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Title: RESPONSE OF ULTRA HIGH PERFORMANCE FIBER REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS UNDER FLEXURE AND SHEAR
Creator: Solhmirzaei, Roya
Date: 2021
Collection: Electronic Theses & Dissertations
Description: Ultra high performance concrete (UHPC) is an advanced cementitious material made with low water to binder ratio and high fineness admixtures, and possesses a unique combination of superior strength, durability, corrosion resistance, and impact resistance. However, increased strength of UHPC results in a brittle behavior. To overcome this brittle behavior of UHPC and improve post cracking response of UHPC, steel fibers are often added to UHPC and this concrete type is designated as Ultra High...
Show moreUltra high performance concrete (UHPC) is an advanced cementitious material made with low water to binder ratio and high fineness admixtures, and possesses a unique combination of superior strength, durability, corrosion resistance, and impact resistance. However, increased strength of UHPC results in a brittle behavior. To overcome this brittle behavior of UHPC and improve post cracking response of UHPC, steel fibers are often added to UHPC and this concrete type is designated as Ultra High Performance Fiber Reinforced Concrete (UHPFRC). Being a relatively new construction material, there are limited guidelines and specifications in standards and codes for the design of structural members fabricated using UHPFRC. To develop a deeper understanding on the behavior of UHPFRC flexural members, seven beams made of UHPFRC are tested under different loading conditions. The test variables include level of longitudinal reinforcement, type of loading (shear and flexure), and presence of shear reinforcement. Further, a finite element based numerical model for tracing structural behavior of UHPFRC beams is developed in ABAQUS. The developed model can account for the nonlinear material response of UHPFRC and steel reinforcement in both tension and compression, as well as bond between concrete and reinforcing steel, and can trace the detailed response of the beams in the entire range of loading. This model is validated by comparing predicted response parameters including load-deflection, load-strain, and crack propagation against experimental data obtained from tests on UHPFRC beams with different material characteristics and under different loading configurations. The validated model is applied to conduct a set of parametric studies to quantify the effect of different parameters on structural response of UHPFRC beams, including the contribution of stirrups and concrete to shear capacity of beams, to explore feasibility of removing the need for shear reinforcement in UHPFRC beams. Results from experiments and numerical model reveal that UHPFRC beams exhibit distinct cracking pattern characterized by the propagation of multiple micro cracks followed by widening of a single crack leading to failure. Also, UHPFRC beams exhibit high flexural and shear capacity, as well as ductility due to high compressive and tensile strength of UHPFRC and fiber bridging developing at the crack surfaces that leads to strain hardening in UHPFRC after cracking. Thus, absence of shear reinforcement in UHPFRC beams does not result in brittle failure, even under dominant shear loading. Data from the conducted experiments as well as those reported in literature is utilized to develop a machine learning (ML) framework for predicting structural response of UHPFRC beams. On this basis, a comprehensive database on reported tests on UHPFRC beams with different geometric, fiber properties, loading and material characteristics is collected. This database is then analyzed utilizing different ML algorithms, including support vector machine, artificial neural networks, k-nearest neighbor, support vector machine regression, and genetic programing, to develop a data-driven computational framework for predicting failure mode and flexural and shear capacity of UHPFRC beams. Predictions obtained from the proposed framework are compared against the values obtained from design equations in codes, and also results from full-scale tests to demonstrate the reliability of the proposed approach. The results clearly indicate that the proposed ML framework can effectively predict failure mode and flexural and shear capacity of UHPFRC beams with varying reinforcement detailing and configurations. The research presented in this dissertation contributes to the development of preliminary guidance on evaluating capacity of UHPFRC beams under different configurations.
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Title: YOUTH PERSPECTIVES ON FULL-SERVICE COMMUNITY SCHOOLING
Creator: Castro, Kristofer Malulani
Date: 2021
Collection: Electronic Theses & Dissertations
Description: Despite the national standards for the implementation of full-service community schooling require the inclusion of youth participation in the decision-making and communication of these initiatives, few studies have solicited these key perspectives. The current study used focus groups to solicit youth perspectives on full-service community schooling initiatives being implemented in the schools they attended. Students were recruited from schools participating in the early years of a full...
Show moreDespite the national standards for the implementation of full-service community schooling require the inclusion of youth participation in the decision-making and communication of these initiatives, few studies have solicited these key perspectives. The current study used focus groups to solicit youth perspectives on full-service community schooling initiatives being implemented in the schools they attended. Students were recruited from schools participating in the early years of a full-service community schooling initiative. Students were separated into focus groups based on the school they were recruited from. The questions I sought to answer through this study were: 1.) what does full-service community schooling mean to students; 2.) what characteristics of full-service community schooling do youth enjoy (and not enjoy); 3.) how, if at all, has full-service community schooling changed the lives of youth; and 4.) what factors salient to youth does full-service community schooling fail to address? Analyzing the transcripts from the focus group using Marshall and Rossman’s (1995) interrater qualitative approach produced 35 themes grouped into ten analytical categories that were then further reduced into four higher order content groupings. I discuss the manner in which these findings elucidate how youth understand the scope, benefits, and issues with full-service community schooling. Furthermore, I discuss, the implications of these findings for the future practice of and research on youth voice in the planning and design of full-service community schooling.
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Title: “IMFUNDO” THE STUDENT; THE EVOLUTION ADAPTATION, AND PRACTICE OF African CENTERED EDUCATION AT THE KARA HERITAGE INSTITUTE IN PRETORIA SOUTH AFRICA
Creator: George III, Clarence
Date: 2021
Collection: Electronic Theses & Dissertations
Description: ABSTRACT“IMFUNDO” THE STUDENT; THE EVOLUTION ADAPTATION, AND PRACTICE OF AFRICAN CENTERED EDUCATION AT THE KARA HERITAGE INSTITUTE IN PRETORIA SOUTH AFRICAByClarence George III This dissertation study (Imfundo) seeks to explore, the practice and evolution of African centered education at the Kara Heritage Institute from 2016 to 2019. This project seeks to study African centered education at Kara focusing on how the Heritage Institute instills notions of African consciousness, notions of Pan...
