Zambezia (1980), VIII (ii).RESEARCH REPORTAN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY ON LOW-COST HOUSINGIN ZIMBABWEj IN ADDITION TO being of real, practical and current concern to many people, thesubject of low-income housing in Zimbabwe also has considerable academicinterest among workers in various disciplines. The aim of this bibliography is toprovide a ready-reference guide for both practitioners and researchers enteringI this interesting and worthwhile field of study..: Housing is more than design and construction Nevitt has defined housing as at term which' should be used to cover all the socially accepted ways by which a manacquires a territory, the price he pays for it and the manner in which the stock ofhouses is maintained and enlarged'.1 We attempt in the bibliography to cover thisbroader view of housing.The project was started by B.D. Moyo, a student in Regional and UrbanPlanning, under the guidance of the Director of the Regional and Urban PlanningCentre, P. van Hoffen, in response to frequent requests to the Centre for' information on the subject. Additional entries were provided by R.S. Roberts whoalso checked and prepared the bibliography for publication. The sources listedare spread between the libraries of the National Archives, the University and theDepartment of Physical Planning, in Salisbury, and the Bulawayo Public Library(the vast majority, except for the unpublished works, are in the National ArchivesLibrary).Omissions there will inevitably be and we hope that users will advise us ofrelevant publications which we may have overlooked for incorporation in futureissues of the bibliography. Offprints of this bibliography are available from thePublications Department of the University of Zimbabwe.I; ABRAHAMS, B.G. 1952 'Buffer belt may solve native housing problem*'. Commerce ofRhodesia, III, viii, 39-41, 55.Basic argument concerns the location of Salisbury's Highfiekl African township which wouldform a precedent for other townships., 1952 'GoodhomeŠbetterwork", Comm««o/#Aod«/'a, HI, ix, 113-14.' ANON. 1950 'Industrial development WrongspfmachtotMdvthoutiiit'.ne New Rhodesia,XVII, cmxxii, 9-10.Location of townships relative to places of employment1950 'Industrial natives: We can learn from the Union's mistakes: Johannesburg,£22 million problem', The New Rhodesia, XVII, cnuxv, 7-8.An analysis of the problems of providing low-cost housing, of who should pay and with whatresult' 1957 'African housing at Highfield, Salisbury: First home ownership scheme inSouthern Rhodesia for urban Africans', Construction in Southern Rhodesia, H, iv, 45-9.Deals with a scheme to build accommodation on an ownership basis, and discusses problemsand incentives.1960 'Bulawayo Municipality", NADA, XXXVII, 75-80.Innovations and advances in the development of home-ownership schemes in Bulawayo. Also abrief comment on the durability and longevity of houses in Bulawayo.1961 'African housing: Tshabalala Township, Bulawayo,' Architecture and Design,V, xi, 16-17.General description of Tshabalala Township: design, densities and preservation of trees.1 A. A. Nevitt, Fair Deal for Householders (London, Fabian Society, 1971).187188 ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY: LOW-COST HOUSING1975 Labour Housing (Supplement to Tobacco Today, II, xi), 16pp.Summarizes possible alternatives in low-cost building construction.1978 'All-brick housing', Architect & Builder, XXVIII, viii, 18-19.All-brick arch houses made of a single materiaL1978 'Home ownership scheme nears completion in Gwelo', Development Magazine,XIII, vii, 21-4.A general resume of the home-ownership scheme in Gwelo giving details of floor area,appearance and future development1978 'Unfounded criticism of Marimba Park', Development Magazine, XII, ix, 54.Defence of the Marimba Park scheme which, with stands ranging from 0.25 to 0.5 acre, isdesigned for higher-income Africans.ASHTON, E. H. 1969 'Economics of African housing', The Rhodesian Journal of Economics,HI, iv, 29-37.Deals with the cost of low-income housing under a variety of schemes and with how these costsare being metBROWN, G.R. 1958 Urban African Housing in the Colony of Southern Rhodesia ((Salisbury,Ministry of Housing], mimeo), 72pp.Layout, design and construction materials.BULAWAYO, CITY OF, 1950- 'Native Administration Department progress report 1950-51', in Minute of His Worship the Mayor.. .for the Year