PROCEEDINGS
4 7 TH
ANNUAL CONFERENCE
MID-ATLANTIC ASSOCIATION OF
GOLF COURSE SUPERINTENDENTS
January 5-6,1976
HOLIDAY INN
WOODLAWN, MARYLAND

The P r o c e e d i n g s o f t h e 4 7 t h A n n u a l C o n f e r e n c e o f the
M i d - A t l a n t i c A s s o c i a t i o n o f Golf Course Superintendents
were p u b l i s h e d t h r o u g h the c o m b i n e d e f f o r t o f t h e
U n i v e r s i t y of Maryland Cooperative Extension Service,
the U n i v e r s i t y o f M a r y l a n d D e p a r t m e n t o f A g r o n o m y and
the M i d - A t l a n t i c A s s o c i a t i o n o f G o l f C o u r s e S u p e r i n t e n d e n t s .

M a n u s c r i p t s were e d i t e d by J o h n R. H a l l
III,
T u r f g r a s s S p e c i a l i s t , Department o f Agronomy, U n i v e r s i t y
o f Mary 1 and.

Program P l a n n i n g
A l e x D. W a t s o n ,
Robert
Willi
Ronald

J.

Orazi,

Chairman

Hall

J o h n R. H a l l
George

President,

J . Eme r s o n
E.

B.

Committee

III

Thompson

MAGCS

PROGRAM
Monday, J a n u a r y 5
10:00 a.m.

Call

to O r d e r - M a i n

Ballroom

Mr. Robert J . O r a z i ,
Hunt V a l l e y , MD

Superintendent,

Hunt V a l l e y

Golf

Club,

Wei come
D r . J . R. M i l l e r , C h a i r m a n , D e p a r t m e n t o f
U n i v e r s i t y o f M a r y l a n d , C o l l e g e P a r k , MD
President's

M e s s a g e and Welcome

M r . A l e x D. W a t s o n , S u p e r i n t e n d e n t ,
C o u n t r y C l u b , B a l t i m o r e , MD
10:30 a.m.

Agronomy,

" T h e Impact o f
Programs"

Sparrows

P e s t i c i d e Use on T u r f g r a s s

Point

Management

Dr. A l f r e d J . T u r g e o n , A s s i s t a n t P r o f e s s o r , Department
F l o r i c u l t u r e 6- Ornamental H o r t i c u 1 t u r e , U n i v e r s i t y o f
I l l i n o i s , Urbana, I l l i n o i s
1 1 : 1 5 a.m.

" C a r b o h y d r a t e S t r e s s and I t s R e l a t i o n
F e r t i 1 i z a t i o n and I r r i g a t i o n "

to

of

Mowing,

D r . Roy E. B l a s e r , P r o f e s s o r , D e p a r t m e n t o f A g r o n o m y ,
V i r g i n i a Polytechnic Institute & State University,
B l a c k s b u r g , VA
1:30 p.m.

Afternoon Session

- Main

Ballroom

Pres i d i n g :
M r . V i r g i l G. R o b i n s o n ,
C o u r s e , W a s h i n g t o n , DC

Jr.,

" I d e n t i f i c a t i o n and C o n t r o l

Superintendent,
of Aquatic

Andrews

AFB

Weeds"

M r . John E. G a l l a g h e r , A s s o c i a t e N a t i o n a l P r o g r a m D i r e c t o r ,
T u r f and A q u a t i c s , Amchem P r o d u c t s , I n c . , A m b l e r , PA
2 : 1 5 P.ro,

" D o You Know Y o u r

Trees?"

D r . F r a n k R. G o u i n , A s s o c i a t e
M a r y l a n d , C o l l e g e P a r k , MD
3 : 1 5 p.m.

Panel

Professor,

University

of

Discussion

Bluegrass

and R y e g r a s s

- Strengths

and W e a k n e s s e s

B1uegrass
D r . John R. H a l l
P a r k , MD

III,

U n i v e r s i t y of Maryland,

College

Ryegrass
D r . H e n r y W. I n d y k ,
New B r u n s w i c k , NJ

Rutgers

ii

- The S t a t e

University,

Practical

M r . A n g e l o Cammarota, H o b b i t s
C o l u m b i a , MD

Glenn Golf

M r . Lee C. D i e t e r ,
A r l i n g t o n , VA

Golf

Mr.
7:30

p.m.

Expe r i e n c e s

B.

Washington

Edwin W i l s o n ,

Dinner

- Main

Twin S h i e l d s

Course,

and C o u n t r y
Golf

Club,

Club,

Dunkirk,

MD

Ballroom

T o a s tmas t e r :
Mr. Vincent

Bagli,

Introduction
Special

of

9:25

January

a.m.

1 0 : 1 5 a.m.

of

Officers

6

Presiding:
Superintendent,

"Increasing

Turfgrass
Dr.

the E f f i c i e n c y o f N i t r o g e n

Research

J o h n R. H a l l ,

Dr. A l f r e d

Golf

Panel
Mr.

Mr. A l e x

Robert

Polytechnic

Institute &

Paul

Columbia Country

Club

Sparrows

Point

Country

Club

Construction"

J.

Court

Robert

J.

Illinois

Superintendent"

D. W a t s o n ,

Orazi,

Hunt V a l l e y

Country

CTub

Maintenance"

C. M i l l e r ,

"Horticultural
Mr.

of

Renovation"

Course

"Tennis
Mr.

State

Moderator:

"Irrigation

Mr.

- The

Maryland

University

Virginia

George Thompson,

"Golf

Rutgers

University of

J. Turgeon,

"The D i v e r s i f i e d

Fertilization"

Updates

D r . Roy E . B l a s e r ,
S t a t e Un i v e r s i ty
1:30-3:30

Eagles Nest

" I d e n t i f i c a t i o n and C o n t r o l o f T u r f g r a s s
Insects"
D r . J o h n Lee H e l l m a n , S u r v e y E n t o m o l o g i s t , U n i v e r s i t y
o f M a r y l a n d , C o l l e g e P a r k , MD

D r . H e n r y W. I n d y k , P r o f e s s o r ,
U n i v e r s i t y , New B r u n s w i c k , NJ
1 1 : 0 0 a.m.

Sports

Guests

Mr. W i l l i a m J. Emerson,
C l u b , T i m o n i u m , MD
9 : 3 0 a.m.

WBAL

Awards

Installation
Tuesday,

Sportscaster,

Suburban Country

Plantings

Barefoot,
i ii

Club

on

the G o l f

Course"

U. S .

Soldiers

Home

T A B L E OF CONTENTS
The

Impact o f P e s t i c i d e
A. J . Turgeon

Page

Use on T u r f g r a s s

Management

1

C a r b o h y d r a t e S t r e s s and I t s R e l a t i o n s h i p
F e r t i l i z a t i o n and I r r i g a t i o n
R. E. B l a s e r
I d e n t i f i c a t i o n and C o n t r o l
J . E. Gal l a g h e r
Do You Know Y o u r
F . R. G o u i n

Programs

of Aquatic

to

Mowing,
3

Weeds
8

Trees
14

B l u e g r a s s and R y e g r a s s - S t r e n g t h s
Ken t u c k y B l u e g r a s s
J . R. H a l l
My E x p e r i e n c e s w i t h
B. E . Wi l s o n

Bluejrass

I d e n t i f i c a t i o n and C o n t r o l
J . L . He 1 1 man
T u r f g r a s s Research
M a r y 1 and
J.R.Hall

and

Weaknesses
22

and

Ryegrass
24

of Turfgrass

Insects
28

Updates
36

I 1 1i no i s
A. J. Turgeon
Vi r g i n i a
R. E . S c h m i d t

45

and R.

E. B l a s e r

54

The D i v e r s i f i e d S u p e r i n t e n d e n t
I r r i g a t i o n Renovat ion
A . D. W a t s o n
G o ' f Course
R. J . O r a z i

Construction

Tennis Court
R. C. Mi H e r

Maintenance

.

58

61

Horticultural Plantings
P. J . B a r e f o o t

65
on t h e G o l f

iv

Course

THE

IMPACT OF P E S T I C I D E

Assistant

USE ON TURFGRASS MANAGEMENT

A. J. Turgeon
P r o f e s s o r , Department o f
University of
Illinois

PROGRAMS

Horticulture

P e s t i c i d e s a r e a p p l i e d to t u r f s f o r a v a r i e t y o f p u r p o s e s I n c l u d i n g
weed c o n t r o l , d i s e a s e p r e v e n t i o n and r e d u c t i o n o f d e s t r u c t i v e i n s e c t
populations.
U n d e r some c o n d i t i o n s , p e s t i c i d e a p p l i c a t i o n may a l s o
r e s u l t in o b s e r v a b l e t u r f g r a s s i n j u r y .
However, d e t e r i o r a t i o n o f t u r f
f o l l o w i n g p e s t i c i d e u s e may n o t be e a s i l y t r a c e a b l e to a s p e c i f i c c h e m i c a l
u n l e s s c a u s a l re 1 a t i o n s h i p s between s p e c i f i c p e s t i c i d e s and s p e c i f i c t y p e s
of i n j u r y are c l e a r l y e s t a b l i s h e d .
These r e l a t i o n s h i p s are f r e q u e n t l y
o b s c u r e d in s i t u a t i o n s where i n j u r y o n l y r e s u l t s f o l l o w i n g repeated use
of a particular pesticide.
For example, repeated a p p l i c a t i o n s o f chlordane
o r d i e l d r i n r e s u l t e d i n t h a t c h d e v e l o p m e n t i n an o t h e r w i s e t h a t c h - f r e e
Kentucky b l u e g r a s s t u r f ( 1 ) .
T h i s was a t t r i b u t e d to the e a r t h w o r m
i n h i b i t i n g e f f e c t s o f the i n s e c t i c i d e s .
A higher incidence of leaf spot
( H e I m i n t h o s p o r i um v a g a n s ) d i s e a s e was e v i d e n t i n the t h a t c h y t u r f s d u r i n g
c o o l , wet p e r i o d s i n m i d - s p r i n g .
M e c h a n i c a l removal o f the t h a t c h i n
o n e - h a l f o f e a c h p l o t r e s u l t e d i n a s u b s t a n t i a 11y l o w e r i n c i d e n c e o f l e a f
s p o t in s u b s e q u e n t y e a r s .
The c o n t r i b u t i o n o f t h a t c h to t h e d i s e a s e
p r o n e n e s s o f a t u r f i s w e l l d o c u m e n t e d ; many d i s e a s e - c a u s i n g o r g a n i s m s
can s u r v i v e a s s a p r o p h y t e s l i v i n g o f f dead o r g a n i c m a t e r i a l s i n the t h a t c h
and then i n f e c t l i v i n g p l a n t s when e n v i r o n m e n t a 1 c o n d i t i o n s become f a v o r a b l e .
The h e r b i c i d e s , T r i - c a l c i u m a r s e n a t e and b a n d a n e , w e r e a l s o f o u n d to
be t h a t c h - i n d u c i n g p e s t i c i d e s when a p p l i e d a n n u a l l y f o r a t l e a s t two
y e a r s to K e n t u c k y b l u e g r a s s ( 2 ) .
In a d d i t i o n to h i g h e r l e a f s p o t d i s e a s e
i n c i d e n c e , the t h a t c h y t u r f s were f o u n d to be more p r o n e to w r i t i n g
d u r i n g mid-summer s t r e s s p e r i o d s .
T h i s was d u e , a t l e a s t i n p a r t , to the
r e s t r i c t i o n of r o o t s to the t h a t c h l a y e r .
A t e s t to d e t e r m i n e e a r t h w o r m
p o p u l a t i o n s i n the s o i l r e v e a l e d no e a r t h w o r m s i n p l o t s t r e a t e d w i t h t h e
t h a t c h - i n d u c i n g h e r b i c i d e s w h i l e u n t r e a t e d p l o t s a v e r a g e d o v e r 50 worms
per square meter.
R e s u l t s from more r e c e n t s t u d i e s o f t h e e f f e c t s o f
t h e s e h e r b i c i d e s o n t h e a c t i v i t y o f s o i l m i c r o o r g a n i s m s s u g g e s t t h a t the
c a p a c i t y o f some m i c r o o r g a n i s m s t o p r o d u c e e n z y m e s f o r d e c o m p o s i n g
o r g a n i c d e b r i s i s r e d u c e d by c a l c i u m a r s e n a t e and b a n d a n e .
The t h a t c h
i n d u c i n g e f f e c t o f t h e s e h e r b i c i d e s may n o t be c o m p l e t e l y e x p l a i n e d by
t h e i r i n h i b i t i o n of earthworms.
T h e y may a l s o i n h i b i t t h e a c t i v i t y o f
an a r r a y o f s o i l o r g a n i s m s t h a t a r e i m p o r t a n t i n d e c o m p o s i n g o r g a n i c
d e b r i s and, t h u s , p r e v e n t i n g thatch development.
M e a s u r e m e n t s were made t o d e t e r m i n e i f t h e u s e o f t h a t c h - i n d u c i n g
herbicides indirectly affected soil physical properties.
Field results
showed t h a t i n f i l t r a t i o n was s u b s t a n t i a l l y r e d u c e d i n the t h a t c h y t u r f s ;
h o w e v e r , t h i s was n o t due to t h e h y d r o p h o b i c p r o p e r t i e s o f t h a t c h o r t o
the e x i s t e n c e o f an i n t e r f a c e between the t h a t c h and the s o i l .
The
p h y s i c a l c o n d i t i o n o f the s o i l u n d e r t h e t h a t c h was d i f f e r e n t t h a n t h a t
o f the s o i l f r o m the t h a t c h - f r e e p l o t s .
P r e s u m a b l y , t h i s d i f f e r e n c e was

due to t h e r e s t r i c t i o n o f m o s t r o o t and r h i z o m e g r o w t h to t h e t h a t c h and
t h e r e l a t i v e a b s e n c e o f t h e s e p l a n t o r g a n s i n t h e u n d e r l y i n g s o i l compared
to t h e u n t r e a t e d p l o t s .
The a b s e n c e o f e a r t h w o r m a c t i v i t y i n the
p e s t i c i d e - t r e a t e d p l o t s was p r o b a b l y r e l a t e d to the l o w e r w a t e r i n f i l t r a t ion r a t e s measured.
L a b o r a t o r y measurements o f h y d r a u l i c c o n d u c t i v i t y y i e l d e d lower
v a l u e s i n s o i l c o r e s from t h e c a l c i u m arsenate-treated
plots.
Bulk
d e n s i t y was h i g h e r and s h r i n k a g e upon d r y i n g was l e s s i n s o i l c o r e s from
the c a l c i u m a r s e n a t e - t r e a t e d p l o t s .
R e s u l t s from these t e s t s are
c o n s i s t e n t w i t h the i n f i l t r a t i o n r e s u l t s i n t h a t t h e y c l e a r l y show t h a t
a p p l i c a t i o n o f t h a t c h - i n d u c i n g p e s t i c i d e s can i n d i r e c t l y a f f e c t s o i l
physical properties.
These e f f e c t s i n c r e a s e the t u r f g r a s s m a n a g e r ' s
d e p e n d a n c y on i r r i g a t i o n , f e r t i l i z a t i o n , c u l t i v a t i o n and p e s t i c i d e u s e i n
o r d e r t o s u s t a i n t h e t u r f a t an a c c e p t a b l e q u a l i t y l e v e l d u r i n g the g r o w i n g
season.
T h u s , a d e c i s i o n to implement a program o f t r i - c a l c i u m a r s e n a t e
a p p l i c a t i o n f o r c o n t r o l l i n g a n n u a l b l u e g r a s s o r o t h e r p e s t s s h o u l d be
c a r e f u l l y c o n s i d e r e d to d e t e r m i n e i f t h e a n t i c i p a t e d r e s u l t s w a r r e n t
s u b j e c t i n g t h e t u r f t o the a p p a r e n t l y d e t r i m e n t a l e f f e c t s d e t e r m i n e d f r o m
this study.
L i te ra tu re C i ted
1.

R a n d e l l , R. , J . D. B u t l e r and T. D. H u g h e s . 1 9 7 2 .
The e f f e c t o f
p e s t i c i d e s o n t h a t c h a c c u m u l a t i o n and e a r t h w o r m p o p u l a t i o n s i n
Kentucky b l u e g r a s s t u r f .
HortScience 7 ( 0 : 6 4 - 6 5 .

2.

T u r g e o n , A . J . , R. P. F r e e b o r g and W. N. B r u c e . 1 9 7 5 .
Thatch
d e v e l o p m e n t and o t h e r e f f e c t s o f p r e e m e r g e n c e h e r b i c i d e s i n K e n t u c k y
bluegrass turf.
Agronomy J o u r n a l 6 7 : 5 6 3 - 5 6 5 .

CARBOHYDRATE S T R E S S AND I T S R E L A T I O N S H I P TO MOWING,
F E R T I L I Z A T I O N AND I R R I G A T I O N
R . E. B l a s e r
University Distinguisyed Professor
D e p a r t m e n t of A g r o n o m y
V i r g i n i a P o l y t e c h n i c I n s t i t u t e and S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y
I . THE F I G H T TO

EXIST

I n t h i s d i s c u s s i o n t h e s o - c a l l e d c o o l s e a s o n s p e c i e s s u c h as
r y e g r a s s , b l u e g r a s s , b e n t g r a s s , Poa a n n u a , and o t h e r s in t h i s
c a t e g o r y w i l l be c a l l e d t e m p e r a t e g r a s s e s ; a s e c o n d c a t e g o r y o f
g r a s s e s s u c h a s bermuda and z o y s i a w i l l be r e f e r r e d t o a s semi t r o p i c a l
grasses.
Weedy g r a s s e s and b r o a d l e a f weeds a l s o f i t t h e s e c a t e g o r i e s ,
f o r i n s t a n c e , c r a b g r a s s i s s e m i t r o p i c a l and q u a c k g r a s s i s t e m p e r a t e .
P u r e s t a n d s o f t e m p e r a t e s p e c i e s a r e u s u a l l y i n v a d e d by o t h e r
t e m p e r a t e o r s e m i t r o p i c a l s p e c i e s to g i v e o b j e c t i o n a b l e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s .
Likewise, bermudagrass or other semitropical
s p e c i e s a r e i n v a d e d by
t e m p e r a t e s p e c i e s d u r i n g c o o l m o n t h s and by s e m i t r o p i c a l o n e s d u r i n g
summer.
Among m i x t u r e s o f t e m p e r a t e s p e c i e s , s u c h a s b l u e g r a s s and
r y e g r a s s , s h i f t s in the p r o p o r t i o n s o f these s p e c i e s o c c u r .
Such
" f i g h t s " among t u r f s p e c i e s a r e c o n t i n u o u s p r o c e s s e s .
Why i n v a s i o n ?
I t o c c u r s because o f d i f f e r e n c e s in growth rate
among t h e s p e c i e s w i t h c h a n g i n g e n v i r o n m e n t s s u c h a s t e m p e r a t u r e ,
m o i s t u r e , n u t r i e n t s , s o i l pH, and l i g h t .
T e c h n i c a l l y t h e r e i s an
a g g r e s s i v e c o m p e t i t i o n ; the s p e c i e s t h a t grow the f a s t e s t u n d e r
g i v e n s o i l , c l i m a t i c , o r b i o t i c f a c t o r s i n v a d e and f o r c e o u t the
slower growing p l a n t s .
S u c h i n v a s i o n o f o n e and s u b d u i n g o f a n o t h e r
s p e c i e s i s i n f l u e n c e d by c u l t u r a l p r a c t i c e s and e n v i r o n m e n t a l
f actors.
I I.

REGROWTH OF A GRASS
W i t h r e p e a t e d mowing o f t u r f g r a s s t h o s e t h a t r e g r o w to f o r m
d e n s e s o d and q u i c k l y e x c l u d e i n v a d e r s a r e d e s i r a b l e .
Regrowth
a f t e r mowing o f any g r a s s i s i n f l u e n c e d by two p r i m a r y f a c t o r s :
( a ) S o l u b l e c a r b o h y d r a t e , ( s i m p l e s u g a r s and m e t e r i a l s s u c h a s
s t a r c h and f r u c t o s a n t h a t d e g r a d e i n t o s i m p l e s u g a r s )
They are not
a p a r t o f the c e l l s t r u c t u r e b u t f u r n i s h e n e r g y f o r s u r v i v a l and
p r o d u c t i o n o f new p l a n t t i s s u e .
H e r e a f t e r we w i l l r e f e r t o t h e s e a s
t o t a l n o n - s t r u c t u r a l c a r b o h y d r a t e s (TNC).
The T N C f s a r e s t o r e d i n
e x c e s s amounts i n the b a s a l t i s s u e s and to a l e s s e r e x t e n t i n r o o t s
and l e a v e s .
(b) L e a f a r e a .
Growth o c c u r s a t a maximum r a t e when
e n o u g h l e a v e s a r e p r e s e n t to i n t e r c e p t 9 0 % o f the l i g h t .
Thus, for
a c t i v e l y g r o w i n g p l a n t s in f a v o r a b l e e n v i r o n m e n t s , l e a f a r e a i s
much more i m p o r t a n t t h a n TNC.
On the o t h e r h a n d , a f t e r p e r i o d s o f
p r o l o n g e d d o r m a n c y c a u s e d by low t e m p e r a t u r e s o r d r o u g h t , w h e r e l e a f
c a n o p i e s h a v e d i s a p p e a r e d , T N C 1 s a r e n e e d e d e n e r g y s o u r c e s f o r new
growth.
The f o r m a t i o n o f new s h o o t s , new l e a v e s , s t o l o n s , r h i z o m e s ,

and r o o t s d e p e n d s on TNC w h i c h may be o b t a i n e d d i r e c t l y f r o m n e w l y
s y n t h e s i z e d TNC by l e a v e s o r f r o m t h o s e s t o r e d i n p l a n t t i s s u e s .
The
n e w l y s y n t h e s i z e d TNC by l e a v e s f o r i m m e d i a t e r e u t i 1 i z a t i o n and t h e
TNC s t o r e d i n b a s a l p l a n t t i s s u e s a r e b o t h v e r y i m p o r t a n t f o r s h o o t
and r o o t g r o w t h to m a i n t a i n h e a l t h y v i g o r o u s g r a s s e s .
III.

TNC CONTENT A S RELATED TO GROWTH AND

PHOTOSYNTHESIS

The TNC r e s e r v e s i n b a s a l p l a n t t i s s u e s a l t e r n a t e l y . i n c r e a s e and
d e c r e a s e d e p e n d i n g on t h e i r demand f o r d e v e l o p i n g new s h o o t s , l e a v e s ,
and r o o t s , and t h e r a t e o f TNC f i x a t i o n by p h o t o s y n t h e s i s .
During
f a s t g r o w t h , r a p i d c e l l d i v i s i o n and e x p a n s i o n , t h e demand f o r e n e r g y
f r o m TNC o f t e n e x c e e d s f i x a t i o n by p h o t o s y n t h e s i s .
T h e amount o f TNC
s t o r e d i n t i s s u e d e p e n d s on t h e r a t e o f f i x a t i o n by p h o t o s y n t h e s i s a s
compared to t h e e n e r g y r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r g r o w t h .
O p p o s i n g and d y n a m i c
p r o c e s s e s o c c u r in p i a n t s - - p h o t o s y n t h e s i s f i x e s carbon d i o x i d e i n t o
v a r i o u s s u g a r s w h i l e r e s p i r a t i o n and g r o w t h p r o c e s s e s u t i l i z e T N C ,
carbon d i o x i d e being a by-product.
R e q u i r e m e n t s f o r optimum r a t e s o f p h o t o s y n t h e s i s and g r o w t h and
r e s p i r a t i o n d i f f e r f o r each p l a n t .
Let us look at environmental f a c t o r s
as t h e y c a u s e a s h i f t i n g to h i g h and low TNC.
We f i r s t c o n s i d e r
o n l y the temperate g r a s s e s .
A.

Temperature:
Assume a f a v o r a b l e e n v i r o n m e n t except f o r temperature w h i c h
r a n g e s from c o o l to warm.
W i t h c o o l 35 to 50 F t e m p e r a t u r e s
p h o t o s y n t h e s i s o f t e m p e r a t e s p e c i e s r e m a i n s medium t o h i g h ,
w h e r e a s g r o w t h and r e s p i r a t i o n r e m a i n s l o w ; h e n c e , T N C ' s i n c r e a s e
r a p i d l y because p h o t o s y n t h e s i s exceeds r e s p i r a t i o n .
When s h i f t i n g
to h i g h 90 to 100 F t e m p e r a t u r e s p h o t o s y n t h e s i s r e m a i n s i n t h e
medium-low c a t e g o r y ; the v e r y h i g h r e s p i r a t i o n c a u s e s a s h a r p
d e c l i n e i n TNC.
A t medium t e m p e r a t u r e s r e s p i r a t i o n a l s o e x c e e d s
p h o t o s y n t h e s i s , c a u s i n g d e c l i n e s i n TNC as the need f o r TNC i n
g r o w t h e x c e e d s t h e amount p h o t o s y n t h e s i z e d .
T h e s e t e m p e r a t u r e r e l a t i o n s h i p s can be a s s o c i a t e d w i t h
seasons.
The c o o l s e a s o n g r a s s e s grow ( r e s p i r e ) s l o w l y d u r i n g
the autumn s e a s o n c a u s i n g T N C ' s to a c c u m u l a t e t o a h i g h c o n t e n t
b e c a u s e p h o t o s y n t h e s i s r e m a i n s h i g h a s compared to r e s p i r a t i o n .
D u r i n g the s p r i n g m o n t h s when t e m p e r a t u r e s g e t warm, t o p g r o w t h
w i t h f a v o r a b l e f e r t i l i t y i s very h i g h , c a u s i n g s h a r p d e c l i n e s in
TNC b e c a u s e r o o t and s h o o t g r o w t h r e q u i r e m e n t s a r e h i g h .
Hence,
d u r i n g the s p r i n g s e a s o n the g r o w t h r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r TNC
( r e s p i r a t i o n ) e x c e e d s t h e amount f i x e d by p h o t o s y n t h e s i s , t h u s
the s h a r p d e c l i n e .
D u r i n g the warm summer m o n t h s , t e m p e r a t u r e s
i n s o d s a r e h i g h e r t h a n a t the 5 f t . l e v e l u n d e r n o r m a l w e a t h e r
conditions.
H i g h summer t e m p e r a t u r e s c a u s e t e m p e r a t e s p e c i e s
t o be i n e f f i c i e n t i n p h o t o s y n t h e s i s b e c a u s e o f p h o t o r e s p i r a t i o n
w h e r e some f i x e d T N C ' s a r e r e s p i r e d d u r i n g p h o t o s y n t h e s i s .
Also,
h i g h t e m p e r a t u r e s s t i m u l a t e c e l l d i v i s i o n and e x p a n s i o n ( h i g h
r e s p i r a t i o n ) ; hence, w i t h i n e f f i c i e n t p h o t o s y n t h e s i s there are
s h a r p d e c l i n e s i n TNC.

k

B.

Ni t r o g e n

Fertilization:

I t i s i m p o r t a n t t o c o n s i d e r how low and h i g h n i t r o g e n
f e r t i 1 i z a t i o n i n f l u e n c e s TNC, when a l l o t h e r e n v i r o n m e n t a l
f a c t o r s are f a v o r a b l e .
Nitrogen a v a i l a b i l i t y controls cell
d i v i s i o n and e x p a n s i o n and r a t e o f g r o w t h ; h i g h N r a t e s s t i m u l a t e
the r a t e o f p h o t o s y n t h e s i s but the r e s p i r a t i o n r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r
t h e r a p i d c e l l d i v i s i o n and e x p a n s i o n e x c e e d s p h o t o s y n t h e t i c
o u t p u t , c a u s i n g s h a r p d e c l i n e s i n TNC.
Low N r e d u c e s p h o t o s y n t h e s i s b u t g r o w t h ( c e l l d i v i s i o n and e x p a n s i o n and
r e s p i r a t i o n ) i s r e d u c e d more t h a n p h o t o s y n t h e s i s ; t h u s , TNC
i n c r e a s e s r a p i d l y w i t h low N.
Now c o n s i d e r t e m p e r a t u r e and n i t r o g e n r e l a t i o n s h i p s f o r
temperate g r a s s e s .
When a p p l y i n g N d u r i n g t h e l a t e S e p t e m b e r O c t o b e r s e a s o n , p h o t o s y n t h e s i s i s h i g h b e c a u s e o f the combined
f a v o r a b l e e f f e c t f r o m n i t r o g e n and c o o l t e m p e r a t u r e s w h e r e a s
growth i s slow.
T h u s , N a p p l i c a t i o n s d u r i n g the cool autumnw i n t e r and e a r l y s p r i n g c a u s e s TNC to i n c r e a s e o r r e m a i n h i g h
because p h o t o s y n t h e s i s i s h i g h e r than r e s p i r a t i o n .
This is a
s o u n d r e a s o n f o r autumn n i t r o g e n f e r t i l i z a t i o n .
C o n v e r s e l y , l i b e r a l n i t r o g e n d u r i n g the summer m o n t h s , when
t e m p e r a t u r e s are h i g h , c a u s e s v e r y s h a r p i n c r e a s e s in r e s p i r a t i o n
w h i l e p h o t o s y n t h e s i s r e m a i n s i n t h e medium r a n g e t h e r e b y r e d u c i n g
TNC to a low l e v e l and c a u s i n g s t r e s s .
C.