Show moreABSTRACT“IMFUNDO” THE STUDENT; THE EVOLUTION ADAPTATION, AND PRACTICE OF AFRICAN CENTERED EDUCATION AT THE KARA HERITAGE INSTITUTE IN PRETORIA SOUTH AFRICAByClarence George III This dissertation study (Imfundo) seeks to explore, the practice and evolution of African centered education at the Kara Heritage Institute from 2016 to 2019. This project seeks to study African centered education at Kara focusing on how the Heritage Institute instills notions of African consciousness, notions of Pan-Africanism, structural pedagogy, and culturally relevant pedagogy. This research project evaluated and observed African-centered education in South Africa at the Kara Heritage institute in Pretoria South Africa. Over 4 years of data collected has yielded a great deal of information about South Africa's unique approach to education, culture, and heritage restoration.
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Title: The necessary and sufficient conditions in weighted inequalities for singular integrals and a local Tb theorem with an energy side condition.
Creator: Grigoriadis, Christos
Date: 2021
Collection: Electronic Theses & Dissertations
Description: We provide an essentially complete dictionary of all implications among the basic and fundamental conditions in weighted theory such as the doubling, one weight $A_p(w)$, $A_\infty$ and $C_p$ conditions as well as the two weight $\A_p(\o,\s)$ and the ``buffer" Energy and Pivotal conditions. The most notable implication is that in the case of $A_\infty$ weights the two weight $\A_p$ condition implies the $p-$Pivotal condition hence giving an elegant and short proof of the known NTV-conjecture...
Show moreWe provide an essentially complete dictionary of all implications among the basic and fundamental conditions in weighted theory such as the doubling, one weight $A_p(w)$, $A_\infty$ and $C_p$ conditions as well as the two weight $\A_p(\o,\s)$ and the ``buffer" Energy and Pivotal conditions. The most notable implication is that in the case of $A_\infty$ weights the two weight $\A_p$ condition implies the $p-$Pivotal condition hence giving an elegant and short proof of the known NTV-conjecture with $p=2$ for $A_\infty$ weights in terms of existing T1 theory. We also provide a quite technical construction inspired by \cite{GaKS} proving that we can have doubling weights satisfying the $C_p$ condition which are not in $A_\infty$. We obtain a local two weight $Tb$ theorem with an energy side condition for higher dimensional fractional Calder\'{o}n-Zygmund operators. The proof follows the general outline of the proof for the corresponding one-dimensional $Tb$ theorem in \cite{SaShUr12}, but encountering a number of new challenges, including several arising from the failure in higher dimensions of T. Hyt\"{o}nen's one-dimensional two weight $A_{2}$ inequality. Hyt\"{o}nen used this inequality to deal with estimates for measures living in adjacent intervals. Hyt\"{o}nen's theorem states that the off-testing condition for the Hilbert transform is controlled by the Muckenhoupt's $A_2$ and $A^*_2$ conditions. So in attempting to extend the two weight $T_b$ theorem to higher dimensions, it is natural to ask if a higher dimensional analogue of Hyt\"{o}nen's theorem holds that permits analogous control of terms involving measures that live on adjacent cubes.We show that it is not the case even in the presence of the energy conditions used in one dimension \cite{SaShUr12}. Thus, in order to obtain a local $T_b$ theorem in higher dimensions, it was necessary to find some substantially new arguments to control the notoriously difficult nearby form. More precisely, we show that Hyt\"{o}nen's off-testing condition for the two weight fractional integral and the Riesz transform inequalities is not controlled by Muckenhoupt's $A_2^\alpha$ and $A_2^{\alpha,*}$ conditions and energy conditions.
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Title: High Functional Density Through Rigid-Flex
Creator: Gjokaj, Vincens
Date: 2021
Collection: Electronic Theses & Dissertations
Description: In the last decade Additive Manufacturing (AM), often referred to as 3D printing, has garnered signficant interest in systems packaging. It has proven as an effective way of producing Radio Frequency (RF) to millimeter wave (mmWave) components and modules. AM enables flexible and rapid realization of structures with arbitrary shapes and complexity. AM is considered as one of the most important emerging material processing technologies that will drive the future designs of high functional...
Show moreIn the last decade Additive Manufacturing (AM), often referred to as 3D printing, has garnered signficant interest in systems packaging. It has proven as an effective way of producing Radio Frequency (RF) to millimeter wave (mmWave) components and modules. AM enables flexible and rapid realization of structures with arbitrary shapes and complexity. AM is considered as one of the most important emerging material processing technologies that will drive the future designs of high functional density modules and systems. This thesis investigates the us of AM for the design and fabrication of microwave and mmWave circuits and systems.Different AM technologies are used to design and demonstrate a range of high frequency passive and active components. Stereolithography printing is utilized to create passive components in the X-band (10-18 GHz) and K-band (18-27 GHz) frequency bands. These passive component designs are then combined with active RF circuits to design transmit and receive modules. Aerosol jet printing (AJP) is used to create an entirely printed mmWave components that avoids the use of traditional photolithography fabrication methods. All the designs are compared to their counterparts fabricated using conventional techniques. It is demonstrated that self-packaged RF components 3D form can readily be produced using AM leading to high functional density systems working well into the W-band frequency band.
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Title: POLYMERS AND POLYMER-CONJUGATES FOR CANCER IMMUNOTHERAPY : FOREIGN CYTOTOXIC T LYMPHOCYTE EPITOPE DELIVERY, CYTOTOXIC T LYMPHOCYTE ACTIVATION, AND NK92 CELL SURFACE ENGINEERING
Creator: Lang, Shuyao
Date: 2021
Collection: Electronic Theses & Dissertations
Description: Cancer immunotherapy is considered as the fourth pillar of anti-cancer treatment, along with the traditional three pillars: surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. Polymers and polymer conjugates have been widely investigated as cancer immunotherapy carriers. The polymeric materials can not only prolong the circulation time of their small molecular cargoes, but also enhance immune activation via multiple mechanisms such as passively or actively targeting immune cells and specific tissue...