Ended 31st July, 1951 (Bulawayo,The Council, 1953), 25-7; and similarly for succeeding years to 1962, except that the titlechanged in 1952 to 'Annual Report of the Director of Native [African from 1953]Administration'; separately bound copies of these reports in mimeograph form were availableat the time and can be found in some libraries. In 1963, title changed to 'Report of the Directorof Housing and Amenities for the Year Ending June 1963' (Presented to Bulawayo CityCouncil, mimeo, 1963), 33, [18] pp.: fascicle bound with other reports to make up the Mayor'sMinute which was no longer printed; separate copies are available, length varies, andtitle changed in 1976 to 'Report of the Director of the Housing and Community ServiceDepartment for the year 1975/1976'; continues.General progress in the development of the townships and housing in Bulawayo.DU TOIT, F. 1977 The Accommodation of Permanent Farm Labourers (Salisbury, RhodesiaAgricultural Journal, Technical Bulletin 17), 63pp.Deals with general development of a village with recommended design and building guides. Thepamphlet includes services and village planning and recommendations of self-help homebuilding.GARGETT, E. 1977 The Administration of Transition: African Urban Settlements in Rho-desia (Gwelo, Mambo Press, Occasional Paper, Socio-Economic 5), 104pp.Discusses the provision of urban housing as well as the welfare, public participation and generaladministration of urban settlements.GUSSMAN, B. W. 1952 'Housing', in African Life in an Urban Area: A Study of the AfricanPopulation of Bulawayo (Bulawayo, Federation of African Welfare Societies in SouthernRhodesia, 2 parts), (I), 15-29.Deals with the provision of housing by public bodies and private groups.HAMPTON, V. 1950 'Developments in African housing", National Affairs, I, ii, 1v.Deals with efforts and achievements made at the time in training Africans to be self-sufficient inbuilding construction.HEATHER, J.G. 1979 'Redcliff Master Plan' (Univ. of Rhodesia, unpubl. M.Sc. dissertation),120pp.Provides a general description of existing housing and residential development in Redcliff.HOME PARTNERS LTD 1977 Marimba Park Housing Project (Salisbury, Home Partners),6pp., annexures.Details of low-cost scheme.KAY, G. and SMOUT, M. 1977 Salisbury: A Geographical Survey of the Capital of Rhodesia(London, Hodder and Stoughton), 119pp.B.D. MOYO, R.S. ROBERTS AND P. VAN HOFFEN 189A critical description of the location and townscape of the African residential ants inSalisbury.MANDAVO, D.E. 1973 'An unorthodox approach to African housing', The RhodesianJournal of Economics, VII, 51-2.Analysis of costs.MARTIN, H.R. and HARTLEY, G.H. 1955 "TheHousingofNativeswithintheAreaofLocalAuthorities' (Salisbury, City Council, mimeo), 45pp.Comprehensive report covering the financing of African urban areas, their location and extent,and the administration of planning.1955 'The housing of natives within the areas of localauthorities in Southern Rhodesia', in Institute of Administrators of Non-Europetn Affairs(Southern Africa), Record of Proceedings of the Fourth Annual Conference Held inUmtali. . . 1955 (Germiston, The Institute), 21-44.MCKEOWN, G. and DELL, W.H. 1957 The African Home Ownership Scheme qfthe South-ern Rhodesia Government (Salisbury, Federal Government Printer), 20pp.Deals with the methods of financial management applied in the development of the HighfieldTownship.MERRINGTON, G.J. 1978 'Towards Viable Urban Communities: The Rhodesian Perspec-tive' (Pretoria, C.S.I.R. Conference'Towards Viable Communities', paper presented, mimeo),37, [17] pp.Deals with housing in some detail, starting with urbanization and covering housing stock,housing development, the need for housing, housing policy and the financing of housing. Alsodiscusses comprehensive employment-development strategy.1980 'Some Aspects of the Low-Cost Housing Problem and TheirRelevance for Zimbabwe' (Addis Ababa, Second Meeting of Inter-Governmenta] RegionalCommittee on Human Settlements Sponsored by U.N., mimeo), 31, 10pp.General, up-to-date survey.MILLS, G. 1979 'Planning of low-cost housing", The Zimbabwe Rhodesia Science News,XIIL 265-9.Describes the evolution of Government policy and the role of the Department of PhysicalPlanning. Also deals with individual schemes.NATIVE ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT, SOUTHERN RHODESIA NATIVEAFFAIRS DEPARTMENT 1952 Survey