proceeds. The latter occurs when the pressure-radius graph is not monotonic, allowing for a snap-through bifurcation that gives a sudden burst of inflation. Internal swelling of the material that makes up the shell wall will generally change the response. Not only does it alter the quantitative pressure-inflation relation but it can also change the qualitative stability response, allowing burst phenomena for certain ranges of swelling and preventing burst phenomena for other ranges of swelling. These issues are examined both for the case of uniform swelling for the case of a spatially varying swelling field. For cylindrical deformations, we examine the finite strain swelling of a soft solid plug within a rigid tube of circular cross section. The eventual channel wall contact as the swelling proceeds generates a confinement pressure that increases as the plug expands. We consider plug geometries that incorporate an internal channel as well as a simpler case of a solid plug. For the case of a plug with a channel, the wall contact now gives a deformation in which swelling combines axial lengthening with internal channel narrowing. Of particular interest is the closing behavior as the swelling proceeds and we treat the problem using asymptotic expansions. Finally, the same problem is examined in the context of the internal balance constitutive theory."--Pages ii-iii.
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Title: The role of G-protein coupled receptor kinase 2 in mucosal inflammation
Creator: Steury, Michael
Date: 2017
Collection: Electronic Theses & Dissertations
Description: G-protein coupled receptor kinases (GRKs) are a family of protein kinases comprised of seven serine/threonine kinases that were initially identified for their ability to phosphorylate G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). Furthermore, it has recently become evident that individual GRKs can interact in a kinase dependent or independent manner with non-receptor substrates and influence a variety of physiological functions and pathologies. This study focuses on the family member GRK2. GRK2 is...
Show moreG-protein coupled receptor kinases (GRKs) are a family of protein kinases comprised of seven serine/threonine kinases that were initially identified for their ability to phosphorylate G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). Furthermore, it has recently become evident that individual GRKs can interact in a kinase dependent or independent manner with non-receptor substrates and influence a variety of physiological functions and pathologies. This study focuses on the family member GRK2. GRK2 is expressed ubiquitously throughout the body and in addition to phosphorylating and regulating GPCR function, GRK2 is able to phosphorylate and/or interact with a large interactome of cellular proteins in a tissue - and context - specific manner. This combination of canonical and non- canonical roles of GRK2 is now attributed to a multitude of vital physiological functions including: cell migration, proliferation, metabolism, angiogenesis, and insulin resistance. This vast array of influence makes GRK2 a popular target of study for both diagnostic opportunities as well as therapeutic interventions and while GRK2 has been extensivelystudied in cardiac and immune cells its role in the intestine and the intestinal epithelium is not well understood.Inflammatory bowel disease is characterized by damage to the intestinal epithelial barrier resulting in increased permeability and the resultant dissemination of the commensal microbiota. This translocation of the luminal contents into the lamina propria constantly stimulates the immune system leading to its hyper-activation and eventual damage to the intestine. Inflammatory bowel disease is associated with increases in inflammatory cytokine production, namely TNFα and this study was performed to investigate the regulation of GRK2 on TNFα signaling in the intestinal epithelial cells and in a larger context its role in the regulation in onset and pathogenesis of acute colitis. We found that decreasing the levels of GRK2 in human epithelial cells influenced the induction of ROS production by TNFα that influences ERK1/2 signaling and the production of MMP9 to influence wound closure both in culture and in animal models. Furthermore, mice heterozygous for GRK2 were markedly protected from the onset and pathogenesis of acute DSS-induced colitis in the absence of any alterations in immune infiltration. Myeloid specific knockout studies showed this population to be in part responsible for the protection seen in the whole body knockout. Together these studies suggest that GRK2 may serve as a novel therapeutic option for the treatment of colitis.