Show moreCancer immunotherapy is considered as the fourth pillar of anti-cancer treatment, along with the traditional three pillars: surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. Polymers and polymer conjugates have been widely investigated as cancer immunotherapy carriers. The polymeric materials can not only prolong the circulation time of their small molecular cargoes, but also enhance immune activation via multiple mechanisms such as passively or actively targeting immune cells and specific tissue environment. With their great flexibility of monomer selection and post-polymerization modification, polymers and polymer conjugates can satisfy the various needs for immunotherapy. In this dissertation, three different polymer/polymer conjugates have been investigated for facilitating different immunotherapy strategies.pH responsive acetalated dextran microparticles were (Ac-Dex MPs) investigated for the delivery of a high affinity foreign cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) epitope, ovalbumin peptide (OVA), to tumor tissues. Successful OVA delivery to tumor tissue was observed. Both intratumorally and systematically administration of OVA encapsulated Ac-Dex MPs protected mice from pre-established “antigen-loss variant” tumor models. Ultra-pH sensitive nanoparticles (NPs) based on methoxy poly(ethylene glycol)-b-[poly(diisopropylamino)ethyl methacrylate] have been synthesized as a platform for anti-cancer vaccine delivery. Representative CTL antigen OVA and adjuvant imiquimod (IMQ), were covalently conjugated to the polymer backbone through an acid responsive carboxy-dimethylmaleic amide linker (CDM) resulting in polymer P-CDM-OVA and P-CDM-IMQ, respectively. The P-CDM-OVA NPs greatly enhanced CTL responses in vivo compared to the free peptide or the previously reported Ac-Dex MPs encapsulating OVA. Co-administration of P-CDM-OVA NPs with P-CDM-IMQ NPs further improved CTL responses in vivo and effectively reduced tumor growth in mice. Besides serving as delivery carriers, polymers can also be used for surface engineering of immune cells. NK92 cells are a natural killer cell line which is highly cytotoxic, but lack of inherent selectivity toward cancer. We investigated the surface engineering of NK92 with two different strategies: metabolic glycoengineering, and hydrophobic insertion of a polymer grafted with multiple copies of trisaccharide CD22 ligands and a cholesterol terminal. Both methods can successfully modify the surface of NK92 with CD22 ligand and enhance the specific lysis of CD22+ cell lines in vitro. Further investigation of metabolic glycoengineering method showed significant protection against CD22+ tumor in vivo.
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Title: TWO WEIGHTED CARLESON EMBEDDINGS ON MULTI-TREES AND MULTI-DISK
Creator: Psaromiligkos, Georgios
Date: 2021
Collection: Electronic Theses & Dissertations
Description: Given two measures μ,w on a multi-tree T^n we prove a two weighted multi-parameterdyadic embedding theorem for the Hardy operator, assuming w is a product weight and a certain “Box” condition holds. The main result has been long proven for dimension n = 1, however, for higher dimensions the result was not known. There was a general feeling such an embedding was not possible under the Box condition, due to a famous counterexample by Lennart Carleson. In this counterexample, the measure μ was...
Show moreGiven two measures μ,w on a multi-tree T^n we prove a two weighted multi-parameterdyadic embedding theorem for the Hardy operator, assuming w is a product weight and a certain “Box” condition holds. The main result has been long proven for dimension n = 1, however, for higher dimensions the result was not known. There was a general feeling such an embedding was not possible under the Box condition, due to a famous counterexample by Lennart Carleson. In this counterexample, the measure μ was the two-dimensional Lebesgue measure, which is a product measure along with a non-product weight w. Shortly after, A. Chang imposed a (strictly) more general condition than the Box one and showed it is sufficient to get the same embedding in dimension n = 2. This was later used by A. Chang and R. Fefferman to characterize the dyadic n-dimensional product BMO, denoted by BMO_{prod}^d(R^n). Recently, the question of embedding the Dirichlet space on the bi-disk D^2 into L^2(D^2) appeared. This is equivalent to proving a general measure μ is “Carleson” for the Dirichlet space on D^2. It was shown that proving the (discrete) analogue of the embedding on a bi-tree is enough to get the same for the bi-disc. To do this, however, we need to change the restrictions on the measures; we will assume μ to be general and w to be a product weight. Given these restrictions, we managed to prove the surprising result that the Box condition is enough to imply the embedding for dimensions n = 2, 3. This is not contradictory to Carleson’s counterexample as the weight w was non-product.
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Title: WILDFIRE IMPACTS ON SOIL CARBON POOLS AND MICROBIAL COMMUNITIES IN MIXED-CONIFER FORESTS OF CALIFORNIA
Creator: Adkins, Jaron
Date: 2021
Collection: Electronic Theses & Dissertations
Description: Forest ecosystems are important reservoirs for long term carbon (C) storage. Forests of the western United States account for 20-40% of total U.S. carbon C sequestration, and nearly half of the total C in these forests is stored in soil. However, many forests in the western U.S are experiencing wildfire conditions that diverge from historical fire regimes. Prior to Euro-American settlement, California’s mixed-conifer forests typically experienced frequent surface fires of low to moderate burn...
Show moreForest ecosystems are important reservoirs for long term carbon (C) storage. Forests of the western United States account for 20-40% of total U.S. carbon C sequestration, and nearly half of the total C in these forests is stored in soil. However, many forests in the western U.S are experiencing wildfire conditions that diverge from historical fire regimes. Prior to Euro-American settlement, California’s mixed-conifer forests typically experienced frequent surface fires of low to moderate burn severity, but, due to the combined effects of altered forest structure and climate change, now experience fires that are larger and more severe than historical conditions. Fires have numerous direct and indirect effects on the soil biological, chemical, and physical characteristics that influence the soil C cycle. Understanding how altered soil characteristics influence the cycling and persistence of soil C, and how they vary with severity, is important for managing forests for C storage and for predicting fire-climate feedbacks. My dissertation work incorporates observational and manipulative experiments to understand the direct and indirect effects of burn severity on soil C cycling and microbial communities over the short to intermediate term, with a particular focus on the distribution of soil C between active and slow cycling pools. Soil C can be conceptualized as discrete pools of variable persistence in soil. The active C pool is quickly decomposed, contributing to the return of CO2 to the atmosphere, whereas the non-active C pool is more stable and contributes to long term C storage. I leveraged a burn severity gradient resulting from a wildfire in a California mixed-conifer forest to determine the structure and kinetics of these C pools at an intermediate time point in post-fire recovery (i.e. three years). I found that the size of the non-active C pool was smaller in burned areas than unburned areas, and the kinetic rate of the non-active C pool was negatively related to burn severity. I also characterized the soil microbial communities across this severity gradient and identified the environmental characteristics responsible for differences. I found that fungal-to-bacterial ratio and oligotroph-to-copiotroph bacteria ratio decreased with burn severity, and these effects were driven by differences in live and dead tree basal area, soil nutrients, and pH. Leveraging another burn severity gradient, I then determined whether differences in microbial communities and soil C pools were related one-year post-fire in a mixed-conifer forest. I again found lower non-active C pool kinetic rates, and higher abundances of copiotrophic bacteria in burned compared to unburned areas. Differences in soil C pool kinetics were related to tree basal area, soil nutrients, and bacterial communities. I determined the short-term impacts of fire on soil C pools and cycling using lab experiments in which I manipulated soil heating intensity and pyrogenic organic matter (PyOM) additions. I found that high intensity soil heating can decrease microbial biomass C (MBC) accumulation, whereas PyOM had minimal effects on MBC in the short-term. Finally, I found that the size of the active C pool increased with soil heating intensity, while the kinetic rate of the non-active C pool decreased; PyOM primarily increased the size of the non-active C pool. Taken as a whole, my research suggests that fire induces short-term soil C losses by increasing the size of the active C pool, but, over the intermediate-term, residual soil C is more persistent. Fire severity is predicted to increase globally throughout the 21st century, and my research contributes to understanding how forest C storage will be affected by disrupted wildfire regimes.