I r r i gat ion
I f y o u r e f e r b a c k to A and B y o u c o n c l u d e t h a t any f a c t o r
t h a t s t i m u l a t e s g r o w t h ( r e s p i r a t i o n ) c a u s e s l o w e r TNC w i t h s l o w
or s t a t i c growth.
Thus, liberal i r r i g a t i o n with all other
f a c t o r s f a v o r a b l e c a u s e s s h a r p d e c l i n e s i n TNC as r e s p i r a t i o n
r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r TNC a r e h i g h e r t h a n f i x a t i o n o f s u g a r s by
Dhotosynthesis.
I r r i g a t i o n does i n c r e a s e rate o f carbon d i o x i d e
f i x a t i o n ( p h o t o s y n t h e s i s ) ; h o w e v e r , w i t h m o i s t u r e and a l l
f a c t o r s f a v o r a b l e , r e s p i r a t i o n exceeds p h o t o s y n t h e s i s c a u s i n g
s o l u b l e c a r b o h y d r a t e s to d e c l i n e .
A l l o f o u r d a t a show h i g h e r
s o l u b l e c a r b o h y d r a t e s w i t h some m o i s t u r e s t r e s s t h a n u n d e r
favorable moisture conditions.
W i t h low N r e g i m e s , e x c e s s i v e
i r r i g a t i o n would not s t i m u l a t e growth.

D.

Semi t r o p i c a l

Species:

What h a s been s a i d f o r n i t r o g e n f e r t i l i z a t i o n and i r r i g a t i o n
in r e g a r d to TNC i s s i m i l a r f o r semi t r o p i c a l and t e m p e r a t e s p e c i e s .
H o w e v e r , h i g h t e m p e r a t u r e s do n o t a p p e a r to h i n d e r TNC a c c u m u l a t i o n in s e m i t r o p i c a l s p e c i e s .
The s e m i t r o p i c a l g r a s s e s a r e
g e n e r a l l y e f f i c i e n t in p h o t o s y n t h e s i s as p h o t o r e s p i r a t i o n does not
o c c u r as w i t h t e m p e r a t e g r a s s e s .
As temperatures increase, photos y n t h e s i s n e a r l y p a r a l l e l s r e s p i r a t i o n ; t h u s , s e v e r e d e p r e s s i o n in
TNC at h i g h t e m p e r a t u r e s d o e s n o t o c c u r f o r s e m i t r o p i c a l
species.
H o w e v e r , a t the c o o l e r t e m p e r a t u r e s w e l l a b o v e f r o s t , TNC f o r the
t r o p i c a l s p e c i e s i s h i g h e r t h a n a t the h i g h t e m p e r a t u r e .
H i g h N and

f a v o r a b l e m o i s t u r e f o r f a s t summer g r o w t h c a u s e s r e d u c t i o n s i n TNC
h o w e v e r , TNC s t r e s s i n summer i s n o t a p t to be a s s e r i o u s i n
semi t r o p i c a l g r a s s e s a s i n t e m p e r a t e g r a s s e s .
T r o p i c a l weedy g r a s s e s s u c h a s c r a b g r a s s
b e r m u d a g r a s s and z o y s i a i n a d a p t a t i o n .
IV.

are s i m i l a r

to

MOWING
M o w i n g s t r o n g l y i n f l u e n c e s TNC and i n t e r a c t s w i t h n i t r o g e n
f e r t i l i z a t i o n p r a c t i c e s at v a r i o u s s e a s o n s .
V e r y f r e q u e n t and c l o s e
mowing o f b l u e g r a s s r e d u c e s l e a f a r e a and p h o t o s y n t h e t i c p o t e n t i a l
t h e r e b y r e d u c i n g TNC a s compared w i t h a recommended mowing h e i g h t
from 2 to 3 i i n c h e s .
F r e q u e n t c l o s e mowing r e d u c e s t h e r o o t d e p t h
and r h i z o m e s b e c a u s e TNC, t h e e n e r g y s o u r c e f o r t h e i r d e v e l o p m e n t , i s
reduced.
When n i t r o g e n f e r t i l i z e r i s added d u r i n g t h e g r o w i n g s e a s o n
t h i s s t i m u l a t e s g r o w t h and f u r t h e r r e d u c e s t h e TNC.
Temperature a l s o
h a s a s t r o n g i n f l u e n c e upon TNC.
F o r e x a m p l e , mowing c l o s e l y d u r i n g
t h e summer m o n t h s means t h a t t h e r e i s much l e s s s o d r e s i d u e to
moderate the t e m p e r a t u r e w i t h c l o s e as compared w i t h a t a l l e r sod
residue.
T h u s , w i t h c l o s e mowing and h i g h summer t e m p e r a t u r e s t h e r e
i s s e v e r e TNC s t r e s s .
Now s u p p o s e a homeowner c u t s t h e b l u e g r a s s
f r o m a 2 - i n c h c a n o p y h e i g h t to a 1 - i n c h s o d r e s i d u e d u r i n g the
summertime when t e m p e r a t u r e s a r e h i g h and u s e s n i t r o g e n f e r t i l i z e r
liberally.
T h i s c o m b i n e d e f f e c t c a u s e s v e r y h i g h r e s p i r a t i o n and
u t i l i z a t i o n o f TNC as compared w i t h the r a t e o f TNC f i x a t i o n b y
photosynthes i s.
I n t r o d u c i n g the c r a b g r a s s problem in b l u e g r a s s lawns complexes
the problem.
C r a b g r a s s , a s e m i t r o p i c a l g r a s s , r e s p o n d s to h i g h
t e m p e r a t u r e s and n i t r o g e n f e r t i l i z a t i o n .
C l o s e mowing management
o f b l u e g r a s s means l i t t l e s o d r e s i d u e , much l i g h t r e a c h i n g the s o i l
s u r f a c e ; h e n c e g e r m i n a t i n g c r a b g r a s s s e e d l i n g s grow r a p i d l y .
M a i n t a i n i n g c l o s e mowing d u r i n g l a t e s p r i n g and summer, c o u p l e d w i t h
n i t r o g e n f e r t i 1 i z a t i o n , s t i m u l a t e s t h e c r a b g r a s s e s c o m p a r e d t o the
b l u e g r a s s e s a s c r a b g r a s s i s much b e t t e r a d a p t e d to the h i g h summer
temperatures.
W i t h a d e q u a t e N t h e p r o s t r a t e s p r e a d i n g s t o l o n s and
l e a v e s o f c r a b g r a s s t a k e o v e r and s h a d e o u t t h e b l u e g r a s s .
Now
assume t h a t the homeowner w a t e r s l i g h t l y a l m o s t e v e r y d a y a s some
homeowners d o .
The s h a l l o w r o o t e d c r a b g r a s s i s t h u s b e n e f i t e d a s
compared to the deep r o o t e d b l u e g r a s s s o f a v o r a b l e s u r f a c e m o i s t u r e ,
h i g h n i t r o g e n , and c l o s e mowing c a u s e s c r a b g r a s s l a w n s .
An i d e a l management to e x c l u d e o r m i n i m i z e c r a b g r a s s i n v a s i o n
in b l u e g r a s s lawns i s to c u t c l o s e l y in the l a t e S e p t e m b e r - e a r l y
O c t o b e r s e a s o n when the s o i l i s m o i s t and a p p l y n i t r o g e n l i b e r a l l y .
C l o s e c u t t i n g removes dead t h a t c h s o d m a t e r i a l ; a l s o , t h i s w o u l d be a
good t i m e t o remove the s u r f a c e t h a t c h .
C l o s e mowing i n autumn
removed most o f t h e c r a b g r a s s .
During t h i s cool season, c r a b g r a s s
grows s l o w l y or not at a l l .
I d e a l l y s u c h c l o s e mowing w i t h n i t r o g e n
f e r t i l i z a t i o n s h o u l d be done d u r i n g a h u r r i c a n e - t y p e o f r a i n s o a s
to h a v e e v e r y t h i n g f a v o r a b l e d u r i n g t h e autumn s e a s o n f o r b l u e g r a s s t o
d e v e l o p new s h o o t s to f o r m a d e n s e s o d .
S u b s e q u e n t l y , d u r i n g the
autumn m o n t h s t h e mowing h e i g h t s may be g r a d u a l l y r a i s e d t o 1 - 1 / 4 i n c h

and t h e n 1 - 1 / 2 i n c h .
A d d i t i o n a l n i t r o g e n may be a p p l i e d d u r i n g
November and D e c e m b e r .
I d e a l l y , 1 to 1.5 lbs./lOOO sq. f t . o f
n i t r o g e n s h o u l d be u s e d i n l a t e S e p t e m b e r - e a r l y O c t o b e r w i t h no
more t h a n 1 l b . o f N / 1 0 0 0 s q . f t . i n November and D e c e m b e r .
This
now c o m p l e t e s t h e n i t r o g e n r e g i m e f o r t h e e n t i r e y e a r , e x c e p t f o r
a v e r y l i g h t a p p l i c a t i o n o f l e s s than 1 l b . o f N/1000 s q . f t . in
l a t e May.
C l o s e mowing w i t h N f e r t i l i z a t i o n I n f a l l d e v e l o p s new s h o o t s
g i v i n g t h i c k d e n s e b e a u t i f u l g r e e n t u r f d u r i n g autumn and w i n t e r
when c r a b g r a s s d i e s .
I n t h e s p r i n g , mowing h e i g h t s a r e r a i s e d up
t o a 2 . 5 - i n c h r e s i d u e by t h e d a t e t h a t c r a b g r a s s g e r m i n a t e s , m a i n t a i n i n g t h a t h e i g h t a l l summer.
A d e n s e s o d w i t h a h i g h unmowed r e s i d u e ,
e x c l u d e s l i g h t at the s o i l s u r f a c e so t h a t g e r m i n a t i n g c r a b g r a s s
s e e d l i n g s are exterminated.
D u r i n g the summer m o n t h s when the
t e m p e r a t u r e i s i d e a l for c r a b g r a s s g r o w t h , e x c l u d e n i t r o g e n t o
r e s t r i c t growth o f c r a b g r a s s s e e d l i n g s .
A compromise i s n e c e s s a r y
and one s h o u l d be s a t i s f i e d w i t h a s l i g h t l y g r e e n i s h - y e l l o w b l u e g r a s s lawn d u r i n g mid summer to e x c l u d e c r a b g r a s s .
Such a semin i t r o g e n s t a r v e d s i t u a t i o n i s d e s i r a b l e s i n c e i t keeps c r a b g r a s s
f r o m g r o w i n g r a p i d l y and m a i n t a i n s h i g h T N C ' s d u r i n g h e a t s t r e s s i n
summer.
When w a t e r i n g i t i s b e s t
d e p t h o f 12 i n c h e s .
The s o i l
infrequent i r r i g a t i o n shallow
i nh i b i t e d .

to i r r i g a t e i n f r e q u e n t l y and t o a
surface d r i e s out f i r s t , thus with
rooted c r a b g r a s s invasion is

T h e n i t r o g e n f e r t i l i z a t i o n - m o w i n g management r e l a t i o n s h i p s
d i s c u s s e d a l s o a p p l y to b l u e g r a s s o r b e r m u d a g r a s s d o m i n a n c e .
Autumn and w i n t e r N and h i g h summer mowing f a v o r s b l u e g r a s s .
On
the o t h e r h a n d , m i n i m i z i n g the p r e s e n c e o f b l u e g r a s s o r s h i f t i n g
o f b l u e g r a s s - b e r m u d a g r a s s m i x t u r e to b e r m u d a g r a s s may be
a c c o m p l i s h e d by l i b e r a l n i t r o g e n f e r t i l i z a t i o n f r o m l a t e May
t h r o u g h mid A u g u s t a l o n g w i t h v e r y c l o s e and f r e q u e n t mowing l e a v i n g
a 0 . 5 i n c h unmowed r e s i d u e .
Bluegrass with erect growing leaves is
severely defoliated.
The c o m b i n a t i o n o f s e v e r e d e f o l i a t i o n , h i g h
n i t r o g e n f e r t i 1 i z a t i o n , and h i g h summer t e m p e r a t u r e s d e p r e s s e s b l u e g r a s s for r e a s o n s g i v e n e a r l i e r .
N i t r o g e n f e r t i l i z e r and i r r i g a t i o n s h o u l d be c o n t r o l l e d ; g r o w t h
s h o u l d be s l o w .
H o w e v e r , j u d i c i o u s g r o w t h to h e a l b a r e s p o t s and
c o m p e t e a g a i n s t unwanted i n v a d e r s i s n e c e s s a r y .
Maintaining a
h i g h l y f a v o r a b l e environment for f a s t growth o f e s t a b l i s h e d t u r f i s
objectionable.
Such f a s t growth causes t h a t c h , s h a l l o w r o o t s , h i g h
mowing c o s t s , d i s e a s e s , low TNC, and p o o r p h y s i o l o g i c a l
conditions
and s u r v i v a l o f t e m p e r a t e g r a s s e s d u r i n g summer.

I D E N T I F I C A T I O N AND CONTROL OF AQUATIC WEEDS
J o h n E . Gal 1 a g h e r
P r o g r a m D i r e c t o r , T u r f and A q u a t i c s
Amchem P r o d u c t s , I n c .
By the time o f t h i s p r e s e n t a t i o n , some q u e s t i o n s a b o u t u s i n g a q u a t i c
h e r b i c i d e s w i l l a l r e a d y h a v e been a n s w e r e d .
Most p r i m a r i l y p e r t a i n i n g
to l a b e l s t a t u s , a r e c o n c e r n e d w i t h w h e t h e r we c a n u s e them i n a manner
c o n s i s t e n t w i t h EPA r e g u l a t i o n s , r a t h e r t h a n w h e t h e r t h e y w i l l w o r k .
EPA i s and w i l l c o n t i n u e t o be a p a r t o f o u r way o f l i f e .
In t e r m s
o f what we can do t o c o n t r o l w a t e r w e e d s , EPA h a s a d i r e c t i n f l u e n c e .
P e s t i c i d e s m u s t be l a b e l e d and a p p r o v e d f o r u s e b e f o r e we c a n t a k e e v e n
t h e f i r s t s t e p i n a q u a t i c weed c o n t r o l — p u r c h a s i n g a h e r b i c i d e .
R e l a t i v e l y few p r o p r i e t a r y h e r b i c i d e s a r e a v a i l a b l e f o r a q u a t i c weed
c o n t r o l , and e v e n t h e s e h a v e l i t t l e o r no p a t e n t p r o t e c t i o n time l e f t .
B e c a u s e o f t h e h i g h c o s t o f r e g i s t r a t i o n c l e a r a n c e , new p r o d u c t s a r e n o t
being developed r a p i d l y .
T h e s e two f a c t o r s - - c o s t and s h o r t - t e r m
p r o t e c t i o n - - do n o t e n c o u r a g e e x t e n s i v e r e s e a r c h p r o g r a m s i n t h e f i e l d
o f a q u a t i c weed c o n t r o l .
R e g a r d l e s s o f t h e a b o v e , weed p r o b l e m s do e x i s t and a t t i m e s m u s t
be t a k e n c a r e o f .
You w o u l d l i k e to know j u s t w h a t y o u c a n do t o s o l v e
y o u r own weed p r o b l e m s .
F i r s t , y o u c a n o p e r a t e on t h e p r e m i s e t h a t a p r o d u c t u s e t h a t
Federal label r e g i s t r a t i o n is s t i l l l e g a l .
You s h o u l d c h e c k to be
the s p e c i f i c s t a t e h a s no a d d i t i o n a l r e s t r i c t i o n ; s t a t e s h a v e t h e
p r e r o g a t i v e o f b e i n g more r e s t r i c t i v e i n t h e i r a p p r o v a l f o r u s e .
Second, the f o l l o w i n g h e r b i c i d e s are s t i l l a v a i l a b l e
t h e i r m a n u f a c t u r e r s h a v e d e c i d e d to g i v e up the f i g h t :

for

use

has
sure

unless

2 , 4 - D - - many f o r m u l a t i o n s :
salts, esters, liquids, granulars.
Diquat - - 1iquid.
E n d o t h a l l - - l i q u i d and g r a n u l a r , a q u a t h o l and a q u a t h o l p l u s .
Dichlobenil -- granular.
C o p p e r s u l f a t e and o r g a n i c c o p p e r f o r m u l a t i o n s .
S imaz i n e .
D i uron.
F e n a c - - drawdown u s e a g e .
2 , 4 - D + dicamba - - s t a t e l a b e l in V i r g i n i a

you

Assuming
follow?

A.

Chemical
1.

t h a t y o u want

to c o n t r o l

a q u a t i c w e e d s , what p r o c e d u r e

do

control

I d e n t i f y t h e weed p r o b l e m and c h o o s e a m a t e r i a l
s p e c i e s on t h e l a b e l .

which

lists

the

2.

Be a b l e to d e f i n e and d e s c r i b e t h e b o d y o f w a t e r s o a p p l i c a t i o n
p e r m i t s c a n be f i l l e d o u t .
Under t h i s h e a d i n g , you w i l l have to
know w h e r e t h e t r e a t e d w a t e r i s l i k e l y to move.
Once t h e w a t e r
l e a v e s y o u r p r o p e r t y , y o u h a v e no c o n t r o l o f i t , b u t y o u a r e
l i a b l e i f t h e t r e a t e d w a t e r c a u s e s damage o r i n j u r y t o d o w n s t r e a m
prope rt i e s .

3. O b t a i n
states
within

an a p p l i c a t i o n p e r m i t i f r e q u i r e d by the s t a t e .
Most
require a permit for a l l waters except those e x c l u s i v e l y
the p r o p e r t y b o u n d a r i e s .

4. T r e a t your problem weeds, a d h e r i n g s t r i c t l y
directions.
Read the e n t i r e l a b e l .
5. T h i n g s
a.
b.
c.

B.

to w o r r y

to

the

label

about:

F i s h k i l l , i f f i s h a r e to be m a i n t a i n e d i n t h e w a t e r b e i n g
t reated.
I r r i g a t i o n ; u n i n t e n t i o n a l l y overdosing with certain chemicals
i n h e r b i c i d e - t r e a t e d w a t e r c a n be h a r d on b e n t g r a s s g r e e n s .
P e r s o n n e l making a p p l i c a t i o n ; they must f o l l o w a l l s a f e t y p r e precaut ions.

Alternatives

to chemical

weed

control

1. M e c h a n i c a l .
T h i s i n c l u d e s e v e r y t h i n g f r o m h a n d r a k i n g a l o n g the
s h o r e l i n e to u n d e r w a t e r c u t t e r s .
In a l l i n s t a n c e s , the v e g e t a t i o n
m u s t be removed to a d i s p o s a l s i t e .
2 . Drawdown.
This is a practice that is being revived.
F o r weed
c o n t r o l the m o s t i m p o r t a n t p a r t o f the drawdown i s t h e w e a t h e r
f o l l o w i n g water removal.
It i s d r y i n g which k i l l s the weeds,
not f r e e z i n g .
3.

Biological control.
F o r t h i s t e c h n i q u e , the h e r b i v o r o u s f i s h
W h i t e Amur ( C t e n o p h a r y n o q o d o n I d e l l u s V a l . ) i s a p o s s i b l e
answer.
I t w i l l t o l e r a t e low t e m p e r a t u r e s and o t h e r w a t e r
extremes.
It has a v o r a c i o u s a p p e t i t e .
S t o c k i n g r a t e s o f 40
o r more 6 - i n c h f i n g e r l i n g s p e r a c r e a r e n e e d e d to show e f f e c t s .
The f i s h ' s s i z e p a r t l y d e t e r m i n e s t h e e x t e n t o f weed c o n t r o l .
There i s c o n s i d e r a b l e c o n t r o v e r s y over t h i s b i o l o g i c a l c o n t r o l
agent.
B e f o r e y o u d e c i d e on t h i s m e t h o d , be v e r y s u r e t h a t y o u r
s t a t e game and f i s h p e o p l e i s s u e p e r m i t s f o r i t s u s e .
Most f i s h e r y
b i o l o g i s t s e x p r e s s a s t r o n g c o n c e r n about the p o s s i b i l i t y o f
Amur r e p r o d u c t i o n .
I f t h e y do r e p r o d u c e , the p r o b a b i l i t y o f
l o n g - t e r m d e t r i m e n t a l e f f e c t s on game f i s h c o u l d be r e a l .

To s u m m a r i z e , l e t me l i s t the key w o r d s .
I d e n t i f y weed p r o b l e m ,
d e f i n e water body, o b t a i n permit.
A p p l i c a t i o n - - r e a d l a b e l and a b i d e
by a l l c a u t i o n s .
Worry about f i s h k i l l , i r r i g a t i o n r e s p o n s e , s a f e t y to
personnel.
What y o u c a n do to h e l p :
l e t y o u r members know a b o u t w a t e r weed
c o n t r o l and l a c k o f a v a i l a b l e p r o d u c t s . . . keep r e c o r d s o f a l l a q u a t i c
weed w o r k s e t o u t . . .
be p r e p a r e d to pay more f o r what y o u h a v e had i n
the p a s t .

AQUATIC WEED CONTROL
1.

A q u a t i c Weed
Published

Identification

by:

PUBLICATIONS

and C o n t r o l

Manual.

Price

$2.50

B u r e a u o f A q u a t i c P l a n t R e s e a r c h and C o n t r o l
F l o r i d a Department o f N a t u r a l Resources
Larson Building
Tallahassee, Florida
32304

A c o m p l e t e d i s c u s s i o n o f a q u a t i c weed c o n t r o l and i d e n t i f i c a t i o n .
C o v e r s a l l m e t h o d s , c h e m i c a l , b i o l o g i c a l and m e c h a n i c a l .
It
d i s c u s s e s a p p l i c a t i o n e q u i p m e n t , c a l i b r a t i o n and s a f e t y .
It has
c o l o r p h o t o s and t e x t g i v i n g d e s c r i p t i o n and d i s t r i b u t i o n .
2.

S t a t e Weed C o n t r o l G u i d e
The 1975 V i r g i n i a Weed C o n t r o l
Published

by:

Free
Guide

Extension Division
Virginia Polytechnic
Institute
State Extension Service
Blacksburg, Virginia
24061

A s t a t e weed c o n t r o l g u i d e l i s t i n g c h e m i c a l s l a b e l e d f o r a q u a t i c
weed c o n t r o l .
A l l s t a t e s s h o u l d have a s i m i l a r p u b l i c a t i o n .
3.

Controlling
Sulfate.
Published

P l a n t And A n i m a l

by:

Pests

I n Farm P o n d s W i t h C o p p e r
Free

P h e l p s Dodge R e f i n i n g C o r p o r a t i o n
300 P a r k A v e n u e
New Y o r k , New Y o r k
10022

D i s c u s s e s t h e u s e o f c o p p e r s u l f a t e f o r a l g a e and a q u a t i c
c o n t r o l , d o s a g e r a t e s and c a l i b r a t i o n m e t h o d s .
4.

The W h i t e Amur F o r A q u a t i c Weed

Control.

Reprint

2 0 , No.

Write

f r o m Weed S c i e n c e ,

to:

Discussion

Vol.

1, J a n u a r y

Dr. David Sutton
Unlveristy of Florida
A g r i c u l t u r a l Research Center
Ft. L a u d e r d a l e , F l a . 33314
of

feeding habits

and p l a n t

preferences.

1972

plant

D E T E R M I N I N G POND VOLUME FOR AQUATIC WEED CONTROL
The v o l u m e o f w a t e r i n a pond o r
the s u r f a c e a c r e a g e t i m e s t h e a v e r a g e

lake is
depth.

determined

1. F o r a s q u a r e o r r e c t a n g u l a r s h a p e d pond m u l t i p l y
times width times average d e p t h . "

by

multiplying

the

length

2.

F o r a c i r c u l a r s h a p e d pond m u l t i p l y t h e t o t a l f e e t o f s h o r e l i n e
by i t s e l f , d i v i d e by 5 4 7 , 3 9 0 and m u l t i p l y by t h e a v e r a g e
depth.

3.

F o r ponds o f l e s s than one a c r e in s i z e w i t h u n i f o r m l y s l o p e d
b o t t o m , t h e volume i n a c r e f e e t i s d e t e r m i n e d by m u l t i p l y i n g
t h e s u r f a c e a c r e a g e by 1/2 the maximum d e p t h .

PPM
H e r b i c i d e c o n c e n t r a t ion f o r a q u a t i c usage i s o f t e n e x p r e s s e d in
t e r m s o f ppm ( p a r t s p e r m i l l i o n ) .
T h i s c a n be d e t e r m i n e d o n a w e i g h t
o r volume b a s i s .
1 l b . in 1 m i l l i o n l b s . o f water
= 1 ppm-W
1 g a l . i n 1 m i l l i o n g a l s , o f w a t e r = 1 ppm-V

cubic

A s u r f a c e a c r e o n e f o o t deep c o n t a i n s 3 2 5 , 8 5 0 g a l l o n s
f e e t o f w a t e r and w e i g h t 2 , 7 1 8 , 1 4 4 l b s .

One g a l l o n o f w a t e r w e i g h s
weighs 62.6 lbs.

8.34

2.7 lbs. active
concen t r a t ion.

i n one a c r e

One c u b i c

foot of

43,560

water

foot of water equals

1 ppm-W

H e r b i c i d e i n p o u n d s o f t o x i c a n t need f o r a t r e a t m e n t e q u a l s
c o n c e n t r a t i o n r e q u i r e d x 2 . 7 l b s . times the a c r e f e e t .

t h e ppm

Problem Submersed

ingredient

lbs.

or

Aquatic

Control:
2 ppm compound X
L a k e S i z e : 10 a c r e s
Average Depth:
5 feet
Compound X i s a v a i l a b l e a s a 4 l b / g a l .
formula.

liquid or

20%

granular

2 ppm x 2 . 7 l b . x 50 a c r e f t . ( 5 1 d e p t h x 10 1 s u r f a c e a r e a
50 a c r e f e e t . )
5 . 4 X 50 = 270 l b . t o x i c a n t .
L i q u i d 4 l b / g a l . 270
4 = 6 7 . 5 gal Ion.
G r a n u l a r 2 7 0 - r 20 = 1 3 . 5 x 100 = 1 3 , 5 0 0 l b . g r a n u l a r .
Average

depth e q u a l s

the a v e r a g e o f

15 u n i f o r m l y

spaced

=

soundings.

P a r t o f t h e a b o v e i n f o r m a t i o n was t a k e n f r o m the P h e l p s Dodge R e f i n i n g
C o r p o r a t i o n b u l l e t i n , " C o n t r o l l i n g P l a n t and A n i m a l P e s t i n Farm P o n d s
w i t h Copper S u l f a t e " .

If
needed.

p o o l s u r f a c e I s 10 a c r e s ,
200 X 10 = 2 9 0 0 .

then 2000

Granules are u s u a l l y d i s t r i b u t e d
be a p p l i e d i n a s l u r r y o f w a t e r .

Reprinted

f r o m WEEDS TREES AND T U R F ,

by

lbs. of

granules will

be

the b r o a d c a s t m e t h o d , b u t may

January

1966.