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Title: Change of heart : the influence of the external environment on academic library collections
Creator: Dean, Jennifer Lynn
Date: 2019
Collection: Electronic Theses & Dissertations
Description: "The academic library, affectionately referred to as the heart of the campus due to its physical and metaphorical centrality to academic life, has undergone significant change since the 1990s. The advent of the internet and rapid advances in technology have wrought wide-ranging change in academic libraries. Although the library literature confirms the changing environment surrounding academic libraries and librarians, many library papers are individual accounts of processes and best practices...
Show more"The academic library, affectionately referred to as the heart of the campus due to its physical and metaphorical centrality to academic life, has undergone significant change since the 1990s. The advent of the internet and rapid advances in technology have wrought wide-ranging change in academic libraries. Although the library literature confirms the changing environment surrounding academic libraries and librarians, many library papers are individual accounts of processes and best practices with little connection to the literature on organizational change. This dissertation study focuses on changes in academic library collections and collection development and acquisitions (CDA) practices. The collection is perceived by administrators, faculty, students, and librarians themselves as centrally important to the library and the institution. Although the library collection is essential to teaching, learning, and research, it has received little attention in the higher education literature. I interviewed 14 librarians at two regional, public, research institutions in Michigan. Using Resource Dependence Theory (RDT) to frame this study and analyze the results, I examined the role of the external environment and its influence on the strategies academic librarians used to perform CDA work. Participants identified funding, curriculum, faculty, students, administrators, and vendors and publishers as environmental influences, indicating that the library functioned as a separate organization within its institution. Librarians employed a variety of strategies to manage environmental constraints, maintain balance, and preserve library and academic culture, including information gathering, communication, budgetary management, and relying on collection use data."--Page ii.
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Title: Discourse and grammatical cues in the acquisition of Spanish pronouns
Creator: Forsythe, Hannah
Date: 2018
Collection: Electronic Theses & Dissertations
Description: "From an acquisition standpoint, personal pronouns are particularly interesting to study because they are a perfect encapsulation of the problem faced by the language learner: how to coordinate information from multiple levels of representation while still in the process of acquiring those representations. Pronoun interpretation is influenced by constraints at every level of representation, from phonology to discourse, and acquisition at one level can constrain the path of acquisition at...
Show more"From an acquisition standpoint, personal pronouns are particularly interesting to study because they are a perfect encapsulation of the problem faced by the language learner: how to coordinate information from multiple levels of representation while still in the process of acquiring those representations. Pronoun interpretation is influenced by constraints at every level of representation, from phonology to discourse, and acquisition at one level can constrain the path of acquisition at other levels. This dissertation focuses on the interaction between the levels of morphosyntax and discourse during development, specifically, how the acquisition of person and number features relates to the acquisition of discourse relations: the semantic relations between events and states in a discourse. Person and number cues provide bottom-up information about who the referent of a pronoun can and cannot be, while discourse relations provide top-down information about which referents are likely to be the targets of pronominal reference. The question for acquisition is very simple: Do children proceed bottom up or top down? Focusing on preschoolers acquiring Mexican Spanish, a language with abundant person and number cues, we divide the problem into three parts: Q1.Which person and number cues are children sensitive to, and when? Q2.Which discourse cues are children sensitive to, and when? Q3.How do children integrate these cues together at different ages? Person and number cues: In picture-selection and act-out tests, children show early comprehension of 1st and 2nd person morphology but inconsistent behavior in the 3rd person. Children are aware that 3rd person pronouns select a referent or antecedent from the preceding physical or linguistic discourse, but they fail to consistently choose referents compatible with their person and number morphology. Discourse cues: Adults use a combination of discourse relations and pronominal form (null vs. overt subjects) to interpret grammatically ambiguous subject pronouns. Children under 4 ½ show sensitivity to discourse relations, while children over 4 ½ show sensitivity to the null/overt contrast. Integration: Four picture-selection experiments examine children's sensitivity to different discourse relations, first in isolation and then in combination with person and number cues. When cues to the Parallel discourse relation appear in isolation, children show weak sensitivity at best. However, when parallelism and number cues are combined, parallelism has a facilitating effect on the comprehension of number by children ages 4 ½ and up. Moreover, this facilitating effect coincides with a jump in children's overall sensitivity to number morphology. When cues to the temporal discourse relation Occasion appear in isolation, we again find little evidence of sensitivity. However, when temporal and person cues are combined, temporal cues have a facilitating effect on the comprehension of 3rd person features by children ages 4 ½ and up. Moreover, this facilitating effect coincides with a jump in children's overall sensitivity to 3rd person morphology. In other words, we see a correlation between sensitivity to discourse relations (Parallel, Occasion) and adult-like use of person and number morphology. Do children proceed bottom-up or top-down? Children's difficulty with at least some person and number cues, plus their early sensitivity to at least some discourse cues, rules out a strictly bottom-up hypothesis. However, their early adult-like use of 1st and 2nd person morphology also rules out a strict topdown hypothesis. Instead, we come down in favor of a weak version of the top-down hypothesis. Specifically, we claim that while children have early representations of the full set of person and number features, this knowledge is more difficult to deploy when interpreting semantically and morphologically underspecified pronouns (3rd person singular and 3rd person plural), and that discourse sensitivity facilitates the interpretation of such pronouns."--Pages ii-iii.
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Title: Rural migrant Hausa girls, a community faith-based school, and environmental change in Sokoto, northwest Nigeria
Creator: Idris, Abubakar
Date: 2019
Collection: Electronic Theses & Dissertations
Description: Engaging with feminist and post-colonial theories to examine the ways in which gender identity, gender power, and gender relations are enacted, this dissertation examines a shift that has recently been occurring in the education of rural Hausa girls, whose families are increasingly sending them to residential Qur'anic schools in metropolitan Sokoto rather than to government schools. At the root of this change, it identifies Hausa parents' desire to entrench traditional gender roles grounded...
Show moreEngaging with feminist and post-colonial theories to examine the ways in which gender identity, gender power, and gender relations are enacted, this dissertation examines a shift that has recently been occurring in the education of rural Hausa girls, whose families are increasingly sending them to residential Qur'anic schools in metropolitan Sokoto rather than to government schools. At the root of this change, it identifies Hausa parents' desire to entrench traditional gender roles grounded in the cultural values and principles of Islamic religious ideology. To fulfill this aim, however, these parents must disrupt another aspect of the existing system of traditional gender roles, in which girls disproportionately farm and perform household duties. Moreover, it identifies the driving force of such disruption as Hausa fathers, who as the major decision-makers in their households are often making these schooling choices on their daughters' behalf in the face of sharp opposition from their wives. As a result, Hausa mothers must adjust to the loss of a major source of household labor, among other effects of the absence of their daughters from their homes. In other words, families lose their daughters' labor contributions when they leave their rural communities to go to Qur'anic schools in urban centers like Sokoto. The dissertation concludes by drawing the attention of the Nigerian government to its new data on the cultural and religious issues that should be considered by policymakers seeking to bring free universal primary and secondary education to under-served rural Hausa children and families in Northern Nigeria.
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Title: Robust global motion compensation and its applications
Creator: Safdarnejad, Seyed Morteza
Date: 2017
Collection: Electronic Theses & Dissertations
Description: This thesis presents algorithms for robust global motion compensation (GMC). GMC algorithms are used to remove camera motion and transform the video such that in the resultant video, the background appears static and the only motion rises from foreground objects. Many computer vision algorithms are tailored for static camera, and using GMC, it is possible to apply these algorithms on videos from moving cameras. For instance, motion-based video analysis is strongly affected by camera motion....
