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Title: Dynamic simulation of the electrorheological effect in a uniformly distributed electric field
Creator: Cristescu, Nicolae
Date: 2000
Collection: Electronic Theses & Dissertations

Title: Evaluation of calibration for optical see-through augmented reality systems
Creator: McGarrity, Erin Scott
Date: 2001
Collection: Electronic Theses & Dissertations

Title: Parallel discrete event simulation and its application on logic simulation
Creator: Xu, Jinsheng
Date: 2002
Collection: Electronic Theses & Dissertations

Title: Vision-based tracking of fiducials for augmented reality
Creator: Middlin, Paul W.
Date: 2002
Collection: Electronic Theses & Dissertations

Title: Validation of two growth and yield models on red pine plantations in Michigan
Creator: Smith-Mateja, Erin E.
Date: 2003
Collection: Electronic Theses & Dissertations

Title: Designing a package for pharmaceutical tablets in relation to moisture and dissolution
Creator: Yoon, Seungyil
Date: 2003
Collection: Electronic Theses & Dissertations

Title: Calibration of optical see through head mounted displays for augmented reality
Creator: Zhou, Ji
Date: 2007
Collection: Electronic Theses & Dissertations

Title: Modular model assembly from finite element models of components
Creator: Ren, Zhen
Date: 2008
Collection: Electronic Theses & Dissertations

Title: Numerical model for hemodialysis
Creator: Siefert, Andrew W.
Date: 2009
Collection: Electronic Theses & Dissertations

Title: On the beneficial effects of deleterious mutations
Creator: Covert, Arthur W.
Date: 2010
Collection: Electronic Theses & Dissertations

Title: On the evolution of mutation bias in digital organisms
Creator: Rupp, Matthew
Date: 2011
Collection: Electronic Theses & Dissertations
Description: Mutation is one of the primary drivers of genetic change. In this work I study mutation biases, which are sets of different genetic-state inflow probabilities. Mutation biases have the potential to change the composition of genomes over time, leading to divergent short- and long-term evolutionary outcomes. I use digital organisms, self-replicating computer programs, to explore whether or not mutation biases are capable of altering the long-term adaptive behavior of populations; whether...
Show moreMutation is one of the primary drivers of genetic change. In this work I study mutation biases, which are sets of different genetic-state inflow probabilities. Mutation biases have the potential to change the composition of genomes over time, leading to divergent short- and long-term evolutionary outcomes. I use digital organisms, self-replicating computer programs, to explore whether or not mutation biases are capable of altering the long-term adaptive behavior of populations; whether mutation biases can be competitive traits; and whether mutation biases can evolve. I find that mutation biases can alter the long-term adaptive behavior of mutation bias-obligate populations in terms of both mean fitness and complex trait evolution. I also find that mutation biases can compete against one another under a variety of conditions, meaning mutation bias can selectable over relatively-short periods of time. The competitive success of a mutation bias does not always depend upon the presence of beneficial mutations, implicating an increase in the probability of neutral mutations as a sufficient mechanism for bias selection. Finally, I demonstrate that by giving organisms a mutable mutation bias allele, populations preferentially evolve to possess specific biases over others. Overall, this work shows that mutation bias can act as a selectable trait, influencing the evolution of populations with regard to both their internal-genetic and external environments.
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Title: Surface matching and chemical scoring to detect unrelated proteins binding similar small molecules
Creator: Van Voorst, Jeffrey Ryan
Date: 2011
Collection: Electronic Theses & Dissertations
Description: SURFACE MATCHING AND CHEMICAL SCORING TO DETECT UNRELATED PROTEINS BINDING SIMILAR SMALL MOLECULESByJeffrey Ryan Van VoorstHow can one deduce if two clefts or pockets in different protein structures bind the same small molecule if there is no significant sequence or structural similarity between the proteins? Human pattern recognition, based on extensive structural biology or ligand design experience, is the best choice when the number of sites is small. However, to be able to scale to the...