CALCULATING THE A P P R O P R I A T E AMOUNT OF AQUATIC H E R B I C I D E S

TO USE

D e t e r m i n i n g the amount o f a q u a t i c h e r b i c i d e n e e d e d f o r weed c o n t r o l
i n p o o l s ( p o n d s , l a k e s ) o f t e n i s a t r o u b l e s o m e and w a s t e f u l t a s k i f
dosages are not c a l c u l a t e d c o r r e c t l y .
I n c o r r e c t a p p l i c a t i o n r a t e s can
mean too much o r n o t e n o u g h h e r b i c i d e may be u s e d , and e i t h e r p o o r c o n t r o l
o r an u n e c o n o m i c a l t r e a t m e n t w i l l
result.
When r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s o n the l a b e l , o r f r o m a g r i c u l t u r a l
stations,
are g i v e n in g a l l o n s o r pounds o f t o x i c a n t per s u r f a c e a c r e , the o n l y
m e a s u r e needed to c a l c u l a t e a c o r r e c t d o s a g e i s t h e s u r f a c e a r e a o f t h e
pool .
GALLONS o f c o n c e n t r a t e
be c a l c u l a t e d as f o l l o w s .

needed f o r

treatment o f

a surface

a c r e may

Formul a:
Recommended l b s , o f t o x i c a n t p e r a c r e (A)
L b s . o f t o x i c a n t p e r g a l . o f c o n c . (B)
Gallons

of

concentrate

needed

for

each acre

(C).

Example
(A)

= 10 l b s . o f t o x i c a n t d e s i r e d
a p p r o v e d recommendat i o n s .

f o r each a c r e , a c c o r d i n g

(B)

= 8 l b s . of t o x i c a n t per g a l l o n o f
h e r b i c i d e you a r e u s i n g .

concentrate

(C)

= -g— = 1 . 2 5 g a l l o n s

needed

of concentrate

in

the

f o r each

to

aquatic

acre.

I f a p o o l s u r f a c e i s 30 a c r e s , 3 7 . 5 g a l l o n s o f c o n c e n t r a t e w i l l be
needed ( 1 . 2 5 X 30 = 3 7 . 5 g a l l o n s ) .
W a t e r may be added t o t h e c o n c e n t r a t e
to f a c i l i t a t e adequate c o v e r a g e d u r i n g a p p l i c a t i o n .
POUNDS o f g r a n u l e s t o a p p l y f o r e a c h a c r e , when r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s a r e
e x p r e s s e d in pounds o f t o x i c a n t per s u r f a c e a c r e , are c a l c u l a t e d as
follows.
The a c t u a l p e r c e n t o f t o x i c a n t i n the g r a n u l e s i s g i v e n , by
w e i g h t , on the l a b e l .
Fo rmu1 a :
Recommended l b s , o f t o x i c a n t p e r a c r e ( X )
P e r c e n t t o x i c a n t in g r a n u l e s ( V I
P o u n d s o f g r a n u l e s n e e d e d f o r e a c h a c r e (Z) .
Example
(X)

= 30 l b s . o f t o x i c a n t
recommendat i o n s .

(Y)

= G r a n u l e s a r e 15% t o x i c a n t , o r . 1 5 l b .
g r a n u l e s , a s s t a t e d on the l a b e l .

(Z)

= T ^ = 200

lbs.

desired

of granules

f o r each acre a c c o r d i n g

needed f o r

toxicant

each

acre.

per

to

lb.

approved

of

DO YOU KNOW YOUR

TREES?

F r a n c i s R. G o u i n
A s s o c i ate P r o f e s s o r
Department o f H o r t i c u l t u r e
U n i v e r s i t y of Maryland
I t h a s become i n c r e a s i n g l y a p p a r e n t t h a t the d e s i g n e r s o f g o l f
c o u r s e s have a v e r y l i m i t e d knowledge o f tree s p e c i e s .
The t h r e e m o s t
p o p u l a r s p e c i e s o f t r e e s u s e d f o r l a n d s c a p i n g t h e f a i r w a y s a r e Lombardy
P o p u l a r , W e e p i n g W i l l o w , and p i n e .
Of t h e s e t h r e e s p e c i e s , o n l y t h e
p i n e s h o u l d be c o n s i d e r e d to be o f any l a s t i n g v a l u e .
The o t h e r two
a r e i n f e r i o r s p e c i e s b e c a u s e t h e y a r e s h o r t l i v e d , and m e s s y .
S i n c e g o l f c o u r s e s a r e l o n g term i n v e s t m e n t s , g r e a t e r c a r e s h o u l d
be t a k e n i n s e l e c t i n g t r e e s t h a t w i l l add i n t e r e s t and v a l u e to t h e
property.
O n l y t r e e s t h a t a r e l o n g l i v e d and r e q u i r e minimum c a r e
s h o u l d be s e l e c t e d .
To e l i m i n a t e p r e s e n t and f u t u r e f a i l u r e s , s p e c i a l
a t t e n t i o n s h o u l d be p l a c e d on s o i l d r a i n a g e c o n d i t i o n s , and i n s e l e c t i n g
t r e e s t h a t can t o l e r a t e s p e c i a l problem a r e a s .
More t r e e s a r e k i l l e d
from h a v i n g been p l a n t e d i n p o o r l y d r a i n e d s o i l s t h a n f r o m h a v i n g been
p l a n t e d in e x c e s s i v e l y w e l l - d r a i n e d a r e a s .
T h e r e h a v e a l s o been more
t r e e s k i l l e d f r o m h a v i n g been p l a n t e d t o o - d e e p t h a n f r o m h a v i n g been
planted too-shallow.
T h e r e f o r e , to i n s u r e t r e e s u r v i v a l s e l e c t the
p r o p e r t r e e f o r t h e p r o p e r l o c a t i o n and p l a n t i t p r o p e r l y .
S i n c e p o o r s o i l d r a i n a g e i s the m a j o r c a u s e o f t r e e d e a t h s , t h e
f o l l o w i n g l i s t o f t r e e s h a v e been d i v i d e d i n t o two s e p a r a t e g r o u p s .
G r o u p A i n c l u d e s o n l y t r e e s t h a t w i l l grow on w e l l - d r a i n e d s o i l s ; w h i l e
G r o u p B i n c l u d e s t r e e s t h a t w i l l grow i n b o t h w e l l d r a i n e d and p o o r l y
drained s o i l s .
To f u r t h e r a s s i s t y o u i n s e l e c t i n g the p r o p e r t r e e s , t h e
e s t i m a t e d m a t u r e h e i g h t s a s w e l l as t h e m o s t d e s i r a b l e s o i l pH a r e
p r o v i d e d w i t h each s p e c i e s .
A.

Trees

that w i l l

tolerate only well-drained

soil

conditions.

1. Nordman F i r , Ab i e s no rdmann i ana
1 0 0 1 , pH 5 . 0 - 6 . 0 , n a r r o w l e a f evergreen.
A d e n s e c o l u m n a r e v e r g r e e n t r e e w i t h few p e s t s .
M a t u r e t r e e s o f t e n d e v e l o p r o u n d e d t o p s g i v i n g t h e t r e e a gumdrop appearance.
2 . Amur M a p l e , A c e r g i n n a l a
2 0 ' , pH 5 . 5 - 6 . 5 , d e c i d u o u s . A s m a l l
but u p r i g h t rounded tree w i t h dense b r a n c h i n g .
Produces
g r e e n i n c o n s p i u o u s b u t f r a g r a n t f l o w e r s i n J u n e , and a t t r a c t i v e
red f o l i a g e i n t h e f a l l .
An e x t r e m e l y w i n t e r - h a r d y t r e e .
3.

Paperbark Maple, Acer griseum
2 5 ' , pH 5 . 5 - 6 . 5 , d e c i d u o u s .
It
has a rounded but r a t h e r open h a b i t o f growth p r o d u c i n g l i g h t
shade.
The c i n n a m o n - b r o w n , e x f o l i a t i n g , p a p e r - t h i n b a r k g i v e
t h i s t r e e o u t s t a n d i n g f a l l and w i n t e r l a n d s c a p e i n t e r e s t .
It is
n o t w i d e l y grown b e c a u s e i t i s d i f f i c u l t t o p r o p a g a t e .

k.

European Hornbeam, C a r p i n u s b e t u l u s
6 0 ' , pH 5 . 5 - 7 . 0 , d e c i d u o u s .
A p y r a m i d a l t r e e when y o u n g , b u t becomes r o u n d e d a t m a t u r i t y .
I t h a s g o o d d a r k - g r e e n summer f o l i a g e and p r o v i d e s d e n s e s h a d e .
There are several c u l t i v a r s a v a i l a b l e .

5.

Ironwood, Carpinus c a r o l i n i a n a
3 6 ' , pH 5 . 5 - 7 . 0 , d e c i d u o u s .
The
ideal tree for that d i f f i c u l t hole.
I t s h a r d and s t u r d y t r u n k
w i l l w i t h s t a n d the b e a t i n g on any g o l f c l u b .
I t has a dense
r o u n d e d h a b i t o f g r o w t h and f r e q u e n t l y s e e n w i t h m u l t i p l e t r u n k s .
It also developes orange-red f a l l c o l o r s .

6. Deodar Cedar, Cedrus deodara
1 2 5 1 » pH 5 . 0 - 6 . 5 , n a r r o w l e a f - e v e r green.
A very graceful pyramidal tree with pendulous branches.
I t ' s e v e r g r e e n n e e d l e s o f t e n o c c u r in bunches a l o n g the stem.
It
i s o n e o f t h e m o s t d i s e a s e and i n s e c t r e s i s t a n t p l a n t s o n t h e
market.
T h e r e a r e a l s o s e v e r a l o t h e r s p e c i e s o f c e d a r s on t h e
m a r k e t t h a t s h o u l d be g i v e n l a n d s c a p e c o n s i d e r a t i o n .
7.

E a s t e r n Redbud, C e r c i s c a n a d e n s i s
3 0 ' , pH 5 . 5 - 6 . 5 , f l o w e r i n g deciduous.
R e d b u d s come in two c o l o r s , w h i t e and p i n k .
Redbuds
f l o w e r i n May and p r o d u c e i n t e r e s t i n g h e a r t - s h a p e d l e a v e s .
It
h a s an i r r e g u l a r f l a t t o p , o p e n h a b i t o f g r o w t h and g r o w s i n e i t h e r
f u l l sun o r p a r t i a l s h a d e .

8.

Lawson F a l s e C y p r e s s , C h a m a e c y p a r i s 1awson i ana
1 0 0 ' , pH 5 . 5 - 7 . 0 ,
narrowleaf-evergreen.
T h i s e v e r g r e e n h a s s c a l e l i k e f o l i a g e and
is often mistaken for arborvitae.
D e p e n d i n g on v a r i e t y , t h e i r
h a b i t o f g r o w t h is a s l e n d e r t o b r o a d l y p y r a m i d a l t r e e .
Recommended
f o r use as a t a l l s c r e e n .

9.

F l o w e r i n g dogwood, C o r n u s f l o r i d a
k O 1 , pH 5 . 5 - 7 . 0 , f l o w e r i n g deciduous.
D e p e n d i n g o n v a r i e t i e s , dogwood f l o w e r s a r e w h i t e ,
c r e a m y - w h i t e , p i n k , p i n k - w h i t e and r e d .
D o u b l e - f l o w e r i n g and
s i n g l e - f l o w e r i n g v a r i e t i e s are a v a i l a b l e as w e l l as f a s t i g i a t e ,
p e n d u l o u s and v a r i e g a t e d f o l i a g e f o r m s .
Dogwoods grow w e l l i n
e i t h e r f u l l s u n o r in p a r t i a l s h a d e .
The t r i c k to g r o w i n g dogwoods
w i t h o u t d i f f i c u l t y i s t o p l a n t them v e r y s h a l l o w and o n l y i n w e l l
d r a i n e d s o i l s , and p r u n e them s e v e r l y i m m e d i a t e l y a f t e r t r a n s plant ing.

10.

J a p a n e s e Dogwood, C o r n u s k o u s a
2 1 ' , pH 5 . 5 - 7 . 0 , f l o w e r i n g deciduous.
T h i s dogwood d i f f e r s from o u r n a t i v e dogwood i n
t h a t i t f l o w e r s a f t e r t h e l e a v e s h a v e d e v e l o p e d i n mid J u n e .
The t r u n k i s a l s o more r e s i s t a n t to dogwood b o r e r s .
In l a t e
summer i t p r o d u c e s r a s p b e r r y l i k e red f r u i t w h i c h c o n t r a s t w e l l
w i t h the l u s h - g r e e n f o l i a g e .

11.

C o r n e l i a n C h e r r y , C o r n u s mas
2 4 ' , pH 5 . 5 - 7 . 0 , f l o w e r i n g deciduous.
N o t a c h e r r y , b u t t h e e a r l i e s t f l o w e r i n g dogwood on
the m a r k e t .
To e n c o u r a g e e a r l y g o l f i n g , p l a n t t h i s t r e e w h e r e i t s
b r i g h t y e l l o w f l o w e r s w i l l be f u l l y a p p r e c i a t e d i n e a r l y A p r i l .
T h i s p l a n t h a s a h a b i t o f g r o w t h s i m i l a r to t h e f l o w e r i n g c r a b a p p l e w i t h o u t the m e s s y f r u i t .
Once e s t a b l i s h e d , t h i s t r e e
r e q u i r e s l i t t l e a t t e n t i o n b e c a u s e i t i s r e s i s t a n t t o most d i s e a s e
and i n s e c t p e s t s .

12. S m o k e - b u s h , C o t i n u s c o q g y g r i a
2 0 ' , pH 5 . 0 - 6 . 5 , f l o w e r i n g deciduous.
T h i s p l a n t c a n be grown e i t h e r a s a l a r g e s h r u b o r
as a small t r e e .
G u a r a n t e e d t o add summer c o l o r t o any g o l f
course landscape.
D e p e n d i n g on v a r i e t y , t h e l a r g e p u r p l e o r
w h i t e f l o w e r s a p p e a r i n mid summer and r e m a i n on t h e p l a n t u n t i l
early fall.
The f o l i a g e o f t h e p u r p l e f l o w e r i n g v a r i e t y i s
purpli sh-green.
13. C o c k s p u r T h o r n , C r a t e a g u s c r i s - g a l 1 i
3 6 1 , pH 6 . 0 - 7 . 0 , f l o w e r i n g deciduous.
W a s h i n g t o n Hawthorn, C r a t a e g u s phaenopyrum
3 0 ' , pH
6.0-7.0, flowering-deciduous.
Because these t r e e s develop 1 to
3 inch long t h o r n s , they are seldom v a n d a l i z e d .
Both s p e c i e s
p r o d u c e a t t r a c t i v e c l u s t e r s o f w h i t e f l o w e r s i n t h e s p r i n g and
c l u s t e r s o f red b e r r i e s i n the f a l l .
They have a rounded h a b i t
of growth w i t h dense b r a n c h i n g .
14. C r y p t o m e r i a , C r y p t o m e r i a j a p o n i c a
1 5 0 1 , pH 5 . 0 - 6 . 5 , n a r r o w l e a f evergreen.
A narrow pyramidal tree w i t h s p r e a d i n g w h i p l i k e
branches.
I t i s r e l a t i v e l y f r e e o f d i s e a s e s and i n s e c t s and makes
an e x c e l l e n t s c r e e n when grown i n r o w s .
1 5 . Dove T r e e , D a v i d i a i n v o l u c r a t a
6 0 1 , pH 5 . 5 - 6 . 5 , f l o w e r i n g deciduous.
I t h a s a b r o a d l y p y r a m i d a l h a b i t o f g r o w t h and
produces dense shade.
I n mid May i t p r o d u c e s a one i n c h b a l l
o f y e l l o w s t a m e n s f l a n k e d by 2 b r a c t s r e s e m b l i n g a w h i t e d o v e .
A v e r y a t t r a c t i v e t r e e when i n f l o w e r ; h o w e v e r , y e a r l y f l o w e r i n g
c a n n o t be g u a r a n t e e d .
16. R u s s i a n O l i v e , E l e a g n u s a n g u s t i f o l i a 2 0 1 , pH 5 . 0 - 6 . 5 , d e c i d u o u s .
T h i s w i d e s p r e a d i n g t r e e h a s an o p e n h a b i t o f g r o w t h and
attractive gray-green foliage.
I t i s a v e r y v i g o r o u s t r e e and
w i l l grow i n a w i d e v a r i e t y o f s o i l s .
I t c a n be grown e i t h e r a s
a small tree o r a large shrub.
I t i s h i g h l y recommended b e c a u s e
i t is r e l a t i v e l y maintenance free.
17. G r e e n A s h , F r a x i n u s p e n s y 1 v a n i c a 1 a n c e o l a t a
6 0 1 , pH 6 . 0 - 7 . 0 ,
deciduous.
T h i s tree has a dense-rounded h a b i t o f growth w i t h
l u s h g r e e n s u m m e r f o l i a g e and b r i l l i a n t y e l l o w f a l l c o l o r .
If
g i v e n a c h o i c e , s e l e c t the s e e d l e s s v a r i e t i e s .
18. G i n k g o , G i n k g o b i l o b a
1 2 0 1 , pH 6 . 0 - 7 . 0 , d e c i d u o u s .
Depending
on t h e v a r i e t y y o u s e l e c t , t h e h a b i t o f g r o w t h may be r o u n d e d ,
f a s t i g i a t e , or pendulus.
R e g a r d l e s s w h i c h form you s e l e c t o n l y
buy g r a f t e d male p l a n t s .
Female p l a n t s produce f r u i t t h a t i s
o b n o x i o u s and n a u s e a t i n g .
S e x i n g o f t h e s e e d l i n g s c a n n o t be
done u n t i l t h e p l a n t s a r e 10 t o 12 y e a r s o l d .
19. Common H o n e y - l o c u s t , G1ed i t s i a t r i a c a n t h o s
1 3 5 ' , pH 6 . 0 - 7 . 0 ,
deciduous.
T h e r e a r e a p p r o x i m a t e l y 12 v a r i e t i e s o f H o n e y l o c u s t a v a i l a b l e w i t h s h a p e s v a r y i n g from rounded to f a s t i g i a t e .
A l l o f t h e s p e c i e s a r e m o d e r a t e l y f a s t g r o w i n g and p r o d u c e l i g h t
summer s h a d e .
Most o f the v a r i e t i e s have t h o r n s e x c e p t i n e r m i s .

20. Mountain S i l v e r b e l l , H a l e s i a m o n t i c o l a
9 0 ' , pH 5 . 0 - 6 . 5 , f l o w e r i n g
deciduous.
The M o u n t a i n S i l v e r b e l l has s m a l l b e l l - s h a p e d f l o w e r s
t h a t c a n be e i t h e r w h i t e o r p i n k d e p e n d i n g o n t h e v a r i e t y .
It
h a s a p y r a m i d a l to r o u n d e d h a b i t o f g r o w t h w i t h r a t h e r c o a r s e ,
open f o l i a g e .
T h e r e a r e no s e r i o u s i n s e c t s o r d i s e a s e s t h a t
affect this tree.
2 1 . C h i n e s e w i t c h - h a z e l , H a m a m e l i s mo 11i s
3 0 1 , pH 5 . 0 - 6 . 5 f l o w e r i n g deciduous.
V e r n a l W i t c h - h a z e l , Hamameli s v e r n a l i s
1 0 ' , pH 5 . 0 6.5 flowering-deciduous.
To p r o v i d e w i n t e r c o l o r f o r t h o s e w i n t e r
g o l f e r s , t r y g r o w i n g some o f t h e s e w i t c h - h a z e l s a l o n g t h e f a i r w a y s .
D e p e n d i n g on w e a t h e r c o n d i t i o n s , t h e y o f t e n s t a r t b l o o m i n g i n
December and c o n t i n u e u n t i l M a r c h .
T h e y w i l l grow i n e i t h e r f u l l
sun o r p a r t i a l shade.
T h e y p r o d u c e a t t r a c t i v e summer f o l i a g e and
a r e g e n e r a l 1 y f r e e o f d i s e a s e s and i n s e c t s .
22.

Idesia, Idesia polycarpa
4 5 1 , pH 5 . 0 - 6 . 0 , d e c i d u o u s .
A narrow
pyramidal t r e e w i t h i n t e r e s t i n g c o a r s e l e a v e s s i m i l a r in appearance
to C a t a l p a .
I d e s i a i s o f s p e c i a l i n t e r e s t i n the l a t e f a l l and
early winter with its large, loose grape-like c l u s t e r s of bright
red b e r r i e s h a n g i n g f r o m t h e e n d s o f the b r a n c h e s .

23.

Eastern red-cedar, Juniperus vi rginiana
9 0 1 , pH 5 . 0 - 7 . 0 , n a r r o w leaf evergreen.
Our n a t i v e r e d - c e d a r comes i n a v a r i e t y o f s h a p e s
and c o l o r s .
I t c a n be u s e d to make an e x c e l l e n t m a i n t e n a n c e - f r e e
s c r e e n p r o v i d i n g c a r e i s t a k e n to s e l e c t v a r i e t i e s t h a t h a v e
n a t u r a l r e s i s t a n c e to b a g - w o r m s and s p i d e r m i t e s .
The h a b i t o f
Its
growth o f r e d - c e d a r i s from columnar to d e n s e l y p y r a m i d a l .
s c a l e - l i k e e v e r g r e e n f o l i a g e c a n v a r y f r o m d a r k - g r e e n to b l u e green .

24. Golden-rain Tree.
Koelreuteria pahiculata
3 0 ' , pH 5 . 0 - 6 . 5 ,
flowering-deciduous.
Once e s t a b l i s h e d , the G o l d e n - r a i n t r e e i s
a rather f a s t growing plant.
I t has a f l a t - t o p p e d h a b i t of
g r o w t h and p r o d u c e s l a r g e u p r i g h t , p y r a m i d a l c l u s t e r s o f s m a l l ,
y e l l o w f l o w e r s i n e a r l y summer.
T h i s t r e e h a s a b s o l u t e l y no
f a 11 f o l i age c o l o r .
25.

Crape-myrtle, Lagerstroemi a indica
2 0 ' , pH 5 . 5 - 6 . 5 , f l o w e r i n g deciduous.
Grown e i t h e r a s a s m a l l t r e e o r a l a r g e s h r u b , t h e
C r a p e - m y r t l e h a s b o t h summer and w i n t e r i n t e r e s t .
D e p e n d i n g on
v a r i e t i e s , the l a r g e l i l a c c l u s t e r s c a n be w h i t e , p i n k , red and
a l l s h a d e s o f l a v e n d a r from mid summer t o e a r l y f a l l .
During
the w i n t e r m o n t h s , the e x f o l i a t i n g b a r k i s o f s p e c i a l
interest.
The o n l y s e r i o u s p r o b l e m w i t h t h i s p l a n t i s powdery m i l d e w d u r i n g
t h e l a s t few weeks o f f l o w e r i n g .

26. T u l i p T r e e , L i r i o d e n d r o n t u l i p i f e r a
1 5 0 ' , pH 5 . 5 - 6 . 5 , d e c i d u o u s .
T h i s b r o a d l y p y r a m i d a l t r e e d e v e l o p e s m a s s i v e b r a n c h e s and i t s
leaves are u n i q u e l y shaped.
I n mid J u n e i t p r o d u c e s g r e e n i s h y e l l o w t u l i p - s h a p e d f l o w e r s w h i c h f r e q u e n t l y go u n s e e n .
Once
e s t a b l i s h e d i t has a moderately f a s t rate o f growth.
Although
a p h i d s f r e q u e n t l y i n f e s t t h i s s p e c i e s i n l a t e summer, t h e y a p p e a r
t o do l i t t l e h a r m .

27.

Star Magnolia, Magnoli a s t e l 1 a t a
2 0 1 , pH 5 . 0 - 6 . 5 , f l o w e r i n g deciduous.
A v a i l a b l e in e i t h e r w h i t e , p i n k o r red, the f l o w e r s
a p p e a r i n m a s s o v e r t h e e n t i r e p l a n t i n mid A p r i l .
However, to
a v o i d f r o s t damage, l o c a t e t h e p l a n t s o n the n o r t h - s i d e o f a
wind v a r r i e r to d e l a y f l o w e r i n g .
I t h a s a mounded t o s h r u b l i k e
h a b i t o f g r o w t h w i t h d e n s e l i g h t - g r e e n summer f o l i a g e .

28. W h i t e , Norway, o r C o l o r a d o s p r u c e , P i c e a
9 0 - ' 1 5 0 ' , pH 4 . 5 - 5 . 5 ,
narrowleaf-evergreen.
A l t h o u g h s p r u c e h a s been u s e d e x t e n s i v e l y ,
t h e r e h a v e been an i n c r e a s i n g number o f p r o b l e m s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h
them i n r e c e n t y e a r s .
B o t h s p r u c e - g a l 1 a p h i d s and s p i d e r m i t e s
h a v e become y e a r l y p r o b l e m s on t h e s e s p e c i e s and m u s t be c o n t r o l l e d
i f t h e s e p l a n t s a r e to r e m a i n h e a l t h y and a t t r a c t i v e .
2 9 . W h i t e , Red, S c o t c h o r J a p a n e s e B l a c k P i n e , P i n u s
7 5 1 - 1 0 0 1 , pH
5.5-6.5 narrowleaf evergreen.
P i n e s h a v e l o n g been a f a v o r i t e
of landscapers.
T h e i r l o n g e v e r g r e e n n e e d l e s are a t t r a c t i v e the
y e a r - r o u n d and t h e i r h a b i t o f g r o w t h i s d i f f e r e n t and i n t e r e s t i n g .
H o w e v e r , i n r e c e n t y e a r s t h e r e h a s been an i n c r e a s i n g number o f
problems a s s o c i a t e d with p i n e s .
A i r p o l l u t i o n has caused c o n s i d e r a b l e damage t o w h i t e p i n e n e a r m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a s and p i n e t i p
moth and p i n e s h o o t - m o t h h a v e c a u s e d c o n s i d e r a b l e damage to y o u n g
growing pines.
I f p i n e s a r e t o be s e l e c t e d as a l a n d s c a p e p l a n t
e v e r y e f f o r t s h o u l d be made to s e l e c t s p e c i e s t h a t a r e r e s i s t a n t
to a i r p o l l u t i o n and t o p r o t e c t y o u n g p l a n t s f r o m i n s e c t damage.
30.

Plane Tree, Platanus occidental is
9 0 1 , pH 5 . 0 - 6 . 5 , d e c i d u o u s .
A l t h o u g h o u r n a t i v e p l a n e t r e e c a n be s e e n g r o w i n g a l o n g many o f
o u r h i g h w a y s , i t i s s u s c e p t i b l e to a t w i g b l i g h t .
Having a
c h o i c e , s e l e c t the O r i e n t a l P l a n e t r e e b e c a u s e i t i s r e s i s t a n t to
t w i g b l i g h t and h a s t h e same a t t r a c t i v e w h i t e , t h i c k t r u n k and
broad rounded h a b i t o f growth.

3 1 . H i g a n c h e r r y , P r u n u s s u b h i r t e l 1 a 3 0 1 , pH 5 - 5 - 6 . 5 , f l o w e r i n g deciduous.
T h e r e a r e two w e l l known v a r i e t i e s o f H i g a n s c h e r r y .
The A u t u m n - F l o w e r i n g c h e r r y and t h e W e e p i n g H i g a n s c h e r r y a r e t h e
most p o p u l a r .
The A u t u m n - F l o w e r i n g c h e r r y p r o d u c e s p i n k f l o w e r s
i n t h e f a l l a s w e l l a s i n the s p r i n g , w h i l e t h e W e e p i n g H i g a n s
c h e r r y f l o w e r s o n l y in the s p r i n g but has a weeping h a b i t o f
growth.
B o t h v a r i e t i e s a r e r e s i s t a n t to the f l a t - h e a d p e a c h b o r e r .
32.