Show moreThis thesis presents algorithms for robust global motion compensation (GMC). GMC algorithms are used to remove camera motion and transform the video such that in the resultant video, the background appears static and the only motion rises from foreground objects. Many computer vision algorithms are tailored for static camera, and using GMC, it is possible to apply these algorithms on videos from moving cameras. For instance, motion-based video analysis is strongly affected by camera motion. If camera motion is not compensated, it interferes with the motion of interest, such as motion of human, and renders the analysis problem to be more challenging.Generally, in sequential schemes, GMC estimates the homography transformation between two consecutive frames by matching keypoints on the frames, and maps the second frame to a global coordinate. Then, by accumulating these transformations, a composite transformation is calculated which maps each frame to the global coordinate. However, existing GMC algorithms are sensitive to existence of foreground motion and fail easily in the case of considerable foreground motion or ambiguous and low texture background.To address the challenges in GMC, first, we propose a Robust Global Motion Compensation (RGMC) algorithm which explicitly suppresses the foreground effect and utilizes a comprehensive probabilistic verification model to find the best mappings between consecutive frames. Despite the robustness offered by RGMC, we further identified the problem of temporal drift of the estimation, due to accumulation of errors in estimation of mappings between consecutive coordinates. Furthermore, to address the issues of sequential GMC, we propose a Temporally Robust Global Motion Compensation (TRGMC) algorithm which by joint alignment of input frames, estimates accurate and temporally consistent transformations to the global coordinates. Joint alignment not only leads to the temporal consistency of GMC, but also improves GMC stability by using redundancy of the information.Many applications can benefit from a reliable and accurate GMC algorithm. We first briefly look into these applications. Then, among the many applications, we further investigate the problem of sequence alignment, and propose an alignment algorithm for non-overlapping sequences, enabled by performance of TRGMC. Given the transformation to a global coordinate, offered by TRGMC, and capability of background reconstruction using TRGMC result, we are able to align sequences even if the spatial overlap between the sequences is minimal or nonexistent. To this end, we first spatially align the sequences such that extrapolated backgrounds are aligned well and trajectory of moving objects are spatially smooth in the global coordinate. Next, we temporally align the sequences based on the smoothness of spatio-temporal trajectory of moving objects across field of view of different cameras.
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Title: Food and agricultural education in Michigan elementary schools : teacher interest in, awareness of, and use of resources
Creator: Loscalzo, Samantha
Date: 2017
Collection: Electronic Theses & Dissertations
Description: Most youth consume inadequate amounts of fruits and vegetables, increasing their risk for diet-related diseases. At the same time, many youth lack an understanding of the relationships between their food, agriculture, the environment, society, and their health. An understanding of these relationships has the potential to enable youth to make healthy food choices and participate in a food system that benefits communities, the environment, and economies. Schools are ideal settings for food and...
Show moreMost youth consume inadequate amounts of fruits and vegetables, increasing their risk for diet-related diseases. At the same time, many youth lack an understanding of the relationships between their food, agriculture, the environment, society, and their health. An understanding of these relationships has the potential to enable youth to make healthy food choices and participate in a food system that benefits communities, the environment, and economies. Schools are ideal settings for food and agricultural education, but it is not required in most classrooms. In addition, barriers such as a lack of time and resources prevent the incorporation of non-required education. To assess teacher interests in food and agricultural education and resource needs, a statewide, online survey of Michigan kindergarten through sixth grade teachers was conducted in 2015, with 1,196 respondents. The survey asked teachers about their interest in food and agricultural topics, subject incorporation, interest in resources, and awareness of existing resources. Analysis suggests that teachers were most interested in the topics of school gardens, organic food and farming, and youth entrepreneurial opportunities. There was also a surprising amount of interest in incorporating these topics into English language arts, where they are currently not common. Respondents indicated that it was very important that resources have no fee to use and are hands-on. The majority, however, were not aware of key existing resources, which suggests that outreach efforts could be strengthened. Providing resources shaped by the interests of teachers may help to expand the incorporation of food and agricultural education in Michigan classrooms.
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Title: School board decision making practices
Creator: Beard, Nicole R.
