88 &ole R.views is correct linking up with the planning to point in developing planning, infrastructure. Richter human resource planning certainly manpower planning units. However, Richter does not up to a national planning framework for overall economic development. of production, to the absence of coordination countries. and of there is and link this coordination the vocational In Zimbabwe coordination insufficient investment between training To summarise, Richter's book is an important indicator term indicator) of the crisis in planning techniques economists and manpower planners who are trapped, the market economy, training needs. Reviewed by Brian Raftopoulos, Zimbabwe (ZI08), Harare. into looking at increasingly by conventional (in this case a long labour by the imperatives of for term indicators short Institute of Development Studies Participation, Community Social Development Midgley with Anthony Hall, Margaret Hardiman Meuthen and Co, London, 1986 (181 + ix pp, £6,95 pbk). the State, and James and Dhanpaul Narine, and In the growing literature on community work, community there is a dearth of studies on the relationship between the social development, the topic state and community initiative needs to be examined critically, role of the state in modern society. This also seems necessary in the context of many community participation theorists in social development. However, in the context of the expanding state involvement. rejecting outright participation the authors It is not clear from the title of the book whether seek to examine the complex issues of state and community involvement in social development in relation to the third world countries or across the board in relation to both in the preface to the book, 'developing' and the authors controversial social development and 'developed' that indicate issues' of countries. However, their specifically in relation to the third world. to review 'the involvement community complex intent state and in is issue of state and community The book addresses the central It begins with an acknowledgement relations in of the practical social development. The study of difficulties in efforts to foster effective community participation. the relationship between the state and the community is fraught with difficulties (the authors acknowledge this problem) as definitions or Similarly, process with varying 'community interpretations realities and administrative development' to be a complex ideological beliefs, political 'social tends based on different and organisation of participation' in social development conceptualisations to vary. contexts. tend There are several pertinent questions raised by the authors in their study of the relationship between the state and the community in third world countries, such as: What participation? role of the state in community is the appropriate Book Reviews 89 Doesstate sponsorship of community participation stifle initiative and weaken local self reliance? What are the present day government attitudes towards community participation? What is the nature of state sponsorship and support for community programmes? Are there effective alternatives to state involvement in community participation? And finally, could ways be found to harmonise state and community relations in social development efforts? Based on the application of community participation concepts and approaches to varying social development sectors, the authors seek to assess whether state and community involvement in social development could be shared and harmonious or whether the two approaches are antithetical. Among the major social sectors reviewed are health, education, housing, rural development and social services. It is refreshing to note that at the very outset the authors make clear their position or bias. They are all (as they claim) 'engaged in the promotion of a statist approach to social development' which favours more centralised planning and direct governmental intervention in social development. Despite this orientation, they seem to be critical of 'excessive bureaucratisation and professionalisation' of state services and share in the conviction that community participation needs to be fostered more effectively. In the last analysis, the reader is the best judge of how far the authors succeed in examining critically the statist approach they favour in relation to the alternate approaches that are explored in the book. Part I of the book (Chapter 1) provides a brief, helpful, historical background to the emergence of community participation theory and practice, as well as the different movements and ideologies. The key question that emerges from this discussion in a historical perspective is whether a balance could be found between state and community provisions in social development. In Part II of the book, each of the chapters (Chapters 2-6) examines the major social services, the nature and extent of social need and the extent to which the state is successfulin efforts to meet them. Additionally, the community participation alternative is examined critically with reference to selected case studies. The case studies, however, are not designed to test hypotheses about state involvement but are intended to simply illustrate the arguments. The authors acknowledge the fact that an empirical examination of this issue cannot rely on a few case studies. They also agree that often community participation projects that are written up and published are the successfulones that report largely the positive aspects of such participation. Given the limitations of the study, that the authors acknowledge, there is the struggle as to what valid generalisations or conclusions are possible? Referen~e should be made here to a helpful typology identified by the authors in the effort to classify and analyse the ways governments react towards community participation efforts in third world countries. They refer to four hypothetical responses of the state to community participation as follows: the 90 Book RroirwJ 'anti-participatory mode', the 'participatory mode', the 'manipulative mode', and the 'incremental mode'. They rightly point out these are ideal responses that may not fit the real world and that there are combinations of these ideal responses that are possible. that in state responses to community participation In their effort to examine the role of the state und its attitude toward community participation in the major fields of social devplopment, the authors draw on current literature, as well as their own knowledge and experience. Clearly the authors acknowledge the limitations of the stu~y and do not pretend to arrive at any final conclusions. At best they point to general trends and patterns in social development which could be the basis for further research. Perhaps further research could focus on the role of dynamic social movements in influencing the state attitude and role in being responsibe to community participation. The authors do not see present day government responses to community participation as anti-participatory in nature. However, they also do not see state responses to community participation as falling into the participatory mode, as specified in their typology. While there is evidence of government encouragement for community participation through, for example, financial and staff support, often it is conditional and falls short of the ideals of democratic sharing and selfdetermination. Despite the limitations of the study and the fact that the authors are not in a position to arrive at anything conclusive, the book covers new ground in the questions raised and the discussionsof key issues and will be of interest to scholars and educators in the social sciences, social work, social policy and development studies. Reviewed by Daniel S Sanders, School of Social Work, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Manufacturing Employment Pinter (Publishers) Ltd, London, 1982 (pp 232, no price given). and in Small-scale Brazilian Industry, Hubert Schmitz, Frances in the Backyard: Case Studies on Accumulation Book titles can serve either to seduce or to lose their potential readership. In the case in question, the author exploits current imagery to his advantage with the result that more readers than would normally be interested in this somewhat specialised area will peruse this book. Whether they will read the full text is open to question. The author adopts an innovative, case-study approach to venture into the popular area of debate centering around the potential for expansion of small scale manufacturing industries in underdeveloped economies. Rather than engaging in the somewhat academic luxury of debating the heuristic value of the infomal sector concept, Schmitz argues convincingly for the value of branch-specific case studies which span the formal/informal divide. He claims that they se:-veto supplement rather than replace the more popularised cross.