X Xis not only inaccurate, but since the Civil Ser-vice was not permitted to participate activelyin politics, it was impossible for the Associationto have been an 'ally' of the R.G.A., althoughtheir sympathies lay in that direction. It isalso stated that the Rhodesian AgriculturalUnion was 'created by the Company Govern-ment' (p. 62), but the reference cited for thisproves this not to have been the case; it was infact formed on the initiative and invitation ofthe Mashonaland Farmers Association.University of RhodesiaGenerally, however, this is an interestingstudy of the role of economic and other organi-sations within the governmental system, andthe conclusion that it was the instability of thissystem that to a considerable extent caused thesuccess of the Rhodesian Front is certainlythought-provoking. It is a pity that furtherspace was not given to the periods immediatelybefore and after the 1962 defeat of the 'oldestablishment' in support of this theory.E. LEEKAY, G. 1970 Rhodesia a Human Geography, London, University of London Press, 192 pp. £2,50.This is only the second major contributionby a geographer towards an understanding ofRhodesia as a distinctive part of the world.Much has happened to the country sinceDerwent Whittlesey's comprehensive and semi-methodological article was published in 1956('Southern Rhodesia: an African Compage',Annals of the Association of American Geogra-phers, 46, 1-97). Professor Kay has been ableto draw on more recent statistics and surveys,Rhodesia is better mapped and the Universityhas been actively engaged in research on thecountry. Ironically, the author was not able todraw upon the results of geographical researchthat he is now encouraging since he becamehead of the new department of geography. Ina sense this book was written too soon, but inanother way is has high-lighted the areas wheregeographical research might most profitably beundertaken. The author has summarised anddistilled the geographical information of thelate 1960s in an extremely systematic and clearaccount.The major theme of the book is the waysin which the country's resources have been de-veloped and used. In adopting a traditional,ecological approach to the whole of Rhodesia,'the preoccupation with political issues and theracial struggle for power' are seen as inter-ferences with the normal processes of develop-ment. Coming so soon after the author's ASocial Geography of Zambia (1967), it is notsurprising to see Rhodesia treated as anotherAfrican, inter-tropical, landlocked state with,in this case, a distinctive resource pattern andpopulation structure. As in so many regionalaccounts, little attention is paid to the broaderregional context of the study area except forthe treatment of migrant labour and settlementby pioneers and more recent immigrants.Throughout the emphasis is on the country asa whole rather than its parts, so that there isno place for an all-purpose regional sub-division.This is not to say that regional differentiationis not made but that it is achieved in differentways depending on the topic under discussion.Thus, apart from the regional classes, Euro-pean and African rural areas which are eachallocated a chapter, distinctive provinces do notemerge as an aspect of Rhodesian geography.Some (including the author perhaps) wouldargue that they do not exist or that other con-trasts overshadow them. Even if they seemnot to exist in the minds of Europeans, do theyhave reality in the Africans' perception ofRhodesia? Different African peoples whose dis-tribution is shown in Fig, 6 have developedcultural landscapes which are, if only subtly,distinct. No final answer to problems of thisorder will be found without more research ofthe kind now being done by the University'sgeography department.The first chapter sets the scene and intro-duces the main theme of man and resources andfrom the outset we are treated to the ingeniousdiagrams and clear black and white maps -whichcharacterize the book. A feature of the secondchapter is the carefully documented discussionof changing views of Africans in Rhodesia,followed by an account of race relations andcontemporary, political situation as it affectsRhodesia's international relations. The prin-cipal topics in the third chapter are the settle-ment and development of the country by Euro-pean settlers, land apportionment and labour99relations from an historical point of view. Un-fortunately, the next chapter, which is devotedto population, was written before, the full re-sults of the 1969 census became available, sothat there is no opportunity to develop thetheme of population change except to a limitedextent with reference to Europeans and for theperiod 1951 to 1961. An interesting section de-voted to the relation between African popu-lation density and land quality, could well pro-vide a starting point for a study of response topopulation pressure. Although this book pro-vides by far the most detailed geography ofRhodesia yet written, its great asset for studentsof Central Africa lies in its exposure of prob-lems awaiting research.African areas and European farming areasreceive roughly equal treatment in the nexttwo chapters. The last two chapters discuss thebases for the modern economy and current eco-nomic problems. Professor Kay has been inde-fatigible in his search for relevant informationand has scanned many official and public docu-ments for statistics. He does not, however, hidebehind the facts, but draws conclusions fromthem, suggesting solutions to Rhodesia's basicproblems. These include making additionalland available from the European area forquasi-subsistence farming by Africans and awillingness to transmit trie values of Europeancivilization cas rapidly and widely as possible'.There are three appendices. The first givesthe text of the Rudd and Lippert concessions.London School of EconomicsThe second lists the European populations oftowns in 1961 and for eleven of them for 1969also. It is to be hoped that a new edition willenable these data to be revised in the light ofcensus results since published. The third gives abreak-down of locally manufactured products in1965 and the gross output of manufacturingindustry by categories. Two short indexes arealso provided.The double-column format of the text takesa little time to become accustomed to. partlybecause lines are so short. The wider format ofthe pages allows much better illustration bothby line block maps and diagrams ('which areexcellent) and photographs. A non-Rhodesianwill be able to obtain a much better impressionof the country from the many large-scale mapsand air photographs.Notwithstanding this, Rhodesia fails toemerge as a living, real place with distinctivegeographical personality. It is almost as if theauthor has deliberately chosen to make it differfrom 'Rhodesia in the news' in order to makethe study more objective. In this respect ASocial Geography of Zambia, presents a morerealistic image of that country, because it wasthe product of long and varied field experience.This reviewer eagerly awaits Professor Kay'ssecond book on Rhodesia; and, at least, weshould be able to hope for an extensive revisionbased on his wide-ranging fieldwork over thelast six years.C. BOARDNADA, 1923-7. Volume 1, in 5 parts with a loose index. Bulawayo. Boots of Rhodesia, 1972. Facsimile Re-print, 100, 116, 91, 132, 101 pp. R$45,00 (as unbound fascicles, R$30,00).The Native Affairs Department Annual hasbeen produced over the last fifty years to pro-vide Europeans with a broader knowledge ofAfrican life principally as an aid to har-monious administration but also as an exercisein improving understanding between the races.The first five numbers, now reprinted, containarticles, mainly by administrators and mission-aries, on a variety of topics including the de-velopment of African areas, segregation, thetreatment of servants, African education, theUninersitv of Rhodesiaadministration of justice among Africans, re-mote and recent history and numerous aspectsof traditional African culture. This volumeprovides a fascinating scrap-book of glimpses,incomplete and sometimes confused, of the newAfrican environment seen through the eyes andthoughts of early settlers. Nevertheless, one canhardly recommend the volume at the adver-tised price except as a handsome addition toa specialist library.M. F. C. BOURDILLON100