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Title: ⁵¹CrCl₃ mobility and cellulose digestion in three gallinaceous species
Creator: Ingman, Donald Lee, 1945-
Date: 1971
Collection: Electronic Theses & Dissertations

Title: “THE UNIVERSITY OF THE VILLAGE” : THE UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA, NSUKKA AND THE MAKING OF POST-INDEPENDENCE NIGERIA
Creator: Stevenson , Russell Wade
Date: 2020
Collection: Electronic Theses & Dissertations
Description: ABSTRACT This dissertation examines the University of Nigeria, Nsukka (UNN, the first indigenous university in Nigeria and the first land grant university in Africa. This dissertation argues that UNN represented an innovative experiment in African higher education by expanding higher education to the general populace rather than the colonially privileged elite. However, its construction drew upon patronage politics and taxation regimes that expropriated funding at the same time other regions...
Show moreABSTRACT This dissertation examines the University of Nigeria, Nsukka (UNN, the first indigenous university in Nigeria and the first land grant university in Africa. This dissertation argues that UNN represented an innovative experiment in African higher education by expanding higher education to the general populace rather than the colonially privileged elite. However, its construction drew upon patronage politics and taxation regimes that expropriated funding at the same time other regions faced education taxes. Resistance to the University’s construction reflected local sentiments of inequitable distribution of tax resources throughout Nigeria’s Eastern Region. The University also served as a mechanism in post-independence Nigerian geopolitics: as a mechanism for removing the influence of the British-established University College, Ibadan and British educational models more generally. The University of Nigeria, Nsukka would be, as Taiye Selasi and Achille Mbembe have phrased it, an “Afro-politan” institution—porous and all-encompassing of knowledge systems throughout the globe. During the Nigeria-Biafra war, UNN faced sustained wartime damage—damage from it could not easily recover. The Nigeria-Biafra war laid the groundwork for a period of sustained infrastructural decay and internal resistance, even as the Nigerian federal government enjoyed larger access to oil revenue. This dissertation examines what makes African institutions “indigenous” and how UNN represented the halting transformation from coloniality to indigeneity in the post-independence Nigerian nation-state.
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Title: “THE CHINESE ARE COMING” : A HISTORY OF CHINESE MIGRANTS IN NIGERIA
Creator: Liu, Shaonan
Date: 2018
Collection: Electronic Theses & Dissertations
Description: My dissertation examines the historical and contemporary migration of Chinese people to Nigeria as well as their interaction with the Nigerian state, workers, and consumers in late colonial and post-independence Nigeria. Beginning in the 2000s, Chinese migrants, together with Chinese products, have indeed greatly influenced the economy of Africa, and particularly Nigeria; but the significant Chinese presence in Nigeria is not a particularly recent phenomenon. As early as the 1960s, an...
Show moreMy dissertation examines the historical and contemporary migration of Chinese people to Nigeria as well as their interaction with the Nigerian state, workers, and consumers in late colonial and post-independence Nigeria. Beginning in the 2000s, Chinese migrants, together with Chinese products, have indeed greatly influenced the economy of Africa, and particularly Nigeria; but the significant Chinese presence in Nigeria is not a particularly recent phenomenon. As early as the 1960s, an influential yet understudied group of Chinese migrants began to dominate key manufacturing industries in Nigeria, including textiles, footwear, and enamelware, controlling more than 50 percent of the Nigerian and even the West African market in these three product types. These early Chinese immigrants had a profound influence not only on the economy, but also on the daily lives of ordinary Nigerians. What factors have pulled and pushed Chinese migrants to Nigeria? How have early and recent waves of Chinese migration influenced the local economy and people’s daily lives? How have the meanings of Chinese products to different groups of Nigerians changed over time, and how have these groups made cultural as well as economic sense of these products? How have Chinese transnational networks of information, capital, and goods interacted with African networks, institutions, communities, and individuals?Combining archival records, oral history interviews, and participant observation, I will examine the long-term and recent influence of Chinese activities on Nigerian societies and economies. I argue that the Chinese presence in Nigeria was a historical and evolving concept that changed over time, varied with place, and differed by targeted groups. Hong Kong Chinese industrialists who built factories, employed Nigerian workers, and manufactured products locally in the 1960s had a different influence from the mainland Chinese traders who imported made-in-China products and undermined local manufacturing industries from the 1990s onward. Therefore, by focusing on Chinese migrants in Nigeria and placing them in a wider historical context of Nigerian industrialization from the era of decolonization to the present, my dissertation challenges the Eurocentric narrative of Chinese migrants’ role as laborers and reveals how different groups of Chinese migrants—entrepreneurs, traders, and workers—were shaped by, and in turn shaped, the history of both Nigeria and China. However, this transnational influence was not unidirectional. I also argue that it was the changing policy of Nigerian governments, the evolving preference of Nigerian consumers, and decisions of Nigerian traders that attracted both the early wave of Chinese industrialists and the later wave of Chinese traders and products to come. It was also the broader historical context of Nigeria— decolonization, industrialization, civil war, and economic crisis—that determined the destiny of Chinese migrants in the country.
