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Title: Probing proton cross-shell excitations in 20772070Ni using nucleon knockout reactions
Creator: Elman, Brandon Alexander
Date: 2019
Collection: Electronic Theses & Dissertations
Description: The neutron-rich Ni isotopes serve as an important benchmark for nuclear structure modelsbecause they exhibit interesting phenomena such as shape or configuration coexistencedriven by cross-shell excitations. Reported here are the excited-state population distributionsfollowing one-proton, one-neutron, and two-proton knockout from 71Cu, 71Ni, and72Zn, respectively, into excited states of 70Ni. By comparing these final-state populations,this work will attempt to determine the role of neutron...
Show moreThe neutron-rich Ni isotopes serve as an important benchmark for nuclear structure modelsbecause they exhibit interesting phenomena such as shape or configuration coexistencedriven by cross-shell excitations. Reported here are the excited-state population distributionsfollowing one-proton, one-neutron, and two-proton knockout from 71Cu, 71Ni, and72Zn, respectively, into excited states of 70Ni. By comparing these final-state populations,this work will attempt to determine the role of neutron and proton excitations separatelyin the configurations of excited states. The specific aim is to identify those excited statesassociated with configurations containing proton excitations across the Z = 28 shell gap.These levels are suggested in the literature to be associated with prolate deformation atrelatively low excitation energy compared to neighboring isotopes in the nickel chain.
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Title: Meta-analyses of gene expression in age-dependent diseases
Creator: Rogers, Lavida Rashida Kenera
Date: 2019
Collection: Electronic Theses & Dissertations
Description: Physiological changes with age such as immune system decline and brain aging cause an increased risk for diseases. Age-related diseases are of major concern especially in the elderly population due to there being an increase in the average lifespan. This dissertation explores neurodegenerative and respiratory diseases and how gene expression varies due to disease status, age tissue and sex.Alzheimer's disease (AD) has been categorized by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) as...
Show morePhysiological changes with age such as immune system decline and brain aging cause an increased risk for diseases. Age-related diseases are of major concern especially in the elderly population due to there being an increase in the average lifespan. This dissertation explores neurodegenerative and respiratory diseases and how gene expression varies due to disease status, age tissue and sex.Alzheimer's disease (AD) has been categorized by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) as the 6th leading cause of death in the United States. AD is a significant health-care burden because of its increased occurrence (specifically in the elderly population), and the lack of effective treatments and preventive methods. AD targets neuronal function and can cause neuronal loss due to the buildup of amyloid-beta plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles.The respiratory disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), was classified by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in 2014 as the 3rd leading cause of death in the United States. The main cause of COPD is exposure to tobacco smoke and air pollutants. In addition to exploring genetic variation due to disease state, sex and age we also explored the role of smoking status on expression profiles.Additionally, the respiratory infections, influenza and pneumonia affect thousands of people worldwide. Young children, elderly and immunocompromised individuals are at higher risk for being infected by the influenza virus and Streptococcus pneumoniae. Host responses to these pathogens and vaccinations vary by the state of one's immune system.This dissertation includes multiple meta-analyses to assess genetic variation in Alzheimer's disease, COPD and Influenza, and an assessment of pneumococcal disease and aging. To identify significant differentially expressed genes we ran an analysis of variance with a linear model with disease state, age, sex, tissue, smoking status and study as effects that also included binaryinteractions.Our meta-analysis approach effectively combined multiple publicly available microarray datasetsto identify gene expression differences across diseases including full age, sex, smoking status and tissue type considerations. Our findings provide potential gene and pathway associations that can be targeted to improve treatment and prevention of diseases.
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Title: Electrochemistry of nanostructured carbon materials in aqueous electrolytes and room temperature ionic liquids
Creator: Jarosova, Romana
Date: 2019
Collection: Electronic Theses & Dissertations
Description: Carbon is one of the most plentiful elements on the planet. From a materials perspective, carbon is unique because of the microstructurally distinct allotropes it forms. These include single and polycrystalline diamond, diamond-like carbon, glassy carbon, and graphite. All of these carbon materials are commonly used in electroanalysis, energy storage and conversion, separation, and chemical analysis, due to numbers of reasons, including low cost, high mechanical strength, wide usable...
Show moreCarbon is one of the most plentiful elements on the planet. From a materials perspective, carbon is unique because of the microstructurally distinct allotropes it forms. These include single and polycrystalline diamond, diamond-like carbon, glassy carbon, and graphite. All of these carbon materials are commonly used in electroanalysis, energy storage and conversion, separation, and chemical analysis, due to numbers of reasons, including low cost, high mechanical strength, wide usable potential range, rich surface chemistry, chemical inertness, and compatibility with a variety of solvents and electrolytes. For the optimal usage of carbon electrodes in electrochemistry, it is critical to fully understand and control the variables that impact background voltammetric current, capacitance, and heterogeneous electron-transfer kinetics at these materials. Over the years of carbon electrode usage in electrochemistry, much knowledge has been gained about the structure-function relationship at sp2- and sp3- bonded carbon electrodes. Nevertheless, as most of this knowledge pertains to aqueous electrolyte solution, there is still a significant gap about the properties of the electric double layer and the transport processes near the electrode interface in room temperature ionic liquids. The room temperature ionic liquids are solvent-free medium, composed purely of ions, with a melting point near or below room temperature. In electrochemistry, they are appreciated for several of their excellent properties, such as wide working potential window, moderate electrical conductivity, high thermal and chemical stability, negligible vapor pressure etc. As the RTILs does not contain any solvent, their interfacial structure at an electrified interface is significantly distinguished from the conventional Gouy-Chapman-Stern model describing the double layer in aqueous solutions. Additionally, also the redox analyte environment in RTILs is expected to different compared to those in aqueous solutions. The work in this dissertation thesis is focused on the electrochemical performance of microstructurally different carbon electrodes in aqueous electrolytes and room temperature ionic liquids. The physical, chemical and electronic properties of glassy carbon, boron-doped diamond, and tetrahedral amorphous carbon electrodes are discussed. Furthermore, the microstructure of carbon electrodes is correlated to the heterogeneous electron transfer rate constants of soluble inorganic and organic redox couples in aqueous electrolytes and room temperature ionic liquids. The attention was primarily focused on tetrahedral amorphous carbon electrode that can be doped with nitrogen, resulting in significant physical, chemical an electrochemical properties. Moreover, the electrode surface chemistry was alternated by an oxygen plasma modification and its effect on the electrochemical performance (background voltammetric current, capacitance and electron transfer kinetics), as well as potential surface damage was studied. Lastly, as it is believed that the nitrogen incorporated tetrahedral amorphous material possesses an equally superb properties compared to the boron doped diamond, both electrode materials were used for determination of endocrine disruption compounds, specifically estriol, estradiol and estrone, using high-pressure liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. The detection figures of merit for both boron doped diamond and nitrogen-incorporated tetrahedral amorphous carbon thin-film electrodes were determined.