Date: 2017
Collection: Electronic Theses & Dissertations
Description: ABSTRACTSCHOOL BOARD DECISION MAKING PRACTICESByNicole R. BeardThe purpose of this study was to examine the way in which school boards use data when making decisions, specifically their orientations, perceptions, concerns and priorities around data. This study sought to understand how school boards use data when setting or tracking progress toward goals and aimed following the process of board use of data to discern how they create knowledge upon which to base their decisions and direct...
Show moreABSTRACTSCHOOL BOARD DECISION MAKING PRACTICESByNicole R. BeardThe purpose of this study was to examine the way in which school boards use data when making decisions, specifically their orientations, perceptions, concerns and priorities around data. This study sought to understand how school boards use data when setting or tracking progress toward goals and aimed following the process of board use of data to discern how they create knowledge upon which to base their decisions and direct subsequent action. Three school boards were selected based on specific criteria that were found beneficial to the study’s purpose and goal. Participants were sent an online survey to complete, as well as observed during board meeting and committee meetings. In addition, each superintendent and two school board members from each district participated in face to face interviews regarding their views on the role of data when making decisions. The results of this research study brought into focus how organizations such as these learn about data and put this knowledge into action in the form of decision making. As school board members examine data, they take part in an information sharing cycle that transforms the data into contextually relevant information that in turn becomes knowledge. This knowledge can be acted upon and enables school boards to validate their reasons for the decisions made as a collective body. Learning about this cycle can be helpful in helping community members and other stakeholders better understand the level of analysis that takes place when board members make decisions.
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Title: Measurement of isobaric analogue resonances of 20742077Ar with the active-target time projection chamber
Creator: Bradt, Joshua William
Date: 2017
Collection: Electronic Theses & Dissertations
Description: While the nuclear shell model accurately describes the structure of nuclei near stability, the structure of unstable, neutron-rich nuclei is still an area of active research. One region of interest is the set of nuclei near N=28. The shell model suggests that these nuclei should be approximately spherical due to the shell gap predicted by their magic number of neutrons; however, experiments have shown that the nuclei in this region rapidly become deformed as protons are removed from the...
Show moreWhile the nuclear shell model accurately describes the structure of nuclei near stability, the structure of unstable, neutron-rich nuclei is still an area of active research. One region of interest is the set of nuclei near N=28. The shell model suggests that these nuclei should be approximately spherical due to the shell gap predicted by their magic number of neutrons; however, experiments have shown that the nuclei in this region rapidly become deformed as protons are removed from the spherical 48Ca. This makes 46Ar a particularly interesting system as it lies in a transition region between 48Ca and lighter isotones that are known to be deformed.An experiment was performed at the National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory (NSCL) to measure resonant proton scattering on 46Ar. The resonances observed in this reaction correspond to unbound levels in the 47K intermediate state nucleus which are isobaric analogues of states in the 47Ar nucleus. By measuring the spectroscopic factors of these states in 47Ar, we gain information about the single-particle structure of this system, which is directly related to the size of the N=28 shell gap. Four resonances were observed: one corresponding to the ground state in 47Ar, one corresponding its first excited 1/2- state, and two corresponding to 1/2+ states in either 47Ar or the intermediate state nucleus. However, only a limited amount of information about these states could be recovered due to the low experimental statistics and limited angular resolution caused by pileup rejection and the inability to accurately reconstruct the beam particle track.In addition to the nuclear physics motivations, this experiment served as the radioactive beam commissioning for the Active-Target Time Projection Chamber (AT-TPC). The AT-TPC is a new gas-filled charged particle detector built at the NSCL to measure low-energy radioactive beams from the ReA3 facility. Since the gas inside the detector serves as both the tracking medium and the scattering target, reactions are measured over a continuous range of energies with near-4π solid angle coverage. This experiment demonstrated that tracks recorded by the AT-TPC can be reconstructed to a good resolution, and it established the feasibility of performing similar experiments with this detector in the future.
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