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Title: Towards Proprioceptive Grasping With Soft Robotic Hands
Creator: da Silva Pinto, Thassyo
Date: 2021
Collection: Electronic Theses & Dissertations
Description: Various robotic hands, gloves, and grippers have been developed for manufacturing, prosthetics, and rehabilitation. However, the use of rigid links and joints presents challenges in control and safe interactions with humans. The emerging field of soft robotics seeks to create machines that are soft, compliant, and capable of withstanding damage, wear and high stress. This dissertation is focused on advancing soft actuators, soft sensors, and perception for ultimately realizing proprioceptive...
Show moreVarious robotic hands, gloves, and grippers have been developed for manufacturing, prosthetics, and rehabilitation. However, the use of rigid links and joints presents challenges in control and safe interactions with humans. The emerging field of soft robotics seeks to create machines that are soft, compliant, and capable of withstanding damage, wear and high stress. This dissertation is focused on advancing soft actuators, soft sensors, and perception for ultimately realizing proprioceptive grasping with soft robotic hands.In this work, several types of soft pneumatic actuators (SPAs) have been tested, fabricated, and tested, including one embedded with 3D-printed conductive polylactic acid (CPLA) layer capable of stiffness tuning and shape modulation. A gripper made of two soft actuators has been prototyped to demonstrate grasping of objects of different sizes and shapes, with desired posture-holding capabilities. Carbon nanotube (CNT)-based flexible sensor arrays have been designed, fabricated, and integrated to SPAs to provide distributed strain measurements. The presented approach allows customized design of stretchable sensor arrays with varied size and shape. Simulation and experimentation have been performed in order to analyze the soft actuator deformation during bending, and to confirm the capability of the integrated sensor array for capturing the actuator deformation. 3D printing of touch and pressure sensors has been further investigated for potential use in robotic hands. In particular, a novel process has been introduced for producing soft conductors and pressure sensors, involving first 3D-printing microchannels in soft substrates and then filling the channel with liquid metal. With a PolyJet printer, functional straight microchannels have been fabricated with sizes down to 150 x 150 micrometers in the cross-section area. In addition, spiral-shaped pressure sensors have been developed with a cross-section size of 350 x 350 micrometers and overall thickness of 1.5 mm (50A and 70A Shore Hardness). Although the sensors require a relatively large pressure threshold to operate, they have shown the ability to withstand high pressures up to 1 MPa and thus have potential to be used in industrial applications among others. Finally, preliminary computational exploration of intelligent grasping has been performed. In particular, the classification of soft grasped objects has been examined through a neuroevolution process for artificial brains. Simulation with SOFA (Simulation Open Framework Architecture) has been conducted to produce the emulated contact force measurements, which have been used to train artificial neural networks, including Markov Brains from the Modular Agent-Based Evolver (MABE) platform, to properly classify the shape and stiffness of the grasped objects.
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Title: Measurement of 34Ar(α,p)37K using the JENSA Gas Jet Target
Creator: Browne, Justin Edward
Date: 2021
Collection: Electronic Theses & Dissertations
Description: X-ray bursts are very luminous thermonuclear explosions that occur in binary star systems. In these systems, a neutron star accreting matter from a companion star undergoes a runaway thermonuclear explosion, caused by a breakout from the CNO-cycle into the αp-process. The αp-process consists of a series of (α,p) and (p,γ) reactions. In this process, there are “waiting point” nuclei at which the nuclear burning pauses until the stellar conditions change so that the (α,p) reaction rate...
Show moreX-ray bursts are very luminous thermonuclear explosions that occur in binary star systems. In these systems, a neutron star accreting matter from a companion star undergoes a runaway thermonuclear explosion, caused by a breakout from the CNO-cycle into the αp-process. The αp-process consists of a series of (α,p) and (p,γ) reactions. In this process, there are “waiting point” nuclei at which the nuclear burning pauses until the stellar conditions change so that the (α,p) reaction rate increases and burning continues. 34Ar is one of these waiting point nuclei, and sensitivity studies have found that varying the 34Ar(α,p)37K reaction rate significantly impacts the light curve of x-ray bursts.Because the 34Ar(α,p)37K cross section had never been directly measured before, the reaction rates used in simulations are based on Hauser-Feshbach predictions. These predictions are hypothesized to be inaccurate because the Hauser-Feshbach statistical model requires a high level density in the compound nucleus and assumes there are no dominant resonances.This thesis describes an experiment at the National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory (NSCL) designed to test Hauser-Feshbach predictions by directly measuring the 34Ar(α,p)37K cross section. A radioactive ion beam of 34Ar15+ with energies of 57.04 MeV and 54.19 MeV was delivered to a (5–8) × 10^18 atoms/cm^2 thick He target, created by the Jet Experiments in Nuclear Structure and Astrophysics (JENSA) gas jet target. The recoils and beam were detected by the ANASEN position-sensitive ionization chamber, and the ejectiles were detected by an array of silicon detectors combining SuperORRUBA and SIDAR. The beam included contamination from the decay products of 34Ar, namely 34Cl and 34S. While the contribution from 34S(α,p)37Cl could be subtracted because the cross section had be previously measured, the contributions from 34Cl(α,p)37Ar and 34Ar(α,p)37K could not be separated, so a combined cross section for the two was derived from the data.The combined 34Cl(α,p)37Ar and 34Ar(α,p)37K cross sections were determined to be (70 ± 21) mb at (5.91 ± 0.08) MeV and (52 ± 13) mb at (5.51 ± 0.08) MeV in the center of mass frame. Comparison with Hauser-Feshbach theory indicates that the experimental cross sections are lower by 37 % and 20 %, for the two energies, respectively. This suggests that the hypothesis that the Hauser-Feshbach model overestimates the 34Ar(α,p)37K cross section by 2 orders of magnitude is unlikely to be true at these energies.