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Title: Three essays on labor and health economics
Creator: Jun, Dajung
Date: 2019
Collection: Electronic Theses & Dissertations
Description: Nonportable fringe benefits, such as health insurance and retirement benefits, can influence an individual's career decisions and financial well-being. To protect employee's utility, state and federal governments enacted policies that regulated these benefits. The first two chapters of my dissertation study two such policies: tax credits for private health insurance coverage and dependent coverage mandates that allowed young adults to be covered through their parents' insurance. I examine the...
Show moreNonportable fringe benefits, such as health insurance and retirement benefits, can influence an individual's career decisions and financial well-being. To protect employee's utility, state and federal governments enacted policies that regulated these benefits. The first two chapters of my dissertation study two such policies: tax credits for private health insurance coverage and dependent coverage mandates that allowed young adults to be covered through their parents' insurance. I examine the effects of these policies on several health and labor market outcomes. In the last chapter, my coauthor and I explore a slightly different perspective on fringe benefits. We examine to what extent lifetime earnings could explain the variation in wealth at retirement. By researching these topics, I contribute to the understanding of how fringe benefits and lifetime earnings affected outcomes of rational decision-making: health insurance take-up, job mobility and wealth accumulation.In chapter 1, I investigate the effectiveness of tax credits on health insurance premiums. There was a renewed interest in using tax credits to increase health insurance coverage after the push to repeal the Affordable Care Act (ACA). The Health Insurance Tax Credit (HITC) was implemented between 1991--1993 to reduce the burden of health insurance premiums primarily for low-income families. Although it was active for three years, this policy has been studied in only one previous study. In this chapter, I examine the effectiveness of the HITC by using the Survey of Income Program Participation (SIPP), and I provide the first estimates of its effects on healthcare utilization and self-reported health status. My results align with previous studies and suggest the HITC increased the health insurance take-up by 5.8 percentage points. The implementation of the HITC also significantly improved the self-reported health status of respondents.In the second chapter, I analyze the effects of dependent coverage mandates on working fathers' job mobility and compensation. Due to the low rates of health insurance coverage among young adults, some state governments began mandating health insurance companies to allow adult children to stay on their parents' health insurance plans. First implemented in 1995, these mandates aimed to increase health coverage among young adults. In 2010, the federal government enacted a more comprehensive version of the dependent coverage mandate as part of the Affordable Care Act. These state- and federal-level efforts successfully increased insurance rates for young adults, but they might have also come with unintended consequences for parents. Parents who placed a high value on health insurance for their young adult children might be reluctant to leave jobs with employer-provided health insurance, and employers might offset the mandated-incurred health care costs by reducing other types of employee benefits or earnings. To assess the extent of such consequences, I study the effects of both the state and federal dependent health insurance mandates on fathers. By analyzing the 2004 and 2008 SIPP panels, which are linked with Detailed Earnings Records and Business Registrar data from the United States Census, I examine the mandates' effects on fathers' voluntary job separation rates (job-lock and job-push) and changes in their compensation. After the implementation of the mandates, I observe a significant decrease in the likelihood of voluntary job separation among eligible working fathers aged 45--64 with employer-provided health insurance. Additionally for these fathers, except for those who separated from these jobs within the current wave, my analysis slightly evidences that the mandates reduced the total monetary compensation. In the last chapter, we investigate the impact of lifetime earnings on retirement wealth. Historically, many households accumulated substantial wealth by retirement, while many other households accumulated very little. Venti and Wise (1999, 2001) directly examine this question by utilizing data that was superior to that available to previous researchers and conclude that th03000300e bulk of the dispersion must be attributed to differences in the amount that households choose to save.'' In this paper, we examine the extent that a remaining problem in their data affected their results: Their measure of lifetime earnings, despite being based on administrative data, was subject to topcoding in each year. Using the 2001 SIPP that was not subject to the same problem, we find that the effect of the topcoding was substantial. At least 35 percent of individuals were misclassified in each of the top four deciles. When replicating a key result of Venti and Wise (2001), our findings suggest that the correlation between lifetime earnings and savings was about 50\\% greater than what was found when using censored deciles. This increased explanatory power came largely at the expense of the other variables in the regression model.
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Title: Computational developments for ab initio many-body theory
Creator: Lietz, Justin Gage
Date: 2019
Collection: Electronic Theses & Dissertations
Description: Quantum many-body physics is the body of knowledge which studies systems of many interacting particles and the mathematical framework for calculating properties of these systems. Methods in many-body physics which use a first principles approach to solving the many-body Schrodinger equation are referred to as ab initio methods, and provide approximate solutions which are systematically improvable. Coupled cluster theory is an ab initio quantum many-body method which has been shown to provide...
Show moreQuantum many-body physics is the body of knowledge which studies systems of many interacting particles and the mathematical framework for calculating properties of these systems. Methods in many-body physics which use a first principles approach to solving the many-body Schrodinger equation are referred to as ab initio methods, and provide approximate solutions which are systematically improvable. Coupled cluster theory is an ab initio quantum many-body method which has been shown to provide accurate calculations of ground state energies for a wide range of systems in quantum chemistry and nuclear physics. Calculations of physical properties using ab initio many-body methods can be computationally expensive, requiring the development of efficient data structures, algorithms and techniques in high-performance computing to achieve numerical accuracy.Many physical systems of interest are difficult or impossible to measure experimentally, and so are reliant on predictive and accurate calculations from many-body theory. Neutron stars in particular are difficult to collect observational data for, but simulations of infinite nuclear matter can provide key insights to the internal structure of these astronomical objects. The main focus of this thesis is the development of a large and versatile coupled cluster program which implements a sparse tensor storage scheme and efficient tensor contraction algorithms. A distributed memory data structure for these large, sparse tensors is used so that the code can run in a high-performance computing setting, and can thus handle the computational challenges of infinite nuclear matter calculations using large basis sets. By validating these data structures and algorithms in the context of coupled cluster theory and infinite nuclear matter, they can be applied to a wide range of many-body methods and physical systems.