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Title: “NEED TO TALK” : A LATENT CLASS ANALYSIS OF SEXUAL VICTIMIZATION DISCLOSURE TO A NATIONAL SEXUAL ASSAULT ONLINE HOTLINE
Creator: Feeney, Hannah
Date: 2019
Collection: Electronic Theses & Dissertations
Description: Sexual violence is a pervasive social problem in the United States that affects has long-term negative health consequences for children, adolescents, and adults. While some survivors choose to disclose their victimization to informal or formal resources, others choose to access a third, less studied source of support: online sexual assault crisis lines. Anonymous online hotlines allow survivors a confidential space to disclose sexual victimization and may be particularly beneficial for those...
Show moreSexual violence is a pervasive social problem in the United States that affects has long-term negative health consequences for children, adolescents, and adults. While some survivors choose to disclose their victimization to informal or formal resources, others choose to access a third, less studied source of support: online sexual assault crisis lines. Anonymous online hotlines allow survivors a confidential space to disclose sexual victimization and may be particularly beneficial for those who have not previously disclosed or are facing barriers to accessing other services. The current study utilized data from a national anonymous online hotline to answer two main research questions, guided by Liang and colleagues (2005) Model of Helpseeking and Change. First, are there latent classes of hotline sessions that differ based on victim and assault characteristics, and second, do these latent classes account for variation in disclosure behaviors among victims. Results revealed a four-class solution and relationships between class membership and disclosure behavior were identified. Findings suggest that anonymous online sexual assault hotlines are an instrumental resource that can both address survivors’ immediate needs and build bridges to sustainable, long-term support networks. Implications for practice are discussed.
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Title: “IMFUNDO” THE STUDENT; THE EVOLUTION ADAPTATION, AND PRACTICE OF African CENTERED EDUCATION AT THE KARA HERITAGE INSTITUTE IN PRETORIA SOUTH AFRICA
Creator: George III, Clarence
Date: 2021
Collection: Electronic Theses & Dissertations
Description: ABSTRACT“IMFUNDO” THE STUDENT; THE EVOLUTION ADAPTATION, AND PRACTICE OF AFRICAN CENTERED EDUCATION AT THE KARA HERITAGE INSTITUTE IN PRETORIA SOUTH AFRICAByClarence George III This dissertation study (Imfundo) seeks to explore, the practice and evolution of African centered education at the Kara Heritage Institute from 2016 to 2019. This project seeks to study African centered education at Kara focusing on how the Heritage Institute instills notions of African consciousness, notions of Pan...
Show moreABSTRACT“IMFUNDO” THE STUDENT; THE EVOLUTION ADAPTATION, AND PRACTICE OF AFRICAN CENTERED EDUCATION AT THE KARA HERITAGE INSTITUTE IN PRETORIA SOUTH AFRICAByClarence George III This dissertation study (Imfundo) seeks to explore, the practice and evolution of African centered education at the Kara Heritage Institute from 2016 to 2019. This project seeks to study African centered education at Kara focusing on how the Heritage Institute instills notions of African consciousness, notions of Pan-Africanism, structural pedagogy, and culturally relevant pedagogy. This research project evaluated and observed African-centered education in South Africa at the Kara Heritage institute in Pretoria South Africa. Over 4 years of data collected has yielded a great deal of information about South Africa's unique approach to education, culture, and heritage restoration.