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Title: Validation of the beta-Oslo Method; An Indirect Method for Constraining Neutron-Capture Cross Sections
Creator: Childers, Katherine Louise
Date: 2021
Collection: Electronic Theses & Dissertations
Description: One of the prevalent questions in nuclear science is the origin of the elements. There are two stellar nucleosynthesis processes considered to be responsible for the production of the majority of the abundances of the elements heavier than iron; the slow neutron-capture process (s-process) and the rapid neutron-capture process (r-process). Both of these processes are characterized by the successive capture of neutrons on nuclei, with the major differences between the processes being the...
Show moreOne of the prevalent questions in nuclear science is the origin of the elements. There are two stellar nucleosynthesis processes considered to be responsible for the production of the majority of the abundances of the elements heavier than iron; the slow neutron-capture process (s-process) and the rapid neutron-capture process (r-process). Both of these processes are characterized by the successive capture of neutrons on nuclei, with the major differences between the processes being the timescale over which the processes occur and the host environment. The s-process occurs in low neutron-density environments, such as low- to intermediate-mass stars, and proceeds slowly along the valley of stability. Since the nuclei involved are close to stability, the reactions involved are amenable to direct measurements. The r-process progresses through an explosive event with high neutron densities which drives material far from stability. The recent observation of a neutron star merger event by LIGO and Virgo and the subsequent electromagnetic follow up has demonstrated that an r-process event can occur in these rare events, but it has not ruled out other potential astrophysical sites. To better understand and model the r-process, several nuclear properties are needed for a large number of nuclei, including neutron-capture cross sections. R-process nuclei are not viable for direct measurement of neutron-capture cross sections since the nuclei involved are far from stability, and thus have short half-lives. Therefore, several indirect measurement techniques have been developed to provide experimental constraints on neutron-capture cross sections. One such method is the beta-Oslo method, which uses beta decay to populate highly excited states of a nucleus. The resulting de-excitation via the emission of gamma rays is used to extract statistical nuclear properties of the daughter nucleus. These properties are then used as input in a reaction model to constrain the neutron-capture cross section. The beta-Oslo method can provide a large number of constrained neutron-capture cross sections far from stability, but it is necessary to validate the method using a direct neutron capture measurement. This work will present a validation of the beta-Oslo method in the A = 80 mass region with the 82Se(n, gamma)83Se reaction. The nuclide 83Se can be accessed through the beta-decay of 83As, which was studied at the National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory with the total absorption spectrometer, SuN. Using the beta-Oslo method, the cross section of the 82Se(n, gamma)83Se reaction was constrained. A direct measurement of the 82Se(n, gamma)83Se reaction was performed with the Detector for Advanced Neutron Capture Experiments and the cross section obtained from the direct measurement is compared to the cross section determined using the beta-Oslo method. The results are in good agreement, validating the beta-Oslo method as a viable method for constraining neutron-capture cross sections.
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Title: MATERNAL CIRCULATING IMMUNE FACTORS AND FETAL GROWTH : C-REACTIVE PROTEIN, TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR - α, INTERLEUKIN - 6, IN MID-PREGNANCY AND BIRTHWEIGHT FOR GESTATIONAL AGE
Creator: Glazier-Essalmi, Alicynne N.
Date: 2020
Collection: Electronic Theses & Dissertations
Description: Inflammation pathways may contribute to fetal growth restriction. Observations of immune molecules such as the acute phase reactant, C-reactive protein (CRP) and fetal growth have produced mixed results, therefore further investigation is warranted. We analyzed data from 1,308 sub-cohort women enrolled at 16 -27 weeks completed gestation in the Pregnancy Outcomes and Community Health (POUCH) Study from 52 prenatal clinics in 5 Michigan communities. Using a US population reference of...
Show moreInflammation pathways may contribute to fetal growth restriction. Observations of immune molecules such as the acute phase reactant, C-reactive protein (CRP) and fetal growth have produced mixed results, therefore further investigation is warranted. We analyzed data from 1,308 sub-cohort women enrolled at 16 -27 weeks completed gestation in the Pregnancy Outcomes and Community Health (POUCH) Study from 52 prenatal clinics in 5 Michigan communities. Using a US population reference of birthweights for gestational age, POUCH infants were grouped as small for gestational age (SGA) (≤10th percentile), large for gestational age (LGA) (≥ 90th percentile), or appropriate for gestational age (AGA). Levels of inflammatory signaling molecules Tumor Necrosis Factor -  (TNF-), Interleukin – 6 (IL-6), and CRP were measured in maternal blood collected at enrollment and compared across groups who delivered either SGA, LGA, or AGA infants. Maternal TNF- α and IL-6 levels did not differ across the three groups. Unadjusted Mean CRP level of the SGA, 3.76 μg/L, was significantly lower than that of the AGA (5.43 μg/L, p=0.002) or LGA (6.36 μg/L) in linear regression models. Following adjustment for maternal age, race/ethnicity, pre-pregnancy BMI, gestational age at enrollment, Mean CRP values were 3.89 μg/L for SGA 5.41 μg/L for LGA 5.1, and μg/L for AGA (p=0.008 for SGA vs AGA). In sensitivity analyses, differences remained after excluding women with a pre-pregnancy BMI <18.5, hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, extreme CRP values, or antibiotic prescription < 2 weeks before blood draw. Further analysis should assess characteristics of the maternal-fetal interface for clues to relationships between maternal inflammatory status at 16 – 27 weeks gestation and birthweight outcomes.
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Title: Impacts of changing precipitation on nitrogen cycling in different landscape positions and cropping systems
Creator: Glanville, Kathryn
Date: 2020
Collection: Electronic Theses & Dissertations
Description: Soil nitrogen (N) influences crop yields and can interact with climate change. Soil N has many transformations and transfers that are hard to quantify and control. These N transformations and transfers are mediated by many factors, including temperature, water, and carbon. Thus, impending climate change may strongly affect N cycling across cropping systems. To minimize N losses and increase crop production, we must maximize N use efficiency (NUE). Past research shows precipitation and soil...