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Title: Large-eddy simulations of turbulent flows in internal combustion engines
Creator: Banaeizadeh, Araz
Date: 2010
Collection: Electronic Theses & Dissertations
Description: The two-phase compressible scalar filtered mass density function (FMDF) model is further developed and employed for large-eddy simulations (LES) of turbulent spray combustion in internal combustion (IC) engines. In this model, the filtered compressible Navier-Stokes equations are solved in a generalized curvilinear coordinate system with high-order, multi-block, compact differencing schemes for the turbulent velocity and pressure. However, turbulent mixing and combustion are computed with a...
Show moreThe two-phase compressible scalar filtered mass density function (FMDF) model is further developed and employed for large-eddy simulations (LES) of turbulent spray combustion in internal combustion (IC) engines. In this model, the filtered compressible Navier-Stokes equations are solved in a generalized curvilinear coordinate system with high-order, multi-block, compact differencing schemes for the turbulent velocity and pressure. However, turbulent mixing and combustion are computed with a new two-phase compressible scalar FMDF model. The spray and droplet dispersion/evaporation are modeled with a Lagrangian method. A new Lagrangian-Eulerian-Lagrangian computational method is employed for solving the flow, spray and scalar equation. The pressure effect in the energy equation, as needed in compressible flows, is included in the FMDF formulation.The performance of the new compressible LES/FMDF model is assessed by simulating the flow field and scalar mixing in a rapid compression machine (RCM), in a shock tube and in a supersonic co-axial jet. Consistency of temperatures predicted by the Eulerian finite-difference (FD) and Lagrangian Monte Carlo (MC) parts of the LES/FMDF model are established by including the pressure on the FMDF. It is shown that the LES/FMDF model is able to correctly capture the scalar mixing in both compressible subsonic and supersonic flows.Using the new two-phase LES/FMDF model, fluid dynamics, heat transfer, spray and combustion in the RCM with flat and crevice piston are studied. It is shown that the temperature distribution in the RCM with crevice piston is more uniform than the RCM with flat piston. The fuel spray characteristics and the spray parameters affecting the fuel mixing inside the RCM in reacting and non-reacting flows are also studied. The predicted liquid penetration and flame lift-off lengths for respectively non-reacting and reacting sprays are found to compare well with the available experimental data. Temperatures and evaporated fuel mass fractions as predicted by the LES-FD and FMDF-MC for both reacting and non-reacting cases are shown to be consistent inside the RCM.Several non-reacting and reacting flows relevant to IC engines are also simulated with the new two-phase LES/FMDF model. The non-reacting flows in three geometrical configurations are considered: (1) a poppet valve in a sudden expansion, (2) a simple piston-cylinder assembly with a stationary open valve and harmonically moving flat piston, and (3) a realistic 3-valve single-cylinder direct-injection spark-ignition engine. The first and the second configurations are considered for validation of LES and for better understanding of the large-scale unsteady flow motions around the valve in the cylinder as generated by the piston movement. The predicted flow statistics by LES for the first two configurations compare well with the available experimental data. The LES results for third flow configuration show significant cycle-to-cycle variations (CCV) in the velocity field but insignificant CCV in the thermodynamic variables. During the intake stroke, the in-cylinder flow is highly inhomogeneous and turbulent, but during the compression stroke the flow becomes more homogeneous as turbulent decays. Turbulent mixing and combustion (with and without spray) in the 3-valve engine are simulated using the new two-phase compressible LES/FMDF model. Consistency of LES and FMDF results for single-phase reacting flows without spray but with flame ignition and premixed flame propagation, and two-phase reacting flows with spray, mixing and non-premixed combustion indicates the applicability and accuracy of the LES/FMDF model for complex turbulent combustion systems with moving boundaries.
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Title: Essays on the economics of organ transplantation
Creator: Lemont, Bethany I.
Date: 2019
Collection: Electronic Theses & Dissertations
Description: Chapter 1: The Effect of Share 35 for Kidneys on Pediatric Transplant Candidates: Due to the shortage of donated kidneys in the United States, allocation policy is used to balance equity and efficiency in distribution of these scarce resources. I analyze the effect of a change in the allocation system for deceased donor kidneys called "Share 35" that gave priority to pediatric kidney transplant candidates over adult candidates for young deceased donor kidneys. Using data from the Scientific...
Show moreChapter 1: The Effect of Share 35 for Kidneys on Pediatric Transplant Candidates: Due to the shortage of donated kidneys in the United States, allocation policy is used to balance equity and efficiency in distribution of these scarce resources. I analyze the effect of a change in the allocation system for deceased donor kidneys called "Share 35" that gave priority to pediatric kidney transplant candidates over adult candidates for young deceased donor kidneys. Using data from the Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients on all kidney transplant candidates in the US, I show that providing priority for pediatric candidates increased the average kidney quality by 30% and increased the likelihood of being transplanted within a year by 20 percentage points for pediatric candidates who are predicted to receive a deceased donor kidney in absence of Share 35. However, this policy also created an incentive for pediatric candidates with a living donor available to them to forgo using that donor to use a deceased donor instead. These candidates, who I estimate switch donor types, experience worse average kidney quality but no change in wait time. Additionally using the limited long run follow-up data available, the policy does not appear to have the unintended consequence of candidates with available living donors strategically "saving" their living donor for their second transplants when they would no longer have pediatric priority.Chapter 2: The Effects of the Affordable Care Act on the Demand for Organ Transplants: Many potential transplant candidates are unable to be registered on the wait list to receive an organ for transplant due to their lack of insurance. With the introduction of the Affordable Care Act, some of these potential candidates obtained insurance coverage through state Medicaid expansions or through the introduction of the private insurance marketplace. In this paper, I estimate the effect of this increase in availability of insurance coverage on these potential transplant candidates' wait list decisions and transplant outcomes using a difference in differences model. I find that the state expansions of Medicaid increased monthly wait list registrations by candidates insured through Medicaid by about 50 percent on average for all organs, but I find no effect of the marketplace on registrations. Additionally, I find that for candidates insured through Medicaid, the Medicaid expansion led to an increase in monthly deceased donor transplants for all organs, and a doubling of monthly living donor liver transplants.Chapter 3: Opioids and Organs: How Overdoses Affect the Supply of Donors,Waiting Lists, and Transplant Outcomes (with Stacy Dickert-Conlin, Todd Elder, and Keith Teltser): As the number of fatal drug overdoses has rapidly grown in recent years, patients awaiting organ transplants may be the unintended beneficiaries. In 2017, 70,237 people died due to a drug overdose, 5,795 transplant candidates died while waiting for an organ, and an additional 6,363 candidates were removed from waiting lists because they were too sick to accept a transplant. In this paper, we use mortality data from the National Vital Statistics System, merged with restricted-use data on transplant candidates and recipients from the Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients, to study the extent to which the recent growth in fatal drug overdoses impacts the supply of deceased organ donations and transplants. We find that each opioid overdose death generates 0.019 additional organ donors, resulting in 0.053 additional organ transplants. Nearly all of this association is concentrated among donors aged 18-49, who account for the majority of opioid overdose victims. Somewhat surprisingly, opioid-driven supply shocks induce limited demand-side responses.