of Housing Practice in Southern Rhodesia([ Salisbury], Commission for Technical Co-operation in Africa South of the Sahara, RegionalConference in Housing Research, mimeo), 15pp.NDUBIWA, M.M. 1972 'African Participation in Housing Management in Rhodesia: TheBulawayo African Advisory Board" (Univ. of Birmingham, unpubi. M.Soc.Sc thesis),101, vi,pp.Deals mainly with operation of the statutory Advisory Board system in the African townshipsof Bulawayo. Also deals with finance for housing.1974 Bulawayo Municipal African Township (Bulawayo, City Housingand Amenities Department, Occasional Paper 2), 107pp.Good source of data on the Bulawayo African urban scene.NOBLE, G.W. 1951 'African housing in the urban areas of Southern Rhodesia', Journalof African Administration, EH, 124-8.A summary of post-war endeavours to accommodate urban Africans.PATEL, D.H. see SEAGERPOLYGON 1958 Building for the Urban African (Bulawayo, Report of the Exhibition . . .at the National Museum, mimeo), 40pp.Report on the design and cost of low-cost housing and general planning standards.PUTTERILL, M. 1976 'Social and financial implications of employee housing proposals',in The Rhodesian Property Association, First National Congress [Proceedings (Salisbury,The Association), mimeo), 1-4.Discusses the need for housing of employees and also the quality of housing required.190ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY: LOW-COST HOUSINGRHODESIA (SOUTHERN) 1944 'Secretary for Native Affairs' Report on the Question ofNative Housing ... in the Urban Areas of the Colony' (Sessional Papers, 1944), 16pp.,annexures.General survey of the problems.1944 'Report of Committee to Investigate the Economic, Socialand Health Conditions of Africans Employed in Urban Areas' [Chairman: E.G. Howman](Sessional Papers, 1944), 23pp.Recommended Government loans and an African Housing Committee to build low-costhousing.1947-5 7 'Annual Report of the National Building and HousingBoard for the Period Ended 31st December, 1946' (Sessional Papers, typewritten, 1947); andsimilarly, mimeo, until 1957; title and length vary.These reports deal with building finance, administration and policies of the Board that wascreated to deal with the post-war urbanization.1954 Native Engineering Department, Department of NativeAffairs [Journal], I and II.Both volumes have an illustrated section on low-cost African housing.1954-6 Report ofthe Secretary for Justice, Internal Affairs andHousingforthe Year Ended 31st December 1954 (Sessional Papers, C.S.R. 20, 1955;andsimilarly until 1956 (1957).Contains report for the Town Planning Department; for continuation, see below: 1957 Reportof the Secretary for Local Government and Housing and, for more detail: 1958 Reportof the Chief Town Planning Officer.1955 Manual of Building Operations and Controls 1953-1955([Salisbury], Native Engineering Department, Eastern Section, in conjunction with H.H.Fraser and Associates, mimeo), 387pp.Deals with technical aspects of building.1956-77 'African Housing Fund' in Report of the Comptrollerand Auditor General for the Financial Year 1954-55 (Sessional Papers, C.S.R 1, 1956);and similarly to the financial Year 1975/6; title changed to 'Native Building Fund' in the year1960/1 and to 'African Building Fund' in 1963/4.The balance sheet, and, from 1957/8, detailed income and expenditure of this Fund,established in 1955 to finance low-cost housing for Africans. More detail can sometimes beobtained from the annual report of this Fund; see below: 1962.1957-72 Report of the Secretary for Local Government andHousingforthe Year Ended 31st December 1957(Sessional Papers, C.S.R. 15, 1958; andsimilarly to 1972; title and length vary; for the years 1958-61 see: Report of theSecretary for Labour, Social Welfare and Housing for . . . 