I3OBQOK REVIEWS100% European labour. No natives employed or allowed in the workshop.')prepares one for a later chapter describing the mentality with which Repswas later to grapple in the society's battle with the authorities over attend-ance by Africans and, ultimately, over African membership.The Story of Reps is largely a story of personalities. This is fitting be-cause Reps has been moulded by the influence of a few dominant individuals.The Story proper begins in Chapter II with the youthful zest of ChristineCollings, to whom the book is dedicated, the young Rhodesian who returnedfrom her studies in England with a headful of ideas; the life which she andher immediate associates, Dr Paul Anning and Joan Rankin, infused into thenascent theatrical world of Salisbury is projected forcefully and movingly byCary. Later chapters recount the financial tribulations of Reps until com-paratively recent times, the growth of the society and the critical, even agoniz-ing, decisions on matters of policy which accompanied changes in the charac-ter of Salisbury. Many of the productions over the years are succinctly evalu-ated, often with a spicy (but never uncharitable) account of intrigue behindthe scenes. One of the most serious points reiterated through the book is theconstant intention of Reps, from its inception, to fill the need in Salisburyfor drama that is more than frivolous entertainment; Cary protests Š toomuch, some might think Š that the sneer of 'box office' success cannot belevelled at Reps. Among the personalities who dominate the pages of thebook in turn are George Barnes, Dr John Keeling, and the society's profes-sional Director Adrian Stanley. They are drawn with sureness of touch byCarv. who is himself a founder member of Reps, as well as an experiencedauthor.If Gary's special qualification for writing this book, his intimate associa-tion with Reps, is his strength, it is also his weakness. There are momentswhen he expends more energy than is due to minor events and petty criseswhich are simply boring to anyone who was not involved in them. But theseare infrequent blemishes on a book that must be read by anyone who isgenuinely interested in the history of theatre in this country.Cary and the publishers must be congratulated jointly on the excellentappearance of the book, which is set in clear and attractive type, and for theprofusion of well-chosen photographs, which are excellently reproduced.University of RhodesiaC. J. WORTHAMA Service to the Sick: A History of the Health Services for Africans in South-ern Rhodesia (1890-1953) Bv M. Gelfand. Gwelo, Mambo Press, 1976.187pp., 44 Photographs, Rh$6,50.This book, the first of a new series entiled 'Zambeziana', has been written bythe Professor of Medicine in the University of Rhodesia. This series, under theGeneral Editorship of Professor R. S. Roberts, Professor of History at theUniversity of Rhodesia, aims to 'focus on various aspects of culture and ofdevelopment of society in Central Africa'. The author is already well knownin the field of medicine in Southern Africa and has also published manyworks concerning historical aspects of medical practice.The book, published in both soft and hard covers, describes the develop-ment of the health services in Southern Rhodesia from 1890 onwards in 17chapters. There is a masterly foreword by Dr Dyson M. Blair, the last FederalBOOK REVIEWS13!Secretary for Health, which admirably summarises the period covered in thebook.Although the sub-title suggests that the period covered is 1890-1953, theauthor frequently takes us beyond this period and sometimes up to the 1970s.The book contains an extensive bibliography related to each chapter whichwill facilitate further research by serious students of this subject, but thereviewer noted a footnote (n.12, p. 129) for which there is no reference in theNotes. The inclusion of the photographic plates in the book adds to the in-terest, as some of the people illustrated are still living in Rhodesia today. Itis to be hoped that many of those who study the plates will write to the authorand help him to identify further the people illustrated. As an example, in anextract from a letter (p-93) there is a statement: 'There was a small maternitysection run by a nurse called Priscilla'. Among the photographic plates (facingPD.1.28, 129) there is one showing Harare Maternity Unit 1950. The Priscilla re-ferred to is Miss P. Ngonyama (now Mrs Mwamuka) but unfortunately thelady shown in the photograph is in fact Miss Dorothy Ngonyama (now MrsSigauka), Mrs Mwamuka's sister.This small volume is crammed with facts covering the development ofthe health services in Southern Rhodesia and the author has done well tomarshal! them for us as he has done. Inevitably a number of errors havecrept in which should be eliminated in a subsequent edition as these tend tobe carried on from one text to the next. By way of illustration and by nomeans exhaustively, the reviewer would point out that the text should readas amended, as follows: Tan Wright now a surgeon in Canada' (p.71); 'By 1944when European patients' (p.96); 'Completion of the main hospital was how-ever, not achieved until 1958" (p.99), Incidentally the Memorial Hospital(p.99) did not close its doors until May 1961 when the Richard Morris Hos-pital was opened in