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Title: Mechanisms of tetrodotoxin production and resistance in the poisonous rough-skinned newt (Taricha granulosa
Creator: Vaelli, Patric M.
Date: 2019
Collection: Electronic Theses & Dissertations
Description: Rough-skinned newts (Taricha granulosa) are poisonous salamanders that possess high concentrations of tetrodotoxin (TTX), a potent neurotoxin that blocks voltage-gated sodium channel (Nav) conductance in neurons and muscle cells. TTX is present in all species of the genus Taricha, but some populations of T. granulosa (hereafter “newts”) possess extreme quantities not seen in any other TTX-bearing species, including puffer fishes, blue-ringed octopuses, and many diverse marine invertebrates....
Show moreRough-skinned newts (Taricha granulosa) are poisonous salamanders that possess high concentrations of tetrodotoxin (TTX), a potent neurotoxin that blocks voltage-gated sodium channel (Nav) conductance in neurons and muscle cells. TTX is present in all species of the genus Taricha, but some populations of T. granulosa (hereafter “newts”) possess extreme quantities not seen in any other TTX-bearing species, including puffer fishes, blue-ringed octopuses, and many diverse marine invertebrates. Geographic variation in TTX toxicity across different newt populations is thought to be driven by ecological interactions with predators. Despite the central role of TTX in the physiology and evolution of newts, the mechanisms of TTX production and neurophysiological resistance are unknown. Because of the polyphyletic distribution of TTX toxicity among animals, we explored the hypothesis that TTX is produced by symbiotic skin bacteria in newts. We conducted 16S rRNA gene-based sequencing surveys to characterize skin- associated bacterial communities of newts from toxic and non-toxic populations. From here, we employed ecologically-guided cultivation strategies to target skin-associated symbionts and produce pure cultures. We screened cultures for TTX production using a customized HILIC-MS/MS method and confirmed TTX production in multiple isolated bacterial strains. Furthermore, we investigated the molecular adaptations underlying apparent TTX resistance in the Navs of newts. We cloned and sequenced the TTX binding site, the S5-S6 pore loop regions, of all six Nav genes present in this species and compared sequences from toxic and non-toxic populations, as well as from other vertebrates. As a result, we identified several mutations present in the S5-S6 pore loops of all six genes, indicating a remarkable parallel evolution of TTX resistance across the Nav gene family. To determine whether these mutations impact TTX resistance, we used site-directed mutagenesis to insert three newt mutations identified in neural subtype Nav1.6 into the TTX-sensitive mouse ortholog and examined their effects on TTX binding by heterologous expression and electrophysiological recording in Xenopus laevis oocytes. We found that each individual mutation increased TTX resistance to varying degrees, but the triple mutant was extremely resistant to TTX concentrations exceeding 100 μM. Taken together, our results indicate that TTX is derived from the skin microbiome in the extremely toxic rough-skinned newt and that multiple adaptations in newt Navs were required for the nervous system to adapt to TTX toxicity. Overall, this research contributes to a growing understanding that symbiotic microbes can affect the physiology of animal hosts and their nervous systems, and that evolution by natural selection may target genetic variation across both host and symbiont genomes, collectively termed the ‘hologenome’.
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Title: Mobile phone habits during face to face first encounters : an investigation of self-disclosure and nonverbal mimicry
Creator: Kadylak, Travis
Date: 2019
Collection: Electronic Theses & Dissertations
Description: Mobile phones are widely adopted around the world. In contemporary society, mobile phone use is acutely integrated into core social and psychological aspects of everyday life, such as verbal and nonverbal interpersonal communication. Though mobile phones offer users many affordances for social connection that can facilitate interpersonal communication and affiliation formation, previous research on phubbing [phone-snubbing] suggests that mobile phone use during face to face (FtF) interactions...
Show moreMobile phones are widely adopted around the world. In contemporary society, mobile phone use is acutely integrated into core social and psychological aspects of everyday life, such as verbal and nonverbal interpersonal communication. Though mobile phones offer users many affordances for social connection that can facilitate interpersonal communication and affiliation formation, previous research on phubbing [phone-snubbing] suggests that mobile phone use during face to face (FtF) interactions can breach interpersonal expectations, be perceived as ostracizing, hinder judgements of intimacy and communication quality, lead to unfavorable interpersonal evaluations, cause conflict within relationships, and impede affiliation formation. I aimed to advance expectancy violation theory (EVT) by using the axioms of the theory to make predictions involving nonverbal behaviors (e.g., phubbing expectancy violations and mobile phone mimicry), interpersonal judgements, and self-disclosure. Much like self-disclosure, humans evolved to automatically engage in nonverbal mimicry, or synchronous behavioral matching (i.e., automatically or unintentionally touching one's face after their interaction partner engaged in the same behavior), as a means of building affiliation and promoting positive interpersonal judgements. Following this premise, I examined whether mobile phone checking mimicry, or behavioral matching between FtF interaction partners involving how they use their mobile phones, may promote positive interpersonal judgements (e.g., increased perceived liking, trust, and empathy) that subsequently may be associated with higher levels of self-disclosure. Phubbing effects research currently maintains that mobile phone use, during FtF interactions, tends to lead to adverse interpersonal outcomes among mobile phone users of all ages. However, I used a 2x1 between subject laboratory experiment with college students (N = 77) to assess whether phubbing, expectancy violations, and mobile phone checking mimicry influenced interpersonal judgements and self-disclosure within the context of a face-to-face get-to-know-you activity. The results suggest that mobile phone checking, perceptions of negative phubbing expectancy violations, and mobile phone checking mimicry, may have limited effects on self-disclosure and interpersonal judgements in a get-to-know-you activity. Specifically, phubbing was inversely associated with self-disclosure; however, mobile phone checking mimicry was positively associated with self-disclosure. Though the external validity of the findings may be limited due to the student sample, this study advances expectancy violation theory by demonstrating the potential prosocial and antisocial effects of mobile phone use during FtF interactions. Additional study limitations, theoretical and practical implications, and directions for future research are discussed.