Show moreSURFACE MATCHING AND CHEMICAL SCORING TO DETECT UNRELATED PROTEINS BINDING SIMILAR SMALL MOLECULESByJeffrey Ryan Van VoorstHow can one deduce if two clefts or pockets in different protein structures bind the same small molecule if there is no significant sequence or structural similarity between the proteins? Human pattern recognition, based on extensive structural biology or ligand design experience, is the best choice when the number of sites is small. However, to be able to scale to the thousands of structures in structural databases requires implementing that experience as computational method. The primary advantage of such a computational tool is to be able to focus human expertise on a much smaller set of enriched binding sites.Although a number of tools have been developed for this purpose by many groups [61, 51, 86, 88, 91], to our knowledge, a basic hypothesis remains untested: two proteins that bind the same small molecule have binding sites with similar chemical and shape features, even when the proteins do not share significant sequence or structural similarity. A computational method to compare protein small molecule binding sites based on surface and chemical complementarity is proposed and implemented as a software package named SimSite3D. This method is protein structure based, does not rely on explicit protein sequence or main chain similarities, and does not require the alignment of atomic centers. It has been engineered to provide a detailed search of one fragment site versus a dataset of about 13,000 full ligand sites in 2&ndash4 hours (on one processor core).Several contributions are presented in this dissertation. First, several examples are presented where SimSite3D is able to find significant matches between binding sites that have similar ligand fragments bound but are unrelated in sequence or structure. Second, including the complementarity of binding site molecular surfaces helps to distinguish between sites that share a similar chemical motif, but do not necessarily bind the same molecule. Third, a number of clear examples are provided to illustrate the challenges in comparing binding sites which should be addressed in order for a binding site comparison method to gain widespread acceptance similar to that enjoyed by BLAST[3, 4]. Finally, an optimization method for addressing protein (and small molecule) flexibility in the context of binding site comparisons is presented, prototyped, and tested.Throughout the work, computational models were chosen to strike a delicate balance between achieving sufficient accuracy of alignments, discriminating between accurate and poor alignments, and discriminating between similar and dissimilar sites. Each of these criteria is important. Due to the nature of the binding site comparison problem, each criterion presents a separate challenge and may require compromises to balance performance to achieve acceptable performance in all three categories.At the present, the problem of addressing flexibility when comparing binding site surfaces has not been presented or published by any other research group. In fact, the problem of modeling flexibility to determine correspondences between binding sites is an untouched problem of great importance. Therefore, the final goal of this dissertation is to prototype and evaluate a method that uses inverse kinematics and gradient based optimization to optimize a given objective function subject to allowed protein motions encoded as stereochemical constraints. In particular, we seek to simultaneously maximize the surface and chemical complementarity of two closely aligned sites subject to directed changes in side chain dihedral angles.
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Title: The evolution of division of labor in digital organisms
Creator: Goldsby, Heather J.
Date: 2011
Collection: Electronic Theses & Dissertations
Description: Division of labor is a hallmark strategy employed by a wide variety of groups ranging in complexity from bacteria to human economies. Within these groups, some individuals, such as worker ants, sacrifice their ability to reproduce and instead dedicate their lives to the maintenance of the colony and success of their kin. A worker ant may spend its entire life performing a single task, such as defending the colony or tending to the brood. The complexity of the strategies employed by these...
Show moreDivision of labor is a hallmark strategy employed by a wide variety of groups ranging in complexity from bacteria to human economies. Within these groups, some individuals, such as worker ants, sacrifice their ability to reproduce and instead dedicate their lives to the maintenance of the colony and success of their kin. A worker ant may spend its entire life performing a single task, such as defending the colony or tending to the brood. The complexity of the strategies employed by these groups, combined with their rampant success, gives rise to questions regarding why division of labor exists. While extensive research has been done to better understand the patterns and mechanisms of division of labor, exploring this topic in an evolutionary context remains challenging to study due to the slow pace of evolution and imperfect historical data. Understanding how and why division of labor arises is pertinent not just for understanding biological phenomena, but also as a means to enable evolutionary computation techniques to address complex problems using problem decomposition. The objective of problem-decomposition approaches is to have a group of individuals cooperatively solve a complex task by breaking it into pieces, having specialist individuals solve the pieces, and reassembling the solution. Essentially, problem-decomposition approaches use division of labor to enable groups to solve more challenging problems than any individual could alone. Unfortunately, human engineers have struggled with creating effective, automated problem-decomposition approaches.In this dissertation, I use digital evolution (i.e., populations of self-replicating computer programs that undergo open-ended evolution) to investigate questions related to the evolution of division of labor and to apply these insights to problem decomposition techniques. This dissertation has three primary components: First, we provide experimental evidence that evolutionary computation techniques can evolve groups of individuals that exhibit division of labor. Second, we explore two hypotheses for the evolution of division of labor. Specifically, we find support for the hypothesis that temporal polyethism (i.e., where a worker's age is related to the task it performs within the colony) may result from the evolutionary pressures of aging and risks associated with tasks. Additionally, we find support for a hypothesis initially proposed by Adam Smith, the premier economist, that the presence of task-switching costs results in an increase in the amount of division of labor exhibited by groups. Third, we describe how our analyses revealed that groups of organisms evolved as part of our task-switching work exhibit complex problem decomposition strategies that can potentially be applied to other evolutionary computation challenges. This work both informs biological studies of division of labor and also provides insights that can enable the development of new mechanisms for using evolutionary computation to solve increasingly complex engineering problems.