Bulawavo. It is stated (p. 161) that an African tuber-culosis hospital was opened in Chinamora Reserve in September 1946, butthis institution was not opened until 1950 (see Southern Rhodesia, Revort onthe Public Health for the Year 1952 (Sessional Papers, C.S.R.20, 1951), 19).It is suggested (p. 162, n.12) that 120 beds for tuberculosis were opened inBulawayo in 1951, but on the same page it is stated that 'In December 1954. the Mpilo Chest Hospital at Bulawayo was brought into existence, pro-viding 120 much needed beds'. As in all books there are also a number oftypographical errors which have passed the proof readers, such as 'possible'for 'impossible' (p.96), 'spacious' for specious' (p. 113), 'matress' for 'mattress'(p. 130) and 'Miss Louse Adam' for 'Adlam' (p. 132).In bringing these errors to the attention of readers of this book, the re-viewer merely wants to highlight the need for the text to be read critically inorder to avoid the continuation of these minor errors in future studies. Thereare a number of quotable sentences in the text which might be picked out toillustrate the enormous progress which has been made in the development ofthe health services in Rhodesia; for example, 'Fleming was concerned withup-lifting the African and encouraging him to live in better houses with betterfood and clothing' (p. 115). Thus we see recognised by the health authoritiesat an early date the tremendous value of environmental improvement on thehealth of a community. In describing the work of Dr Jim Kennedy of Ndangathe author states that he 'practised community or family medicine for over33 years'. Here we see the long term effects which runs throughout the bookof having one devoted doctor remain in the same place and become known andtrusted by the people.Gelfand has added to his already many triumphs in writing this book.Not only is it a fascinating account of the development of the health services,132BOOK REVIEWSparticularly the African health services, but he has done this by the inclusionof interesting accounts written by some of the participants in this develop-ment themselves. As one of the lesser participants involved in this develop-ment (and incidentally no mention is made by Gelfand of the important parthe himself played in this development), I am proud to have been and stillbe identified with the continuance of this 'Service to the Sick'University of RhodesiaW. FRASER ROSSOld and New in Southern Shona Independent Churches. Vol. 2: ChurchGrowth Š Causative Factors and Recruitment Techniques By M. L.Daneel. The Hague, Mouton, 1974, xvii, 373pp., maps, illus., 45 Dutchguilders.This is the second volume of a proposed four-volume study of independentchurches among the southern Shona peoples of Rhodesia, what ProfessorH. W. Turner describes in his foreword as 'the most considerable study ofAfrican independent churches ever attempted' (p.vii)- As such, the readermight expect close detail and case study derived from meticulous field re-search. He will not be disappointed with DaneeFs examination of the churchesof the Chingombe chiefdom, nearly 40 pages of statistical Tables based oninterview and questionnaire, 16 pages of photographs and 3 detailed maps.Daneel's text reaches above detail to a careful analysis of the reasons forthe growth of Independent Churches among the rural Shona, the attractionsof their belief and ritual and their methods of recruitment. Above all theterminology of 'schism' and 'separatism' is laid to rest as inappropriatelysuggesting the defection of Independent Church members from prior member-ship of mission churches. Instead the direct appeal to many young people isdemonstrated; more than half of Independent Church members cla;m no priormission-church affiliation (pp.18, 76); and the Independent Churches show amuch higher proportion of male members than almost all the mission churches(p.73). The churches stand on their own faith, ritual and the satisfaction theyprovide for the religious needs and aspirations of the southern Shona.Particular roles associated with the Independent Churches include ferti-lity and rainmaking, health and security, social roles and comforts thatattract considerable numbers. Indeed Daneel claims that, 'No single factorhas been mentioned more often by members of the Spirit-type Churches as thedirect reason for their joining these movements than the healing treatment per-formed bv African prophets' (p. 186). This constitutes a 'gospel of strength'(p.255). Other factors dealt with, and bound together into some overall Africanunity, include dreams, communication with the ancestors and spirits, wizardryand possession.Throughout, the religious content of the churches was uppermost, as werethe religious reasons for their growth. Daneel properly insists that the Inde-pendent Churches are not 'predominantly land-protest movements' p.47) andthat shortage of land played a scant role in membership growth even in recentyears. Moreover Independent Church members are not confined to the 'econo-micillv less privileged run lists' (p.65). Rather, 'the Independent Churchhouseholds . . . belong to the "privileged" rather than the "deprived" ruralclasses' (p.49) and 'on the whole, the Independent Churches have the "wealth-iest" pastoralists in the chiefdom' (p.63). And as religious institutions 'the