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Title: Motivating salespeople toward greater productivity
Creator: Good, Valerie Denise
Date: 2019
Collection: Electronic Theses & Dissertations
Description: Company profitability depends on an active and engaged sales force; thus, managers continue to seek best practices for motivating salespeople to perform productively. This issue remains critical as salespeople typically have significant discretion in their work and serve as the face of the company to customers. Thus, I seek to develop a greater understanding of motivational forces to contribute to both personal selling theory and sales force management. The first essay of my dissertation is a...
Show moreCompany profitability depends on an active and engaged sales force; thus, managers continue to seek best practices for motivating salespeople to perform productively. This issue remains critical as salespeople typically have significant discretion in their work and serve as the face of the company to customers. Thus, I seek to develop a greater understanding of motivational forces to contribute to both personal selling theory and sales force management. The first essay of my dissertation is a meta-analysis, which synthesizes studies published between 1985 and 2019 on salesperson motivation to answer the following key questions: how are intrinsic and extrinsic motivation related to salesperson performance? In my second essay, I examine antecedents and outcomes of intrinsic motivation. In addition to the antecedents found in Self-Determination Theory, I explore the notion of sense of purpose and develop a scale for the construct, showing how it is distinct from related constructs in the literature. Using longitudinal, objective effort and performance measures provided by a large sales firm, findings reveal that intrinsic motivation is more positively associated with working hard, working smart, and salesperson performance than extrinsic motivation. In addition, the analyses demonstrate how sales managers' leadership styles can leverage both intrinsic and extrinsic motivation for increased effort, adaptivity, and performance over time. Finally, in the third essay, I demonstrate how to motivate salesperson resilience. Findings indicate that intrinsically motivated salespeople are more resilient than extrinsically motivated salespeople, and resilience is associated with better performance through working harder and working smarter; however, certain managerial interventions are needed to activate the resilience within salespeople for increased effort.
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Title: The influence case strength on Supreme Court decision making
Creator: Lane, Elizabeth (Of Michigan State University)
Date: 2019
Collection: Electronic Theses & Dissertations
Description: The Supreme Court sits at the top of the United States legal system, and despite its position, researchers do not possess a systematic way to assess the contemporaneous influence of law on judicial decision making. This is problematic, given research findings over the past two decades that reveal law does impact judicial decision making. In this dissertation I argue that bench memoranda provide a solution to this issue. I use Justice Harry Blackmun's bench memoranda, authored by his law...
Show moreThe Supreme Court sits at the top of the United States legal system, and despite its position, researchers do not possess a systematic way to assess the contemporaneous influence of law on judicial decision making. This is problematic, given research findings over the past two decades that reveal law does impact judicial decision making. In this dissertation I argue that bench memoranda provide a solution to this issue. I use Justice Harry Blackmun's bench memoranda, authored by his law clerks to provide an evaluation of each party's legal argument based on the information provided from merits and amicus curiae briefs to create a measure of case strength. This measure helps to distinguish the legal aspects of judicial decision making to determine which litigant has a stronger case. With this measure I demonstrate that Supreme Court justices can be constrained by law when it acts contrary to their policy preferences. I also show that an attorney's position that is more strongly supported by law can help overcome a poor oral argument performance. Additionally, I examine how law impacts other aspects of the decision making process, and show that justices' bargaining responses to the majority opinion are dependent on the how strongly the law supports the majority's position. Lastly, I demonstrate the richness of these bench memoranda data by showing that the quality of amicus briefs significantly impacts the likelihood of success for the position in which they advocate.
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Title: Turkish teachers and imams and the making of Turkish German difference
Creator: Van Wyck, Brian
Date: 2019
Collection: Electronic Theses & Dissertations
Description: This dissertation investigates the intersections of education, Islam, and knowledge production in the history of postwar migration to West Germany. It focuses on how Germans and Turks grappled with the permanent presence of Turkish guest workers, refugees, and their families in the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) from the 1960s onward. To understand how ideas about this population of Turkish Germans shaped notions of race, culture, and belonging in both countries, two surprisingly under...
Show moreThis dissertation investigates the intersections of education, Islam, and knowledge production in the history of postwar migration to West Germany. It focuses on how Germans and Turks grappled with the permanent presence of Turkish guest workers, refugees, and their families in the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) from the 1960s onward. To understand how ideas about this population of Turkish Germans shaped notions of race, culture, and belonging in both countries, two surprisingly under-researched groups are used as a lens: Turkish teachers and imams. Both were charged with seeing to the educational and spiritual needs of what was West Germany's largest immigrant population by 1973. As such, policies, practices, and debates surrounding the hiring, supervision, and activities of relatively small numbers of teachers and imams offer insight into what a broad spectrum of state and civil society stakeholders in both countries believed they knew about Turkish Germans, what differentiated them from the German majority or Turks in Turkey proper, and what interventions were made necessary by that difference. Teachers and imams were simultaneously actors producing knowledge about Turks in the FRG for audiences in both countries, agents tasked with carrying out interventions at the behest of various stakeholders on the basis of this knowledge, and, as Turkish Germans, were themselves subjects of this knowledge regime. As such, they reveal the complicated dynamics underlying why and how what was known about Turkish German difference changed over time. This in turn identifies shifts in ideas about the nation, race, and Islam in Turkey and Germany.Comparing teachers and imams and using sources in Turkish and German as diverse as theater, poetry, oral history, diplomatic correspondence, and the academic and popular press, this dissertation breaks with several common scholarly and popular assumptions. First, it demonstrates the contingency of the emergence in the 1980s of Islam as the most salient aspect of Turkish difference and an essential element of Turkish national identity, rather than a marker of membership in the broader, international "Muslim world." The project identifies the centrality of Islam to the racialization of Turkish difference and the role of Turkish expertise in this process of essentialization. Second, the comparison between teachers and imams highlights the contextual nature of the construction of this essential difference. Even as imams were positioned as experts with proprietary knowledge of Turkish Islam, Turkish teachers lost their privileged status and their cultural and linguistic knowledge was increasingly understood as backwards and irrelevant in the context of the universalistic German school. Thus, Turkish difference in German schools was perceived differently than when it was imagined in a mosque or Koran course. The dissertation offers an account of the development and implications of this interplay between belonging and exclusion, and knowledge and ignorance. This allows it to complicate previous literature which has located German policies and attitudes toward foreigners in the legacies of the Third Reich or in an unchanging and particularly German ethnoracial conception of the nation.