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Title: Ý decay and isomeric studies of proton rich nuclei near the endpoint of the rp-process
Creator: Becerril Reyes, Ana Delia
Date: 2012
Collection: Electronic Theses & Dissertations
Description: Neutron-deficient nuclei in the vicinity of the N = Z = 50 doubly-magic shell closure were produced at the National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory to study their structure and their relevance in the astrophysical rp-process. The 100Sn nucleus is the heaviest particle-stable N = Z nucleus, and it is also thought to be doubly magic. Additionally, 100Sn and its closest neighbors lie in the path of rp-process, therefore, the production and study of the decay properties of these nuclei are...
Show moreNeutron-deficient nuclei in the vicinity of the N = Z = 50 doubly-magic shell closure were produced at the National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory to study their structure and their relevance in the astrophysical rp-process. The 100Sn nucleus is the heaviest particle-stable N = Z nucleus, and it is also thought to be doubly magic. Additionally, 100Sn and its closest neighbors lie in the path of rp-process, therefore, the production and study of the decay properties of these nuclei are of great interest for the experimental and theoretical nuclear physics and astrophysics community.Previous attempts to produce these nuclei were hampered by large amounts of contaminants produced with higher abundances than those of the nuclides of interst. The Radio Frequency Fragment Separator (RFFS) was designed and built at the NSCLin order to purify rare neutron-deficient secondary beams. The implementation of this device has made a number of beta-decay experiments feasible at the NSCL. The experiment described in this work (NSCL Experiment 07034) was the second one to utilize the RFFS to successfully determine beta-decay half-lives, beta-delay proton emission branching ratios and beta-delayed gamma spectroscopy.The nuclei of interest were produced at NSCL via fragmentation of a 112Sn primary beam accelerated to 120 MeV/nucleon, impinging on a 9Be target. The secondary beam was first selected by the A1900 Fragment Separator and purified further with the RFFS. The N = Z nuclei 100Sn, 98In and 96Cd were produced and their beta decaywas studied. The observed production cross sections of these nuclei are lower than predicted by factors of 10-30. Their beta-decay half-lives were found to be 0.55(+0.70 -0.31) s for 100Sn, 0.66(40)s for an isomeric state in 98In, and 47(13) ms for its ground state,and 1.03 (0.2)s for 96Cd. The experimental determination of the half-life of 96Cd was of special interest as it was the last rp-process waiting point to be measured. The effect of the half-life of 96Cd on the nuclear abundances produced by an rp-process and the origin of the light-p nucleus 96Ru were explored.Other exotic nuclei produced in Experiment 07034 include 101Sn, 100,99In, 98,97Cd, 96,95,94Ag, 94,93,92Pd, 92,91Rh and 90,91Ru. For the cases with sufficiently high statistics their beta-decay half-lives were determined and compared with previous measurements and theoretical predictions. Several isomeric states were found andtheir decay modes analysed. In particular, a new microsecond isomer decaying by a gamma cascade was observed in 96Ag for the first time and the level scheme of this nucleus is presented, together with the results of two shell-model calculations performed within the (p1/2g9/2) and (p3/2p1/2f5/2g9/2) model spaces, respectively. It was found that the shell model calculation with the larger model space reproduced level energies and isomeric decay half-lives reasonably well.
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Title: ¹⁴N(p, p') at 29.8, 36.6, and 40.0 MeV and the strength of the tensor force in nuclear reaction
Creator: Fox, Stanley Haim, 1942-
Date: 1972
Collection: Electronic Theses & Dissertations

Title: ³¹P-NMR spectroscopy of phosphocreatine recovery transients in rat skeletal muscle
Creator: Paganini, Anthony Toby
Date: 1998
Collection: Electronic Theses & Dissertations

Title: ³H]serotonin binding to cell fractions and dissociated cells of blastula, gastrula, prism and pluteus sea urchin (Arbacia punctulata) embryos
Creator: Brown, Kenneth Michael
Date: 1982
Collection: Electronic Theses & Dissertations

Title: ³H-ouabain binding and sodium-pump activity measured in myocytes isolated from guinea-pig heart
Creator: Stemmer, Paul
Date: 1986
Collection: Electronic Theses & Dissertations

Title: ²⁰Mg beta decay and the ¹⁵O(alpha, gamma)¹⁹Ne(p, gamma)²⁰Na reaction sequence in Type I x-ray bursts
Creator: Glassman, Brent
Date: 2020
Collection: Electronic Theses & Dissertations
Description: Constraining the ¹⁵O(alpha, gamma)¹⁹Ne(p, gamma)²⁰Na reaction rate is critically important for accurately simulating x-ray burst light curves, our only x-ray burst observable from Earth. Both the ¹⁵O(alpha, gamma)¹⁹Ne(p, gamma) and )¹⁹Ne(p, gamma)²⁰Na reaction rates have been studied using a multitude of experimental techniques, yet only upper limits had been determined at the outset of the present work. The ¹⁵O(alpha, gamma)¹⁹Ne(p, gamma) reaction in particular has been singled out as the...