D o u g l a s - f i r , Pseudotsuga menziesii
1 5 0 1 , pH 4 . 5 - 6 . 0 , n a r r o w l e a f
evergreen.
T h i s d e n s e l y p y r a m i d a l t r e e h a s j u s t s t a r t e d to g a i n
i n p o p u l a r i t y h e r e i n the e a s t i n r e c e n t y e a r s .
I t i s slow in
g e t t i n g e s t a b l i s h e d , and when y o u n g i t d o e s n o t b r a n c h h e a v i l y
without considerable pruning.
H o w e v e r , t i m e a p p e a r s to c o r r e c t
many o f t h e s e e a r l y d i f f i c u l t i e s .

33.

Bradford Pear, Pyrus c a l l e r y a n a ' B r a d f o r d 1
4 0 ' , pH 5 . 5 - 6 . 5 ,
flowering-deciduous.
T h i s h a s become o n e o f the m o s t p o p u l a r
s t r e e t t r e e s i n the e a s t .
I t s dense rounded h a b i t o f growth has
made i t i d e a l f o r p l a n t i n g b e n e a t h p o w e r l i n e s , and i t s h e a v y and
l o n g b l o o m i n g p e r i o d i n t h e s p r i n g a s w e l l a s i t s red to g l o s s y
s c a r l e t f a l l f o l i a g e h a v e h e l p e d to make i t p o p u l a r .
However,
t h i s p l a n t c a n o n l y be p r o p a g a t e d by b u d d i n g and t h e r e h a s been
some d i f f i c u l t i e s w i t h the g r a f t - u n i o n a s t h e p l a n t a p p r o a c h e s
maturi ty.

34.

E n g l i s h O a k , Que r e u s r o b u r
7 5 ' , pH 4 . 5 - 5 . 5 , d e c i d u o u s .
Most
o f the o a k s h a v e a h i s t o r y o f b e i n g s l o w g r o w i n g b u t l o n g - l i v e d .
H o w e v e r , w i t h r e g u l a r f e r t i l i z i n g , t h e r a t e o f o a k s c a n be
accelerated.
One o a k t h a t w o u l d be i d e a l f o r d i v i d i n g f a i r w a y s
w i t h minimum s p a c e i s t h e F a s t i g i a t e E n g l i s h o a k .
I t has the
same h a b i t o f g r o w t h a s t h e L o m b a r d y P o p l a r , g r o w s r a p i d l y when
f e r t i l i z e d , and l i v e s to a r i p e - o l d - a g e .

35.

Black Locust, Robinia pseudoacacia
7 5 1 , pH 5 . 0 - 7 . 0 , f l o w e r i n g deciduous.
A n a t i v e p l a n t f r e q u e n t l y seen g r o w i n g a l o n g the r o a d sides.
I t i s an o p e n u p r i g h t t r e e .
Its pendulous c l u s t e r s of
f r a g r a n t pea
l i k e f l o w e r s open in e a r l y J u n e .
However, in J u l y
and A u g u s t , i t f r e q u e n t l y becomes i n f e s t e d w i t h l e a f m i n e r s
c a u s i n g a l l o f the l e a v e s to t u r n brown.
Japanese Pagoda T r e e , Sophora j a p o n i c a
7 5 1 , pH 5 . 5 - 7 . 0 , f l o w e r i n g deciduous.
T h i s t r e e i s recommended b e c a u s e o f i t s summer
flowering habit.
I t s large pyramidal u p r i g h t c l u s t e r s o f peal i k e , w h i t e f l o w e r s a p p e a r in A u g u s t .
The t r e e i t s e l f h a s a
rounded, w i d e - b r a n c h i n g h a b i t o f growth.
It is a moderately
fast growing tree.

37.

L i t t l e - l e a f Linden, Ti1i a cordata
9 0 ' , pH 5 . 5 - 6 . 5 , d e c i d u o u s .
U s u a l l y a slow growing tree with a d e n s e l y pyramidal h a b i t o f
growth.
The d e n s e , c o m p a c t d a r k g r e e n f o l i g e i s s t r i k i n g when
compared t o o t h e r d e c i d u o u s t r e e s .
There are 4 v a r i e t i e s a v a i l a b l e and a l l a r e r e s i s t a n t to most i n s e c t s and d i s e a s e .

38.

Canada Hemlock, T s u g a c a n a d e n s i s
9 0 ' , pH 4 . 5 - 5 . 5 , n a r r o w l e a f evergreen.
An o u t s t a n d i n g p l a n t when u s e d e i t h e r a s a s p e c i m e n
p l a n t o r p l a n t e d in rows to form a s c r e e n .
Because it i s a
s h a l l o w - r o o t e d p l a n t , i t m u s t be p l a n t e d v e r y s h a l l o w , and i t
w i l l o n l y t h r i v e in w e l l d r a i n e d s o i l s .
Once i t i s w e l l e s t a b l i s h e d
i t i s r e s i s t a n t t o m o s t i n s e c t s and d i s e a s e s .

3 9 . A u g u s t i n e E l m , Ulmus a m e r i c a n a
'Augustine1,
1 0 0 1 pH 5 . 5 - 6 . 5 ,
deciduous.
T h i s f a s t - g r o w i n g c o l u m n a r f o r m o f e l m , h a s grown i n
p o p u l a r i t y s i n c e the l o s s of o u r common a m e r i c a n e l m .
Although
i t was t h o u g h t to be r e s i s t a n t
to t h e D u t c h - E l m d i s e a s e , t h e r e
h a v e been some i n d i c a t i o n s t h a t weak t r e e s a r e s u s c e p t i b l e .
Howe v e r , new d i s e a s e r e s i s t a n t v a r i e t i e s a r e now b e i n g o b s e r v e d and
s h o u l d become a v a i l a b l e w i t h i n a few y e a r s .
The f o l l o w i n g l i s t o f t r e e s p r e f e r g r o w i n g i n w e l l d r a i n e d s o i l s b u t
w i l l t o l e r a t e g r o w i n g i n wet s o i l s p r o v i d i n g t h e y a r e p l a n t e d v e r y
s h a l l o w , to e n a b l e t h e i r r o o t s to a d a p t to new and more d i f f i c u l t
growing c o n d i t i o n s .
1. Red o r Swamp M a p l e , A c e r rub rum
1 2 0 ' , pH 5 . 5 - 6 . 5 , d e c i d u o u s .
T h i s t r e e d e v e l o p e s a r o u n d e d to somewhat p y r a m i d a l h a b i t o f
growth.
I t i s a m o d e r a t e l y f a s t g r o w i n g t r e e o n c e i t becomes
well e s t a b l i s h e d .
I t s f a l l f o l i a g e is a b r i l l i a n t red.

2.

R i v e r B i r c h , Betula n i qra
9 0 ' , pH 5 . 5 - 6 . 5 , d e c i d u o u s .
D e p e n d i n g on
t h e amount o f c o m p e t i t i o n f r o m s u r r o u n d i n g v e g e t a t i o n , t h e h a b i t o f
g r o w t h w i l l v a r y f r o m p y r a m i d a l u n d e r c r o w d e d c o n d i t i o n s to u m b r e l l a
when g r o w n i n t h e o p e n .

3.

Leland F a l s e C y p r e s s , C u p r e s s o c y p a r i s ley 1 andi
1 2 0 ' , pH 5 . 0 - 6 . 5 ,
narrowleaf-evergreen.
A f a s t growing columnar evergreen with s c a l e like foliage.
T h i s p l a n t f o r m s a d e n s e s c r e e n q u i c k l y and a p p e a r s
to be r e s i s t a n t to s p i d e r m i t e s and b a g w o r m s .
I t i s s u p e r i o r to the
L o m b a r d y P o p u l a r i n a p p e a r a n c e and h a r d i n e s s , and when y o u n g i t w i l l
grow up to 3 f t . p e r y e a r u n d e r good g r o w i n g c o n d i t i o n s .

4.

F r a n k l i n Tree, F r a n k l i n i a alatamaha
3 0 1 , pH 4 . 5 - 7 . 5 , f l o w e r i n g deciduous.
Can be grown e i t h e r a s a s m a l l o p e n p y r a m i d a l t r e e o r
as a l a r g e s h r u b .
It produces large white flowers with yellow
s t a m e n s i n l a t e summer and e a r l y f a l l .
I t w i l l grow i n a w i d e r a n g e
of soil pH's.
I t a l s o p r o d u c e s b r i l l i a n t o r a n g e to red f o l i a g e i n
the f a l l .
An e x c e l l e n t t r e e f o r f a l l f l o g g e r s o f g o l f b a l l s .

5. A m e r i c a n h o l l y , I l e x o p a c a
4 5 ' , pH 5 . 5 - 6 . 5 , b r o a d l e a f e v e r g r e e n .
4 5 ' , pH 5 . 5 - 6 . 5 , b r o a d l e a f
F o s t e r #2 H o l l y , I lex X ' F o s t e r # 2 '
evergreen.
N e l l i e R. S t e v e n s , I l e x X
3 0 1 , pH 5 . 5 - 6 . 5 , b r o a d l e a f
evergreen.
L o n g s t a l k Ho 1 1 y , I l e x p e d u n c u l o s a
3 0 f , pH 5 - 5 - 6 . 5 ,
broadleaf evergreen.
A l l o f the a b o v e h o l l i e s p r o d u c e red b e r r i e s
i n the f a l l p r o v i d i n g m a l e p o l l i n a t o r s a r e g r o w i n g i n the v i c i n i t y .
O n l y the A m e r i c a n h o l l i e s and F o s t e r # 2 a r e s u s c e p t i b l e to t h e
Holly Leafminer.
The o t h e r 2 s p e c i e s a r e immune t o t h i s i n s e c t .
6.

C a l i f o r n i a Incense Cedar, Libocedrus decurrens
1 3 5 1 , pH 5 . 0 - 6 . 5 ,
narrowleaf-evergreen.
H a s a c o l u m n a r h a b i t o f g r o w t h s i m i l a r t o the
Leland F a l s e Cypress except that i t has darker green f o l i a g e .
This
p l a n t i s a l s o immune to m o s t i n s e c t s and d i s e a s e s .

7.

Sweet-gum, L i q u i d a m b a r s t y r a c i f l u a
1 2 5 ' , pH 6 . 0 - 7 . 0 , d e c i d u o u s .
T h i s b r o a d l y p y r a m i d a l t r e e h a s g o o d - g r e e n summer f o l i a g e w i t h
attractive scarlet fall colors.
I t i s r a t h e r i n s e c t and d i s e a s e
r e s i s t a n t p r o v i d i n g the p l a n t s are not crowded.
T h i s i s one t r e e
that cannot t o l e r a t e competition.

8.

Sweet Bay M a g n o l i a , M a g n o l i a v i r g i n i a n a
6 0 1 , pH 5 . 0 - 6 . 5 , f l o w e r i n g
semi-evergreen.
I n t h e s o u t h e r n and c o a s t a l r e g i o n s o f the s t a t e ,
t h i s p l a n t i s s e m i - e v e r g r e e n , meaning that i t l o o s e s i t s leaves in
late winter.
In t h e c e n t r a l and n o r t h e r n s e c t i o n i t becomes
deciduous.
I t p r o d u c e s v e r y f r a g r a n t waxy w h i t e f l o w e r s in l a t e
spring.
I t i s recommended h e r e b e c a u s e i t w i l l grow w e l l e v e n i n
swampy so i 1 s .

9.

Dawn Redwood, M e t a s e q u o i a g l y p t o s t r o b o i d e s
1 0 0 1 , pH 4 . 5 - 6 . 0 ,
deciduous.
An u p r i g h t p y r a m i d a l t r e e w i t h a s i n g l e s t r a i g h t t r u n k
and g r o w s r a p i d l y .
I t p r o d u c e s l i g h t g r e e n summer f o l i a g e w h i c h
t u r n s a r u s t - c o l o r a f t e r the f i r s t f r o s t .

10.

B l a c k T u p e l o o r B l a c k Gum, N y s s a
deciduous.
T h i s dense b r a n c h i n g

sylvatica
pyramidal

9 0 ' , pH 5 . 5 - 6 . 5 ,
tree produces l u s t r o u s

l e a t h e r y green leaves which
the f a l l .
It is r e l a t i v e l y

t u r n a b r i l l i a n t s c a r l e t to o r a n g e
free of disease or insect pests.

Bald C y p r e s s , Taxodium d i s t i c h u m
narrow-pyramidal tree is probably
d e v e l o p i t s new l e a v e s .
Although
u n d e r swampy c o n d i t i o n s .

in

1 5 0 1 , pH 4 . 5 - 6 . 0 , d e c i d u o u s .
This
t h e l a s t t r e e i n t h e s p r i n g to
i t grows r a t h e r s l o w l y , i t t h r i v e s

BLUEGRASS AND RYEGRASS

Assistant

- STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES
J . R. H a l 1 I I I
P r o f e s s o r , Department o f
U n i v e r s i t y of Maryland

- KENTUCKY

BLUEGRASS

Agronomy

I n r e c e n t y e a r s , t h e r e h a s been i n c r e a s e d i n t e r e s t i n the i m p r o v e d
p e r e n n i a l r y e g r a s s e s in M a r y l a n d .
T h e r e d e c r e a s e d l e a f w i d t h and r a p i d
g e r m i n a t i o n h a s a t t r a c t e d many p r o f e s s i o n a l t u r f g r a s s m a n a g e r s .
In s p i t e
o f t h i s u p s u r g e in use o f p e r e n n i a l r y e g r a s s , the K e n t u c k y b l u e g r a s s e s
r e m a i n t h e p r i m a r y c o o l s e a s o n t u r f g r a s s i n the t r a n s i t i o n z o n e .
The U n i v e r s i t y o f M a r y l a n d D e p a r t m e n t o f A g r o n o m y c u r r e n t l y c o n d u c t s
e x t e n s i v e v a r i e t y t r i a l s at l o c a t i o n s throughout Maryland.
The v a r i e t y
t r i a l s c o n d u c t e d o v e r t h e s t a t e c o n t a i n o v e r 65 i n d i v i d u a l c u l t i v a r s and
several combinations of c u l t i v a r s .
In the o l d e s t t r i a l s , e s t a b l i s h e d in
1968 and c o n t a i n i n g 4-5 v a r i e t i e s , t h e t o p ten v a r i e t i e s a f t e r s i x y e a r s o f
e v a l u a t i o n are W a r r e n ' s A - 2 0 , W a r r e n ' s
M e r i o n , Georgetown, B i r k a ,
F y l k i n g , NJE P - 1 1 5 , W K - 4 1 2 , N e w p o r t , and S o d c o .
T h e s e t r i a l s h a v e been
m a i n t a i n e d a t a l-J i n c h mowing h e i g h t and a r e e v a l u a t e d f o r q u a l i t y f r o m
A p r i l to November o f e a c h y e a r .
T h e s e same 4-5 v a r i e t i e t i e s h a v e been
m a i n t a i n e d a t a 2 j i n c h mowing h e i g h t i n a n o t h e r s t u d y and t h e t o p t e n
v a r i e t i e s o u t o f 4-5 a f t e r s i x y e a r s o f o b s e r v a t i o n a r e G e o r g e t o w n ,
Bel t u r f , V a n t a g e , K 8 - 1 4 6 , O r i o n , K 8 - 1 4 4 , W i n d s o r , S y d s p o r t , W a r r e n ' s
A-3^+ and B i r k a .
P e r f o r m a n c e o f K e n t u c k y b l u e g r a s s e s i s i n f l u e n c e d by
mowing h e i g h t .
T h e s e v a r i e t y t r i a l s and e x t e n s i v e f i e l d o b s e r v a t i o n s p r o v i d e u s w i t h
i n f o r m a t i o n w h i c h makes i t p o s s i b l e f o r t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f M a r y l a n d ,
Department o f Agronomy, to p r o v i d e g e n e r a l p u r p o s e t u r f g r a s s recommendations.
The c u r r e n t recommendations a r e :
Kentucky

Bluegrass

20-45% C e r t i f i e d Merion
20-45% C e r t i f i e d Kenblue o r South Dakota C e r t i f i e d
20-40% C e r t i f i e d A d e l p h i , C e r t i f i e d Baron, C e r t i f i e d Birka,
F y l k i n g , C e r t i f i e d Pennstar or C e r t i f i e d Sydsport
Creeping

Red

Certified

Fescue

10-50% C e r t i f i e d

Pennlawn,

Certified

Jamestown

T h e K e n t u c k y b l u e g r a s s e s r e q u i r e a medium to m e d i u m - h i g h i n t e n s i t y o f
c u l t u r e i n c l u d i n g n i t r o g e n f e r t i l i z a t i o n r a n g i n g from 3 to 5 p o u n d s n i t r o g e n
p e r 1000 s q . f t . p e r y e a r .
The m o s t a d e q u a t e mowing h e i g h t i n t h e
t r a n s i t i o n zone i s from 1 to 2 i n c h e s .
Summer i r r i g a t i o n i s o f t e n
n e c e s s a r y on K e n t u c k y b l u e g r a s s t o p r e v e n t d o r m a n c y
in the
transition
zone d u r i n g the m o n t h s o f J u l y and A u g u s t .
The K e n t u c k y b l u e g r a s s e s e x h i b i t s e v e r a l s t r e n g t h s i n t h e t r a n s i t i o n
z o n e w h i c h make them t h e m o s t p o p u l a r c o o l s e a s o n t u r f g r a s s .
T h e i r medium
t e x t u r e and deep g r e e n c o l o r w h i c h m a i n t a i n s t h r o u g h t h e b e t t e r p a r t o f the
year is very d e s i r a b l e .
They e x h i b i t v i g o r o u s rhizome a c t i v i t y which

provides very high levels of recuperative potential.
The Kentucky b l u e g r a s s e s h a v e a p e r e n n i a l r o o t s y s t e m w h i c h becomes more e x t e n s i v e w i t h e a c h
y e a r o f p r o p e r management.
They are a p o m i c t i c which a l l o w s f o r r e p r o d u c t i o n
w i t h o u t f e r t i l i z a t i o n and makes p o s s i b l e t h e i r v e r y u n i f o r m t e x t u r e and
growth h a b i t .
The K e n t u c k y b l u e g r a s s e s e x h i b i t g o o d low t e m p e r a t u r e h a r d i n e s s and w i n t e r c o l o r and a r e c a p a b l e o f t o l e r a t i n g m o d e r a t e l y wet s o i l s .
Research being conducted at the U n i v e r s i t y o f Maryland i s showing that
t h e v i g o r o u s r h i z o m e a c t i v i t y i s e s s e n t i a l to t h e d i v o t h e a l i n g c a p a b i l i t y
o f the Kentucky b l u e g r a s s e s .
In s t u d i e s e v a l u a t i n g Kentucky b l u e g r a s s e s
and p e r e n n i a l r y e g r a s s e s f o r d i v o t h e a l i n g p o t e n t i a l t h e K e n t u c k y b l u e g r a s s e s h a v e p r o v i d e d two to t h r e e t i m e s t h e d i v o t h e a l i n g p o t e n t i a l o f t h e
improved p e r e n n i a l r y e g r a s s e s .
We h a v e o b s e r v e d e x t r e m e d r o u g h t t o l e r a n c e
i n v a r i e t i e s o f K e n t u c k y b l u e g r a s s s u c h a s M e r i o n , V a n t a g e , S o d c o , NJE P - 5 9 ,
c o m b i n a t i o n s o f V a n t a g e and V i c t a , P a r k e r S h i r l i n g No. 2 , K e n t u c k y 31 T a l l
F e s c u e , 9 0 % K e n t u c k y 31 T a l l F e s c u e - 1 0 % S o u t h D a k o t a C e r t i f i e d , EVB 1 0 3 6 ,
3 0 % M e r i o n - 3 0 % S o u t h D a k o t a C e r t i f i e d - 3 0 % V a n t a g e - 1 0 % J a m e s t o w n and 3 0 %
M e r i o n - 3 0 % S o u t h D a k o t a C e r t i f i e d - 3 0 % F y l k i n g - 1 0 % P e n n l a w n C r e e p i n g Red
Fescue.
E x c e p t i o n a l r e s i s t a n c e to F u s a r i um roseum h a s been o b s e r v e d i n
V a n t a g e , S o d c o , P a r k e r S h i r l i n g No. 2 , K e n t u c k y 31 T a l l F e s c u e , 9 0 %
K e n t u c k y 31 T a l l F e s c u e - 1 0 % S o u t h D a k o t a C e r t i f i e d , 30% M e r i o n - 3 0 % K e n b l u e 30% A d e l p h i - 1 0 % P e n n l a w n C r e e p i n g Red F e s c u e , 3 0 % M e r i o n - 3 0 % S o u t h D a k o t a
C e r t i f i e d - 3 0 % V i c t a - 1 0 % Pennlawn, 30% M e r i o n - 3 0 % S o u t h D a k o t a C e r t i f i e d 30% V i c t a - 1 0 % Jamestown C r e e p i n g Red F e s c u e and c o m b i n a t i o n s o f kO% V i c t a
and 6 0 % V a n t a g e .
The K e n t u c k y b l u e g r a s s e s h a v e s e r i o u s w e a k n e s s e s i n t h e t r a n s i t i o n
z o n e w h i c h b r e e d e r s a r e t r y i n g t o i m p r o v e t h r o u g h v a r i e t y s e l e c t i o n and
hybridization.
The e s t a b l i s h m e n t r a t e o f t h e K e n t u c k y b l u e g r a s s e s i s
v e r y s l o w compared to the i m p r o v e d p e r e n n i a l r y e g r a s s e s .
Summer d o r m a n c y
o f the K e n t u c k y b l u e g r a s s e s n e c e s s i t a t e s i r r i g a t i o n i n many i n s t a n c e s t o
m a i n t a i n good summer c o l o r .
R e l a t i v e l y slow greenup r a t e s f o r Kentucky
b l u e g r a s s i n t h e s p r i n g d e c r e a s e t h e t i m e when h e a l i n g p o t e n t i a l o f t h e s e
g r a s s e s c a n be p r o v i d e d .
The K e n t u c k y b l u e g r a s s e s as a g r o u p o f g r a s s e s
g e n e r a l l y l a c k shade t o l e r a n c e .
T h e y h a v e l i m i t e d s o i l a d a p t a t i o n and a r e
n o t t o l e r a n t o f low s o i l pH.
F u s a r i u m s u s c e p t i b i l i t y in the t r a n s i t i o n
zone is a s e r i o u s weakness o f the Kentucky b l u e g r a s s e s .
The K e n t u c k y b l u e g r a s s e s h a v e n o t been a b l e t o t o l e r a t e t h e l o w e r mowing h e i g h t s ( l e s s t h a n
1 i n c h ) q u i t e as w e l l a s some o f t h e i m p r o v e d p e r e n n i a l
ryegrasses.
T h a t c h b u i l d u p r a t e s f o r some o f the K e n t u c k y b l u e g r a s s e s h a v e c r e a t e d
e x t e n s i v e maintenance problems.
A l t h o u g h the K e n t u c k y b l u e g r a s s e s have s e v e r e s h o r t c o m i n g s , they remain
the p r i m a r y c o o l s e a s o n g r a s s i n the t r a n s i t i o n z o n e .
There is c u r r e n t l y
no o t h e r g r a s s c a p a b l e o f p r o v i d i n g t h e l e v e l s o f q u a l i t y n e c e s s a r y f o r
f a i r w a y t u r f at such a moderate maintenance c o s t .

"MY E X P E R I E N C E S WITH BLUEGRASS AND

RYEGRASS"

B. E d w i n Wi1 s o n
Golf Course Superintendent
Twin S h i e l d s G o l f Club
Dunki rk, Maryland
I w o u l d l i k e to t a k e t h i s o p p o r t u n i t y t o s h a r e w i t h y o u some o f my
e x p e r i e n c e s w i t h K e n t u c k y b l u e g r a s s e s and p e r e n n i a l
ryegrasses.
F i r s t , I w o u l d l i k e to p r o v i d e y o u w i t h some b a c k g r o u n d a b o u t t h e
Twin S h i e l d s G o l f C o u r s e and i t s o p e r a t i o n .
I t was d e s i g n e d and b u i l t
by M e s s r ' s . Roy and Ray S h i e l d s who, own and o p e r a t e t h e c o u r s e as a
s e m i - p r i v a t e c l u b and as a p r o f i t - m a k i n g b u s i n e s s .
The c o u r s e was b u i l t i n the s p r i n g and summer o f 1968 and s e e d e d
that f a l l .
The t e e s , c o l l a r s and f a i r w a y s w e r e s e e d e d t o :
4 0 % Common
K e n t u c k y B l u e g r a s s , 4 0 % M e r i o n K e n t u c k y B l u e g r a s s and 2 0 % P e n n l a w n Red
Fescue.
The r o u g h s w e r e s e e d e d to 6 0 % K - 3 1 , 30% Common B l u e and 10%
Annual Rye.
The c o u r s e was o p e n e d f o r p l a y i n t h e s p r i n g o f 1969 and we
had f e w , i f a n y , p r o b l e m s w i t h o u r b l u e g r a s s t h a t y e a r .
By summer o f 1 9 7 0 , we had a d i s e a s e p r o b l e m o n o u r f a i r w a y s .
At
f i r s t , I t h o u g h t i t was l a r g e Brown P a t c h R h i z o c t o n i a s o l a n i , b u t
D r . A. J. P o w e l l , from the U n i v e r s i t y o f M a r y l a n d i d e n t i f i e d the problem
as F u s a r i u m Roseum.
In 1 9 7 1 , t h e F u s a r i u m was g e t t i n g w o r s e on t h e f a i r w a y s and c o l l a r s .
We s p o t s p r a y e d some a r e a s , b u t h a d l i t t l e s u c c e s s i n c o n t r o l l i n g the
Fusarium.
T h a t f a l l we s p o t s e e d e d the m o s t d i s e a s e damaged a r e a s w i t h
t h e 4 0 % Common, 4 0 % M e r i o n and 20% P e n n l a w n s e e d m i x u t i l i z i n g a R o g e r s
Overseeder.
I n m i d - J u n e o f 1 9 7 2 , we had the r a i n s t o r m a s s o c i a t e d w i t h h u r r i c a n e
A g n e s and the e x c e s s i v e h e a t t h a t f o l l o w e d .
By m i d - J u l y , 1 9 7 2 , t h e
F u s a r i u m was v e r y b a d .
I t was w o r s e on some f a i r w a y s t h a n o t h e r s .
We
s p o t s p r a y e d some f a i r w a y s w i t h T e r s a n 1991 o r B e n n l a t e .
We w e r e a l s o
c o o l i n g the f a i r w a y s w i t h i n t e r m i t t a n t i r r i g a t i o n d u r i n g m i d - d a y .
It is
my o p i n i o n t h a t e x t r a w a t e r a t n i g h t and c o o l i n g t h e B l u e g r a s s d u r i n g
t h e day d i d h e l p t o s l o w the d i s e a s e down.
We s t i l l w e r e n o t c o n t r o l l i n g t h e d i s e a s e by any m e a n s .
Dr. Jack
H a l l l o o k e d a t t h e F u s a r i u m p r o b l e m and i n l i e u o f e x p e n s i v e s p r a y i n g
recommended c o n t i n u e d w a t e r - c o o l i n g d u r i n g m i d - d a y and o v e r s e e d i n g w i t h
F u s a r i u m - r e s i s t a n t v a r i e t i e s s u c h a s V a n t a g e i n the f a l l .
T h a t f a l l we d i d o v e r s e e d t h e w o r s e s p o t s a g a i n w i t h t h e same
40-40-20 mixture.
We knew we w e r e n ' t c u r i n g t h e p r o b l e m by s e e d i n g t h e s e
same b l u e g r a s s e s b a c k e a c h y e a r , b u t i t was c h e a p e r t o s e e d t h a n t o s p r a y
A l s o I knew t h a t
1991 a t a h e a v y e n o u g h r a t e t o c o n t r o l the F u s a r i u m .
a l o t o f w o r k had been done on c o n t r o l l i n g F u s a r i u m and I w a s h o p i n g t h a t
a c h e a p e r c h e m i c a l w o u l d s o o n become a v a i l a b l e on t h e m a r k e t .

