tooBOOK REVIEWSTown and Country in Central and Eastern Africa Edited with an Introduc-tion by D. Parkin. London, International African Institute, 1975, 362pp.,£6,50.This book is the nowadays familiar presentation of conference papers, in thepresent instance papers presented at the twelfth International African Seminarin Lusaka, September 1972. It adds to the very large literature which is nowavailable on migration in Africa, concentrating on the Fast and Central partof the continent. It is in a sense a companion volume to S. Amin's ModernMigrations in West Africa (1974) under the same publishing house.The book is, as the editor says, not exclusively concerned with migratorypatterns but looks fairly broadly at a number of factors which mediate thedevelopment of social processes in town and country. The new role of multi-national corporations in Africa is interesting, and also the observation thatmuch of the unemployment perceived by African governments is often reallythe shortfall in people's expectations of how many jobs will be generated byindustry set up with foreign money. It would seem that the lesson of wide-spread failure in capital-intensive schemes of socio-economic change stillhas to be learned in many parts of Africa.The papers of the conference arc divided into four rather loosely-sortedgroups. The first. Models of Migration, turns its attention, now that theeconomic factors have been firmly established, to 'extra-economic motivations'in migration. Nevertheless, Mitchell's paper, severely quantitative, is con-cerned with male absentee rates in 68 geographical areas in Rhodesia whichhe proceeds to intercom?]ate in a matrix of variables, from which are derivedthree main factors which predispose to labour migration: distance frommajor employment centres, extent to which men respond to labour demands,and small number of shops in relation to population. These factors Mitchellbuilds into a causal model with male absenteeism as the dependent variable.Garbett makes a praiseworthy attempt to apply a decision model tocirculatory migration in Rhodesia, but the application is more suggestive thandetailed. The idea is that the gross level of migrant behaviour is determinedby processes such as the siting of industry, international economic fluctua-tions and population pressure of which the migrant is unaware and whichprovide a set of constraints. Within these he exercises some choice, but thisis complicated by other alternatives at different levels of life-system whichlead to complexities of behaviour. This total situation is best analysed, Gar-bett believes, in the notion of an individual set in a network of social relation-ships seen as part of a field. One is reminded of Barnes's original work in theNorwegian parish of Bremnes.The second area, Migration and Rural Development, consists of a setof case studies in East and Central Africa which cover the four possibilitiesof urban-to-urban, rural-to-urban5 urban-to-rural and inter-rural migration.The question arises of how with only 10 per cent of its population living intowns at any one time, the African continent can be described as alreadyover-urbanized. The considerable inter-rural migration in East and CentralAfrica between the large agricultural estates resulting from previous whitesettlement is an arresting factor.The third division, Rural-urban Flow of Language Belief and EducationalOpportunities, is more concerned with the migration of ideas than of people.It is useful to underline, as we were led to believe from Mitchell's pioneeringwork, that people from diverse rural backgrounds preserve their distinctive-ness in town and yet evolve common assumptions and expectations, languagesand codes for urban use. The editor evolves a thought-provoking hypothesison this section that the more alienated a migrant group is in town, the moreBOOK REVIEWS101likely it is when using mystical explanations of misfortune to ascribe themto rural rather than urban causative agents.Finally, the fourth division on Rural Links in Urban Settlement is arather mixed group of papers on urban ethnicity, independent women in low-income urban areas and the control of urban residence. The whole tends tostress the continuing involvement of most tribesmen in their rural area oforigin.Due no doubt to some constitutional technicality of the InternationalAfrican Institute, the whole of a lengthy Introduction is repeated in Frenchto the extent of another 45 pages, while the text of the papers is entirely inEnglish.The book can be recommended to students of African migration.University of RhodesiaD. H. READERAfrican Hymnody In Christian Worship : A Contribution to -the History ofIts Development By A. M. Jones. Gwelo, Mambo Press, OccasionalPaper, Missio-Pastoral Series No. 8, 1976, 64 pp., Rh$0,65.In most mission work, wherever performed, there are certain areas of activitywhich become isolated and not very well known, although tremendous effortis put into them. Such a sub-field of mission work in Africa is church musicand its relationship to the societies in which the work is carried out.So far there has been no general analysis of the use and history ofchurch music in Africa; this is all the more surprising in that there is out-standing evidence of such music activities having taken place for more thanhalf a century in different parts of Africa within some mission societies.Therefore it is a most encouraging sign of progress that the excellentMambo Occasional Papers series has brought this aspect to the foregroundby devoting an issue to the general historical background of the developmentof church music in Africa. The author of the booklet could not have beenbetter chosen: A. M. Jones is one of the pioneers in this field, and has fol-lowed the progress of it with thoroughness and zeal.In his Introduction Jones stresses the fact that the subject matter is ofsuch vastness that 'no one person can possibly know all'. Nevertheless, aneffort has been made to cover the most important steps of development inAfrica south of the Sahara.The booklet is divided into three chapters. In the first one the authoroutlines briefly, but effectively, the approach of mission societies to music inworship in the initial stages, namely that the African converts should singas in Western Christianity.Jones points to three main reasons why such an approach was adopted:(i) converts entered a new stage in their lives through Christian baptism and'therefore pagan associations with their old life must be banished' (p.8);(ii) African Christians would not allow African music in church due to'heathen associations of the tunes' (p.9); and (iii) African music was notconsidered to be sufficiently artistic for sacred use in church as it was under-stood to be 'primitive' (p. 10).All this was disputed from the 1930s onwards when the arguments infavour of the introduction of African music into Christian worship wereraised. Missionaries, who favoured the idea of introducing indigenous musicinto worship, then argued for an adaptation technique in which Christian