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Title
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Which way for Africans in the United States? The Seventh Pan African Congress and beyond
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Creator
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Wilkins, Fanon Che
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Date
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1996-06
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Collection
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African Journal of Political Science
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Description
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This essay attempts to analyse the role and organisation of the North American delegation at the Seventh Pan African Congress held in Kampala, Uganda, from April 3-8, 1994 within the context of current political movements in the United States. Particular attention will be paid to more recent events taking place in the United States, such as the Million Man March, to elucidate the current crisis in African-American leadership. I will argue that this crisis has very real implications with...
Show moreThis essay attempts to analyse the role and organisation of the North American delegation at the Seventh Pan African Congress held in Kampala, Uganda, from April 3-8, 1994 within the context of current political movements in the United States. Particular attention will be paid to more recent events taking place in the United States, such as the Million Man March, to elucidate the current crisis in African-American leadership. I will argue that this crisis has very real implications with regard to fostering solidarity and redefining a Pan Africanism that is shaped by the needs and aspirations of the producers who make up the overwhelming majority of the African diaspora and the continent.
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Title
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The position and postural attitudes of driver occupants, seat position
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Creator
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Reynolds, H. M. (Herbert M.)
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Date
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1996-06-21
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Collection
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Ergonomics Research Laboratory Reports
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Description
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Subjects representative of the mid-sized automobile market segment in the United States drove a four-door 1995 Chevrolet Lumina on three highway trips. We measured their posture, seat position, muscle activity, pressure distribution and comfort under highway driving conditions. Two identical vehicles were instrumented with video cameras to measure anatomical joint center positions (including H-point and D-point in the pelvis) in three-dimensional space, pressure distribution in the cushion...
Show moreSubjects representative of the mid-sized automobile market segment in the United States drove a four-door 1995 Chevrolet Lumina on three highway trips. We measured their posture, seat position, muscle activity, pressure distribution and comfort under highway driving conditions. Two identical vehicles were instrumented with video cameras to measure anatomical joint center positions (including H-point and D-point in the pelvis) in three-dimensional space, pressure distribution in the cushion and back, and an on-board PC equipped with an A-to-D board that was used to digitize signals from EMG electrodes on the driver's back and all seat position transducers. The seat was a six-way power seat with a power recline and a four-way lumbar support. A technician sat in the back seat operating all measurement equipment and conducting a brief comfort interview at prescribed intervals during the drive. The subjects, obtained from the general population in mid-Michigan, were selected to drive the vehicle without prejudice for halo or marketing effects. This report describes how these subjects used the 12-way power seat in the vehicle to achieve a comfortable or occupant-preferred seat position while operating the vehicle on the highway.
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Title
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The initial position and postural attitudes of driver occupants, posture
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Creator
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Brodeur, Raymond R. (Raymond Robert)
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Date
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1996-06-21
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Collection
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Ergonomics Research Laboratory Reports
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Description
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The posture, pressure and subjective responses of forty subjects (20 male, 20 female) were measured during two highway drives. Four video cameras were used to measure targets on each subject in addition to measuring EMG and pressure in the seat cushion and the seat back using pressure mats. Subjective questions were asked at specific time intervals or if the subject adjusted the seat or indicated they were feeling uncomfortable. The goal of this research was to compare the objective...
Show moreThe posture, pressure and subjective responses of forty subjects (20 male, 20 female) were measured during two highway drives. Four video cameras were used to measure targets on each subject in addition to measuring EMG and pressure in the seat cushion and the seat back using pressure mats. Subjective questions were asked at specific time intervals or if the subject adjusted the seat or indicated they were feeling uncomfortable. The goal of this research was to compare the objective measurements to the subjective comfort responses of the subjects. In this report we describe the posture of the subjects during two different highway drive tests. During the fixed back drive, the seatback angle was controlled at a 15o or 30o back angle, in random order, with subjects able to control all adjustments on the 12-way power seats except back angle. During the free comfort drive, subjects had full control over all of the 12 adjustments (6-way power seat, 4-way lumbar support, 2-way back angle). We found that compared to the SAE seat design template, Oscar, all subjects sat with their hip joints significantly forward of the H-point and that the point of maximum deflection (D-point) for the subjects was further forward and with less penetration than that of the design template. Both males and females sat with similar torso-thigh angles as that of the design template, but males sat with a more reclined posture than females and with larger elbow angles. Compared to the design knee angle, both males and females were significantly less than that of Oscar, with males having an even smaller angle than females. Most males had the seat at the full rear-ward position, which was probably a factor in their knee angle. The reclined (30o) seatback angle resulted in the most upright posture, but we strongly suspect that this was maintained with significant muscle activity in order to position the back and head to operate the vehicle.
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