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Title: Selective synthesis of aromatic and saturated organoboron compounds
Creator: Shannon, Timothy Michael
Date: 2019
Collection: Electronic Theses & Dissertations
Description: C-H borylation (CHB) is a method to functionalize C-H bonds. The development of CHB has taken many years but is getting to the point of well-established chemistry. The directed CHB is possible for a variety of differing substrates and differing loctions of direction. A new method for ortho directed CHB of esters amides and ketones was developed through the use of pyridine based monodentate ligands.Using 4-cyano-2-methoxypyridine as a ligand iridium catalyzed CHB of esters ketones and amides...
Show moreC-H borylation (CHB) is a method to functionalize C-H bonds. The development of CHB has taken many years but is getting to the point of well-established chemistry. The directed CHB is possible for a variety of differing substrates and differing loctions of direction. A new method for ortho directed CHB of esters amides and ketones was developed through the use of pyridine based monodentate ligands.Using 4-cyano-2-methoxypyridine as a ligand iridium catalyzed CHB of esters ketones and amides were performed. The mechanism of CHB in this process likely operates through a different rate-determining step than the other C-H borylation methods used as it was found that the kinetic isotope effect data did not clearly support C-H activation as rate-determining.The development of sp3 C-H borylation is not as advanced as sp2 CHB; a 2-step process to generate the same products could be equally desirable. Utilizing a borylation-hydrogenation process the selectivity that have already been developed for sp2 C-H borylation can be used to generate the sp3 carbon boron bond at the desired location. This process has been developed and limitations of it have been investigated.
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Title: Effect of pavement structural response on rolling resistance and fuel economy
Creator: Balzarini, Danilo
Date: 2019
Collection: Electronic Theses & Dissertations
Description: The massive use of fuel required by road transportation is accountable for the exploitation of non-renewable energy sources, is a major source of pollutants emission, and implies high economic costs. Rolling resistance is a factor affecting vehicles energy consumption; the structural rolling resistance (SRR) is the component of rolling resistance that occurs due to the deformation of the pavement structure. The present research presents an investigation on the SRR in order to identify its...
Show moreThe massive use of fuel required by road transportation is accountable for the exploitation of non-renewable energy sources, is a major source of pollutants emission, and implies high economic costs. Rolling resistance is a factor affecting vehicles energy consumption; the structural rolling resistance (SRR) is the component of rolling resistance that occurs due to the deformation of the pavement structure. The present research presents an investigation on the SRR in order to identify its causes, characterize it and develop the instruments to predict its impact on fuel consumption for different road and traffic conditions.First the methods to calculate the SRR on asphalt and concrete pavements were developed. The structural rolling resistance is calculated as the resistance to motion caused by the uphill slope seen by the tires due to the pavement deformation. The SRR can be converted into fuel consumption using the calorific value of the fuel and the engine efficiency, and the greenhouse gas emissions associated with it can be calculated.Purely mechanistic models were used to determine the structural rolling resistance, and the fuel consumption associated with it, on 17 California pavement sections under different loading and environmental conditions. The results were used to develop simple and rapid-to-use mechanistic empirical heuristic models to predict the energy dissipation associated with the structural rolling resistance on any asphalt or concrete pavement.The difference in terms of fuel consumption and pollutants emissions between different pavement structures can be significant and could be included in economic evaluations and life cycle assessment studies. For this purpose, a practical tool was createddeveloped, based on the heuristic models, that allows the calculation of the fuel consumption associated with the SRR for any given traffic and pavement section. Examples of applications of such a tool are presented and discussed.
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Title: Re-calibration of rigid pavement performance models and development of traffic inputs for Pavement-ME design in Michigan
Creator: Musunuru, Gopi Krishna
Date: 2019
Collection: Electronic Theses & Dissertations
Description: The mechanistic-empirical pavement design guide (AASHTOWARE Pavement-ME) incorporates mechanistic models to estimate stresses, strains, and deformations in pavement layers using site-specific climatic, material, and traffic characteristics. These structural responses are used to predict pavement performance using empirical models (i.e., transfer functions). The transfer functions need to be calibrated to improve the accuracy of the performance predictions, reflecting the unique field...