Show moreSoil nitrogen (N) influences crop yields and can interact with climate change. Soil N has many transformations and transfers that are hard to quantify and control. These N transformations and transfers are mediated by many factors, including temperature, water, and carbon. Thus, impending climate change may strongly affect N cycling across cropping systems. To minimize N losses and increase crop production, we must maximize N use efficiency (NUE). Past research shows precipitation and soil moisture act as the primary physical drivers of terrestrial N cycling and losses. To improve NUE with changing precipitation patterns, controls on N cycling in terrestrial systems must be identified. Thus, experiments to elucidate the linkage between hydrological and biogeochemical controls are valuable (Chapter 1). Many aspects of the N cycle are influenced by a changing climate - two are especially important: nitrous oxide fluxes (N2O) and biological nitrogen fixation (BNF). N2O is a powerful greenhouse gas with over 250 times the radiative forcing of CO2. In Chapter 2, I test the hypothesis that changing rainfall patterns strongly alter N2O fluxes in agricultural soils as modulated by cropping system. I use rainfall manipulation shelters to expose soils to the same amount of rainfall delivered at different intervals (3-days, 14-days, and 28-days). Results from the 2016 and 2017 field seasons show cumulative N2O fluxes were 1.4 to 2 times higher when rainfall occurred in 28-day rather than shorter intervals in corn systems. Fluxes were related to changes in denitrifier enzyme activity for both years. In switchgrass systems N2O emissions were not significantly affected by rainfall intervals.In Chapter 3, I test the hypothesis that changing rainfall patterns that alter N2O fluxes will be modulated by landscape position as landscape position affects soil texture and carbon. Over two field seasons cumulative N2O fluxes were higher in toeslope positions than in summit positions, and longer rainfall intervals had higher fluxes in summits only, consistent with higher soil carbon and finer soil texture in toeslope positions. Knowledge of these landscape patterns deserve inclusion in models of current and future climate change effects in order to better quantify and mitigate agricultural N2O fluxes.In Chapter 4, I test the hypothesis that BNF is particularly vulnerable to changing rainfall patterns in till vs. no-till and in summit vs. toeslope positions due to differences in texture and organic matter. Results reinforce the importance of topographic position for predicting soybean BNF and show that summit positions are more sensitive to additional rainfall. Results also show changes in rainfall intensity affect BNF in tilled differently than in no-till soils. Models that incorporate these interactions will be better able to characterize legume crop performance and N fixation across landscapes and improve global estimates for BNF. Understanding these interactions in the agricultural US Midwest may help us improve sustainability of N use in cropping systems with a changing climate.
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Title: The ones who need the most : race, ability, and restorative justice in an urban school
Creator: Presberry, Cierra Brittney
Date: 2020
Collection: Electronic Theses & Dissertations
Description: This dissertation examines how the intersection of race and ability impact an urban school's implementation of restorative justice. Because restorative justice can ideally be used in any setting with any group of people, its generalization often overlooks exceptionally vulnerable or traditionally silenced populations. As such, using Critical Race Theory and related frameworks such as Dis/ability Critical Race Studies and Critical Race Parenting, this work specifically highlights how Black...
Show moreThis dissertation examines how the intersection of race and ability impact an urban school's implementation of restorative justice. Because restorative justice can ideally be used in any setting with any group of people, its generalization often overlooks exceptionally vulnerable or traditionally silenced populations. As such, using Critical Race Theory and related frameworks such as Dis/ability Critical Race Studies and Critical Race Parenting, this work specifically highlights how Black students with disabilities, their teachers, and their parents are impacted by, and engaged with restorative justice at school. This dissertation is written in the form of three papers. In paper one, I conduct an interview study in order to examine insights from special education teachers about their role in using restorative justice and how it impacts their students, particularly in terms of how race and ability are pivotal factors. In paper two, I conceptualize restorative justice literacies. This entails an examination of how reading, writing, and speaking play a role in how marginalized populations are able to understand and participate in restorative justice practices. This research took place in the form of case study, with student observation, interviews, and document analysis being primary sources of data. Finally, in paper three, I analyze the perspectives of the parents of students from paper three regarding their engagement with restorative justice. Findings from my research highlight aspects of the experiences and needs of students with disabilities that have yet to be addressed within literature on restorative justice, and has positive implications for the ways that school communities can better understand and accommodate students with disabilities within both general and special education settings.
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Title: Viral genomics for identification of signals of disease in environmental samples
Creator: McCall, Camille
Date: 2020
Collection: Electronic Theses & Dissertations
Description: Viruses have been responsible for some of the most notorious outbreaks and pandemics in modern history. With increases in urbanization and global transportation we can expect viruses to remain a major concern both now and in the future. It is important to establish new ways to monitor virus circulation in communities and forecast the onset of a potential outbreak. Since centralized wastewater treatment facilities have the capacity to collect wastewater from thousands or millions of...
Show moreViruses have been responsible for some of the most notorious outbreaks and pandemics in modern history. With increases in urbanization and global transportation we can expect viruses to remain a major concern both now and in the future. It is important to establish new ways to monitor virus circulation in communities and forecast the onset of a potential outbreak. Since centralized wastewater treatment facilities have the capacity to collect wastewater from thousands or millions of inhabitants per day, a wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) system can serve as an indicator of population health. This work aims to identify signals of disease in wastewater and potential for early detection of viral disease outbreaks in communities using molecular approaches and optimized sequencing strategies. Untreated wastewater samples were collected from a wastewater treatment plant situated in a large metropolitan area in the United States. Viral pathogens were identified in samples using qPCR and viral metagenomics (viromics). Mechanistic modeling and statistical approaches were used to determine the potential for early detection of select viral diseases. Public health data was applied to confirm the incidence of diseases associated with pathogens found in wastewater. Overall findings from this work suggests that WBE can be used to detect early peaks in select viral disease cases within a community before health care facilities are notified. Optimized metagenomic approaches and qPCR suggest that important viruses classified as enteric, respiratory, bloodborne, vector-borne and others are excreted in wastewater and can be monitored to make inferences about population health and potential for emerging disease outbreaks. Moreover, results indicate that specific public reporting of important viruses causing flu-like and gastrointestinal illness can enhance the efficacy of WBE to assess the burden of pathogens causing nonspecific illnesses. WBE along with molecular approaches and viral metagenomics has the potential to revolutionize public health and government responses to outbreaks. New approaches of this nature can be implemented in communities across the globe in an effort to mitigate the impacts of viral disease outbreaks on the economy and public health.
