• 1 ' \ v 
• ournal of 
social development 
in africa 
Volume 18 no 2 2003 
ISSN 1012-1080
Published twice annually, the Journal 
seeks to enhance understanding of the 
social development processes so as to 
contribute to the planning and implementation 
of appropriate intervention 
strategies at different levels. Its goal is 
to discover how to target projects that 
are relevant to those most in need and 
how to maximize popular participation 
to create egalitarian and productive 
communities. 
SUBSCRIPTIONS PER ANNUM (2 ISSUES PER 
YEAR) 
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JOURNALOFSOC1ALDEVELOHMENT IN AFRICA 
School of Social m r k 
P Bag 66022 Kopje Harare Zimbabwe 
The Journal publishes analyses of social 
development issues as they affect the 
poor and marginalized. It deals especially 
with concerns relevant to sub Saharan 
Africa and is addressed to development 
and social workers, planners, policymakers 
and academics in a variety of 
fields. 
EDITOR 
CAROLEPEARCE 
ED1TORIALBOARD 
EDWIN KASEKE(CHAIRPERSONX PRINCIPAL, 
SCHOOL OFSOCIAL WORK, HARARE 
PERPETUAGUMBO, LECTURER, SCHOOLOF 
SOCIAL WORK, HARARE 
VICTOR MUZVIDZIWA. UNIVERSITY OF 
ZIMBABWE, HARARE 
EDITOBIALADVJSORS 
GARYCRAIG,PROEOFSOCIAL]USTICE. 
UNIVERSITY OF HULL, UK 
LENA DOMINELLLDEPARTMENTOF SOCIAL 
WORKSTUDIES, UNIVERSITY OF 
SOUTHAMPTON.UK 
JOHNF.JONES.DEAN, GRADUATE SCHOOLOF 
SOCIAL WORK, UNIVERSITY OF DENVER, 
USA. 
LYNNE HEALY, UNIVERSITY OF CONNECTICUT 
SCHOOLOFSOCIAL WORK, WEST 
HARTFORD.USA. 
HHLEMAZIBUKO,ASSOCIATEDEAN,FACULTY 
OFCOMMUNITY AND DEVELOPMENT, 
UNIVERSITY OF NATAL, DURBAN, SOUTH 
AFRICA. 
JAMES MTOGLEY, SPECHTPROFESSOR AND DEAN. 
SCHOOLOF SOCIAL WELFARE, UNIVERSITY 
OFCALIFORNIAATBERKELEY.USA. 
LENGWEMWANSA. DEFT. OF SOCIAL WORK. 
UNIVERSITY OFBOTSWANA, BOTSWANA. 
RKMARDWINTERSTEEN,MINNESOTASTATE 
UNIVERSITY, MANKATO. USA-
EDITORIAL 
Orphans' household circumstances and access 
to education in a maturing HIV epidemic in Zimbabwe 
Constance A. Nyamukapa, Geoff Foster 
and Simon Gregson 
Kayayei: the women head porters of southern Ghana 
James Adu Opare 
Globalization, migration and social development 
Gary Craig 
The role of popular participation and community work 
ethic in rural development: Nandi District, Keny? 
Philip K. Rono and 
Abdillahi A. Aboud 
Schools and health: a district-level evaluation of school 
health education in Ghana 
Samuel Adu-Mireku 
The re-emergence of tuberculosis among the 
economically productive age group in Mombasa district 
Joel K. Kiboss and 
Nicholas K, Kibitok 
Civil society and democratization: the Cameroonian 
experience 
Oben Timothy Mbuagbo and 
Celestina Neh Fru 
CUMULATIVE INDEX OF ARTICLES 2002-2003
Journal of Social Development in Africa 
Vol 18 No 2 2003 
EDITORIAL 
ARTICLES 
Contents 
Orphans' household circumstances and access 
to education in a maturing HIV epidemic in eastern 
Zimbabwe 
Constance A. Nyamukapa, Geoff Foster and 
Simon Gregson , 7 
Kayayei: the women head porters of southern Ghana 
James Adu Opare 33 
Globalization, migration and social development 
Gary Craig 49 
The role of popular participation and community 
work ethic in rural development: the case of Nandi 
District, Kenya 
Philip K. Rono and Abdillahi A. Aboud Tl 
Schools and health: a district-level evaluation of school 
health education in Ghana 
Samuel Adu-Mireku . 105 
The re-emergence of tuberculosis among the 
economically productive age group in Kenya: 
the case of Mombasa district 
Joel K. Kiboss and Nicholas K. Kibitok 121 
Civil society and democratization: the Cameroonian 
experience 
Oben Timothy Mbuagbo and Celestina Neh Fru 
CUMULATIVE INDEX OF ARTICLES 2002-2003 149