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Title: The evolution of digital communities under limited resources
Creator: Walker, Bess Linden
Date: 2012
Collection: Electronic Theses & Dissertations
Description: Schluter (1996) describes adaptive radiation as "the diversification of a lineage into species that exploit a variety of different resource types and that differ in the morphological or physiological traits used to exploit those resources". My research focuses on adaptive radiation in the context of limited resources, where frequency-dependence is an important driver of selection (Futuyma & Moreno, 1988; Dieckmann & Doebeli, 1999; Friesen et al., 2004). Adaptive radiation yields a community...
Show moreSchluter (1996) describes adaptive radiation as "the diversification of a lineage into species that exploit a variety of different resource types and that differ in the morphological or physiological traits used to exploit those resources". My research focuses on adaptive radiation in the context of limited resources, where frequency-dependence is an important driver of selection (Futuyma & Moreno, 1988; Dieckmann & Doebeli, 1999; Friesen et al., 2004). Adaptive radiation yields a community composed of distinct organism types adapted to specific niches.I study simple communities of digital organisms, the result of adaptive radiation in environments with limited resources. I ask (and address) the questions: How does diversity, driven by resource limitation, affect the frequency with which complex traits arise? What other aspects of the evolutionary pressures in this limited resource environment might account for the increase in frequency with which complex traits arise? Can we predict community stability when it encounters another community, and is our prediction different for communities resulting from adaptive radiation versus those that are artificially assembled?Community diversity is higher in environments with limited resources than in those with unlimited resources. The evolution of an example complex feature (in this case, Boolean EQU) is also more common in limited-resource environments, and shows a strong correlation with diversity over a range of resource inflow rates. I show that populations evolving in intermediate inflow rates explore areas of the fitness landscape in which EQU is common, and that those in unlimited resource environments do not. Another feature of the limited-resource environments is the reduced cost of trading off the execution of building block tasks for higher-complexity tasks. I find strong causal evidence that this reduced cost is a factor in the more common evolution of EQU in limited-resource environments.When two communities meet in competition, the fraction of each community's descendants making up the final post-competition community is strongly consistent across replicates. I find that three community-level factors, ecotypic diversity, community composition, and resource use efficiency can be used to predict this fractional community success, explaining up to 35% of the variation.In summary, I demonstrate the value of digital communities as a tractable experimental system for studying general community properties. They sit at the bridge between ecology and evolutionary biology and evolutionary computation, and offer comprehensible ways to translate ideas across these fields.
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Title: The evolutionary potential of populations on complex fitness landscapes
Creator: Bryson, David Michael
Date: 2012
Collection: Electronic Theses & Dissertations
Description: Evolution is a highly contingent process, where the quality of the solutions produced is affected by many factors. I explore and describe the contributions of three such aspects that influence overall evolutionary potential: the prior history of a population, the type and frequency of mutations that the organisms are subject to, and the composition of the underlying genetic hardware. I have systematically tested changes to a digital evolution system, Avida, measuring evolutionary potential in...
Show moreEvolution is a highly contingent process, where the quality of the solutions produced is affected by many factors. I explore and describe the contributions of three such aspects that influence overall evolutionary potential: the prior history of a population, the type and frequency of mutations that the organisms are subject to, and the composition of the underlying genetic hardware. I have systematically tested changes to a digital evolution system, Avida, measuring evolutionary potential in seven different computational environments ranging in complexity of the underlying fitness landscapes. I have examined trends and general principles that these measurements demonstrate and used my results to optimize the evolutionary potential of the system, broadly enhancing performance. The results of this work show that history and mutation rate play significant roles in evolutionary potential, but the final fitness levels of populations are remarkably stable to substantial changes in the genetic hardware and a broad range of mutation types.