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Title: Efficiency and linearity enhancement techniques for switched-capacitor power amplifiers and transmitters
Creator: Yoo, Si-Wook
Date: 2020
Collection: Electronic Theses & Dissertations
Description: As wireless communication standards evolve, radio frequency (RF) transmitter (TX) systems with higher linearity and wider bandwidth at increased output power (POUT) are required to meet the high demand for faster communication speeds and increased data traffic. Meanwhile, mobile and wearable applications require a smaller form factor and low-cost solutions. Low power consumption is also critical for increased battery life, which improves user experience. Digital TX is a promising architecture...
Show moreAs wireless communication standards evolve, radio frequency (RF) transmitter (TX) systems with higher linearity and wider bandwidth at increased output power (POUT) are required to meet the high demand for faster communication speeds and increased data traffic. Meanwhile, mobile and wearable applications require a smaller form factor and low-cost solutions. Low power consumption is also critical for increased battery life, which improves user experience. Digital TX is a promising architecture for a small area and low power consumption because conventional TX sub-blocks, such as digital-to-analog converter (DAC), mixer, driving amplifier, and power amplifier (PA), can be merged into a single block. Furthermore, the linearity, area, and power consumption of a digital TX can be significantly enhanced with the evolution of complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology that provides faster operation and finer segmentation at lower power dissipation. It is easy to migrate to the next generation CMOS process because the digital TX mostly comprises digital circuits. These advantages are more critical when there are multiple TXs in a single system, such as multi-standard and multi-in multi-out systems. A switched-capacitor (SC) PA or an SC RFDAC is employed as a base architecture in this study, ideally providing 100% peak efficiency as a segmented switching-mode PA; further, unlike conventional PAs, it does not suffer from a large output signal swing that modulates output impedance, causing amplitude and phase nonlinearities.This study demonstrates various architectures and design techniques for compact, highly efficient, and highly linear digital TXs. The contributions of this study are as follows:First, a watt-level highly efficient and highly linear quadrature digital TX with a dual-supply Class-G quadrature IQ-cell-shared SCPA architecture is proposed, which maximizes the POUT and efficiency of the quadrature digital TX. To enable the Class-G operation in the quadrature IQ-cell-shared SCPA architecture, a merged-cell-switching technique is proposed. Linearization techniques for the Class-G operation are proposed to compensate for the amplitude and phase mismatches between the two Class-G modes.Second, a compact and highly linear quadrature digital TX based on quadrature IQ-cell-shared SC RFDAC with linearization techniques is proposed; the linearization techniques increase the TX dynamic range by improving the TX linearity in both high and low POUT regions. Impedance linearization techniques for the output stage and an offset mid-tread code mapping technique improve the TX linearity in the high and low POUT regions, respectively. The area and power consumption of the RFDAC are minimized by sharing sub-circuits between the two RFDAC cells.Finally, a multimode multi-efficiency-peak SCPA architecture is proposed to maximize power back-off (PBO) efficiency in a polar digital TX. The multimode operation is achieved through an efficient combination of the dual-supply Class-G, Doherty, and 2-way time-interleaving techniques, thus, maximizing the PBO efficiency by introducing six efficiency peaks down to 18-dB PBO. A single-supply current-reuse Class-G switch is proposed for the highly efficient Class-G operation without any additional power management unit. Moreover, a LO-signal-restoration technique is presented to minimize both the power dissipation and area for the LO signal distribution.
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Title: Novel roles for enteric glia in the synapse-specific control of intestinal motor neurocircuits and the pathogenesis of chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction
Creator: Ahmadzai, Mohammad Mustafa
Date: 2020
Collection: Electronic Theses & Dissertations
Description: Motility is an essential feature of gastrointestinal (GI) physiology that is necessary for life. Defects in motility are seen in a spectrum of GI diseases including functional GI disorders (FGIDs), which are prevalent throughout the world and are associated with reduced quality of life. FGIDs remain a substantial social burden that continues to exact tremendous personal and economic costs. Effective treatments for FGIDs are currently lacking due, in part, to an incomplete understanding of the...
Show moreMotility is an essential feature of gastrointestinal (GI) physiology that is necessary for life. Defects in motility are seen in a spectrum of GI diseases including functional GI disorders (FGIDs), which are prevalent throughout the world and are associated with reduced quality of life. FGIDs remain a substantial social burden that continues to exact tremendous personal and economic costs. Effective treatments for FGIDs are currently lacking due, in part, to an incomplete understanding of the mechanisms regulating GI motility.The motility of the GI tract is controlled by the enteric nervous system (ENS) through neural circuits embedded within the gut wall. Enteric neurons serve effector and regulatory functions and are subject to dynamic and reciprocal input from surrounding populations of enteric glia. Enteric glia are specialized peripheral glial cells that sense neural circuit activity through neurotransmitter receptors and reciprocally modify their function through gliotransmitter release. While interactions between neurons and glia of the central nervous system (CNS) are remarkably synapse-specific, whether this sophisticated degree of neurocircuit modulation occurs in the ENS has never been explored. The overarching objective of this dissertation was to characterize the mechanisms by which enteric glia modulate activity within enteric motor circuits and to elucidate the role of enteric glia in the pathogenesis of FGIDs.In the first part of this dissertation, we developed a novel mouse model that combined chemogenetics and optogenetics to characterize network-level activity in ENS motor circuits. We report here the first evidence that enteric glia are functionally committed to specific circuit pathways of the ENS. In the second part of this dissertation, we combine Ca2+ imaging, genetic, immunohistochemistry, ex vivo and in vivo motility techniques to demonstrate a novel role the type I lysophosphatidic acid receptor (LPAR1) in the regulation of GI motility by enteric glia. Our study reveals a striking reduction in glial LPAR1 expression in chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction (CIPO), a severe FGID in which failure in GI motility leads to life-threatening episodes of bowel obstruction. Together, our studies shed new light on the mechanisms by which enteric glia regulate ENS motor activity under physiological conditions and how dysregulations in glial signaling can drive GI dysmotilities like CIPO.
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Title: Enhancing characterization of the decision-making architecture of parents responsible for the vaccination status of their school-aged children : exploring the epidemiological utility of assessing healthism, trust, and social identity in northern lower ...