Show moreThe mechanistic-empirical pavement design guide (AASHTOWARE Pavement-ME) incorporates mechanistic models to estimate stresses, strains, and deformations in pavement layers using site-specific climatic, material, and traffic characteristics. These structural responses are used to predict pavement performance using empirical models (i.e., transfer functions). The transfer functions need to be calibrated to improve the accuracy of the performance predictions, reflecting the unique field conditions and design practices. The existing local calibrations of the performance models were performed by using version 2.0 of the Pavement-ME software. However, AASHTO has released versions 2.2 and 2.3 of the software since the completion of the last study. In the revised versions of the software, several bugs were fixed.Consequently, some performance models were modified in the newer software versions. As a result, the concrete pavement IRI predictions and the resulting PCC slab thicknesses have been impacted. The performance predictions varied significantly from the observed structural and function distresses, and hence, the performance models were recalibrated to enhance the confidence in pavement designs. Linear and nonlinear mixed-effects models were used for calibration to account for the non-independence among the data measured on the same sections over time. Also, climate data, material properties, and design parameters were used to develop a model for predicting permanent curl for each location to address some limitations of the Pavement-ME. This model can be used at the design stage to estimate permanent curl for a given location in Michigan.Pavement-ME also requires specific types of traffic data to design new or rehabilitated pavement structures. The traffic inputs include monthly adjustment factors (MAF), hourly distribution factors (HDF), vehicle class distributions (VCD), axle groups per vehicle (AGPV), and axle load distributions for different axle configurations. During the last seven years, new traffic data were collected, which reflect the recent economic growth, additional, and downgraded WIM sites. Hence it was appropriate to re-evaluate the current traffic inputs and incorporate any changes. Weight and classification data were obtained from 41 Weigh-in-Motion (WIM) sites located throughout the State of Michigan to develop Level 1 (site-specific) traffic inputs. Cluster analyses were conducted to group sites for the development of Level 2A inputs. Classification models such as decision trees, random forests, and Naive Bayes classifier were developed to assign a new site to these clusters; however, this proved difficult. An alternative simplified method to develop Level 2B inputs by grouping sites with similar attributes was also adopted. The optimal set of attributes for developing these Level 2B inputs were identified by using an algorithm developed in this study. The effects of the developed hierarchical traffic inputs on the predicted performance of rigid and flexible pavements were investigated using the Pavement-ME. Based on the statistical and practical significance of the life differences, appropriate levels were established for each traffic input. The methodology for developing traffic inputs is intuitive and practical for future updates. Also, there is a need to identify the change in traffic patterns to update the traffic inputs so that the pavement sections would not be overdesigned or under-designed. Models were developed where the short-term counts from the PTR sites can be used as inputs to check if the new traffic patterns cause any substantial differences in design life predictions.
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Title: A comparison of eight-week resistance training programs in adolescents
Creator: Warning, Joseph T.
Date: 2019
Collection: Electronic Theses & Dissertations
Description: Resistance training has been shown to improve both health- and skill-related fitness in adolescents. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects among kettlebells, dumbbells, and non-weight training control groups on changes in muscular strength, muscular endurance, muscular power, body composition, running speed, running agility, and flexibility in adolescents. Thirty-five participants (aged 12 to-17 years) completed both pre-test and post-test measures and attended the minimum 70%...
Show moreResistance training has been shown to improve both health- and skill-related fitness in adolescents. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects among kettlebells, dumbbells, and non-weight training control groups on changes in muscular strength, muscular endurance, muscular power, body composition, running speed, running agility, and flexibility in adolescents. Thirty-five participants (aged 12 to-17 years) completed both pre-test and post-test measures and attended the minimum 70% of the training sessions. All outcomes were assessed prior to the start of the training program and immediately after eight weeks of resistance training and included a three-repetition maximum (3RM) bench press, 3RM leg press, total number of repetitions with 95 pounds, timed single-leg wall sit and summed, BodPod, vertical jump, long jump, 40-yard dash, Pro Agility test, and sit-and-reach. Maturity was assessed using estimated age at peak height velocity. An ANCOVA controlling for the baseline value and maturity showed improvements for the 3RM bench press (p = 0.018) and the timed single-leg wall sit (p = 0.041). These findings show that improvements occurred only in one mode of resistance training and non-traditional modes of resistance training may need a longer training duration to elicit improvements in outcome variables.
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Title: An American Indian war on drugs : community, culture, care, survivance
Creator: Henry, Kehli Ardis
Date: 2019
Collection: Electronic Theses & Dissertations
Description: The work presented here is the story of an American Indian Tribe in the United States as told to me in pieces by community members, Elders and employees of the Tribal government. I am responsible for taking up the stories shared with me in a good way. While this story includes sadness, trauma, and continuing oppression that are hallmarks of systemic settler colonialism, it is a story of survivance. In Gerald Vizenor's (1999) words, "Survivance is an active sense of presence, the continuance...
Show moreThe work presented here is the story of an American Indian Tribe in the United States as told to me in pieces by community members, Elders and employees of the Tribal government. I am responsible for taking up the stories shared with me in a good way. While this story includes sadness, trauma, and continuing oppression that are hallmarks of systemic settler colonialism, it is a story of survivance. In Gerald Vizenor's (1999) words, "Survivance is an active sense of presence, the continuance of native stories, not a mere reaction, or a survivable name. Native survivance stories are renunciations of dominance, tragedy and victimry." Ethnographic research methods were used in this work, including semi-structured interviews, participant observation and one focus group; all centered on drugs, alcohol, addiction, and related service provision. Within this context, the habits, residues, and lingering structures of colonialism emerged as causes of significant problems. I use Brian Noble's (2015) two-pronged definition of coloniality to express these ongoing effects in the contemporary world. In opposition to coloniality, American Indian community members and Elders expressed survivance. Through the framework of survivance in the face of coloniality, I identify key challenges the community confronts, as well as ways they are addressing drugs, alcohol, addiction, and coloniality. I present three related chapters that support this. First, durable racism against American Indians and stigma against drug users compound to perpetuate and justify stereotypes and racism against all American Indians in the area. This shifts blame for perceived disparities in drug use, propagates shame among American Indian drug users, supports racial profiling, and interferes with services. In opposition to false narratives, stories from the community express survivance through community closeness, caring and compassion, and desire to foster these things within service provision. Second, community members, Elders, and employees drew clear connections between Historical Trauma, childhood trauma, and drug and alcohol use. These connections were also used to highlight colonialism and coloniality, counter narratives of personal responsibility/blame for addiction, refute stereotypes, and secure resources for services. These terms have become tools of survivance. One reason these efforts have been successful is because of the association of trauma with western medical/psychological establishments. I term the community redeployment of these ideas as post-medicalization. Finally, operating at the nexus of Tribal Sovereignty, U.S. criminal justice policy, increasingly medicalized ideas of addiction, and the rising influence of MAT (Medication Assisted Treatment), Tribal drug court service provider and participant choices are limited by coloniality. For example, service providers who express exemplary dedication and caring for program participants often resort to putting participants in jail to "save lives." In the face of these limitations and regular setbacks, both service providers and participants express optimism and hope for the future of individual drug users, and for the Tribal community as a whole. This has important implications for the Tribal community, but also for the study and treatment of addiction more generally.