1958 (Sessional Papers,C.S.R. 20, 1959), etc.Comprehensive reports on the activities of theMinistry of Local Government and Housing andits sub-divisions such as Public Works and the Town Planning Office; for more detail in thelatter see: 1958 Report of the Chief Town Planning Officer.1958 African Housing Schemes of the Southern RhodesianGovernment (Salisbury, Division of Labour, Social Welfare and Housing), 4pp.Deals with the need for a settled African urban community.1958 Report of the African Urban Affairs Commission [Chair-man: R.P. Plewman] (Sessional Papers, 1958), 200pp.Comprehensive report dealing with accommodation and housing finance.1958 Application for ail million Loanfrom the InternationalCo-operation Administration Development Loan Fund . . Ł for Urban African HomeOwnership Schemes (Salisbury, Government Printer), 5pp.1958-75 Report of the Chief Town Planning Officer for theYear 1958 (Sessional Paper C.S.R. 18,1959); and similarly to 1975 (1976); title and lengthvary.B.D. MOYO, R.S. ROBERTS AND P. VAN HOFFEN 191Details of the work of the Department, which changes its mine to Physical Planning; *wbelow: 1976 Report of the Director of Physical Planning.1959 The African in Southern Rhodesia: Homing and Welfare(London, High Commissioner for Southern Rhodesia), 16pp.Summary of housing and welfare in the urban and rural areas.1959 'Report of the African Housing Projects Team on theHousing Position in Bulawayo with Particular Reference to the Further OevelopmeiK ofLuveve Village Settlement' ([Salisbury], Housing Projects Team, mimeo), 51pp., aooentres.1959 'Report of the African Housing Projects Team on. ..QueQue' ([Salisbury], Housing Projects Team, mimeo), 20pp.1959 'Amended Recommendations on the African Housing Pro-jects Team Report on the African Housing Scheme on Judd's Farms, Que Que' ([Salisbury],Housing Projects Team, mimeo), 12pp.Recommendations to try to meet African housing needs in the areas in the titles. It appears thatthere was a Report on Gwelo but no copy has been found.1962-75 'Native Building Fund: Report by the Minister for theYearEnded31stDecember, 1961'(Sessional Papers, 1963);froml9•3(1964)this report wasmerged with a general report on similar funds: 'Report of the Minister of Local Government andHousing in Terms of Section 25 of the Housing and Building Act 1960, on the Activitiesof the Guarantee Fund, Housing Fund and African Building Fund for the Year Ended31st December, 1963' (Sessional Papers, 1964), and similarly to 1975; title varies.General report and financial details of the use of the Fund for building tow-cost housing.1966 Report on the Low-Cost Housing Advisory Committee([Salisbury, Town Planning Department], mimeo), 35pp., annexures.Site selections, servicing, housing, administration and supervision are analysed and recom-mendations for improvements are made.[1973] Building in Rural Areas with Special Reference toInyanga (Salisbury, Government Printers for Government Town Planning Department,Manicaland), 7, 6, 5pp.The booklet shows what choices mere are, what local materials are available and what has beenor can be done. The purpose is to preserve the natural character of the environment[1973] 'Report on a Housing Survey Conducted in WesternTriangle, Highfield Township' ([Salisbury], Ministry of Local Government and Housing andthe City of Salisbury, mimeo), [14] pp.Discusses what people feel about the design, layout and tenure of new houses.[1973] 'Comments of Social Services Staff on Prototype Draw-ings for Accommodation in Seke' ([Salisbury, Department of Social Services], mimeo), 5pp.Results of a preliminary survey of reactions to the drawings.[1973] 'Talk to Women's Institute on Housing' ([Salisbury],Town Planning Department, mimeo), 6pp.Deals with the role of the Department of Town Planning in the provision of housing.1974 'Report on the Housing and Amenities for African Em-ployees Working in the East/North East of Bulawayo' ([Bulawayo], Provincial PlanningOffice, mimeo), 24pp.1976-9 Report of the Director of Physical Planning for 1976([Salisbury, Department of Physical Planning], mimeo), 11pp., maps, etc.; and similarly to1979; title and length vary.Details of the work of the department1976 The Planning Layout of Business Centres in Tribal TrustLands (Salisbury, Department of Physical Planning, mimeo), 13pp.Deals with principles of laying out new centres with future expansions in mind.1978 Where on Earth Are They All Going to Live? (Salisbury,Ministry of Education, Division of African Education), 18pp.Deals with the world's population and accommodation problems with Rhodesia as the case inpoint192 ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY: LOW-COST HOUSING1978 'Development Potentialities of the Asbestos Cement NissenType Low Cost Dwelling' (Salisbury, Ministry of Works, Township Development, mimeo),7pp., annexures.SALISBURY, CITY OF 1949-74 'AnnualReportoftheDirectorofNative Administration forthe Period 1st My, 1948-3Oth June, 1949' (Presented to Salisbury City Council, mimeo,1949), and