By 1973 1 t h o u g h t we m i g h t be g e t t i n g some r e l i e f .
Dr. Jack Hall of
t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f M a r y l a n d and R i c h a r d S c h n e i d e r o f 0 . M. S c o t t ' s h a d
both asked i f they c o u l d put o u t t e s t p l o t s to work on the F u s a r i u m
problem.
T h e summer o f 1973 was v e r y h o t and h u m i d .
Our F u s a r i u m was
e x t r e m e l y bad on a l l t h e b l u e g r a s s .
0 . M. S c o t t ' s had s o d d e d 1800 s q .
f t . t e s t p l o t s w h i c h i n c l u d e d V a n t a g e and o t h e r b l u e g r a s s v a r i e t i e s .
My c o n c l u s i o n f r o m t h e t e s t p l o t s by t h a t f a l l was t h a t t h e B e n n l a t e
was s t i l l t h e o n l y c o m m e r c i a l l y a v a i l a b l e c o n t r o l o f t h e F u s a r i u m d i s e a s e .
S o , i n the f a l l o f 1973 we d e c i d e d t o i n c l u d e some M a n h a t t a n Rye i n o u r
seed m i x t u r e which c o n t a i n e d :
5 0 % M a n h a t t a n R y e , 2 5 % Common K e n t u c k y
B l u e g r a s s and 25% M e r i o n B l u e g r a s s .
The new r y e g r a s s amazed me i n i t s f a s t g e r m i n a t i o n and i t s a b i l i t y
t o s p r e a d and c o v e r t h e d i s e a s e d s c a r s on o u r b l u e g r a s s i n s u c h a s h o r t
time.
We s t i l l o n l y s p o t s e e d e d t h e w o r s e d i s e a s e d a r e a s .
The F u s a r i u m was n o t a s bad i n the summer o f 1974 a s i t
1 9 7 3 , b u t we s t i l l had two o r t h r e e bad o u t b r e a k s d u r i n g t h e
F u s a r i u m d i d n o t a p p e a r to a f f e c t the a r e a s s e e d e d w i t h the
bad a s i t had w i t h t h e b l u e g r a s s m i x t u r e , b u t I d i d s e e some
t i m e s on the r y e .

had been i n
summer.
The
r y e g r a s s as
Pythium at

I s t i l l l i k e d the b l u e g r a s s and n o t k n o w i n g w h i c h was w o r s e , t h e
F u s a r i u m on the b l u e g r a s s o r t h e P y t h i u m on t h e r y e g r a s s , I c o n t i n u e d to
p u t b l u e g r a s s in o u r f a l l s e e d i n g .
I c u t t h e p e r c e n t a g e o f r y e to 1/3 o f
t h e s e e d m i x by w e i g h t .
We a l s o s w i t c h e d to o t h e r v a r i e t i e s o f b l u e g r a s s
i n the f a l l o f 1 9 7 4 .
The B e n n l a t e was s t i l l the o n l y n o t i c e a b l e c o n t r o l
f o r the F u s a r i u m .
By the 1975 s e a s o n , and much to my d i s m a y , t h e r y e g r a s s h a d p r e d o m i n a t e d
o v e r t h e b l u e g r a s s s e e d c o m p l e t e l y and made up a t l e a s t 5 0 % o f the
b o t a n i c a l c o m p o s i t i o n o f the t u r f w h e r e i t had been s e e d e d i n t o p u r e
stands of bluegrass.
D u r i n g 1 9 7 5 , we had more o f a s i l v e r c r a b g r a s s p r o b l e m t h a n a
Fusarium problem.
The l a t e g e r m i n a t i n g c r a b g r a s s came i n w h e r e t h e
perennial ryegrass failed.
But w h e r e t h e r e was no r y e s e e d e d i n t o a r e a s
o f b l u e g r a s s , the F u s a r i u m s t i l l came o u t .
The r y e had a c o n s i d e r a b l e amount o f P y t h i u m e s p e c i a l l y i n p o o r l y
drained areas.
The P y t h i u m t h i n s t h e rye o u t c o n s i d e r a b 1 y , b u t seems to
s t i l l maintain a satisfactory, playable turf.
By the f a l l o f 1 9 7 5 , I came to the c o n c l u s i o n
c h o i c e between the l e s s e r o f two e v i 1 s - F u s a r i u m o r
f i g h t the P y t h i u m .
The o v e r s e e d i n g i n the f a l l o f
Manhattan Rye.
ADVANTAGES OF THE NEW IMPROVED
1.

F a s t to g e r m i n a t e
p e r i o d o f time.

and e s t a b l i s h e s

t h a t as f a r as a
Pythium, I would
1975 c o n t a i n e d 100%

PERENNIAL

a thick,

dense

RYEGRASSES
turf

in a v e r y

short

and o t h e r

cool

season

g r a s s e s when

seeded

2.

Blends well with b l u e g r a s s
i n an o v e r a l 1 a r e a .

3.

Much b e t t e r c o m p e t i t o r
actually think it will

k.

W i t h the e x c e p t i o n o f K - 3 1 , i t i s much more d i s e a s e
than any o t h e r cool s e a s o n g r a s s .

5.

More d r o u g h t

6.

Requires

7.

Seems

8.

Will withstand
approach areas

9.

Even t h o u g h the r y e g r a s s e s d o n ' t p r o d u c e s t o l o n s o r r h i z o m e s , I
feel that i t produces enough t i l l e r s to f i l l in small s c a r s such
as d i v o t s .

10.

tolerant

a lower

to s t a y

a g a i n s t poa a n n u a t h a n b l u e g r a s s e s .
I
s m o t h e r poa o u t o v e r a p e r i o d o f t i m e .

than most

fertilization

a little

DISADVANTAGES

bluegrasses.
program

than most

bluegrasses.

g r e e n e r d u r i n g w i n t e r months

heavy g o l f c a r t t r a f f i c around
to and f r o m c a r t p a t h s .

I d o n ' t t h i n k y o u need o v e r
overseeding situation.

resistant

1-2

lbs of

OF THE NEW IMPROVED

greens

seed per

PERENNIAL

than

bluegrass.

and e v e n

1000 s q .

ft.

in

in

an

RYEGRASSES

1.

When s e e d e d w i t h b l u e g r a s s i n a h i g h r a t i o o r p e r c e n t a g e by s e e d
c o u n t , i t may o r c a n s m o t h e r t h e b l u e g r a s s s e e d l i n g s o u t , e s p e c i a l l y
in a l a t e f a l l s e e d i n g .
I t h i n k the p e r c e n t o f rye s h o u l d d e c r e a s e
as y o u g e t i n t o l a t e f a l l .

2.

I f spot seeded i n t o
and e a r l y s p r i n g .

3.

Does grow f a s t e r
mow i n g .
Harder

bluegrass,

than b l u e g r a s s e s

to mow and o b t a i n

5.

Very

susceptible

6.

May n o t be a s

it

to

does

not blend well

and can

r e q u i r e more

a c l e a n c u t by t h e

during

winter

frequent

mowers.

Pythium.

long-lived

as

bluegrasses.

SUMMARIZATION
This

still

leaves

a lot of questions

unanswered.

I e s p e c i a l l y a g r e e w i t h Holman G r i f f i n ' s t h o u g h t s a b o u t t h e
t r a n s i t i o n z o n e i n h i s r e c e n t a r t i c l e i n the " G o l f S u p e r i n t e n d e n t "
magazine.
He c a l l e d t h i s a r e a t h e " b a d l a n d s " o f t u r f , c r a b g r a s s b e l t ,
t h e m o s t d i f f i c u l t a r e a to grow a n y t y p e o f t u r f .
A l s o to d a t e no o n e
s p e c i f i c g r a s s h a s been e n t i r e l y s u c c e s s f u l f o r f a i r w a y t u r f .

I a l s o a g r e e t h a t t h e r y e g r a s s e s may need t o be o v e r s e e d e d f r o m t i m e to
t i m e , but n o t e v e r y y e a r .
T h e y seem to h o l d up and make a s good a p l a y a b l e
t u r f f o r the d o l l a r s s p e n t as a n y o t h e r t y p e o f t u r f we h a v e t o o f f e r a t
the p r e s e n t t i m e .
I feel there is s t i l l a great
c h e m i c a l s in our t r a n s i t i o n zone.

need f o r more

r e s e a r c h and

cheaper

MARYLAND TURFGRASS

INSECT

PESTS

J. L. Hellman
Ex t e n s i o n E n t o m o l o g i s t
Department o f Entomology
U n i v e r s i t y of Maryland
T h i s g u i d e i s i n t e n d e d f o r the u s e o f c o m m e r c i a l s o d p r o d u c e r s and
o t h e r s e n g a g e d and t r a i n e d i n t h e c o m m e r c i a l a p p l i c a t i o n o f p e s t i c i d e s .
R e c o m m e n d a t i o n s f o r home lawns and r e c r e a t i o n a l a r e a s a r e a v a i l a b l e i n
E n t o m o l o g y L e a f l e t No. 3 0 , Home Lawn I n s e c t C o n t r o l .
The a u t h o r h a s
a s s e m b l e d t h e m o s t r e l i a b l e c o n t r o l i n f o r m a t i o n a v a i l a b l e a t the time o f
publication.
H o w e v e r , due to b o t h t h e c o n t i n u o u s and r a p i d c h a n g e s i n
p e s t i c i d e r e g i s t r a t i o n s , i n d i v i d u a l s u s i n g these recommendations s h o u l d
a l w a y s c o n s u l t t h e l a b e l b e f o r e a p p l y i n g any o f t h e s e c o m p o u n d s .
Identification

of

Insect

Pests

T u r f g r a s s e s p r o v i d e f o o d and p r o t e c t i o n to many i n s e c t s and o t h e r
arthropods.
F o r t u n a t e l y , most i n s e c t s e n c o u n t e r e d i n t u r f g r a s s e s a r e
either non-destructive or beneficial species.
So, it is very important
to c o r r e c t l y d e t e r m i n e w h i c h t y p e o f i n s e c t you h a v e .
Once you know t h e i r
i d e n t i t y , y o u c a n l e a r n what t h e y f e e d o n , what s t a g e s in t h e i r d e v e l o p m e n t
a r e i n j u r i o u s and the number o f g e n e r a t i o n s t h a t a r e e x p e c t e d d u r i n g the
season.
T h i s g u i d e p r o v i d e s c o n t r o l s u g g e s t i o n s o n l y f o r the most commonly
encountered pest s p e c i e s .
I f you a r e u n s u r e o f the i d e n t i t y , t h e r e i s no
need to g u e s s .
You may g e t i m m e d i a t e h e l p i n i d e n t i f y i n g y o u r t u r f p e s t s
by c o n t a c t i n g the c o u n t y E x t e n s i o n a g e n t i n y o u r c o u n t y , o r by s e n d i n g
y o u r s p e c i m e n s to J o h n L . H e l l m a n , D e p a r t m e n t o f E n t o m o l o g y , U n i v e r s i t y o f
Maryland, C o l l e g e Park, Maryland 207^2.
B e f o r e c o n s i d e r i n g the u s e o f an i n s e c t i c i d e , make s u r e the p e s t
i n s e c t s are p r e s e n t .
F r e q u e n t l y , the damage o r symptoms r e m a i n l o n g a f t e r
the a c t u a l f e e d i n g , and in many c a s e s , a d i s e a s e r a t h e r t h a n an i n s e c t
may be c a u s i n g the damage.
The a c c o m p a n y i n g c h a r t w i l l h e l p you l o c a t e
t h e i n j u r i o u s p e s t s and h e l p d e t e r m i n e the need f o r a p p l y i n g an i n s e c t i c i d e .
B a s i c a l l y t u r f i n s e c t s a c t i v i t y can be c a t e g o r i z e d i n t o two g r o u p s :
aboveg r o u n d and b e l o w - g r o u n d .
Above Ground

Pests

Chinch bugs
Aphids
Leafhoppe rs

suck plant

S o d webworms
Armyworms & Cutworms
B i l l bug a d u l t s

f e e d on

juices

leaves

Below G r o u n d
White grubs
Wi reworms
Bi1lbug grubs

Poa B e e t l e
Description

(Ataenius

Pests

feed on

roots

spretulus)

and Damage

A d u l t s are b l a c k , about 3/16 inch l o n g w i t h v e r y narrow s h a l l o w
p a r a l l e l g r o o v e s on the w i n g s .
The f r o n t o f t h e h e a d a p p e a r s t o be
s l i g h t l y indented o r c u r v e d inward at the m i d d l e .
A l t h o u g h the a d u l t s
may be v e r y a b u n d a n t i n the t h a t c h , t h e y a r e n o t known to c a u s e any
significant injury.
T h e l a r v a l s t a g e i s a l m o s t i d e n t i c a l to t h e
j a p a n e s e b e e t l e g r u b , and c a n o n l y be d i s t i n g u i s h e d by i t s s m a l l e r m a t u r e
size.
The f u l l grown poa g r u b i s a b o u t 5 / 1 6 i n c h l o n g when s t r e t c h e d o u t .
T h e s e l a r v a e may number 70 to 2 0 0 p e r s q . f t . i n h e a v i l y i n f e s t e d a n n u a l
bluegrass.
Poa g r u b s a r e known to f e e d o n t h e r o o t s o f the f o l l o w i n g
grasses:
A n n u a l b l u e g r a s s , ( p r e f e r r e d h o s t ) , B e n t g r a s s and K e n t u c k y
bluegrass.
L i fe C y c l e

and Hab i t

A d u l t s o v e r w i n t e r n e a r the t u r f g r a s s food s o u r c e .
T h i s s p e c i e s has
2 g e n e r a t i o n s in M a r y l a n d .
The f i r s t g e n e r a t i o n b e g i n s i n May or J u n e .
A d u l t s n o r m a l l y f l y o n t o g o l f f a i r w a y o r g r e e n s in the l a t e a f t e r n o o n ,
u s u a l l y 1-3 hours before dark.
Warm, w i n d l e s s e v e n i n g s a r e p r e f e r r e d
periods for f l i g h t a c t i v i t i e s .
A d u l t s u s u a l l y tunnel i n t o the t h a t c h
and l a y e g g s .
The l a r v a e w i l l c o m p l e t e d e v e l o p m e n t i n J u l y and t h e s e c o n d
g e n e r a t i o n w i l l begin in late J u l y o r e a r l y A u g u s t .
The s e c o n d g e n e r a t i o n
a d u l t s are a c t i v e in l a t e A u g u s t through September.
These a d u l t s w i l l
then o v e r w i n t e r near the t u r f g r a s s a r e a s .
However, r e g a r d l e s s o f which
material is
u s e d , a l l t h e i n s e c t i c i d e s m u s t be f l u s h e d t h r o u g h t h e
t h a t c h l a y e r i n t o the s o i l .
Control

and Management

Practices

A n y management p r a c t i c e t h a t w i l l e l i m i n a t e o r r e d u c e the p e r c e n t a g e
o f a n n u a l b l u e g r a s s i n the t u r f o r f a i r w a y s a r e h i g h l y recommended s i n c e
t h i s s p e c i e s o f g r a s s i s the p r e f e r r e d h o s t .
A f t e r d e s t r o y i n g annual
b l u e g r a s s , t h e g r u b s may f e e d on o t h e r g r a s s t y p e s .
Avoid using chlordane
and d i e l d r i n f o r poa g r u b c o n t r o l b e c a u s e t h i s p e s t i n many a r e a s i s
h i g h l y r e s i s t a n t to t h e s e 2 c o m p o u n d s .
To d a t e t h e o n l y i n s e c t i c i d e t h a t
i s l e g a l to u s e in M a r y l a n d i s D y l o x a t 8 l b s a c t i v e i n g r e d i e n t / a c r e .
D i a z i n o n , D a s a n i t and Mocap a r e somewhat e f f e c t i v e a g a i n s t t h i s poa g r u b ,
h o w e v e r , t h e s e compounds a r e n o t p r e s e n t l y l a b e l e d f o r t h i s u s e .

CHINCH BUG ( B 1 i s s u s
Description

leucopterus

hi rtus)

and Damage

A d u l t s a r e b l a c k , a b o u t 1/6 i n c h l o n g .
The immature nymphs a r e
r e d d i s h o r r e d d i s h - b r o w n w i t h w h i t e b a n d s on t h e i r b a c k .
The a d u l t
d i f f e r s f r o m t h e nymph i n h a v i n g f u l l y - d e v e l o p e d w i n g s w h i c h f o l d o v e r
and l i e f l a t on t h e abdomen.
T h e a d u l t s and nymphs c a n e a s i l y be c o n f u s e d
w i t h s e v e r a l b e n e f i c i a l bug s p e c i e s w h i c h a l s o i n h a b i t t h e t h a t c h l a y e r .
H o w e v e r , c h i n c h b u g s p r o d u c e a s t r o n g p u n g e n t o d o r when h a n d l e d , u n l i k e
m o s t o f the b e n e f i c i a l s p e c i e s .
M o s t o f t h e damage i s c a u s e d by the
n y m p h ' s s u c k i n g the p l a n t s a p f r o m t h e g r a s s s t e m s .
T h i s type o f f e e d i n g
w i l l c a u s e the g r a s s to t u r n y e l l o w b e f o r e d y i n g .
Life

Cycle

and

Habits

A d u l t s and o l d e r nymphs o v e r w i n t e r i n the t h a t c h o r a r e a s a d j a c e n t
to t h e lawn t h a t p r o v i d e c o v e r ( l e a f l i t t e r , b a r k m u l c h e s , e t c . ) .
Eggs
a r e l a i d i n t h e t h a t c h o r f o l d s i n the g r a s s b l a d e s .
C h i n c h Bugs r e q u i r e
30 to kO d a y s to c o m p l e t e t h e i r d e v e l o p m e n t .
These g e n e r a t i o n s g e n e r a l l y
o v e r l a p b u t i n M a r y l a n d t h e r e a r e 3 o r s o m e t i m e s k g e n e r a t i o n s between
May and O c t o b e r .
Control

and Management

Practices

H o t , d r y w e a t h e r and s u n n y l o c a t i o n s a r e o p t i m a l f o r c h u n c h bug
development.
E x t e n d e d p e r i o d s o f r a i n o r c o o l wet w e a t h e r f a v o r a f u n g u s
d i s e a s e t h a t w i l l f r e q u e n t l y c o n t r o l c h i n c h bug p o p u l a t i o n s .
When to t r e a t :
May 25 to J u n e 15 ( f i r s t g e n e r a t i o n ) : J u l y 25 t o
A u g u s t 10 ( s e c o n d g e n e r a t i o n ) .
A p p l y t r e a t m e n t s i f nymph and a d u l t
c o u n t s e x c e e d 20 p e r s q u a r e f o o t o r when y e l l o w i n g o r brown damage f i r s t
appears.
Refer

to Entomolgy L e a f l e t s

1 n s e c t i c i de
Diazinon

Spectracide
(D i a z i n o n )

Nos.

75 o r

30.

C h i n c h Bug C o n t r o l R e c o m m e n d a t i o n s
Lbs. Active
C h i n c h Bug
R a t e to A p p l y
1nqred i e n t / A
Formulation
p e r 1000 s q f t
Per A

5?
6.8
4.2

lbs

Sevi n

9

lbs
lbs
lbs
lbs.

Aspon

7i

lbs.

Dursban

1

b.b

lb

b

lbs/gal
\b% G
5 0 % WP
2 5 % EC
2% G
5% G
b lbs/gal
50% WP
6 lbs/gal
5% G
2 lbs/gal
b
lbs/gal
2% G

EC

F
EC
EC
EC

b oz.
15 o z .
b oz.
8 oz.
5 lbs.
2 lbs. .
7 oz.
7 oz.
3.6 oz.
3? l b s .
oz.
3/b o z .
5 lbs.

5i q t s .
b0 l b s .
11
11
218
87
9
18
5
152
2
1
218

lbs.
qts.
lbs.
lbs.
qts.
lbs.
qts.
lbs.
qts.
qt.
lbs.

BLUEGRASS
Description

BILLBUG

(Spheriophorus

parvulus)

and Damage

Adult:
A w e e v i l a b o u t £ i n c h l o n g , b l a c k o r d a r k brown w i t h a l o n g
"snout11.
I n j u r y c a u s e d by a d u l t s i s much l e s s i m p o r t a n t t h a n t h a t c a u s e d
by the l a r v a l s t a g e .
F e e d i n g i n j u r y a p p e a r s a s s m a l l p u n c t u r e wounds i n
the g r a s s s t e m s o r a " r a g g i n g " of the n e w l y e m e r g i n g g r a s s b l a d e s .
Larva:
A l e g l e s s , w h i t e to cream c o l o r e d g r u b w i t h a brown h e a d .
E a r l y s e a s o n i n j u r y , c a u s e d by the s m a l l g r u b f e e d i n g i n s i d e t h e g r a s s
s t e m , w i l l a p p e a r i n t h e t u r f a s s m a l l r o u n d , brown p a t c h e s u s u a l l y 1 t o
4 i n c h e s in d i a m e t e r .
T h e s e dead p a t c h e s a r e e a s i l y p u l l e d o u t f r o m t h e
thatch.
Y o u n g l a r v a e f e e d i n s i d e the g r a s s s t e m s , h o l l o w i n g o u t t h e s t e m
and c r o w n , l e a v i n g v e r y f i n e s a w d u s t - l i k e e x c r e m e n t i n s i d e .
Larger larvae
f e e d on r o o t s b e l o w t h e t h a t c h l a y e r .
T h i s type o f f e e d i n g i s i d e n t i c a l to
t h a t c a u s e d by the J a p a n e s e b e e t l e g r u b .
Life

Cycle

and

Habits

In M a r y l a n d , t h e r e i s u s u a l l y o n e g e n e r a t i o n p e r y e a r .
The a d u l t
w e e v i l s o v e r w i n t e r i n the t h a t c h and become a c t i v e b e t w e e n M a r c h and M a y .
Eggs are l a i d i n s i d e the stems.
The y o u n g l a r v a e f e e d i n s i d e , k i l l i n g
s t e m , t h e n e x i t t h r o u g h t h e crown i n t o t h e s o i l d u r i n g J u n e .
The g r e a t e s t
damage by t h e l a r v a e o c c u r s f r o m e a r l y J u l y to e a r l y S e p t e m b e r .
Where
g r a s s i s k i l l e d , the t h a t c h a p p e a r s l o o s e and i s e a s i l y l i f t e d f r o m the
soil.
The b i l l b u g s p u p a t e f r o m l a t e A u g u s t i n t o S e p t e m b e r .
The a d u l t s a r e
a c t i v e f o r a s h o r t p e r i o d f r o m S e p t e m b e r to the end o f O c t o b e r .
Control

and Management

Practices

Adult:
C o n t r o l o f t h i s p e s t i s d i f f i c u l t once the e g g s have been l a i d
i n s i d e the g r a s s s t e m s .
B e s t time to a p p l y c o n t r o l s i s l a t e A p r i l to l a t e
May t o k i l l t h e o v e r w i n t e r i n g a d u l t s b e f o r e t h e y l a y e g g s .
Grub:
A p p l i c a t i o n o f i n s e c t i c i d e s f o r grub c o n t r o l d u r i n g J u l y ,
A u g u s t and S e p t e m b e r may or may n o t p r o v i d e g o o d c o n t r o l .
Optimum
e f f e c t i v e n e s s i s u s u a l l y a c h i e v e d o n l y by f o l l o w i n g t h e i n s e c t i c i d e a p p l i c a t i o n w i t h 1 to 2
i n c h e s o f w a t e r i n o r d e r to f l u s h t h e m a t e r i a l i n t o the
t o p 2 to 3 i n c h e s o f s o i l .
I f g r u b i n f e s t a t i o n s a r e l i g h t to m o d e r a t e (1
to 2 g r u b s p e r s q u a r e f o o t ) , i t i s p r o b a b l y b e s t n o t t o a p p l y an i n s e c t i c i d e
b u t o n l y w a t e r and f e r t i l i z e to s t i m u l a t e new g r o w t h .
Refer

to E n t o m o l o g y

]
Insecticide
D i azinon

Leaflets

Nos.

75 o r

30.

B i l l bug C o n t r o l R e c o m m e n d a t i o n s
Lbs A c t i v e
R a t e to A p p l y
Inqredient/A
Formulation
P e r 1000 s q f t
Per

5i

4 lbs/gal
5 0 % WP
14% G
2 5 % EC
2% G
5% G

EC

4
4
1
8
6
2.5

oz

5i qts.
lbs.
lbs.
6.8 l b s
Spectracide
11 q t s .
lbs.
(Diazinon)
l
b
s
5.2
261
l
b
s
l
bs.
109
5.5
S e v i n , D u r s b a n and B a y g o n r e g i s t e r e d f o r s o d webworm c o n t r o l a r e a l s o
effective against Adult billbugs.
See s o d webworm r a t e s .
lbs

oz
lb
oz
lbs
lbs

11

SOD WEBWORM (Crambus
Description

trisectus)

and Damage

Adult:
C a u s e s no i n j u r y to t u r f g r a s s e s ; h o w e v e r , t h e i r
and f l i g h t a c t i v i t i e s can be u s e d i n p r e d i c t i n g o u t b r e a k s .

abundance

S e v e r a l s p e c i e s o f webworms a r e p r e s e n t i n M a r y l a n d , b u t the l a r g e r
s o d webworm a p p e a r s t o be o n e o f t h e more i m p o r t a n t s p e c i e s .
A d u l t moth
i s w h i t i s h o r g r a y , a b o u t 5 / 8 i n c h l o n g and character]stically
rolls its
w i n g s a r o u n d t h e abdomen.
Larva:
The l a r v a l s t a g e o r c a t e r p i l l a r h a s s e v e r a l g r o w t h s t a g e s o r
instars.
The m a t u r e c a t e r p i l l a r i s a b o u t 3 / 4 to 1 i n c h l o n g .
Larva is
l i g h t tan, u s u a l l y spotted (black or reddish-brown s p o t s ) .
The c a t e r p i l l a r
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c a l l y c o n s t r u c t s a s i l k e n tube.
Life

C y c l e and

Habits

The l a r g e r s o d webworm h a s 3 g e n e r a t i o n s p e r y e a r .
The c a t e r p i l l a r s
and e g g s o v e r w i n t e r i n the t h a t c h .
The l a r v a e f e e d p r i m a r i l y a t n i g h t and
w i t h d r a w i n t o t h e i r s i l k e n t u b e s d u r i n g the d a y .
Control

and Management

When to t r e a t :
square foot.

Practices

A p p l y c o n t r o l s when l a r v a l

c o u n t s e x c e e d one

May 25 to J u n e 10 ( f i r s t g e n e r a t i o n ) .
This generation
h e a v y damage and i n m o s t y e a r s d o e s n o t r e q u i r e c o n t r o l s .
July
important

rarely

per

causes

25 t o A u g u s t 20 ( s e c o n d g e n e r a t i o n ) .
This generation is very
a n d , i f n o t c o n t r o l l e d , may c a u s e s e v e r e i n j u r y o r l o s s o f s o d .

S e p t e m b e r 5 to 20 ( t h i r d g e n e r a t i o n ) .
Damage by t h i r d g e n e r a t i o n
l a r v a e i s f r e q u e n t l y masked o r m i x e d w i t h the l a t e , s e c o n d g e n e r a t i o n
injury.
T h u s , the p o t e n t i a l f o r s e v e r e i n j u r y w i l l c o n t i n u e u n t i l f r o s t .
When h e a v y a d u l t f l i g h t a c t i v i t y i s e x t e n d e d o v e r a 7 - w e e k p e r i o d in J u l y
and A u g u s t , a s p r a y i n J u l y and a s e c o n d s p r a y a p p l i c a t i o n in the l a s t week
o f A u g u s t o r e a r l y S e p t e m b e r may be n e c e s s a r y f o r c o m p l e t e p r o t e c t i o n .
Mow lawn b e f o r e s p r a y i n g and do n o t w a t e r f o r 3 d a y s a f t e r t r e a t m e n t .
Some v a r i e t i e s o f t u r f g r a s s e s w i l l r e c o v e r f r o m a h e a v y d e f o l i a t i o n i f
w a t e r e d and f e r t i l i z e d to s t i m u l a t e new g r o w t h .
Refer

to E n t o m o l o g y

Leaflets

Nos.

Sod Webworm C o n t r o l
Insecticide
Sevin

Lbs A c t i v e
Ingredient/A
9 lbs

75 o r

30.

Recommendations

Formulation
4 lbs/gal F
50% WP
80% S

Per

R a t e to A p p l y
1000 s q . f t .
Per A
7 oz.
7 oz.
4 oz.