Show moreConstraining the ¹⁵O(alpha, gamma)¹⁹Ne(p, gamma)²⁰Na reaction rate is critically important for accurately simulating x-ray burst light curves, our only x-ray burst observable from Earth. Both the ¹⁵O(alpha, gamma)¹⁹Ne(p, gamma) and )¹⁹Ne(p, gamma)²⁰Na reaction rates have been studied using a multitude of experimental techniques, yet only upper limits had been determined at the outset of the present work. The ¹⁵O(alpha, gamma)¹⁹Ne(p, gamma) reaction in particular has been singled out as the most important reaction rate of all currently unknown rates to measure. Utilizing the beta decay of ²⁰Mg to populate ²⁰Na excited states, we further constrain the ¹⁹Ne(p,gamma)²⁰Na reaction rate by searching for gamma decays from the most important resonance at E_x=2647 keV. Additionally, by populating ²⁰Na excited states high above the proton threshold, we populate the most important ¹⁹Ne resonance for measuring the ¹⁵O(alpha, gamma)¹⁹Ne(p, gamma) reaction rate at E_x=4.03 MeV. Herein, the results of this study are reported including: The full ²⁰Mg beta-delayed gamma ray spectrum and decay scheme; the upper limit on the beta decay feeding of the ²⁰Na 2647 keV state; the Doppler broadening analysis of nine gamma ray peaks from six excited states in ¹⁹Ne; the intensity of ²⁰Mg(beta,p,gamma) to the 4.03 MeV state in ¹⁹Ne; the measurement of the ²⁰Na excitation energy at 7.44 {+0.25_{-0.22 MeV feeding the 4.03 MeV state in ¹⁹Ne; and the measurement of the center of mass proton energy for the feeding of the important 4.03 MeV state in ¹⁹Ne at 1.23 {+0.25_{-0.22 MeV.
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Title: a synthetic medium for microbiological assay of riboflavin, pantothenic acid, biotin, nicotinic acid, pyridoxine and folic acid
Creator: Hyma, Andrew M.
Date: 1945
Collection: Electronic Theses & Dissertations

Title: [FeFe]-hydrogenase substrate transport mechanisms and investigation of algal hydrogen metabolism
Creator: Cornish, Adam
Date: 2012
Collection: Electronic Theses & Dissertations
Description: The global population has recently exceeded 7 billion people and the demand for energy continues to expand as the number of industrialized countries grows. Currently, the energy economy is dominated by the utilization of polluting and non-renewable fossil fuels. Both the collection and use of petroleum-based fuels is destructive to the environment and is not sustainable over a long time-scale, which justifies the investigation into the development of renewable, alternative fuels. Of the...
