206 BOOK REVIEWSpatriarchalistic missionaries and enterprising African churchmen. More deci-dedly than Webster and more like Sundkler (who, in his continuing studies ofSouthern African Zionism has highlighted the impact in Natal of the enthusiasticRevd A. Dowie and his Zionist centre near Chicago), Chirenje explores theinteraction of local Southern African Ethiopianism and the political andmissionary outreach of the AMEC. He, thus, gives a comprehensive account ofthe determined ventures of the enterprising Bishop McNeal Turner from his firstinvolvement in South Africa in 1893 until his retreat and the more carefulecclesiastical Š and economic Š policies of the new AMEC leadershiprepresented by Bishops H. B. Parks and L. J. Coppin which had far-reachingramifications within Southern African Ethiopianism.At a time when Š in the name of Black Theology Š new combinationsbetween Afro-American and Southern African theologians have developed (andwe could note that John E. Cone who has articulated the Black Theology ofLiberation has his denominational background in the AMEC!) Chirenje's study ismost welcome. It is of immediate interest in the study of Christianity in Africa. Italso contributes to our understanding of the history of the African NationalCongress, especially by placing the Revd H. R. Nqcayiya in his ecclesiasticalcontext. Chirenje's study also marks a milestone in the intellectual history ofSouthern Africa, with his detailed study of the pre-history of Fort Hare UniversityCollege, where the ideas of Booker T. Washington were contrasted to those ofBishop Turner and where Ethiopian churchmen with American degrees provideda challenge to Jabavu, Dube and other distinguished representatives ofmainstream Christianity. The significance of this dimension as well as that of FortHare is underlined by the choice of 1916 as the terminus ad qucm of this study.There is one area where Chirenje's new book invites further discussion. Itconcerns the comparative analysis of the motifs and ideology of Ethiopianchurch-leaders, on the one hand, and determined pioneers of the African NationalCongress from within mainstream Christianity, such as John Dube, Sol Plaatjeand others, on the other. John T. Jabavu's statement on Native Churches in ImvoZabantusundu (14 November 1898) which Chirenje includes as Appendix D inhis collection of contemporary texts, for instance, illustrates that there were basicissues concerning the understanding of the Church involved in their choice ofmainstream Christianity.Uppsala University C. F. HAI.LENCREUTZZimbabwe: An Introduction to the Economics of Transformation By P. RoussosHarare, Baobab Books, 1988, 184 pp., ISBN 0-7974-0793-6. ZS 19,35.Peter Roussos's book is yet another work by a local scholar intended to improveour understanding of the Zimbabwean economy and its problems. The bookconsists of seven chapters and three appendices, and has numerous tables, boxesof information and pictures, all aimed at simplifying the discussion.The book is aptly titled, since after almost nine years of Independence, peoplehave begun asking if there has been any significant change in the social andeconomic lives of ordinary Zimbabweans. Unfortunately, Roussos definesBOOK REVIEWS 207transformation in a general way as 'the transfer of economic and political powerto the mass of the people', and is therefore not able to deal with issues oftransformation in a concrete way. If, however, we understand transformation aschanging the structure of production and capitalist relations of production, then itis clear on reading the book that there has not been any significant transformationof socio-economic relations in Zimbabwe.In chapters three to eight, we read that in such sectors as agriculture,manufacturing, mining, money and banking, and foreign trade, pre-Inde-pendence capitalist relations have not been altered. For example, agriculture ischaracterized by dualism and any attempts at transformation have been largelyunsuccessful. The author cites the case of the resettlement programme whoseresults have been marginal. Out of an expected 162 000 families to have beenresettled between 1980 and 1985, only 36 000 families had been resettled by1985. Although not mentioned in the book, this is partly due to the failure bygovernment to articulate an agrarian and land reform policy.Similar conclusions can be gleaned from reading the chapters on themanufacturing and mining sectors. In these sectors over 70 per cent of the capitalstock is foreign owned. Government attempts to alter this have been half-heartedand ad hoc. In the case of manufacturing, 'little progress has been made in theformulation of a comprehensive industrialisation strategy' (p. 92).There is not much to disagree with in the book, since it seems intended mainlyas a source of information rather than an evaluation of transformation inZimbabwe. However, one can take issue with Roussos's conclusion thatminimum wages caused unemployment after their institution. Data supplied inthe book show that employment levels have been falling since 1980, suggestingthat unemployment is largely due to other chronic causes, rather than justminimum wages. We therefore need to distinguish between initiating andpropagating causes of unemployment; minimum wages merely propagateunemployment.On the whole the book makes pleasant and easy reading. Anyone seekingfactual information on the progress and direction of policy in Zimbabwe isadvised to read this book.University of Zimbabwe K. MLAMBOWhite Man, Black WarifyA Moore-King. Harare, Baobab Books, 1988,140 pp.,ISBN 0-908311-17-9, Z$9.96.This unusual and impressively produced book strings together a series ofexperiences from the war in Zimbabwe Š atrocities, dramatic conversations,macabre fancies Š with a view, it seems, to writing a harrowing elegy to theBlacks who were killed, an acerbic indictment of the Whites who promoted thewar, and a plea to Whites in independent Zimbabwe to commit themselveswithout reservation to the new society. Written by a soldier who served in variousunits of the Rhodesian Security Forces it is an attempt to bring Whites to behonest with their past and their relation to the present. The past as told in horrificincidents of callous brutality by Whites on Blacks is particularly ugly because so