9 qts.
18 l b s .
ll£ lbs.

Lbs A c t i v e
Inqredient/A

Insecticide
D i az i n o n

5.5

S a r o 1 ex
(D i az i n o n )
Spectraclde
(D i az i n o n )
S p e c t r a c i de

5.5

lbs

lbs

6.8

k.k

Du r s b a n

k.2

lbs
lbs
lbs
1 lb

Dylox or
Proxol

8 lb

Dylox

8 lb

Baygon

5.75

Aspon

7.5

Formulation

k

k
k

oz.
oz.

5j
11

qts.
lbs.

lbs/gal

EC

U oz.

5i

qts.

25% EC
2% G
5% G
2 l b s / g a l EC
k
l b s / g a l EC
i% G

8 oz.

k

2 lbs.
l i oz.

3A

EC

1 .5 l b s / g a l
70% WP
6

lbs/gal
5% G

BEETLE

lbs

EC

10

lbs.

6 oz.

8

qts.

11 o z .
2 - 3 A oz.

EC

(Popi11ia

11 q t s .
217 l b s .
87 l b s .
2 qts.
1 qt.
218 l b s .

oz.

3-3A

4 lbs/gal

lbs

oz.

5

8 0 % SP

lbs

R a t e to A p p l y
1000 s q f t
Per A

l b s / g a l EC
5 0 % WP

JAPANESE
Description

Per

3.6

3i

oz.
lbs.

3-3A

7i

5
152

gal
lbs
qts.
lbs.

japonica)

and Damage

Adult:
An o v a l - s h a p e d b e e t l e a b o u t \ i n c h i n l e n g t h .
The head and
body a r e m e t a l l i c g r e e n ; the w i n g s a r e c o p p e r y - b r o w n i n c o l o r .
The a d u l t s
The
f e e d g r e g a r i o u s l y and can f e e d on more t h a n 2 7 5 k i n d s o f p l a n t s .
damaged f o l i a g e t a k e s on a l a c e y a p p e a r a n c e due t o t h e a d u l t s c o n s u m i n g o n l y
t h e t i s s u e between the v e i n s .
Larva:
A white C-shaped grub.
The g r u b s t a g e f e e d s on g r a s s r o o t s
c a u s e s t h e g r a s s to d r y o u t and d i e , l e a v i n g l a r g e brown dead p a t c h e s o f
w h i c h can be r o l l e d b a c k f r o m t h e s o i l .
Life

Cycle

and

and
sod

Habits

The e n t i r e c y c l e r e q u i r e s a b o u t o n e y e a r .
Peak emergence p e r i o d f o r
a d u l t s o c c u r s in e a r l y J u l y in M a r y l a n d .
B e e t l e s emerge and r e m a i n a c t i v e
f o r a b o u t k to 6 w e e k s .
M o s t o f t h e e g g l a y i n g o c c u r s i n J u l y and t a p e r s
o f f r a p i d l y by t h e f i r s t week i n A u g u s t .
A f t e r e m e r g i n g f r o m t h e s o i l , f e m a l e s mate and f e e d f o r a few d a y s .
T h e y t h e n go b a c k i n t o the s o i l and l a y 4 to 8 e g g s b e f o r e l e a v i n g to f e e d
f o r s e v e r a l more d a y s .
E g g l a y i n g c o n t i n u e s u n t i l a t o t a l o f 4 0 to 60
e g g s h a v e been d e p o s i t e d .
E g g s h a t c h i n a b o u t 10 d a y s .
R o o t f e e d i n g by
g r u b s d u r i n g J u l y , A u g u s t and e a r l y S e p t e m b e r may be s o e x t e n s i v e t h a t t h e
t u r f c a n be r o l l e d b a c k f r o m t h e s o i l l i k e a r u g .
By l a t e S e p t e m b e r , t h e
g r u b s ( m e a s u r i n g a b o u t o n e i n c h i n l e n g t h ) move down i n t o t h e s o i l 6 to 18
inches.
H e r e t h e y r e m a i n i n a c t i v e u n t i l the n e x t s p r i n g .
In l a t e March o r

e a r l y A p r i l , t h e y a g a i n s t a r t t h e i r upward movement and f e e d on r o o t s u n t i l
l a t e May.
T h e n t h e y c h a n g e i n t o a p u p a l s t a g e and a l l f e e d i n g s t o p s u n t i l
t h e y emerge a s a d u l t s .
Control

and Management

Adult:
Grub:

Refer

I nsecticide

Practices

Insecti cides.
1.
2.

Insecticides
Mi 1ky s p o r e d u s t

to E n t o m o l o g y

Leaflet

78 f o r

additional

chemical

Japanese B e e t l e C o n t r o l Recommendations
Lbs A c t i v e
Rate to
Ingredient/A
Formul a t i o n
P e r 1000 s q f t

Chlordane

Apply:

No.

10 l b s
10 l b s
10 l b s
Once e v e r y 3 - 4 y e a r s .
frozen.

8 l b / g a l EC
5% G
4 0 % WP
March-November.

controls.

Apply
Per A

4 oz.
5 qts.
5 lbs.
200 l b s .
9 oz.
25 l b s .
Whenever ground i s n o t

Spectracide
5.2 lbs
2% G
6 lbs.
261 l b s .
(Diazinon)
5.5 lbs
5% G
2.5 lbs.
109 l b s .
Apply:
O n c e , A u g u s t - m i d - S e p t e m b e r when g r u b c o u n t s e x c e e d 3 s q . f t .
Flush sprays into s o i l after treatment.
Diazinon
Apply:

5i

lbs

4

l b s / g a l EC
4 oz.
5j qts.
14% G
1 lb.
44 l b s .
O n c e , A u g u s t - m i d - S e p t e m b e r when g r u b c o u n t s e x c e e d 3 s q . f t .
Flush sprays into s o i l after treatment.

Dursban
3 lbs.
2 l b s / g a l EC
4^ oz.
Apply:
O n c e , A u g u s t - m i d - S e p t e m b e r when g r u b c o u n t s e x c e e d 3 s q .
Flush sprays into s o i l a f t e r treatment.

gal.
ft.

Dylox or
Proxol
8 lbs.
80% S P
3-3/4 oz.
10 l b s .
Apply:
O n c e , A u g u s t - m i d - S e p t e m b e r when g r u b c o u n t s e x c e e d 3 s q . f t .
Flush sprays into s o i l after treatment.
Mi 1ky S p o r e
Disease
"DOOM" OR
" J A P IDEM I C "
(Japanese b e e t l e s
only)
Apply:
Whenever ground

Dust

is

not

4 oz.
or
3 tsp/5 ft

10

lbs.

Broadcast

20

lbs.

frozen.

Chlordane in M a r y l a n d i s a r e s t r i c t e d p e s t i c i d e .
When p u r c h a s i n g o r
u s i n g amounts o v e r f i v e p o u n d s , a p e r m i t i s r e q u i r e d .
Permits are
a v a i l a b l e from:
D i v i s i o n of Plant Industries
P e s t i c i de R e g u l a t i o n
Room 2 1 1 9 , Symons H a l l
Maryland Department of A g r i c u l t u r e
Col l e g e P a r k , MD 2 0 7 4 2

COMMON

TURF

INSECT

PESTS

CHINCH BUG

SOD WEBWORM A D U L T

ADULT BILLBUG
SOD W E B W O R M
BILLBUG GRUB

JAPANESE BEETLE ADULT

WHITE GRUB

TURFGRASS RESEARCH UPDATE J o h n R.
Ass Istant
Department
University

MARYLAND

Hall
III
Professor
o f Agronomy
of Maryland

The U n i v e r s i t y o f M a r y l a n d D e p a r t m e n t o f A g r o n o m y t u r f g r a s s r e s e a r c h
p r o g r a m i n c l u d e s v a r i e t y and h e r b i c i d e e v a l u a t i o n , management s t u d i e s and
b a s i c r e s e a r c h on a i r p o l l u t i o n damage and t h e m e c h a n i s m s o f d i s e a s e
r e s i s t a n c e in Kentucky b l u e g r a s s .
The Department o f Agronomy v a r i e t y t r i a l s p r o v i d e p e r f o r m a n c e d a t a
on K e n t u c k y b l u e g r a s s e s , p e r e n n i a l r y e g r a s s e s and c r e e p i n g r e d f e s c u e s .
O b s e r v a t i o n s made o v e r t h e l a s t s e v e n y e a r s h a v e p r o v i d e d i m p o r t a n t
i n f o r m a t i o n about the p e r s i s t a n c e o f i n d i v i d u a l t u r f g r a s s v a r i e t i e s
u n d e r t h e c l i m a t i c and e d a p h i c c o n d i t i o n s p r e s e n t i n t h e t r a n s i t i o n
zone.
The s t r o n g e s t K e n t u c k y b l u e g r a s s v a r i e t i e s o b s e r v e d o v e r the l a s t
seven y e a r s have been:
M e r i o n , W a r r e n ' s A-3*+ a n d A - 2 0 , A d e l p h i , B a r o n ,
B i r k a , F y l k i n g , S y d s p o r t , P e n n s t a r and V a n t a g e .
General c o o l - s e a s o n
t u r f g r a s s recommendations in Maryland c e n t e r around Kentucky b l u e g r a s s
and t h e m i x t u r e s h o u l d i n c l u d e a p p r o x i m a t e l y 10% c r e e p i n g r e d f e s c u e and
at l e a s t three Kentucky b l u e g r a s s e s .
H e r b i c i d e r e s e a r c h at the U n i v e r s i t y o f M a r y l a n d has i n c l u d e d
e x t e n s i v e p r e e m e r g e n c e h e r b i c i d e t e s t i n g f o r c r a b g r a s s and g o o s e g r a s s
c o n t r o l in Kentucky b l u e g r a s s t u r f .
Seven year s t u d i e s i n v e s t i g a t i n g
preemergence h e r b i c i d e s f o r c o n t r o l o f c r a b g r a s s i n d i c a t e t h a t the most
r e l i a b l e m a t e r i a l w i t h the g r e a t e s t r e s i d u a l i s b e n s u l i d e ( B e t a s a n ) .
O v e r the s e v e n y e a r s t u d y b e n s u l i d e was c o n t i n u a l l y r e l i a b l e .
DCPA
( D a c t h a l ) and b e n e f i n ( B a l a n ) p r o v i d e d s p o r a d i c c o n t r o l o f smooth c r a b g r a s s , however, s p l i t a p p l i c a t i o n s o f t h e s e m a t e r i a l s have c o n s i d e r a b l y
increased their effectiveness.
T h i s seven year study w i t h s e v e r a l p r e e m e r g e n c e h e r b i c i d e s i n d i c a t e d t h a t Bandane and T r i c a l c i u m a r s o n a t e
s e r i o u s l y i n h i b i t e d K e n t u c k y b l u e g r a s s r o o t growth a t the t h r e e inch
depth.
S e v e n y e a r s o f s p r i n g a p p l i c a t i o n s o f b e n s u l i d e , b e n e f i n and
DCPA r e d u c e d r o o t g r o w t h a t t h e t h r e e i n c h d e p t h a p p r o x i m a t e l y 3 0 %
(Table 1).
We a r e c u r r e n t l y e v a l u a t i n g m a t e r i a l s f o r g o o s e g r a s s c o n t r o l i n
K e n t u c k y b l u e g r a s s Poa a n n u a m i x t u r e s .
O x a d i a z o n , t o be r e l e a s e d a s
R o n s t a r , a p p e a r s t o be a v e r y p r o m i s i n g h e r b i c i d e f o r p r e e m e r g e n c e
c o n t r o l o f g o o s e g r a s s in cool season t u r f .
Commercially a v a i l a b l e
m a t e r i a l s t e s t e d s u c h a s DCPA, S i d u r o n , T u p e r s a n , B e n s u l i d e and
B e n e f i n h a v e n o t p r o v i d e d the l e v e l o f c o n t r o l p o s s i b l e w i t h R o n s t a r .
Ronstar is not c u r r e n t l y commercially a v a i l a b l e .
However, i t should
be on t h e m a r k e t w i t h i n two y e a r s .
Another experimental material that
l o o k s p r o m i s i n g in s p l i t a p p l i c a t i o n s i s b u t r a l i n (Amex).

R e s e a r c h on s e l e c t i v e c o n t r o l o f y e l l o w n u t s e d g e in K e n t u c k y b l u e g r a s s h a s shown t h a t t h e r e a r e two m a t e r i a l s c a p a b l e o f p r o v i d i n g
b e t t e r c o n t r o l t h a n t h e t r a d i t i o n a l m e t h o d s o f 2 , 4 - D + d i s o d i u m methane
arsonate.
I n s t u d i e s c o n d u c t e d i n 1973-7** we w e r e a b l e t o show t h a t
b e n t a z o n ( b a s a g r a n ) was a b l e t o p r o v i d e s i g n i f i c a n t l y b e t t e r c o n t r o l o f
y e l l o w n u t s e d g e than 2 , 4 - D + d i s o d i u m m e t h a n e a r s o n a t e ( T a b l e 2 ) .
A
second material that appears p r o m i s i n g f o r s e l e c t i v e c o n t r o l of yellow
nutsedge is Perfluidone (Destun).
N e i t h e r o f these m a t e r i a l s are
c u r r e n t l y r e g i s t e r e d f o r t u r f at t h i s time.
However, i t i s expected
t h a t t h e y w i l l s o o n r e c e i v e r e g i s t r a t i o n f o r u s e on t u r f .
Our r e s e a r c h on c o n t r o l
indicates that a s y n g e r i s t i c
i n g r e d i e n t per acre 2,4-D + j
0 . 1 5 pound a c t i v e i n g r e d i e n t
c o n t r o l o f S t a r o f Bethlehem.
m a t e r i a l s a p p l i e d alone have
o f Bethlehem.

o f S t a r o f B e t h l e h e m on t h e E a s t e r n S h o r e
c o m b i n a t i o n c o n t a i n i n g j pound a c t i v e
pound a c t i v e i n g r e d i e n t p e r a c r e S i l v e x +
per acre dicamba p r o v i d e s e x c e l l e n t
H i g h e r r a t e s o f any o f t h e s e t h r e e
not p r o v i d e d e q u i v a l e n t c o n t r o l o f S t a r

Our r e s e a r c h to d e t e r m i n e t h e b e s t m e t h o d s f o r c o n t r o l o f F u s a r i u m
roseum i n d i c a t e s t h a t benomyl ( T e r s a n 1991) and M e t h y l t h i o p h a n a t e
( F u n g o 5 0 ) a r e t h e o n l y two c o m m e r c i a l l y a v a i l a b l e s y s t e m i c f u n g i c i d e s
p r o v i d i n g a d e q u a t e c o n t r o l o f F u s a r i u m roseum i n K e n t u c k y b l u e g r a s s
( T a b l e s 3 and 4 ) t u r f .
The b e s t c o n t r o l w i t h benomyl r e s u l t e d f r o m
a p p l y i n g k o z . o f p r o d u c t (2 o z . a c t i v e i n g r e d i e n t ) p e r 1000 s q . f t .
two t i m e s a t f o u r week i n t e r v a l s , b e g i n n i n g a t t h e time o f F u s a r i u m
roseum a c t i v i t y .
Ethyl thiophanate ( C l e a r y ' s 3336) has not p r o v i d e d
a c c e p t a b l e c o n t r o l o f F u s a r i u m roseum a t 8 o z . p e r 1000 s q . f t .
Baymeb
6 k k 7 an e x p e r i m e n t a l f u n g i c i d e , a p p e a r s p r o m i s i n g i n i t s a b i l i t y t o
c o n t r o l F u s a r i u m roseum ( T a b l e s 3 and 4 ) .
Our r e s e a r c h u s i n g s l o w r e l e a s e f e r t i l i z e r s on P e n c r o s s c r e e p i n g
bentgrass greens indicates that s i n g l e a p p l i c a t i o n s of m i l o r g a n i t e ,
u r e a f o r m a l d e h y d e and IBDU c a n p r o v i d e t u r f g r a s s q u a l i t y
equivalent
t o t h a t p r o v i d e d by s e v e r a l a p p l i c a t i o n s o f u r e a ( T a b l e s 5 a n d 6 ) .
U n d e r t h e c o n d i t i o n s o f t h i s e x p e r i m e n t m i l o r g a n i t e i n c r e a s e d the
r o o t i n g d e p t h and s h o o t d e n s i t y o f t h e P e n c r o s s c r e e p i n g b e n t g r a s s
(Table 7).
F u t u r e r e s e a r c h e f f o r t s w i l l i n v e s t i g a t e the u t i l i z a t i o n o f
l i q u i d s l u d g e for t u r f f e r t i l i z a t i o n .
By t h e f a l l o f 1 9 7 6 , a p p r o x i m a t e l y
50 a c r e s o f t u r f w i l l be u n d e r o b s e r v a t i o n u t i l i z i n g l i q u i d s l u d g e and
c a k e s l u d g e f o r v a r i o u s p h a s e s o f e s t a b l i s h m e n t and m a i n t e n a n c e .
O t h e r s t u d i e s a r e b e i n g c o n d u c t e d on p e r e n n i a l
ryegrass-Kentucky
b l u e g r a s s m i x t u r e s f o r d e t e r m i n i n g the r e l a t i v e c o m p e t i v e n e s s o f t h e s e
grasses.
E x t e n s i v e v a r i e t y t r i a l e v a l u a t i o n w i l l c o n t i n u e in f u t u r e
y e a r s i n a c o n t i n u i n g e f f o r t to p r o v i d e t u r f g r a s s m a n a g e r s w i t h i m p r o v e d
v a r i e t i e s o f t u r f g r a s s f o r the d i f f i c u l t t r a n s i t i o n z o n e .

Table

1.

R e s i d u a l e f f e c t o f preemergence c r a b g r a s s c o n t r o l c h e m i c a l s
a p p l i e d on A p r i l 1 8 , 1972 u p o n ^ r o o t c o u n t s t a k e n a t a 3 and
6 i n c h d e p t h on A p r i l 1 2 , 1973 , P l a n t R e s e a r c h F a r m , F a i r land, Maryland.

Formulat ion

Treatment

Rate
a.i./A.)

(lb

inch Depth
(Number)

35

y
5.5 a

6 inch Depth
(Number)

0)
rin

10 G Z

BandaneX

3

Benefi n

2.5 G

2

2 2 . 0 be

17.2 b

Ca^AsO^

k8 G

187

1 5 . 0 ab

15.7 b

12.5 G

12.5

2 3 . 0 be

14.2

9

27.2 c

17.5 b

6

2 6 . 5 be

17.0 b

12

32.7 c

21.0 b

0

31.0 c

20.8 b

BensulIde
DCPA

75 WP

A-820

2.3 G
50 WP

S i du ron
Check
Bandane,

Benefin,

Ca^AsO^,

annually

f r o m 1966 t h r o u g h

C o l u m n a r means w i t h
at

t h e 5% l e v e l

of

The a b b r e v i a t i o n s
number

Bensulide,

DCPA and S i d u r o n w e r e

1972 and A - 8 2 0 o n l y

t h e same

letter

significance

Multiple

different

Range

and WP = w e t t a b l e p o w d e r .

i n f r o n t o f G and WP i s % a c t i v e

applied

1972.

are not s i g n i f i c a n t l y

using Duncan's

are G = g r a n u l e

in

ab

ingredient.

Test.
The

Table

2.

E f f e c t o f b e n t a z o n , p e r f l u l d o n e and 2 , 4 - D p l u s d l s o d i u m
m e t h a n e a r s o n a t e upon q u a l i t y o f t h e t u r f g r a s s on
November 3 0 , 1973 ( 9 9 d a y s a f t e r t r e a t m e n t ) and p e r c e n t
c o n t r o l o f y e l l o w n u t s e d g e o n S e p t e m b e r 1 0 , 197*+ ( 3 8 2 d a y s
after treatment).

Treatment
Chemical
Bentazon

Perfluidone

2,4-D plus
D i s o d ium
methanearsonate
Check

Rate
lb ai/A
.75

T u r f g r a s s Quali ty
Rating
11/30/73
(rating)X
4.6

Yellow nutsedge
C o n t r o l 10/10/74
(%)

ay

79 c

z

1.5

4.3 a

ko abc

3.0

4.0

a

16 ab

4.0

4.6 a

61 be

1.0
+
5.0

6.3

0

a

30 a b c

6.6 a

0 a

T u r f g r a s s q u a l i t y r a t i n g made on a 0 - 9 s c a l e w i t h 9=™aximum
t u r f g r a s s q u a l i t y and 0 = b a r e p l o t .
A rating of 6 or greater
cons i dered a c c e p t a b l e .

is

^ C o l u m n a r means w i t h t h e same l e t t e r a r e n o t s i g n i f i c a n t l y
d i f f e r e n t a t the 5% l e v e l o f s i g n i f i c a n c e u s i n g D u n c a n ' s
M u l t i p l e Range t e s t .
Z

T o t a l number o f y e l l o w n u t s e d g e p l a n t s i n e a c h p l o t w a s
d e t e r m i n e d and i n d i v i d u a l c o n t r o l v a l u e s w e r e c a l c u l a t e d
each r e p l i c a t e .

within

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CD 3 O
to D
O rt
— * — * Qj
o c —•
o cr D
o — • (0
CD
to
ro
-D -h 00
-J i
-h O o
rt 3 i
•
si
3
CD -h
rt CD
ZT -l
rt
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T a b l e 5.

S o u r c e s o f n i t r o g e n and r a t e s and t i m e s o f a p p l i c a t i o n
d u r i n g 1972 f o r s l o w r e l e a s e n i t r o g e n s t u d y c o n d u c t e d a t
Columbia, Maryland.

N i t rogen
Source

May 17

May 12

N i t r o g e n A p p l i c a t i o n Date
J u n 14 J u l 17 A u g 18 S e p 29
lb N/1000 s q .

Urea

2

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Table 7.

The e f f e c t o f n i t r o g e n s o u r c e s and t i m i n g and r a t e o f
n i t r o g e n a p p l i c a t i o n upon t h e number o f l i v i n g t i l l e r s o n
A u g u s t 1 8 , 1972 and t h e maximum d e p t h o f r o o t s o n S e p t e m b e r
28, 1972,
T i m i n g and r a t e s o f n i t r o g e n a r e n o t e d i n
Table 5.
Living tillers
per 1.8 sq. in.
8/18/72

Ni t r o g e n
Source

number

inches

50

10.8

51

10.0

Urea
Urea

formaldehyde

1sobutylidene
Activated
TVA

Urea

Maximum r o o t i n g
9/28/72 '

k]

10.2

sludge

Sulfur-Urea

B a y e s 5% LSD

M+

61

11.8

45

9.7

15

2.0

depth

TURFGRASS RESEARCH UPDATE -

ILLINOIS

A. J. Turgeon
Assistant Professor
Department o f H o r t i c u l t u r e
University of I l l i n o i s
Sod p r o d u c t i o n has become a h i g h l y s o p h i s t i c a t e d t e c h n o l o g y due
to the d e v e l o p m e n t o f b e t t e r e q u i p m e n t , p e s t i c i d e s , t u r f g r a s s v a r i e t i e s ,
and p r o d u c t i o n and h a n d l i n g t e c h n i q u e s .
However, many p r o b l e m s c o n t i n u e
t o p l a g u e sod g r o w e r s i n c l u d i n g v a r i o u s weed s p e c i e s , d i s e a s e s and o t h e r
f a c t o r s t h a t reduce the q u a l i t y and m a r k e t a b i l i t y o f s o d .
The p u r p o s e o f
t h i s paper i s to e x p l o r e s e v e r a l o f t h e s e m a j o r p r o b l e m s and t o r e p o r t
r e s u l t s from r e c e n t r e s e a r c h a t the U n i v e r s i t y o f I l l i n o i s on the
p r o d u c t i o n and s u b s e q u e n t use o f s o d .
ANNUAL BLUEGRASS CONTROL DURING

ESTABLISHMENT

Annual b l u e g r a s s i s a s e r i o u s weed p r o b l e m on some s o d p r o d u c t i o n
sites.
I t g e r m i n a t e s r a p i d l y and i s e x t r e m e l y v i g o r o u s and c o m p e t i t i v e
w i t h Kentucky b l u e g r a s s d u r i n g cool s e a s o n s .
S i n c e preemergence
h e r b i c i d e s t h a t a r e e f f e c t i v e i n p r e v e n t i n g a n n u a l b l u e g r a s s development
from seed c a n n o t be used s a f e l y in c o n j u n c t i o n w i t h s e e d i n g K e h t u c k y
b l u e g r a s s , s t u d i e s were u n d e r t a k e n t o e v a l u a t e t h e i r use w i t h v e g e t a t i v e
plantings.
R e s u l t s showed t h a t a p p l i c a t i o n o f a new h e r b i c i d e - o x a d l a z o n
( R h o d i a ' s R o n s t a r ) - immediately a f t e r p l a n t i n g p l u g s o f A-20 Kentucky
b l u e g r a s s e f f e c t i v e l y c o n t r o l l e d annual b l u e g r a s s and o t h e r annual weeds
w h i l e a l l o w i n g f a i r l y r a p i d development o f t u r f .
However, t e s t s e m p l o y i n g
k 8 K e n t u c k y b l u e g r a s s e s showed t h a t some v a r i e t i e s were h i g h l y s u s c e p t i b l e
t o i n j u r y from o x a d i a z o n w h i l e o t h e r s were q u i t e t o l e r a n t o f t h i s
h e r b i c i d e (Table 1).
R e s u l t s from o t h e r f i ^ l d s t u d i e s showed t h a t c l o s e
p l u g s p a c i n g ( c a . 6 i n ) , moderate mowing h e i g h t s ( 1 . 5 - 3 . 0 i n ) , and
a d e q u a t e f e r t i l i z a t i o n ( 0 . 5 - 1 . 0 l b N i t r o g e n / 1 0 0 0 sq f t / m o n t h ) were
i m p o r t a n t f a c t o r s f o r e n c o u r a g i n g r a p i d t u r f g r a s s e s t a b l i s h m e n t from
plugs.
YELLOW NUTSEDGE CONTROL
Yellow nutsedge (Cyperus e s c u l e n t u s L . ) i s a perennial sedge
t h a t r e p r o d u c e s by s e e d , rhizomes and t u b e r s .
One s u r v i v i n g t u b e r can
p r o d u c e s e v e r a l n u t s e d g e p l a n t s w h i c h can s p r e a d r a p i d l y as a r e s u l t o f
l a t e r a l g r o w t h and d e v e l o p m e n t o f r h i z o m e s .
Extensive formation of
t u b e r s a t rhizome t e r m i n a l s e n s u r e r e g e n e r a t i o n o f n u t s e d g e p l a n t s i n
subsequent y e a r s .
R e s u l t s from r e s e a r c h a t t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f I l l i n o i s
have shown t h a t the s u c c e s s o f y e l l o w n u t s e d g e as a weed in some t u r f s
i s i n v e r s e l y r e l a t e d to the c o m p e t i t i o n from K e n t u c k y b l u e g r a s s .
I m p o r t a n t f a c t o r s f o r r e s t r i c t i n g the s p r e a d o f n u t s e d g e I n c l u d e d :
a d e q u a t e f e r t i l i z a t i o n ( 0 . 5 t o 1.0 l b N/1000 sq f t / m o n t h ) , moderate
mowing h e i g h t s ( 1 . 5 t o 3 . 0 i n ) , a d e q u a t e m o i s t u r e t o s u s t a i n g r o w t h o f
summer d i s e a s e in t u r f .
Chemical c o n t r o l o f y e l l c w n u t s e d g e was h i g h l y
v a r i a b l e ; the b e s t c o n t r o l from c y p e r q u a t and MAMA o c c u r r e d on s i t e s
where i n t e n s i v e i r r i g a t i o n was p r a c t i c e d .
T h i s was b e l i e v e d to be due
to the r e l a t i o n s h i p between m o i s t u r e and the a b s o r p t i o n o f the a p p l i e d
h e r b i c i d e s by the l e a v e s .
P l a n t s s u s t a i n e d u n d e r h i g h m o i s t u r e have

r e l a t i v e l y t h i n c u t i c l e s w i t h c o n t i n u o u s c h a n n e l s o f water through the
pores o f the c u t i c l e .
H e r b i c i d e movement i s f a c i l i t a t e d by t h e w a t e r
c o n t i n u u m between t h e s p r a y d r o p l e t and t h e i n s i d e o f t h e l e a f .
In
c o n t r a s t , p l a n t s s u b j e c t to d r o u t h t y p i c a l l y h a v e t h i c k e r c u t i c l e s w i t h
a i r - f i l l e d pores.
Herbicide absorption is r e s t r i c t e d in these p l a n t s
and, c o n s e q u e n t l y , e f f i c a c y i s reduced.
PERENNIAL WEEDY GRASS CONTROL
Q u a c k g r a s s , b e n t g r a s s , t a l l f e s c u e and n i m b l e w i l l a r e p e r e n n i a l
g r a s s e s t h a t can d i s r u p t t u r f g r a s s q u a l i t y and r e d u c e the m a r k e t a b i l i t y
of sod.
S i n c e t h e r e a r e no s e l e c t i v e c h e m i c a l c o n t r o l s f o r t h e s e w e e d s ,
n o n s e l e c t i v e h e r b i c i d e s h a v e been u s e d f o r s p o t - t r e a t i n g c l u m p s and
patches o f u n d e s i r a b l e perennial g r a s s e s .
D a l a p o n and a m i t r o l e h a v e
been u s e d f o r s e v e r a l y e a r s f o r t h i s p u r p o s e ; h o w e v e r , weed c o n t r o l h a s
n o t a l w a y s been s a t i s f a c t o r y and t h e r e s i d u a l a c t i v i t y o f t h e s e h e r b i c i d e s
delays t u r f g r a s s recovery into treated areas.
Recently, glyphosate
( M o n s a n t o ' s Roundup) h a s been shown to be e f f e c t i v e i n c o n t r o l l i n g
p e r e n n i a l g r a s s e s w h i l e the l a c k o f a n y r e s i d u a l a c t i v i t y f o l l o w i n g i t s
use a l l o w s f o r rapid t u r f g r a s s growth into treated a r e a s .
R e s u l t s from
r e s e a r c h have shown t h a t t r e a t e d s i t e s can be r e s e e d e d s o o n a f t e r
application of glyphosate.
H o w e v e r , s u f f i c i e n t time s h o u l d be a l l o w e d
between c h e m i c a l t r e a t m e n t and d i s c s e e d i n g to f a c i l i t a t e t r a n s l o c a t i o n
o f the h e r b i c i d e w i t h i n the p l a n t ; o t h e r w i s e , t h e m e c h a n i c a l s e v e r i n g
o f s t o l o n s o r r h i z o m e s t h a t a c c o m p a n i e s d i s c s e e d i n g may i n t e r f e r e w i t h
h e r b i c i d e t r a n s l o c a t i o n a n d , h e n c e , c o n t r o l o f t h e weed s p e c i e s .
S E L E C T I O N OF KENTUCKY BLUEGRASS