Show moreThe global population has recently exceeded 7 billion people and the demand for energy continues to expand as the number of industrialized countries grows. Currently, the energy economy is dominated by the utilization of polluting and non-renewable fossil fuels. Both the collection and use of petroleum-based fuels is destructive to the environment and is not sustainable over a long time-scale, which justifies the investigation into the development of renewable, alternative fuels. Of the various fuels that have been proposed, molecular hydrogen (H₂) in particular holds great promise as a clean-burning fuel capable of supplementing the current energy economy, especially as the combustion of H₂ generates only water vapor as by-product. H₂ can be generated via a number of chemical processes, but current H₂ technologies either require fossil fuels as inputs or are energy-inefficient. The biological production of H₂, however, has garnered a great deal of interest because microorganisms are able to drive H₂ synthesis using energy derived from both light and dark fermentative metabolisms. This manner of production does not depend on mining non-renewable resources and microbes can be cultured at the industrial scale without competing with arable land needed for agriculture. H₂ evolution in these microorganisms is dependent on nitrogenases and/or hydrogenases, enzymes which utilize unique metal centers for catalysis. Hydrogenases have been of particular interest for industrial-scale H₂ production because these enzymes are found in a diverse array of organisms and require only protons and electrons as substrates. In particular, [FeFe]-hydrogenases have very high turnover numbers and catalysis can be coupled to photosynthesis. Unfortunately, these enzymes are inactivated by molecular oxygen (O₂), and a number of studies have therefore attempted to engineer O₂-tolerant hydrogenases. However, engineering enzymes to introduce optimal qualities has been impeded by an incomplete understanding of the overall reaction mechanism. Substrate (protons, electrons, and ₂) transport is essential to hydrogenase activity, yet relatively little information is available regarding the intraprotein transport of substrate in [FeFe]-hydrogenase. I focused my investigation on identifying and testing pathways important for substrate transport between the enzyme surface and the active site in the Clostridium pasteurianum [FeFe]-hydrogenase. I have elucidated a key pathway for proton transport and confirmed that two iron-sulfur clusters are essential in an electron transfer relay, contributing to the overall characterization of [FeFe]-hydrogenase activity. Green algae utilize [FeFe]-hydrogenases to catalyze H₂ production using reducing equivalents derived from photosynthesis and these enzymes are an integral component of anaerobic metabolism in these microalgae. I explored the H₂ production capabilities of a multicellular green alga, Volvox carteri, and characterized two hydrogenases likely responsible for this activity. In addition, a unique hydrogenase gene cluster discovered within the Volvox carteri genome provided interesting hints into the origin of [FeFe]-hydrogenase in green algae.
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Title: [Delta]2079-tetrahydrocannabinol-mediated suppression of the Interferon-alpha (IFNalpha) response by plasmacytoid dendritic cells and IFNalpha-mediated activation of T cells in healthy and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected human subjects
Creator: Henriquez, Joseph Edgar
Date: 2018
Collection: Electronic Theses & Dissertations
Description: Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is the primary psychoactive cannabinoid congener in Cannabis sativa and is a well characterized modulator of immune activation. In murine models, treatment with THC can exacerbate viral and bacterial infection, in part, by suppression of the inflammatory cytokine response. One of the key classes of cytokines suppressed by THC is type I interferons (IFN), a group of cytokines consisting of IFNα and IFNβ. The primary source of IFNα during acute antiviral immune...
Show moreΔ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is the primary psychoactive cannabinoid congener in Cannabis sativa and is a well characterized modulator of immune activation. In murine models, treatment with THC can exacerbate viral and bacterial infection, in part, by suppression of the inflammatory cytokine response. One of the key classes of cytokines suppressed by THC is type I interferons (IFN), a group of cytokines consisting of IFNα and IFNβ. The primary source of IFNα during acute antiviral immune responses is the Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cell (pDC), which can secrete 1000-fold more IFNα than other circulating peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Paradoxically, patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a chronic viral infection that causes immunodeficiency via infection and depletion of CD4+ T cells, have fewer circulating pDC with a reduced capacity to secrete IFNα. Furthermore, circulating pDC number has been correlated with CD4+ T cell number and treatment with IFNα can reduce HIV-mediated CD4+ T cell depletion. Conversely, hyperactivation of pDC is associated with T cell exhaustion and is implicated in HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). Interestingly, many HIV patients utilize medicinal cannabinoids to combat the effects of chronic HIV infection. The focus of this project was to determine if IFNα-mediated stimulation of T-cells can be suppressed by THC by testing the following hypothesis: THC will suppress TLR-9-dependent activation of pDC, subsequent efficacy of pDC-mediated T cell activation, and CD8+ T cell-mediated activation of astrocytes. These studies revealed that CpG-ODN-induced IFNα secretion and expression of CD83, a costimulatory molecule, by pDC is suppressed by THC in a concentration dependent manner. Furthermore, key intracellular signaling events required for inflammatory cytokine secretion by pDC were suppressed by treatment with THC and CBR2-specific agonists in pDC from healthy donors. Additionally, pDC from HIV+ donors were more sensitive to THC-mediated suppression than pDC from healthy donors. Treatment with THC also inhibited IFNα-mediated activation of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells from healthy and HIV+ donors. Specifically, treatment with THC diminished IFNα-induced IL-7R expression, cognate signaling, and subsequent proliferation. Interestingly, and in contrast to the results in pDC, T cells from HIV+ donors were less sensitive to the suppressive effects of THC. Finally, stimulation by CD3/CD28/IFNα induced the secretion of IFNγ and TNFα by CD8+ T cells from healthy donors. Further, IFNγ and TNFα induced secretion of inflammatory cytokines by U251 astrocytes. Coculture of CD8+ T cells with U251 astrocytes and direct stimulation of U251 astrocytes with recombinant TNFα and IFNγ revealed that treatment with THC reduced both the activation and secretion of cytokines from CD8+ T cells and the subsequent cytokine-mediated stimulation of the U251 astrocytes. Collectively, these studies have provided evidence for the use of cannabinoids in ablating the type of neuroimmune interactions which can lead to HAND by demonstrating that THC can suppress the activation of pDC, and subsequent activation of T cells and astrocytes.