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Title: Orientation guided texture synthesis using PatchMatch
Creator: Dutka, Rosemary L.
Date: 2013
Collection: Electronic Theses & Dissertations
Description: Texture describes the unique structural patterns that we perceive in the world. Various surface geometric details such as animal fur, plant leaves, and carpets can be thought of as texture. In computer graphics, textures stored as images are ubiquitously used to decorate boundary surfaces of objects. There are multiple approaches to acquire realistic and aesthetically pleasing textures. One of the most popular methods is a process known as texture synthesis, in which we produce seamless...
Show moreTexture describes the unique structural patterns that we perceive in the world. Various surface geometric details such as animal fur, plant leaves, and carpets can be thought of as texture. In computer graphics, textures stored as images are ubiquitously used to decorate boundary surfaces of objects. There are multiple approaches to acquire realistic and aesthetically pleasing textures. One of the most popular methods is a process known as texture synthesis, in which we produce seamless nonrepetitive textures from a small patch of texture sample.In this thesis, we present an orientation guided fast texture synthesis based on an image editing tool, PatchMatch, which is included in PhotoShop. Given an example image, our model adopts a hierarchical process to improve retention of structural texture features at multiple scales. We generalize PatchMatch by using orientation to guide the alignment of texture features, indicated by a planar direction field, in the creation of large texture patches. To demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach, we first apply our algorithm in designing new textures with two and four-way symmetry which can be extended to n-way symmetry, and then in enhancing latent fingerprints. Furthermore, our results show empirically that orientation guided PatchMatch has the advantages of providing control over the density of singularities without knowing the exact locations and reducing spurious singularities.
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Title: Evolutionary dynamics of digitized organizational routines
Creator: Liu, Peng
Date: 2013
Collection: Electronic Theses & Dissertations
Description: This dissertation explores the effects of increased digitization on the evolutionary dynamics of organizational routines. Do routines become more flexible, or more rigid, as the mix of digital technologies and human actors changes? What are the mechanisms that govern the evolution of routines? The dissertation theorizes about the effects of increased digitization on path dependence and interdependence mechanisms, and therefore extends current theory on the evolutionary dynamics of...
Show moreThis dissertation explores the effects of increased digitization on the evolutionary dynamics of organizational routines. Do routines become more flexible, or more rigid, as the mix of digital technologies and human actors changes? What are the mechanisms that govern the evolution of routines? The dissertation theorizes about the effects of increased digitization on path dependence and interdependence mechanisms, and therefore extends current theory on the evolutionary dynamics of organizational routines by taking into account the effects of three basic phenomena: digitization, path dependence and interdependence.In this dissertation, I use computer-based simulation, grounded with data collected in field interviews, to model the evolution of routines. More specifically, this dissertation models routines as networks of action that are subject to an evolutionary process of random variation and selective retention. To assess the evolution of routine, I introduce the idea of evolutionary trajectory, which is defined as the product of the magnitude of change and the direction of change in the networks of action.The dissertation also addresses a foundational issue in the literature on organizational routines. Routines are generally believed to remain stable due to path dependence. An alternative explanation is that routines may be stable due to interdependence among actions, which tends to constrain the sequence in which actions can occur. I have developed a simulation that allows meto test the relative importance of these factors, a question that has never been addressed. By addressing this fundamental issue, I provide a deeper, theory driven explanation of the effects of digitization.
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Title: Mechanisms of adaptation and speciation : an experimental study using artificial life
Creator: Anderson, Carlos Jesus
Date: 2013
Collection: Electronic Theses & Dissertations
Description: Detailed experimental studies in evolutionary biology are sometimes difficult--even with model organisms. Theoretical models alleviate some of these difficulties and often provide clean results, but they cannot always capture the complexity of dynamic evolutionary processes. Artificial life systems are tools that fall somewhere between model organisms and theoretical models that have been successfully used to study evolutionary biology. These systems simulate simple organisms that replicate,...