VARIETIES

The i n t r a s p e c i f i c v a r i a b i l i t y o f K e n t u c k y b l u e g r a s s h a s a l l o w e d the
d e v e l o p m e n t o f many v a r i e t i e s and e x p e r i m e n t a l s e l e c t i o n s t h a t d i f f e r
w i d e l y in t h e i r c o l o r , t e x t u r e , d e n s i t y , environmental a d a p t a t i o n ,
d i s e a s e s u s c e p t i b i l i t y , and o t h e r f a c t o r s .
The b a s i s f o r t h e s e b r e e d i n g
e f f o r t s i s t h a t i m p r o v e m e n t s i n t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s and a d a p t a t i o n o f a
t u r f g r a s s r e d u c e i t s d e p e n d e n c y on c u l t u r a l p r a c t i c e s d e s i g n e d t o
compensate f o r s p e c i f i c w e a k n e s s e s .
T h u s , t u r f g r a s s management i s made
s i m p l e r and h i g h e r t u r f g r a s s q u a l i t y i s o b t a i n a b l e w i t h t h e u s e o f
improved v a r i e t i e s .
The d i s e a s e s o f p r i n c i p a l importance have been H e l m i n t h o s p o r i u m
l e a f s p o t , S c l e r o t i n i a d o l l a r s p o t and F u s a r i urn bl i g h t ( T a b l e 2 ) .
Those v a r i e t i e s showing the l e a s t i n j u r y from the d i s e a s e s were:
A - 2 0 , A - 3 ^ , A d e l p h i , B a r o n , B o n n i e b l u e , EVB-282, EVB-391, G a l a x y , G l a d e ,
K l - 1 3 1 , Kl-132, Kl-143, Kl-155, M a j e s t i c , C h e r i , Monopoly, P-59, P-140,
P a r a d e , PSU-150, S o d c o , Touchdown, V i c t a and W i n d s o r .
The summer
q u a l i t y d a t a r e f l e c t both d i s e a s e i n c i d e n c e and summer s t r e s s t o l e r a n c e .
T h a t c h development v a r i e d from 0.71 to 1.91 cm t h i c k , d e p e n d i n g upon
variety.
There i s reason to b e l i e v e t h a t t h a t c h has an i m p o r t a n t e f f e c t
on summer s t r e s s t o l e r a n c e s i n c e N u g g e t t y p i c a l l y d e c l i n e s as summer
t e m p e r a t u r e s r i s e , w h i l e , a t the B e l l e v i l l e s i t e in s o u t h e r n I l l i n o i s , the
absence o f t h a t c h in N u g g e t t i s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h s u b s t a n t i a l l y b e t t e r
summer q u a l i t y .
The b l e n d s r e f l e c t d i s e a s e and q u a l i t y l e v e l s t h a t r e p r e s e n t
c o m p r o m i s e s between the two component v a r i e t i e s .
C o n s i d e r i n g the

fact

t h a t no v a r i e t y i s p e r f e c t , b l e n d i n g s u p e r i o r v a r i e t i e s a l l o w s f o r
i n c o r p o r a t i n g the d e s i r a b l e f e a t u r e s o f each component w h i l e r e d u c i n g
t h e impact o f a s p e c i f i c w e a k n e s s on g e n e r a l t u r f g r a s s q u a l i t y .
The
K e n t u c k y b l u e g r a s s ( F y l k i n g ) - f i n e f e s c u e m i x t u r e s have n o t produced
good t u r f due to the p o o r a d a p t a t i o n and h i g h d i s e a s e s u s c e p t i b i l i t y
o f the f i n e f e s c u e s .
The F y l k i n g - P e n n f i n e ( p e r e n n i a l r y e g r a s s ) m i x t u r e
i s p r e d o m i n a n t l y p e r e n n i a l r y e g r a s s and i t s q u a l i t y t h r o u g h the s e a s o n
i s s i m i l a r to t h a t o f P e n n f i n e a l o n e .
SOIL-LESS

(WASHED)

SOD

A new and p o t e n t i a l l y i m p o r t a n t d e v e l o p m e n t by W a r r e n ' s T u r f
Nursery is " s o i 1 - l e s s 1 1 sod.
R e c e n t l y h a r v e s t e d sod i s washed f r e e
o f s o i l w i t h a d e v i c e t h a t employs a s t e e l conveyer b e l t , a s e r i e s
o f w a t e r j e t s f o r w a s h i n g , and a r o l l e r a s s e m b l y to squeeze e x c e s s
w a t e r from the s o d .
The r e s u l t i n g sod i s l i g h t e r , e a s i e r t o h a n d l e ,
and l e s s c o s t l y to t r a n s p o r t .
R e s e a r c h r e s u l t s have shown t h a t , under
m o d e r a t e c l i m a t i c c o n d i t i o n s , s o i l - l e s s sod r o o t s f a s t e r than c o n ventional sod.
A l s o , s o i l removal does n o t s i g n i f i c a n t l y reduce sod
s t r e n g t h s i n c e the s t r e n g t h o f a sod s e c t i o n i s p r i m a r i l y due to the
i n t e r l o c k i n g s y s t e m o f r o o t s and r h i z o m e s t h a t r e m a i n s w i t h the
washed s o d .
A n o t h e r p o t e n t i a l a d v a n t a g e o f s o i l - l e s s sod i s the
a v o i d a n c e o f an i n t e r f a c e e f f e c t due to d i f f e r e n c e s between s o i l t y p e s
o c c u r r i n g a t the sod p r o d u c t i o n and t r a n s p l a n t s i t e s .
One o b v i o u s
c o n c e r n w i t h s o i l - l e s s s o d i s the h i g h e r d e s i c c a t i o n p o t e n t i a l a f t e r
planting, especially during stress conditions.
A l s o , the n u t r i e n t
r e q u i r e m e n t s o f s o i l - l e s s s o i l t h a t h a s been p l a n t e d on v e r y s a n d y
media a r e h i g h e r than f o r c o n v e n t i o n a l sod s i n c e l i t t l e o r no n u t r i e n t s
a r e c a r r i e d w i t h the sod a f t e r s o i l r e m o v a l .
PROCESSED TURFGRASS

CLIPPINGS

Mowing i s one o f the p r i m a r y c u l t u r a l p r a c t i c e s n e c e s s a r y f o r
sustaining turf.
C l i p p i n g s r e s u l t i n g from r e g u l a r mowing a r e e i t h e r
p i c k e d up and d i s c a r d e d , o r r e t u r n e d to the t u r f where t h e y decompose.
I n v i e w o f the t r a d i t i o n a l use o f g r a s s e s f o r f o r a g e , i t i s l i k e l y
t h a t t u r f g r a s s c l i p p i n g s c o u l d be s u c c e s s f u l l y employed f o r f e e d i n g
l i v e s t o c k and o t h e r a n i m a l s .
As t u r f g r a s s c u l t i v a r s and c u l t u r a l
p r a c t i c e s a r e s u b s t a n t i a l l y d i f f e r e n t from t h o s e employed in f o r a g e
p r o d u c t i o n , i n v e s t i g a t i o n s were i n i t i a t e d t h i s y e a r t o d e t e r m i n e the
r e l a t i o n s h i p o f t u r f g r a s s s p e c i e s , c u l t i v a r s , mowing and f e r t i l i z a t i o n
t o the n u t r i t i v e v a l u e o f c l i p p i n g s from t h e s e t u r f s .
L u t e i n , a none p o x i d e x a n t h o p h y l l i m p o r t a n t as a p i g m e n t i n g a g e n t in p o u l t r y f e e d s ,
was f o u n d to o c c u r
i n l a r g e q u a n t i t i e s in K e n t u c k y b l u e g r a s s
c l i p p i n g s from s o d f a r m s in C a l i f o r n i a .
C l i p p i n g s were c o l l e c t e d from
20 K e n t u c k y b l u e g r a s s e s , f o u r p e r e n n i a l r y e g r a s s e s and K - 3 1 t a l l f e s c u e
in May and a n a l y z e d f o r l u t e i n u s i n g an a c e t o n e e x t r a c t i o n and t h i n l a y e r c h r o m a t o g r a p h i c s e p a r a t i o n o f the p i g m e n t s .
Colorimetric
d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f l u t e i n was made from e x t r a c t s from the TLC p l a t e s .
L u t e i n l e v e l s r a n g e d from a low o f 72 m g / k g f r e s h w e i g h t in V a n t a g e
K e n t u c k y b l u e g r a s s t o a h i g h o f 350 m g / k g i n A d e l p h i K e n t u c k y b l u e grass (Table 3).
Thus, s e l e c t i o n of a p a r t i c u l a r t u r f g r a s s c u l t i v a r
s u b s t a n t i a l l y a f f e c t s the l u t e i n y i e l d from the c l i p p i n g s .
Clippings
were a l s o c o l l e c t e d f r o m . K e n t u c k y b l u e g r a s s f e r t i l i z e d w i t h 0, 0 . 2 5 ,

k7

0 . 5 o r 1 . 0 kg N / a r e / m o .
R e s u l t s showed t h a t l u t e i n i n c r e a s e s
s i g n i f i c a n t l y from i n c r e a s i n g n i t r o g e n f e r t i l i z a t i o n , but the
were o f a r e l a t i v e l y low m a g n i t u d e .

increases

T u r f g r a s s c l i p p i n g s o f f e r a p o t e n t i a l l y important source of protein
in animal f e e d s , e s p e c i a l l y f o r ruminants ( s h e e p , c a t t l e , e t c . ) which
c a n d i g e s t the c e l l u l o s e w i t h i n the p l a n t t i s s u e .
Crude p r o t e i n l e v e l s
were d e t e r m i n e d i n d r i e d c l i p p i n g s by K j e l d a h l a n a l y s i s f o r t o t a l
n i t r o g e n (X 6 . 2 5 ) i n 53 K e n t u c k y b l u e g r a s s e s and 8 p e r e n n i a l
ryegrasses.
W i t h i n t h e K e n t u c k y b l u e g r a s s e s , c r u d e p r o t e i n l e v e l s r a n g e d f r o m 22 to
n e a r l y 33 p e r c e n t d e p e n d i n g upon c u l t i v a r ( T a b l e 4 ) .
The p e r e n n i a l ryeg r a s s e s r a n g e d from 2 6 . 3 t o 3 0 . 2 p e r c e n t c r u d e p r o t e i n .
The d y n a m i c n a t u r e o f t u r f g r a s s t e c h n o l o g y and s o d m a r k e t i n g
c o n d i t i o n s r e q u i r e s t h a t s o d g r o w e r s keep a b r e a s t o f new i n f o r m a t i o n
from o n - g o i n g r e s e a r c h .
Expanded r e s u l t s from s c i e n t i f i c
investigations
p r o v i d e i m p o r t a n t g u i d e s f o r s e l e c t i n g v a r i e t i e s and b l e n d s a t p l a n t i n g ,
i n c o r p o r a t i n g p e s t i c i d e s and o t h e r m a t e r i a l s i n t o p r o d u c t i o n t e c h n i q u e s ,
and m o d i f y i n g s o d h a n d l i n g m e t h o d s .
The s o d g r o w e r c a n no l o n g e r assume
t h a t what i s c o n s i d e r e d s a t i s f a c t o r y t o d a y w i l l be a d e q u a t e f o r t o m o r r o w .
A t the same t i m e , the c h a l l e n g e s and o p p o r t u n i t i e s t h a t e x i s t t o d a y c a n
y i e l d s u b s t a n t i a l g a i n s f o r t h e s o d g r o w e r who makes w i s e c h o i c e s in
l i g h t o f new t e c h n i c a l d e v e l o p m e n t s .

Table

1.

R e l a t i v e p h y t o t o x i c ? t y from o x a d i a z o n
o f Kentucky b l u e g r a s s v a r i e t i e s .

P h y t o t o x i c i ty
Low

to f i e l d - p l a n t e d

Variety
A-20, A-34,

Ba 6 2 - 5 5 ,

Baron,

EVB-282, EVB-307, G a l a x y ,
Glade,

Kl-131,

Majestic,

Kl-132,

Plush,

PSU-197, RAM # 1 ,
Victa,
Moderate

PSU-150,

Geronimo,
Kl-1^3,

PSU-169,

RAM # 2 , S o d c o ,

Vantage,

Windsor.

Adelphi,

Ba 6 1 - 9 1 ,

Fylking,

Kl-138,

Bonnieblue,

Kl-155,

PSU-190, S y d s p o r t ,

Parade,

Park,

EVB-391,

Kenblue,
P-140,

Touchdown.

Campina, EVB-305, K l - 1 5 7 ,
P-59,

Brunswick,

Kl-133,

C h e r i , Monopoly, Nugget,

High

plugs

Merion,

Pennstar.

T a b l e 2.

Performance o f Kentucky b l u e g r a s s v a r i e t i e s ,
the U n i v e r s i t y o f I l l i n o i s .

Spring
Variety
A-20 (seeded)
A-20 (veg)
A-34
A-20-6
Adelphi
Ba 6 1 - 9 1
Ba 6 2 - 5 5
Baron
Bonnieblue
Brunswick
Campina
Delft
EVB-282
EVB-305
EVB-307
EVB-391
Fylking
Galaxy
Geron imo
Glade
Kl-131
K1-132
Kl-133
Kl-138
Kl-143
K1-155
Kl-157
Kl-158
Kl - 1 8 7
Kenb1ue
1L-3817
Majestic
Merion
MLM 18001
Monopoly
Nugget
P-59
P-140
Parade
Park
Pennstar
Plush
PSU-150
PSU-169
PSU-190
PSU-197
RAM #1
RAM #2
Sodco
Sydsport
Touchdown

Green-up'
3.3
4.0
3.0
k.O
2.7
4.3
k.O
5.3
3.0
2.0
2.3
2.3
3.3

k. 7

Spot

F u s a r i urn

Disease2

B1ight2

Leaf

2.0
2.0
2.7
2.0
2.0
2.7
2.3
2.7
2.3
3.0
7.0
3.7
3.0
2.0
2.0
2.7
2.3
2.0

3.7
5.7
4.3
3.7
3.0
3.7
3.3
3.3
3.0
3.0
3.0
2.7
2.3
2.0
3.0
3.0
4.3
2.7
3.0
3.3
2.7
7.7
2.0
2.3
2.3
2.3
4.0
3.7
3.3
3.0
3.7
3.7
4.3
3.0
3.0
4.0

3.3
2.7
2.7
3.0
2.7
4.0
2.7
2.0
5.3
5.3
2.7
5.0
2.3
2.0
2.0
3.0
2.7
1.0
2.3
2.7
2.3
5.3
2.0
3.0
2.0
2.3
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.7
3.0
2.0

3.3

2.3

1.0
1.0
1.3
1.0
1.0
2.0
1.3
1.3
1.3
2.3
1.0
5.0
1.0
4.3
2.0
1.3
2.3
1.3
2.0
1.0
1.3
1.0
1.7
5.7
1.0
1.3
3.0
1.7
2.0
2.0
2.7
1.0
1.7
1.3
1.0
2.7
1.0
1.0
1.3
2.0
2.0
1.7
1.0
1.7
1.7
2.7
1.3
3-0
1.0
1.7
1.0

b l e n d s and m i x t u r e s

Dollar
Thatch
Spot 2 Depth,
cm.
Di s e a s e
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.3
2.0
1.0
1.0
1.7
1.3
1.0
1.0
1.3
1.7
1.0
1.3
1.0
2.0
1.7
1.0
1 .0
1.0
1.0
1.3
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.3
1.3
1.0
1.3
1.0
1.0
3.3
1.0
1.7
1.7
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
2.7
1.3
1.0
1.0
1.0

1.39
1.24
1.11
0.99
1.25
1.05
1.50
1.37
1.01
1.54
1.06
1.04
1.14
1.52
1.19
1.26
1.30
1.17
1.25
1.54
1.41
1.27
1.20
1.21
1.32
1.21
1.13
1 .22
1.45
0.96
1.13
1.41
1.02
1.58
1.06
1.52
1.33
1.76
1.01
0.71
1.22
1.33
1.17
1.13
1.29
0.97
1.68
1.37
1.37
1.22
1.91

in 1975 a t

Quality1
7/11/75

8/15/75

10/9/75

2.7
3.7
5.0
2.7
4.0
3.7
3-3
3.7
3.7
2.3
4.0
3.7
2.7
5.3
4.0
4.0

2.0
2.3
2.3
2.0
2.3
3.7
3-3
3.0
2.3
3.7
3.3
5.7
2.7
4.3
4.0
3.0
3.3
2.3
4.0
3.3
2.7
3.0
3.0

3.7
2.7
3.0
2.0
3.0
4.7
3.3
3.0
3.3
4.7
3.3
6.3
3.0
5.7
4.3
3.0
4.7
3.3
4.3
3.0
3.3
3.0
4.0
5.7
3.0
3.3
5.0
2.7
4.7
4.0
4.3
2.7
4.0
2.7
2.7
5.3
2.7
2.7
2.7
5.0
4.0
3.7
3.7
4.0
4.0

3.3
3.7
3.3
3.7
3.3
3.3
3.0
3.7
3.0
4.0
3.7
3.0
3.0
3.7
4.3
4.0
2.3
3.7
2.3
4.7
4.7
2.3
4.3
2.7
3.3
2.3
3.0
4.3
3.0
3.0
3.7
3.7
3.0
5.0
4.3

6.3
2.3
2.7
3.3
1.7
3.3
3.3
4.3
2.3
3.0
2.7
2.0
5.3
2.7
2.3
3.0
3.3
3.3
2.3
3.3
3.3
3.3
4.0
3.7
4.3
2.7
3.0
3.0

5.3
3.7
4.3
2.3
3.0
2.7

Vantage
Victa
Windsor

3.0
5.0
3.0

3.7
2.7
3.0

1.7

1.0

1.0

1.0
1.0

1.0

1.02
1.47
1.22

2.7
3.0
2.7

2.7
3.0

2.0

3.3
3.3
3.0

.B1 e n d s . .
Merion+
Kenblue
Merion+
Pennstar
Merion +
Baron
Nugget +
Pennstar
Nugget +
Park
Nugget +
Glade
Nugget +
Adelphi
Victa +
Vantage
P-59 +
Brunswick
Blend 38
Fylking +
Jamestown (RF)
Fylking +
Pennlawn (RF)
Fylking +
C - 2 6 (HF)
F y l k i ng +
P e n n f i n e (PR)

3.0

3.0

1.7

1.0

1.22

3.0

3.3

4.3

2.3

2.0

1.0

1.0

1.19

2.3

3.0

4.0

3.3

2.3

2.0

1.0

1.30

3.7

3.3

4.0

7.0

1.3

2.0

1.0

1.28

4.3

4.0

4.3

3.0

2.3

3.7

1.0

1.10

3.7

5.0

6.0

4.7

2.0

1.3

1.0

1.42

3.7

2.7

3.7

4.3

1.7

1.3

1.0

1.27

4.3

2.7

3.3

3.7

2.7

1.7

1.0

1.40

3.3

3.0

3.3

2.3
3.3

2.7
3.0

1.0
3.3
1.0
1.7
. . . . M i x t u res

1.41
1.51

3.3
3.3

4.3
3.0

5.3
3.3

4.0

2.3

5.0

1.0

1.36

4.7

4.3

6.0

3.3

2.3

5.3

1.0

1.24

3.7

5.7

6.0

3.7

2.0

3.3

1.3

1.31

3.7

4.3

5.7

1.0

2.0

1.0

1.3

0.72

2.7

3.3

2.7

S p r i n g g r e e n - u p and q u a l i t y r a t i n g s were made u s i n g a s c a l e o f
r e p r e s e n t i n g b e s t q u a l i t y and 9 r e p r e s e n t i n g p o o r e s t q u a l i t y .
2

Disease
disease

r a t i n g s were made u s i n g a s c a l e o f 1 t h r o u g h 9 w i t h
and 9 r e p r e s e n t i n g c o m p l e t e b l i g h t i n g o f the t u r f .

1 through 9 with 1

1 representing

no

Table 3.

Lutein content

in f r e s h c l i p p i n g s

Lutein

of

various

turfgrasses.

Cultlvars

m g / k g f r wt
360-300

Adelphi, A-34,

299-250

Baron, M a j e s t i c ,
Fylking,

P e n n f i n e PR
Pennstar,

Kenblue,

Merion,

Sydsport,

Brunswick,

Common PR, M a n h a t t a n PR, K - 3 1 TF
249-200

Park, Windsor, A-20, V i c t a ,
Glade,

199-150

Nugget,

99-50

Vantage

Bonnieblue,
Touchdown

NK-200 PR

Parade,

Table k.

Crude p r o t e i n c o n t e n t

in d r i e d c l i p p i n g s

Protein

of

various

turfgrasses.

Cultivars

%
35-30

Campina, W i n d s o r ,

Majestic,

S o d c o , NK-101 PR
29-25

A-20,

Parade, A d e l p h i ,

Brunswick,
Sydsport,
Kenblue,
Pennstar,

Merlon,
Galaxy,

Bonnieblue,

Plush,
Delft,

Vantage,
Baron,

Park, A-34, Nugget,
Victa,

Glade,

M o n o p o l y , NK-200 PR

M a n h a t t a n PR, NK-100 PR, P e n n f i n e PR
Common PR
24-20

FyIking,

Geronlmo,

Touchdown

TURFGRASS RESEARCH UPDATE -

VIRGINIA

R. E. S c h m i d t and R. E. B l a s e r
Associate Professor, Distinguished Professor
D e p a r t m e n t o f Agronomy
Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University
I.

Research with Perennial

Ryegrasses

A r o u n d 20 new p e r e n n i a l r y e g r a s s e s , most r e c e n t commercial
r e l e a s e s , a r e b e i n g compared w i t h the common commercial v a r i e t y
Lynn.
The o b j e c t i v e i s to o b t a i n t y p e s t h a t mow e a s i l y and
" c l e a n l y " , p e r s i s t under c l o s e mowing management, and a r e not
a g g r e s s i v e l y c o m p e t i t i v e d u r i n g the s p r i n g and autumn s e a s o n .
R y e g r a s s grows a t l o w e r t e m p e r a t u r e s than b l u e g r a s s , m a k i n g i t
n e c e s s a r y to mow i t more f r e q u e n t l y , e a r l i e r i n the s p r i n g and
l a t e r in the autumn s e a s o n than b l u e g r a s s .
Perennial r y e g r a s s e s are d e s i r a b l e because they blend well
w i t h b l u e g r a s s e s ; u s i n g r y e g r a s s e s w i t h b l u e g r a s s i s a way to
e s t a b l i s h a v e g e t a t i v e c o v e r q u i c k l y as the r y e g r a s s e s g e r m i n a t e
and grow much f a s t e r than do b l u e g r a s s e s .
I t a p p e a r s t h a t some o f
t h e r y e g r a s s e s a r e more t o l e r a n t o f s h a d e and d r o u g h t than the
bluegrasses.
The v a r i e t i e s M a n h a t t a n and P e n n f i n e a r e p e r s i s t e n t b u t they
a r e s u s c e p t i b l e t o red t h r e a d ( C o r t i c i u m ) w h i c h can be overcome
by i r r i g a t i o n and n i t r o g e n f e r t i l i z a t i o n , b u t t h i s a g g r a v a t e s
mowing management.
II.

Overseeding

B e r m u d a g r a s s w i t h Cool

Season

Grasses

The r e s e a r c h w i t h b e r m u d a g r a s s p u t t i n g g r e e n s has e s s e n t i a l l y
been d i s c o n t i n u e d s i n c e most p u t t i n g g r e e n s in V i r g i n i a a r e now
bentgrass.
However, o v e r s e e d i n g o f b e r m u d a g r a s s t e e s and f a i r w a y s
i s very important.
T h u s , some o f the new p e r e n n i a l r y e g r a s s e s a r e b e i n g t e s t e d
in S o u t h e a s t e r n V i r g i n i a under a warm humid summer e n v i r o n m e n t and
a t B l a c k s b u r g a t a c o o l , r a t h e r h i g h e l e v a t i o n and l e s s humid
climate.
Perennial r y e g r a s s e s are e s p e c i a l l y d e s i r a b l e f o r o v e r seeding bermudagrasses because o f t h e i r prolonged p e r s i s t e n c e
m a k i n g the t r a n s i t i o n d u r i n g the s p r i n g months a l m o s t u n n o t i c e a b l e .
The i d e a l w o u l d be a d a p t e d p e r e n n i a l r y e g r a s s e s t h a t w o u l d p e r s i s t
y e a r a f t e r y e a r to reduce o r n e g a t e annual s e e d i n g o f r y e g r a s s e s .
III.

Experiments with

Fine

Fescues

V a r i o u s v a r i e t i e s and s p e c i e s o f c r e e p i n g red ( F e s t u c a r u b r a )
and c h e w i n g s f e s c u e ( F e s t u c a r u b r a v a r . commutata) and h a r d f e s c u e
( F . O v i n a v a r d u r i u s c u l a ) a r e b e i n g e v a l u a t e d w i t h mowing management and n i t r o g e n f e r t i l i z a t i o n .
M o s t o f the f i n e l e a v e d f e s c u e s
do n o t m a i n t a i n dense t u r f b u t they a r e r a t h e r p e r s i s t e n t under
shaded c o n d i t i o n s .