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Title: [Delta]2079-tetrahydrocannabinol suppresses human monocyte activation and monocyte-mediated astrocyte inflammation : implications for HIV-associated neuroinflammation
Creator: Rizzo, Michael Denton
Date: 2019
Collection: Electronic Theses & Dissertations
Description: A hallmark of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is chronic immune activation and is believed to be one of the major contributors to neuroinflammation and HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND). Circulating activated monocytes, including those that are CD16⁺, have been implicated in HIV-associated neuroinflammation. These activated monocytes become infected with HIV in the periphery, cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and release inflammatory factors, HIV virions and viral...
Show moreA hallmark of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is chronic immune activation and is believed to be one of the major contributors to neuroinflammation and HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND). Circulating activated monocytes, including those that are CD16⁺, have been implicated in HIV-associated neuroinflammation. These activated monocytes become infected with HIV in the periphery, cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and release inflammatory factors, HIV virions and viral proteins. These factors lead to HIV infection and activation of brain-resident cells, including microglia and astrocytes, driving a pro-inflammatory environment in the brain. Ultimately, these processes contribute to neuronal dysfunction and death, ultimately resulting in cognitive decline in up to 50% of the HIV-infected population. Cannabis is widely used by the HIV-infected population at an estimated prevalence of 23-56% in the United States. [Delta]2079-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD), two major constituents of cannabis, are known to have immune suppressive and anti-inflammatory properties. The overall objective of this project was to determine whether the cannabinoids, THC and CBD, could suppress monocyte activation and monocyte-mediated astrocyte inflammation, which are key processes implicated in chronic neuroinflammation and HAND. Herein, it is shown that HIV-infected donors using cannabis displayed a lower level of circulating activated (CD16⁺) monocytes and plasma IP-10 compared to non-using HIV-infected donors. Furthermore, in vitro studies revealed that THC but not CBD suppressed monocyte expression of CD16 and secretion of IP-10, suggesting that THC is the major cannabinoid in cannabis promoting the anti-inflammatory effects. To determine whether activated monocytes could promote inflammatory functions of brain-resident glial cells, we developed a human co-culture system utilizing primary monocytes and cell-line/primary fetal astrocytes with viral-related stimulators (IFNa a0333nd a TLR7 agonist - R837). Monocytes, together with IFNa a0333nd/or R837, promoted astrocyte secretion of MCP-1, IL-6 and IP-10. Furthermore, monocyte-derived IL-1v0333 was critical for astrocyte secretion of pro-inflammatory factors, as neutralization of IL-1v0333 strongly hampered the astrocyte response, while direct addition of recombinant IL-1v0333 to astrocyte monocultures mimicked the actions of monocytes. In vitro THC treatment of the R837-stimulated co-culture resulted in decreased astrocyte production of MCP-1 and IL-6, while CBD increased IL-6 production and had no effect on MCP-1 production. With the use of separate monocyte and astrocyte monocultures, THC and CBD were shown to directly target both cell types. Interestingly, THC and CBD were both shown to decrease the percent of astrocytes producing IL-6 and MCP-1, which for THC, is concordant with the co-culture observation. However, the CBD-mediated decrease in IL-6 and MCP-1 production in the astrocyte monoculture differed from the observations in the CBD-treated co-culture. Our findings were explained when THC and CBD were shown to suppress and augment monocyte production of IL-1v0333, respectively. Furthermore, the CBD-mediated augmentation of monocyte-derived IL-1v0333 was able to override the direct CBD suppression on the astrocytes. Collectively, THC but not CBD, impairs monocyte activation and monocyte-driven astrocyte inflammatory responses. In the context of HAND, cannabis use, in particular THC, may decelerate monocyte processes that are implicated in neuroinflammation and cognitive dysfunction.
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