Show moreDetailed experimental studies in evolutionary biology are sometimes difficult--even with model organisms. Theoretical models alleviate some of these difficulties and often provide clean results, but they cannot always capture the complexity of dynamic evolutionary processes. Artificial life systems are tools that fall somewhere between model organisms and theoretical models that have been successfully used to study evolutionary biology. These systems simulate simple organisms that replicate, acquire random mutations, and reproduce differentially; as a consequence, they evolve naturally (i.e., evolution itself is not simulated). Here I use the software Avida to study several open questions on the genetic mechanisms of adaptation and speciation.In Chapter 1 (p. 13), I investigated whether beneficial alleles during adaptation came from new mutations or standing genetic variation--alleles already present in the population. I found that most beneficial alleles came from standing genetic variation, but new mutations were necessary for long-term evolution. I also found that adaptation from standing genetic variation was faster than from new mutations. Finally, I found that recombination brought together beneficial combinations of alleles from standing genetic variation.In Chapter 2 (p. 31), I investigated the probability of compensatory adaptation vs. reversion. Compensatory adaptation is the fixation of mutations that ameliorate the effects of deleterious mutations while the original deleterious mutations remain fixed. I found that compensatory adaptation was very common, but the window of opportunity for reversion was increased when the initial fitness of the population was high, the population size was large, and the mutation rate was high. The reason that the window of opportunity for reversion was constrained was that negative epistatic interactions with compensatory mutations prevented the revertant from being beneficial to the population.In Chapter 3 (p. 58), I showed experimentally that compensatory adaptation can lead to reproductive isolation (specifically, postzygotic isolation). In addition, I found that the strength of this isolation was independent of the effect size of the original deleterious mutations. Finally, I found that both deleterious and compensatory mutations contribute equally to reproductive isolation.Reproductive isolation between populations often evolves as a byproduct of independent adaptation to new environments, but the selective pressures of these environments may be divergent (`ecological speciation') or uniform (`mutation-order speciation'). In Chapter 4 (p. 75), I compared directly the strength of postzygotic isolation generated by ecological and mutation-order processes with and without migration. I found that ecological speciation generally formed stronger isolation than mutation-order speciation and that mutation-order speciation was more sensitive to migration than ecological speciation.Under the Dobzhansky-Muller model of speciation, hybrid inviability or sterility results from the evolution of genetic incompatibilities (DMIs) between species-specific alleles. This model predicts that the number of pairwise DMIs between species should increase quadratically through time, but the few tests of this `snowball effect' have had conflicting results. In Chapter 5 (p. 101), I show that pairwise DMIs accumulated quadratically, supporting the snowball effect. I found that more complex genetic interactions involved alleles that rescued pairwise incompatibilities, explaining the discrepancy between the expected accumulations of DMIs and observation.
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Title: Modeling of accelerator systems and experimental verification of Quarter-Wave Resonator steering
Creator: Benatti, Carla
Date: 2014
Collection: Electronic Theses & Dissertations
Description: Increasingly complicated accelerator systems depend more and more on computing power and computer simulations for their operation as progress in the field has led to cutting-edge advances that require finer control and better understanding to achieve optimal performance. Greater ambitions coupled with the technical complexity of today's state-of-the-art accelerators necessitate corresponding advances in available accelerator modeling resources. Modeling is a critical component of any field of...
