CAMPFIRE is a wildlife management programme which seeks to involve local people, in return for benefits, in the management of their local resources. It is aimed at developing local people equally, while conserving the natural resource base. In this article we look at two districts, Bulilimamangwe and Binga and argue that people are not benefiting equally in Campfire because of planners' disregard for ethnic differences within the target communities. Using the Bulilimamangwe case study we conclude that because Campfire is concerned with compensating agro-pastoralists and providing them with livestock rangelands, it is neglecting the peripheral San foragers. In Binga, wealthy immigrant farmers are neglected: this neglect leads the affected people to develop livelihood strategies which ultimately affect Campfire negatively.
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