Creator: Dutkiewicz, Daniel Gene, II
Date: 2020
Collection: Electronic Theses & Dissertations
Description: Decision-making characteristics of heterogeneous subgroups of parents have been defined by parental levels of trust in medical authorities and healthism (or heath agency) expressed in medical encounters. Integrating social identity constructs into this framework can clarify how vaccination-related inconvenience can nudge parents with low healthism/low trust decision-making orientations (for simplicity's sake, these parents are labeled here as "agnostics") toward vaccination; how conventional ...
Show moreDecision-making characteristics of heterogeneous subgroups of parents have been defined by parental levels of trust in medical authorities and healthism (or heath agency) expressed in medical encounters. Integrating social identity constructs into this framework can clarify how vaccination-related inconvenience can nudge parents with low healthism/low trust decision-making orientations (for simplicity's sake, these parents are labeled here as "agnostics") toward vaccination; how conventional (vaccine) waiver education can provoke social identity threat in parents with high healthism/low trust decision-making orientations (more simply labeled here as "activists"); and how new interventions can be developed to reduce bias and increase trust between activist parents who file waivers for their school-aged children and public health professionals. This study investigated 3 primary hypotheses: 1) A mini assessment based on healthism/trust measures could accurately classify activist and agnostic parents; 2) Activist parents, compared to agnostic parents, excel at promoting healthier non-vaccination related behaviors in their school-aged children; and 3) Activist parents, compared to agnostic parents, exhibit greater sensitivity to the role of social encouragement and support, but less sensitivity to vaccination-related inconvenience. This study employed a cross-sectional design. Parents were recruited from two health departments in northern lower Michigan with elevated waiver rates, and the final study sample was comprised of 26 parents who fully vaccinated their child entering 7th grade and 25 parents who filed waivers for their child entering 7th grade. Parents completed survey questions about healthy behaviors and the role of trust, healthism, inconvenience, and social encouragement/support in their vaccination-related decision making. In unadjusted analyses, activist parents, compared to the fully vaccinating parents, exhibited significantly higher mean healthy behavior scores (65.17 v. 62.54; p-value = 0.101) and higher mean scores on a sub-scale that indicated higher physical activity (16.68 v. 15.42; p-value = 0.07). However, in adjusted analyses, these associations disappeared; male parents remained significantly associated with lower healthy behavior scores (p-value = 0.0084) and lower physical activity sub-scores (p-value = 0.0510). In adjusted and unadjusted analyses, the fully vaccinating parents, compared to the activist parents, exhibited significantly higher mean scores on several inconvenience sensitivity measures and on the social encouragement sensitivity measure (which is a surprise finding). To reduce bias and increase trust between activist parents and waiver educators in Michigan, consideration should be given to better aligning mandatory waiver education with social identity theory, which can be accomplished by more systematically inducing a common ingroup identity based on "playing on the same team." In addition, to avoid inadvertently provoking stereotype threat for female activist parents and to improve intergroup relations, waiver educators could adopt a new messaging strategy that affirms the unique subgroup identity of female activist parents, which can be accomplished by emphasizing that female activist and female fully-vaccinating parents, compared to their male counterparts, appear to excel at promoting non vaccination-related health behaviors in their school-aged children.
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Title: Mitigating common measures bias : can training and organizational design alleviate managerial bias?
Creator: Weiler, Luke
Date: 2020
Collection: Electronic Theses & Dissertations
Description: Accounting research has established that when presented with common and unique performance measures about different divisions or managers, decision makers underweight unique information and overweight common information. This "common measures bias" leads to performance strategies that can be inconsistent with the strategy of the firm. I examine how firm strategy (as exhibited through organizational design) influences the common measures bias. While training can influence common measures bias,...
Show moreAccounting research has established that when presented with common and unique performance measures about different divisions or managers, decision makers underweight unique information and overweight common information. This "common measures bias" leads to performance strategies that can be inconsistent with the strategy of the firm. I examine how firm strategy (as exhibited through organizational design) influences the common measures bias. While training can influence common measures bias, which aspects of training and how training influences this bias has not been explored. I experimentally investigate how organizational design and training influence common measures bias. I find that while organizational design appears to have minimal effect on its own, there is an interactive effect of organizational design and training. Additionally, training that emphasizes the inclusion of all metrics increases the weights placed on non-financial metrics. While the training increases the weights on non-financial metrics, participants continue to rely on financial metrics when making their performance evaluation ratings.
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Title: Does the apple fall far from the tree? emerging adult children responses to parents during conflict interactions
Creator: Shebib, Samantha J.
Date: 2020
Collection: Electronic Theses & Dissertations
Description: The present study uses family communication patterns (FCP), expectancy violations theory (EVT), and conflict strategies as theoretical frameworks to predict how emerging adult children will enter and respond to conflict with their parent. Participants (N = 423) completed an experimental survey and were randomly assigned to a parental condition. Message components were, first, assessed to see how the child would enter the conflict situation with their parent. Then, participants were randomly...
Show moreThe present study uses family communication patterns (FCP), expectancy violations theory (EVT), and conflict strategies as theoretical frameworks to predict how emerging adult children will enter and respond to conflict with their parent. Participants (N = 423) completed an experimental survey and were randomly assigned to a parental condition. Message components were, first, assessed to see how the child would enter the conflict situation with their parent. Then, participants were randomly assigned to a conflict strategy message from their parent (i.e., constructive, destructive, or avoidant). Finally, participants rated messages as to their likelihood of using that conflict strategy message to respond to their parent. Results revealed high conversation orientation positively predicted the initial use of constructive conflict strategies and negatively predicted the initial use of avoidant conflict strategies. High conformity orientation positively predicted the initial use of destructive and avoidant strategies, while negatively predicting the initial use of constructive conflict strategies. FCP dimensions' ability to predict responding conflict strategies were not as consistent as for initial conflict strategies, and the interactions between the two dimensions of FCP (conversation and conformity orientation) were also analyzed. Four significant interactions emerged. In terms of EVT, highly negatively-valenced violations predicted the likelihood of a child responding destructively or avoidantly, whereas highly positively-valenced violations predicted the likelihood of a child responding constructively. Moderated moderation analyses revealed several three-way interactions between the FCP dimensions, degree of unexpectedness, and the valence of the violation on responding conflict strategies.
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