similarly to 1974; length and title vary (became 'African Administration' in theyear 1959/60).General report on African housing conditions.1953-77 'Annual Report of the City Architect's Department for theYear Ending 30th June, 1953' (Presented to the Salisbury City Council, mimeo, 1953); andsimilarly to 1977; title varies.Comprehensive reports dealing with plans, designs and construction. Deals with workcompleted each year as well as with work in progress.1973 'Urban Plan: Part One: Situation Reports' (Salisbury, Cor-porate Development Group), 127pp.This report shows how the housing situation as assessed by the backlog continues to worsen andhow long-term alleviation of this backlog depends on the early preparation of major andcontinuing housing schemes.1975 'Report on the African Affairs Section of the Urban Plan'(Salisbury, Corporate Development Group), 18 chapters, summary.Objectives and policies on urban African affairs; the future of African townships in Salisbury;the housing of domestic servants in what were then European suburbs.SEAGER [D.H. PATEL], D. 1976-7 'A Salisbury squatter settlement: The struggle for shelterin an urban environment', South African Labour Bulletin, III, v, 83-93.A research report on a case study of the Derbyshire squatter settlement in Salisbury.1977 "The struggle for shelter in an urbanizing world: A Rhodesianexample', Zambezia: The Journal of the University of Rhodesia, V, 83-90.A more detailed version of the preceding item.1979 'Housing the Poor in an Urban Environment: The Example ofSalisbury* (Salisbury, Association for Sociology in Southern Africa, 10th Congress, mimeo),4pp.Deals with problems of the sudden influx of people into the towns and with cheap temporarymeans of housing them.1979 'Housing the Poor in an Urban Environment: The Example ofSalisbury: War Refugees in Harare' (Univ. of Rhodesia, Dept of Sociology, Research Report),8pp.Data and information on the squatter settlement1979-80 'From Rhodesia to Zimbabwe: Low-income housing forBlacks in Salisbury",/4 Current Bibliography on African Affairs, XEL 313-28.Summary of the problems.SEAGER [D.H. PATEL], D. and ADAMS, R. J. (forthcoming) Chirambahuyo: A Case Studyin Low Income Housing (Gwelo, Mambo Press, Zambeziana XI), 99 pp., illustrations.SENIOR, H.S. 1963 'Cost of development in High Density Residential Areas' ([Salisbury]Government Planning Department, Research Bulletin No. 9,2 parts), 8pp., annexures; 13pp.,annexures.Deals with cost of development and services with reference to-density of developmentSIBANDA, A. 1979 'An Enquiry into Housing Policies and Standards for Low-IncomeHousing in Salisbury: The Case of Glen View" (Univ. of Rhodesia, unpubL MScdissertation), 142pp.Deals with low-cost housing policies as affected by the political framework within which theyare formulated.SMOUT, MA.H. and VAN HOFFEN, P. (eds) 1976 Recent Developments in the Designand Planning of Low-Cost Housing in Rhodesia (Salisbury, Univ. of Rhodesia), 60pp.Contents range from technological inputs, which could lower the cost of low-cost housing, toB.D. MOYO, R.S. ROBERTS AND P. VAN HOFFEN 193less conventional approaches, which aim at using the abundance of brick-making materiali andunskilled labour.VAN HOFFEN, P. 1978 'Rhodesia: Housing and post war recovery", 4^rea/««'«(«(j/"&iirtAfrica, Bulletin, XVI, 267-9.Asks whether housing can be used as a means to recovery in post-war Zimbabwe.WHENDERO, A.W. 1979 'Comparative Analysis ofHousiiig Options for Low-Income UrbanBlack Families in Zimbabwe: A Case Study of the Existing Conditions is the ChitunfwizaArea with Some Guidelines for Change' (Salisbury, Univ. of Rhodesia, unpubL M.Sc.dissertation), 98pp.A detailed account of the socio-economic conditions obtaining in Chtttmgwkt tad the resultantphysical environment, and proposals aimed at improving the high-density environmentWHITSUN FOUNDATION 1979 Finance for Low-Income Housing (Salisbury, TheFoundation), 113pp.Detailed study of the demand, provision and finance for low-income housing,WINTERTON, W.A.E. 1950 'The housing of the urban African', National Affairs, \ v.lv-2r.A report on general development and problems of providing low-cost housing.WOOD, E.W. 1970 "The provision of a fully-serviced residential bostd for young migrantworkers in Harari African Township, Salisbury, Rhodesia' Civilisations, XX, 405-10.University of Zimbabwe B. D. MOYOR. s. ROBERTSP. VAN HOFFEN