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Title: Discovering plant-specific mechanisms underlying endomembrane-actin interactions and metabolic signaling
Creator: Cao, Pengfei
Date: 2019
Collection: Electronic Theses & Dissertations
Description: In eukaryotic cells, the endomembrane system compartments, including the endoplasmic reticulum, the vacuole and several other types of membrane-enclosed vesicles, are indispensable organelles and together exert essential cellular functions. In plant cells, the endomembranes interact extensively with the actin cytoskeleton, rather than the microtubules in mammalian cells, proposing significant questions of how the plant-specific endomembrane-actin interactions are established and regulated. My...
Show moreIn eukaryotic cells, the endomembrane system compartments, including the endoplasmic reticulum, the vacuole and several other types of membrane-enclosed vesicles, are indispensable organelles and together exert essential cellular functions. In plant cells, the endomembranes interact extensively with the actin cytoskeleton, rather than the microtubules in mammalian cells, proposing significant questions of how the plant-specific endomembrane-actin interactions are established and regulated. My research identified the first ER-actin anchor protein in plant cells. Moreover, the research presented in this dissertation discovered that the abundance of certain cellular nutrients stimulates the metabolic signaling and subsequently triggers re-organization of the actin cytoskeleton and actin-associated endomembranes. This revealed signaling transduction from metabolites and raw materials to manufacturing endomembrane compartments is arguably the first identified regulatory mechanism of such kind in all eukaryotes. Furthermore, additional data and considerations are expected to contribute further mechanistic understandings of the plant-specific endomembrane-actin interactions in a broad context of organelle morphogenesis, cellular functions, and plant growth.
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Title: Advanced classification methods for large spatial-temporal data : applications to neuroimaging
Creator: Karim, Rejaul
Date: 2019
Collection: Electronic Theses & Dissertations
Description: Ecological research, geological studies, image analysis are a few examples of high resolution spatial data where proximity describes the relationship between data points collected at various locations. Such dependencies play a vital role in modeling the data accurately to improve both its predictive capacity and parameter estimation. Rapid technological advancement has brought about an abundance of such information. To better understand this information, we are in need of feature selection...
Show moreEcological research, geological studies, image analysis are a few examples of high resolution spatial data where proximity describes the relationship between data points collected at various locations. Such dependencies play a vital role in modeling the data accurately to improve both its predictive capacity and parameter estimation. Rapid technological advancement has brought about an abundance of such information. To better understand this information, we are in need of feature selection techniques for spatially dependent data that can tease out relevant predictors associated with the response of interest. When the response variable at the various sites is in the form of discrete binary or count data we are faced with an added layer of complexity due to the inability of explicitly describing a joint parametric distribution. This dissertation explores the benefits of adopting a penalized quasi-likelihood approach to model a fixed number (p) or an expanding dimension (pn) of predictor variables with regard to a discrete spatial response variable. In the past this approach has been extensively studied in longitudinal data analysis. Introducing random fields that exhibit certain rho-mixing conditions we are able to provide some general theoretical results of the estimator obtained from the solving the penalized score equation. The oracle properties of the estimator are provided, followed by an algorithm to successfully implement the method. Multiple simulation studies showcase the effectiveness of the method under covariance misspecification. We apply this technique to real data obtained from the Michigan Natural Features Inventory.Variable selection in neuroimaging has a unique formulation that leads to selection of activated regions of a brain in Task-based fMRI. As one of the most non-invasive formats of studying an active brain, Task-based fMRI provides a unique opportunity in neuroscience to study the dynamic aspects of brain function. Crude statistical techniques such as voxel-wise regression analysis have been used in the past with some success to identify active brain regions based on the blood-oxygen-level dependent (BOLD) signal of the image. Inspired by graphical covariate models proposed for genetic data we incorporate a similar idea and expand our understanding of penalized regression of weighted least squares with a separable space-time covariance model in this setup. Two penalty terms are introduced as a result; one for selection (LASSO) and another for smoothing (Ridge-type). We explore the interpretability of the proposed model as opposed to its Bayesian counterparts, its computational feasibility and various approaches to selecting an optimal tuning parameter in the case of a Single-subject study. The description of the model and its implementation are presented with discussions about theoretical implications. Extensive simulation studies and a real data example of a human brain subject to two visual stimuli are also given to provide evidence of the capability of this method.
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Title: Critical pedagogy unfold, fold, and re-fold : understanding limitations and promises of critical pedagogy in multicultural education through the post-critical lens
Creator: Dao, Vy Van
Date: 2019
Collection: Electronic Theses & Dissertations
Description: To meet increasing need for the preparation of teachers who are going to teach the diverse student population and to make social change in the United States, multicultural education has been introduced as a required foundational course in teacher education programs. As of its importance, there has been great attention given to research focusing on the rationale for teaching this course. Often this research has investigated the demographic imperative as constitutive factors of this rationale....
Show moreTo meet increasing need for the preparation of teachers who are going to teach the diverse student population and to make social change in the United States, multicultural education has been introduced as a required foundational course in teacher education programs. As of its importance, there has been great attention given to research focusing on the rationale for teaching this course. Often this research has investigated the demographic imperative as constitutive factors of this rationale. However, because students of all demographics have involved some levels of resistance to multicultural issues, researchers have suggested that further studies are needed that do not simply assume the demographic aspects; rather, to consider how the pedagogy of this teaching, as it pertains directly to the critical pedagogy and as it is employed by multicultural novice teacher educators, is understood and enacted, what is promised and limited through the employment of a critical pedagogy in multicultural education, and what are possibilities to respond to the limitations while enabling the promises.My dissertation aims to respond to these questions. Framing my dissertation into an ethnographic case study, a theoretical argument, and an art-based autoethnography, I explore the pedagogical work of multicultural novice teacher educators in a research-based university in the United States. I argue that while multicultural education novice teacher educators pursue critical pedagogy, they face numerous challenges that derive from limitations inherent in the critical pedagogy itself. These challenges are complicated because they may be a source of multicultural novice teacher educators' vulnerability, a hinder of their commitment to critical pedagogy, and an obstruction of social change goals through multicultural education. Yet, the challenges can be addressed if multicultural novice teacher educators employ a post-criticality-informed pedagogical orientation that integrates arts, relationality, and affect in multicultural education classrooms. My dissertation promises the employment of post-critical theory in teaching multicultural education that informs art, affect, and relationality to mediate the limitations of contemporary critical pedagogy, to have students engage with social justice through education, and to inform broader social change goals through multicultural education.
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