Show moreIncreasingly complicated accelerator systems depend more and more on computing power and computer simulations for their operation as progress in the field has led to cutting-edge advances that require finer control and better understanding to achieve optimal performance. Greater ambitions coupled with the technical complexity of today's state-of-the-art accelerators necessitate corresponding advances in available accelerator modeling resources. Modeling is a critical component of any field of physics, accelerator physics being no exception. It is extremely important to not only understand the basic underlying physics principles but to implement this understanding through the development of relevant modeling tools that provide the ability to investigate and study various complex effects. Moreover, these tools can lead to new insight and applications that facilitate control room operations and enable advances in the field that would not otherwise be possible. The ability to accurately model accelerator systems aids in the successful operation of machines designed specifically to deliver beams to experiments across a wide variety of fields, ranging from material science research to nuclear astrophysics. One such accelerator discussed throughout this work is the ReA facility at the National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory (NSCL) which re-accelerates rare isotope beams for nuclear astrophysics experiments. A major component of the ReA facility, as well as the future Facility for Rare Isotope Beams (FRIB) among other accelerators, is the Quarter-Wave Resonator (QWR), a coaxial accelerating cavity convenient for efficient acceleration of low-velocity particles. This device is very important to model accurately as it operates in the critical low-velocity region where the beam's acceleration gains are proportionally larger than they are through the later stages of acceleration. Compounding this matter, QWRs defocus the beam, and are also asymmetric with respect to the beam pipe, which has the potential to induce steering on the beam. These additional complications make this a significant device to study in order to optimize the accelerator's overall performance. The NSCL and ReA, along with FRIB, are first introduced to provide background and motivate the central modeling objectives presented throughout this work. In the next chapter, underlying beam physics principles are then discussed, as they form the basis from which modeling methods are derived. The modeling methods presented include multi-particle tracking and beam envelope matrix transport. The following chapter investigates modeling elements in more detail, including quadrupoles, solenoids, and coaxial accelerating cavities. Assemblies of accelerator elements, or lattices, have been modeled as well, and a method for modeling multiple charge state transport using linear matrix methods is also given.Finally, an experiment studying beam steering induced by QWR resonators is presented, the first systematic experimental investigation of this effect. As mentioned earlier, characterization of this steering on beam properties is important for accurate modeling of the beam transport through the linac. The measurement technique devised at ReA investigates the effect's dependence on the beam's vertical offset within the cavity, the cavity amplitude, and the beam energy upon entrance into the cavity. The results from this experiment agree well with the analytical predictions based on geometrical parameters calculated from on-axis field profiles. The incorporation of this effect into modeling codes has the potential to speed up complex accelerator operations and tuning procedures in systems using QWRs.
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Title: Reliability improvement of DFIG-based wind energy conversion systems by real time control
Creator: Elhmoud, Lina Adnan Abdullah
Date: 2015
Collection: Electronic Theses & Dissertations
Description: Reliability is the probability that a system or component will satisfactorily perform its intended function under given operating conditions. The average time of satisfactory operation of a system is called the mean time between failures (MTBF) and. the higher value of MTBF indicates higher reliability and vice versa. Nowadays, reliability is of greater concern than in the past especially for offshore wind turbines since the access to these installations in case of failures is both costly and...
Show moreReliability is the probability that a system or component will satisfactorily perform its intended function under given operating conditions. The average time of satisfactory operation of a system is called the mean time between failures (MTBF) and. the higher value of MTBF indicates higher reliability and vice versa. Nowadays, reliability is of greater concern than in the past especially for offshore wind turbines since the access to these installations in case of failures is both costly and difficult. Power semiconductor devices are often ranked as the most vulnerable components from reliability perspective in a power conversion system. The lifetime prediction of power modules based on mission profile is an important issue. Furthermore, lifetime modeling of future large wind turbines is needed in order to make reliability predictions in the early design phase. By conducting reliability prediction in the design phase a manufacture can ensure that the new wind turbines will operate within designed reliability metrics such as lifetime.This work presents reliability analysis of power electronic converters for wind energy conversion systems (WECS) based on semiconductor power losses. A real time control scheme is proposed to maximize the system's lifetime and the accumulated energy produced over the lifetime. It has been verified through the reliability model that a low-pass-filter-based control can effectively increase the MTBF and lifetime of the power modules. The fundamental cause to achieve higher MTBF lies in the reduction of the number of thermal cycles.The key element in a power conversion system is the power semiconductor device, which operates as a power switch. The improvement in power semiconductor devices is the critical driving force behind the improved performance, efficiency, reduced size and weight of power conversion systems. As the power density and switching frequency increase, thermal analysis of power electronic system becomes imperative. The analysis provides information on semiconductor device rating, reliability, and lifetime calculation. The power throughput of the state-of-the-art WECS that is equipped with maximum power point control algorithms is subjected to wind speed fluctuations, which may cause significant thermal cycling of the IGBT in power converter and in turn lead to reduction in lifetime. To address this reliability issue, a real-time control scheme based on the reliability model of the system is proposed. In this work a doubly fed induction generator is utilized as a demonstration system to prove the effectiveness of the proposed method. Average model of three-phase converter has been adopted for thermal modeling and lifetime estimation. A low-pass-filter based control law is utilized to modify the power command from conventional WECS control output. The resultant reliability performance of the system has been significantly improved as evidenced by the simulation results.
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