I n h i g h w a y r e s e a r c h p r o g r a m s in V i r g i n i a and W e s t V i r g i n i a red
f e s c u e can be s e e d e d l a t e r t h a n Ky 31 t a l l f e s c u e in the autumn f o r
obtaining suitable stands.
I t a p p e a r s t h a t red f e s c u e i s a l s o more
s a t i s f a c t o r y than Ky 31 f e s c u e f o r dormant w i n t e r s e e d i n g s on h i g h way s l o p e s .
IV.

Ta11

Fescues

V a r i o u s v a r i e t i e s and new
are being evaluated.
There i s
h i g h l y rhizomatous t a l l fescue.
character]stics
are p r e s e n t in
t h e s e c h a r a c t e r i s t i e s have n o t

r e l e a s e s o f K e n t u c k y 31 T a l l f e s c u e
a c r i t i c a l need f o r a d w a r f and
I t i s known t h a t s u c h m o r p h o l o g i c a l
t h i s s p e c i e s but c o m b i n a t i o n s o f
y e t been f i x e d .

Ky 31 T a l l f e s c u e i s the b e s t v a r i e t y as i t i s v e r y p e r s i s t e n t
and s t a y s g r e e n e r d u r i n g the w i n t e r months than o t h e r t y p e s .
Tall
f e s c u e s a r e a l s o b e i n g compared in m i x t u r e s w i t h v a r i e t i e s o f b l u e grass.
V.

Research with

Bluegrasses

Many v a r i e t i e s o f K e n t u c k y b l u e g r a s s a r e b e i n g compared for
p e r s i s t e n c e u n d e r d i f f e r e n t mowing and n i t r o g e n r e g i m e s .
Their
r o o t i n g b e h a v i o r a t v a r i o u s s e a s o n s i s b e i n g i n v e s t i g a t e d to f i n d
t y p e s t h a t a r e more p e r s i s t e n t u n d e r warm c l i m a t e c o n d i t i o n s .
R e s e a r c h i s u n d e r way i n the b r e e d i n g a r e a where c r o s s e s a r e b e i n g
made and m o r p h o l o g i c a l t y p e s from v a r i o u s e n v i r o n m e n t s a r e b e i n g
b r o u g h t to B l a c k s b u r g to t e s t t h e i r a d a p t a t i o n .
One b l u e g r a s s
s e l e c t e d out o f a bent green near B l a c k s b u r g appears very t o l e r a n t
o f c l o s e c l i p p i n g and w e l l a d a p t e d .
D r . L i n c o l n T a y l o r now h a s
some s e e d o f t h i s s t r a i n .
Other work w i t h b l u e g r a s s b l e n d s c o n t i n u e s .
We e s t a b l i s h e d o u r
f i r s t e x p e r i m e n t w i t h s u c h b l e n d s i n 1959 p r e d i c a t e d on the i d e a
t h a t t h e r e was no one s a t i s f a c t o r y s t r a i n o f b l u e g r a s s ; h e n c e ,
b l u e g r a s s b l e n d s w o u l d c o m p r o m i s e f o r the w e a k n e s s e s i n t h e v a r i o u s
v a r i e t i e s and p r o v i d e h i g h e r q u a l i t y t u r f u n d e r v a r i a b l e management
and e n v i r o n m e n t a l c o n d i t i o n s .
T h i s c o n c e p t seems to be s o u n d and
may now be r e f e r r e d to as a good p r i n c i p l e i n d e s i g n i n g s e e d
mixtures.
VI.

Semitropical

o r Warm S e a s o n

Grasses

The m a j o r p r o b l e m w i t h b e r m u d a g r a s s i s p o o r w i n t e r s u r v i v a l .
I t i s p o s t u l a t e d t h a t warm d a y s i n F e b r u a r y b r e a k dormancy o f
b e r m u d a g r a s s t h e r e b y m a k i n g them v e r y s u s c e p t i b l e to w i n t e r damage
by s u b s e q u e n t s e v e r e c o l d s p e l l s .
One o f the g r a d u a t e s t u d e n t s is
p l a c i n g g e n o t y p e s i n a g r e e n h o u s e f o r a few d a y s a f t e r w h i c h t h e y
a r e s u b m i t t e d to f r e e z i n g c o n d i t i o n s to t e s t t h e i r p e r s i s t e n c e .
P e r s i s t e n c e i s b e i n g a s s o c i a t e d w i t h r h i z o m e s and o t h e r m o r p h o logical characteristics.
P r e s e n t l y , it is sure that c e r t a i n of
t h e m e d i u m - c o a r s e t y p e s s u c h as T u f c o t e and M i d - I r o n a r e more
p e r s i s t e n t than f i n e l e a v e d p u t t i n g g r e e n t y p e s .

T h e r e i s c o n s i d e r a b l e i n t e r e s t in centepede and S t . A u g u s t i n e
g r a s s e s f o r low m a i n t e n a n c e t u r f a r e a s .
These s t r a i n s are
s u r p r i s i n g l y p e r s i s t e n t in e a s t e r n V i r g i n i a and r e q u i r e v e r y low
f e r t i l i t y and i n f r e q u e n t mowing as compared w i t h b e r m u d a g r a s s e s .
VII.

N i t r o g e n and I r o n F e r t i l i z a t i o n

Interrelationships

F o r the temperate g r a s s e s , n i t r o g e n f e r t i l i z a t i o n b e g i n s w i t h
autumn ( S e p t e m b e r - O c t o b e r ) n i t r o g e n f e r t i l i z a t i o n f o l l o w e d w i t h
l i g h t a p p l i c a t i o n s i n November and December where i t i s d e s i r a b l e
to m a i n t a i n g r e e n c o l o r .
Only s o l u b l e sources o f N o r those that
release n i t r o g e n without b a c t e r i a a c t i v i t y are s a t i s f a c t o r y f o r
obtaining

green

color

during

the w i n t e r .

IBDU

releases

nitrogen

d u r i n g the w i n t e r months b u t c a u t i o n must be e x e r c i s e d a g a i n s t
u s i n g too much o f i t so as to a v o i d too much s p r i n g g r o w t h .
A f t e r a p p l y i n g n i t r o g e n , i r o n f e r t i l i z a t i o n enhances c o l o r
e s p e c i a l l y d u r i n g c o l d and h i g h t e m p e r a t u r e p e r i o d s , when i r o n
absorption is slow.
F o l i a r a p p l i c a t i o n s o f c h e l a t e d i r o n are
taken up more s l o w l y than i r o n s u l f a t e .
Chelated iron g e n e r a l l y
i n h i b i t s growth d u r i n g the f a v o r a b l e g r o w i n g s e a s o n as in s p r i n g .
T h i s a l s o t e n d s to i n h i b i t r o o t g r o w t h .
When a p p l i e d d u r i n g the
s p r i n g s e a s o n , i r o n s u l f a t e i s l e s s i n h i b i t o r y than c h e l a t e d i r o n ,
e s p e c i a l l y i f N i s a l s o a p p l i e d i n the s p r i n g .
VIII.

Growth

Regulators

D r . S c h m i d t t a l k e d to you about u s i n g growth r e g u l a t o r s
l a s t y e a r and t h e r e i s l i t t l e change e x c e p t t h a t some o f the
growth r e g u l a t o r s i n h i b i t r o o t s the y e a r a f t e r they are a p p l i e d .
T h u s , the r e s e a r c h i n d i c a t e s t h a t u s i n g growth r e g u l a t o r s y e a r
a f t e r y e a r would i n h i b i t r o o t development and v i g o r o r g r a s s e s .
IX.

Weed H e r b i c i d e s
R e s e a r c h w i t h weed h e r b i c i d e s i s in c o o p e r a t i o n w i t h D r . Wayne
Bingham.
R o n s t a r m a n u f a c t u r e d by the R h o d i a Company i s e x c e l l e n t
f o r c o n t r o l l i n g g o o s e g r a s s as a pre-emergence s p r a y in A p r i l .
However, t h i s m a t e r i a l s h o u l d n o t be used on g o l f g r e e n s as b e n t g r a s s i s i n j u r e d by i t .
I t may be used w i t h b e r m u d a g r a s s and
b1uegrass.
For c r a b g r a s s c o n t r o l w i t h pre-emergence m a t e r i a l s i t i s b e s t
to a p p l y two a p p l i c a t i o n s , the f i r s t a p p l i c a t i o n b e i n g made in
A p r i l , and the second i n J u n e .

X.

Sandy Greens
I t has become f a i r l y common to u s e sand as a s u b s t r a t e f o r
golf course putting greens.
R e s e a r c h has been i n i t i a t e d to s t u d y
the s a n d y s o i l - t u r f g r o w t h - m o i s t u r e i n t e r r e l a t i o n s h i p s .
Some
d a t a are b e i n g o b t a i n e d on w a t e r b u d g e t s and t u r f g r a s s w e a r .

XI.

Highway T u r f

Research

Research i s being continued with e s t a b l i s h i n g v e g e t a t i o n
q u i c k l y t h a t s h i f t s to p e r s i s t e n t t y p e s o f v e g e t a t i o n r e q u i r i n g
l i t t l e o r no m a i n t e n a n c e .
For c u t s , s e r r a t e g r a d i n g o r loose
rough s u r f a c e s i t i s v e r y i m p o r t a n t to e s t a b l i s h v e g e t a t i o n q u i c k l y
and e n c o u r a g e a p e r s i s t e n t l e g u m i n o u s g r o w t h .
For f i l l s a l l o w i n g
m a t e r i a l s to f a l l n a t u r a l l y l e a v i n g s t o n e s and r o c k in p l a c e has
i n c r e a s e d w a t e r i n f i l t r a t i o n , reduced e r o s i o n , and s t i m u l a t e d the
development o f temporary and p e r s i s t e n t v e g e t a t i v e c o v e r .
For
m e d i a n s , rough and l o o s e s u r f a c e s have g i v e n phenomenal improvement
for e s t a b l i s h i n g vegetative cover.
The p r e p a r i n g o f rough l o o s e
s u r f a c e s c r e a t e s many m i c r o e n v i r o n m e n t s , g r e a t l y i m p r o v i n g the
c h a n c e s o f s e e d l i n g e s t a b l isment w i t h v a r i a b l e e n v i r o n m e n t a l
conditions.
R u n o f f i s reduced b e c a u s e t h e r e i s more w a t e r
infiltration.
As compared w i t h the c o n v e n t i o n a l h a r d smooth
s u r f a c e g r a d i n g , s e e d s g e r m i n a t e q u i c k l y and grow r a p i d l y because
some " n a t u r a l 1 seed and f e r t i l i z e r c o v e r a g e i s o b t a i n e d to
s t i m u l a t e growth w i t h rough l o o s e s u r f a c e s .
A l t e r i n g seed m i x t u r e s w i t h d i f f e r e n t s e a s o n s o f s e e d i n g
makes i t r a t h e r s i m p l e to e s t a b l i s h v e g e t a t i o n d u r i n g March
t h r o u g h November.
The w i n t e r months are the c r i t i c a l months f o r
e s t a b l i s h i n g v e g e t a t i o n b u t e r o s i o n i s c o n t r o l l e d by u s i n g s p e c i a l
m u l c h i n g and t a c k i n g t e c h n i q u e s .
Tacking straw with woodfiber i s
s u p e r i o r to the chemical t a c k f i n d e r s t h a t have been a v a i l a b l e to
date.
The i n f o r m a t i o n in V i r g i n i a has been c o m p i l e d i n t o a s p e c i a l
handbook and i s a v a i l a b l e upon r e q u e s t .

IRRIGATION

RENOVATION

A. D. Watson
Golf Course Superintendent
Sparrows Point Country Club
Baltimore, Maryland
Reasons

for

Renovation

Our p r o b l e m s a t t h e S p a r r o w s P o i n t C o u n t r y C l u b w i t h t h e o l d
i r r i g a t i o n s y s t e m w e r e many.
T h e d e t e r i o r a t i o n w h i c h was o c c u r i n g i n
m o s t o f t h e s y s t e m was o f a c o n t i n u o u s n a t u r e and we c o u l d f o r e s e e t h e
a b s o l u t e f a i l u r e w h i c h w o u l d r e s u l t in h e a v y t u r f l o s s .
Much o f t h e
o r i g i n a l p i p i n g i n s t a l l e d i n 1 9 5 3 - 5 4 was c a u s i n g us a g r e a t d e a l o f
p r o b l e m s i n l a b o r and r e p a i r s .
P i p i n g i n s t a l l e d i n 1959 and a g a i n i n
1964 was a l s o b e c o m i n g t h i n w a l l e d and e x t r e m e l y p o o r .
We knew t h a t t h e
s o i l c o n d i t i o n s e x i s t i n g on o u r f a c i l i t y w e r e r e a c t i n g on t h e e x t e r i o r
s u r f a c e s o f t h e p i p e and t h a t the r u s t and o x i d e s l u r
in the o l d e r
p i p e was a c t i n g more o r l e s s a s a c a t a l y s t f o r f u r t h e r d e t e r i o r a t i o n .
The newer p i p e was a l s o i n bad s h a p e .
F o r many y e a r s we h a v e been u s i n g
c o p p e r s u l f a t e i n o u r i r r i g a t i o n l a k e s f o r a q u a t i c weed c o n t r o l and I
f e e l t h e u s e o f t h i s m a t e r i a l h a s added to the d e t e r i o r a t i o n o f o u r
system.
I n o r d e r to come up w i t h an a d e q u a t e and w o r k a b l e s o l u t i o n to o u r
p r o b l e m s we c o n s i d e r e d s e v e r a l p r o p o s i t i o n s t h a t c o u l d be u n d e r t a k e n to
update the e x i s t i n g s y s t e m .
I.
R e p l a c e t h e p i p e o n l y and r e t a i n a
manual s y s t e m .
T h i s was r e j e c t e d f o r s e v e r a l r e a s o n s ; l a b o r , c o s t and
inadequate a p p l i c a t i o n of moisture.
2.
Use t h e s y s t e m a s i t w a s ,
watering only those areas needing water.
Rejection of this alternative
was b a s e d upon t h e same r e a s o n i n g a s i t e m I . ; a v a i l a b i l i t y o f c o m p e t e n t
manpower, c o s t , m o i s t u r e c o n t r o l , a v a i l a b i l i t y o r f a c i l i t y and a s t e p
backward.
3Our f i n a l p r o p o s a l was t o r e p l a c e a l l e x i s t i n g p i p i n g
w i t h PVC, i n s t a l l new u p d a t e d t y p e s p r i n k l e r h e a d s , remote c o n t r o l v a l v e s
and c o n t r o l m e c h a n i s m s to p r o v i d e a c o m p l e t e l y a u t o m a t i c i r r i g a t i o n s y s t e m .
The b e n e f i t s e x p e c t e d f r o m s u c h a s y s t e m w e r e !
1.
R e p l a c e m e n t o f the
p r e s e n t p i p i n g i n o r d e r to p r e v e n t t u r f f a i l u r e a s t h e r e s u l t o f a m a j o r
b r e a k d o w n i n the o l d s y s t e m 2 jel i m i n a t i o n o f n e c e s s a r y o v e r t i m e l a b o r t o
o p e r a t e the manual s y s t e m ;
3 . e l i m i n a t i o n o f t h e time and m a t e r i a l s
n e e d e d to r e p a i r the o l d s y s t e m ;
4 . e l i m i n a t i o n o f time and m a t e r i a l s
associated with replacing lost turf;
5. b e t t e r o v e r a l l t u r f c o n d i t i o n
and v i g o r as a r e s u l t o f s c h e d u l e d and t i m e d a p p l i c a t i o n o f m o i s t u r e .
6.
i n c r e a s e d a v a i l a b i l i t y o f f a c i l i t i e s i n e a r l y s p r i n g and l a t e f a l l
when i t w o u l d be p o s s i b l e to s y r i n g e f r o s t f r o m t h e c o u r s e s r a t h e r t h a n
w a i t i n g f o r i t to m e l t ;
7. reduced i n t e r f e r e n c e w i t h p l a y as the
automated s y s t e m would o p e r a t e d u r i n g the h o u r s o f d a r k n e s s ;
8. r e d u c t i o n
of total water usage.

II.

General
1.
2.
3.

5.
6.
7.
8.

Objectives

Desired

Secure a local s u p p l i e r / c o n t r a c t o r .
I n s t a l l a u t o m a t e d s y s t e m d e s i g n e d to w a t e r a t n i g h t w i t h no one i n
attendance.
Be a b l e to v a r y amounts o f m o i s t u r e f o r a n y s e c t i o n o f the f a c i l i t y
Be a b l e t o p e r f o r m a l l m a i n t e n a n c e o r s p r i n k l e r h e a d s ( e x c l u s i v e o f
c o n t r o l s ) f r o m above t h e g r o u n d .
Minimum number o r t y p e ( m o d e l s ) o r h e a d s .
" T u r n k e y " i n s t a l l a t i o n from one s u p p l i e r / c o n t r a c t o r .
M a i n t e n a n c e o f s y s t e m a b l e t o be p e r f o r m e d by g o l f c o u r s e p e r s o n n e l
F l e x i b i 1 i ty to:
a . w a t e r and s y r i n g e g r e e n s and t e e s s e p a r a t e f r o m f a i r w a y s .
b. c h a n g e m o i s t u r e a p p l i c a t i o n e a s i l y and a t w i l l .
c . m a n u a l l y o v e r r i d e any o r a l l p a r t s o f the s y s t e m .
d. r a i n cut o f f .

9.
III.

Make w a t e r s u p p l y

Choice of

to l a k e s

independent o f

the

irrigation

system.

Systems

We c h o s e to l o o k a t 3 d i f f e r e n t s y s t e m s and from the 3 p i c k the
p a c k a g e t h a t w o u l d e n a b l e us to a t t a i n t h e end r e s u l t s p r o p o s e d i n o u r
objectives.
T h e r e a r e many and v a r i e d i r r i g a t i o n s y s t e m s on the m a r k e t
many o f w h i c h a r e e x c e l l e n t , f u n c t i o n a l u n i t s .
We n a r r o w e d o u r c h o i c e
to the Moody R a i n m a s t e r , the J o h n s - M a n v i 1 1 e B i n a r , and the T o r o S y s t e m s
The p e o p l e c o n c e r n e d w i t h t h e s e s y s t e m s were a s k e d to f u r n i s h the
following detailed information.
1.
2.
3.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.

Design cri teria.
Number o f c o n t r o l l e r s , m a s t e r c o n t r o l and remote.
Number and t y p e o f a d d i t i o n a l c o n t r o l s , i f a n y .
Number o f s p r i n k l e r h e a d s by m o d e l .
Fairway spacing of heads.
P i p e m a n u f a c t u r e r and t y p e as to c l a s s , s c h e d u l e , t y p e
j o i n t s , etc.
Depth o f pipe c o v e r .
T y p e o r wi r e .
Modifications of additional units necessary for e x i s t i n g
pumping e q u i p m e n t .
Breakdown o f m a t e r i a l v s . l a b o r .
I f awarded a c o n t r a c t c o m p l e t e and d e t a i l e d a s - b u i l t d r a w i n g s .

The G r e e n s C h a i r m a n , o u r g o l f c o u r s e s u p e r i n t e n d e n t and 6 o t h e r
men r e p r e s e n t i n g v a r i o u s d e p a r t m e n t s o f t h e S p a r r o w s P o i n t D i v i s i o n o f
the B e t h l e h e m S t e e l C o r p o r a t i o n were a s s i g n e d t h e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y o f
e v a l u a t i n g a l l o f t h i s i n f o r m a t i o n and d e c i d i n g w h i c h u n i t w o u l d do the
job for our f a c i l i t y .
The i n s t a l l a t i o n c h o s e n was the J o h n s - M a n s v i 1 1 e
Binar.
Demarco T u r f I r r i g a t i o n C o n t r a c t o r s , I n c o r p o r a t e d were s e l e c t e d
to i n s t a l l t h e s y s t e m and H i l l ' s I r r i g a t i o n was h i s s o u r c e o f s u p p l y
f o r the J o h n s - M a n v i 1 l e M a t e r i a l s .

IV.

Installation
I n s t a l l a t i o n was begun March 1975 and i n o r d e r to proceed w i t h
p u l l i n g the
and 2 " p i p e and w i r e i t was d e c i d e d to c o n t i n u e w o r k i n g
on greens and t e e s w h i l e the ground c o n d i t i o n s remained good.
This
o p e r a t i o n i n c l u d e d i n s t a l l a t i o n o f n e c e s s a r y s p r i n k l e r heads and
decoders.
In o r d e r to e l i m i n a t e w i r e s p l i c e s remote c o n t r o l s t a t i o n s
were i n s t a l l e d a t p r e - s e l e c t e d s i g h t s a s the o p e r a t i o n p r o g r e s s e d .
When the g r e e n s and t e e s were f i n i s h e d the c o n t r a c t o r s t a r t e d a t o u r
No. 2 pumping s t a t i o n and began t r e n c h i n g and i n s t a l l i n g
the 6, 4
and 3 inch r i n g - t i t e pvc
lines.
The pump s y s t e m s had been r e d e s i g n e d
and changed o v e r a t an e a r l i e r d a t e so t h a t the Demarco Company was
a b l e to turn s e c t i o n s o f the new system on as they p r o g r e s s e d .
During
the months o f i n s t a l l a t i o n we were o n l y w i t h o u t w a t e r in c e r t a i n a r e a s
about 1 week.
D u r i n g t h i s p e r i o d we had to water a few qreens w i t h o u r
300 g a l l o n s p r a y u n i t .
A t o u r No. 1 pumping s t a t i o n a
h.p. vertical
pump was i n s t a l l e d t o be used a s a j o c k e y pump in o r d e r to m a i n t a i n
c o n s t a n t p r e s s u r e on the s y s t e m a t a l l t i m e s .
Each pump s t a t i o n had a
6 " - 92 G c l a y t o n v a l v e p l a c e d in the main l i n e .
The o t h e r equipment
t h a t w a s used to complete the 2 7 - h o l e s y s t e m was as f o l l o w s :
199 Buckner,
8570 v a l v e in head s p r i n k l e r s w i t h 29 v o l t L . P .
S o l e n o i d s , 218-8550
s p r i n k l e r s equipped the same as the 8570 u n i t s , 418 L . P . D . D e c o d e r s , 3
DS 4 d i s c o n n e c t s w i t c h e s , 1 p o r t a b l e o p e r a t o r and DC c o n v e r t e r pack and
12 B i n a r CP-1 c o n t r o l l e r s .
The banks o r CP-1 u n i t s and the D S - 4 ' s are
l o c a t e d in o u r o f f i c e where they are e a s i l y checked f o r o p e r a t i o n .
The s y s t e m i s w a r r a n t e d a g a i n s t
t h i s s e a s o n by Demarco. J-M w a r r a n t s
p e r i o d o f time.

V.

d e f e c t s f o r 1 y e a r and was w i n t e r i z e d
a l l f u n c t i o n a l components f o r t h e same

Conclusion
We have had a few b u g s to e l i m i n a t e i n o p e r a t i o n o f the s y s t e m and
a r e a w a i t i n g the c o m i n g s e a s o n to i n i t i a t e a f u l l s c h e d u l e f o r w a t e r i n g
our f a c i l i t y .
I t w i l l t a k e u s a w h i l e to make o u r s y s t e m f u n c t i o n
p r o p e r l y f o r the p a r t i c u l a r n e e d s o f o u r c o u r s e s .

GOLF COURSE CONSTRUCTION
Robert Orazi
Golf Course Superintendent
Hunt V a l l e y Golf Course
H u n t V a l l e y , MD
G o l f c o u r s e c o n s t r u c t i o n i s v e r y much a p a r t o f g o l f c o u r s e m a i n t e n a n c e .
S o o n e r o r l a t e r many o f y o u w i l l e i t h e r be r e n o v a t i n g y o u r c o u r s e o r u n d e r t a k i n g a c o n s t r u c t i o n p r o j e c t o f some m a g n i t u d e .
T h e r e i s a l w a y s the
p r o b l e m o f t h a t o n e g r e e n t h a t l a y s low on y o u r c o u r s e and i n e v i t a b l y by
J u l y 4 t h weekend you j u s t w a t c h h e l p l e s s l y as i t g o e s t h r o u g h i t s a n n u a l
"summer k i l l " p e r i o d .
Under t h i s s i t u a t i o n y o u know what the p r o b l e m i s
b u t c o r r e c t i n g i t may t a k e y e a r s o f c o n v i n c i n g y o u r g r e e n s c o m m i t t e e to
u n d e r t a k e a r e b u i l d i n g p r o j e c t w i t h the n e c e s s a r y f u n d s .
Then one m o r n i n g y o u u n e x p e c t e d l y r e c e i v e a phone c a l l i n f o r m i n g
you t h a t t h e B o a r d o f D i r e c t o r s h a s f i n a l l y d e c i d e d t h a t the number 14
g r e e n d o e s need r e b u i l d i n g a f t e r a l l !
And s o a f t e r t r y i n g f o r y e a r s to
live with
t h i s s i t u a t i o n y o u a r e now f a c e d w i t h t h e p r o b l e m o f c o n s t r u c t i n g a new g r e e n .
A dream come t r u e - o r i s i t j u s t a n o t h e r h e a d a c h e f o r
you!
A s s u m i n g t h a t t h e n e c e s s a r y f u n d s have been made a v a i l a b l e i t can be
a r e w a r d i n g e x p e r i e n c e f o r you p r o v i d i n g you know how to go a b o u t i t .
And s o y o u b e g i n y o u r c o n s t r u c t i o n p r o j e c t be i t o n e g r e e n o r an a d d i t i o n a l
9 holes.
W o r k i n g W i t h The G o l f C o u r s e

Architect:

One o f y o u r f i r s t c o n t a c t s i s w i t h t h e g o l f c o u r s e a r c h i t e c t .
In
too many i n s t a n c e s t h e g o l f c o u r s e s u p e r i n t e n d e n t i s n o t i n c l u d e d in any
m e e t i n g s w i t h the a r c h i t e c t ; and y e t no one i s more q u a l i f i e d t h a n t h e
s u p e r i n t e n d e n t i n h e l p i n g the a r c h i t e c t s e l e c t s p e c i f i c a t i o n s f o r t e e ,
f a i r w a y , r o u g h and g r e e n c o n s t r u c t i o n .
Many s o c a l l e d " p r o b l e m a r e a s " f o u n d on a g o l f c o u r s e can g e n e r a l l y
be r e l a t e d to p o o r c o n s t r u c t i o n p r a c t i c e s .
In many i n s t a n c e s t h e s e
o v e r s i g h t s may h a v e been p r e v e n t e d i f c o n s u l t a t i o n w i t h t h e s u p e r i n t e n d e n t
were made i n t h e b e g i n n i n g .
You h a v e a l l s e e n t h e c o u r s e t h a t i s l e s s
t h a n 10 y e a r s o l d where i n c o n s i s t e n c i e s e x i s t and g r e e n s do n o t d r a i n
p r o p e r l y due to t h e p o o r s e l e c t i o n o f s a n d p a r t i c l e s i z e .
Many t i m e s
i r r i g a t i o n systems are i n s t a l l e d that r e q u i r e c o n s t a n t m o d i f i c a t i o n .
G o i n g b a c k and c o r r e c t i n g t h e s e m i s t a k e s can be v e r y c o s t l y and more
i m p o r t a n t l y w i l l i n t e r f e r e w i t h the o r i g i n a l p u r p o s e o f the g o l f c o u r s e - to p r o v i d e u n i n t e r r u p t e d p l a y !
When s e l e c t i o n o f the a r c h i t e c t h a s been made s i t down w i t h him
e s p e c i a l l y i f he i s f o r e i g n to y o u r a r e a and d i s c u s s s u c h t h i n g s as the
t y p e o f g r e e n s c o n s t r u c t i o n to be u s e d and t h e s e l e c t i o n o f g r a s s e s
b e f o r e s p e c i f i c a t i o n s a r e w r i t t e n up f o r c o n t r a c t b i d d i n g .
Go to t h e
v a r i o u s s a n d s u p p l i e r s i n y o u r a r e a and o b t a i n s a m p l e s to be t e s t e d .
In
M a r y l a n d we a r e f o r t u n a t e to h a v e a w i d e r a n g e o f s a n d s to c h o o s e f r o m .
S i m i l a r l y c h e c k the new s i t e f o r what t y p e and amount o f top s o i l i s
available.
C h e c k f o r the a v a i l a b i l i t y o f humus and o b t a i n s a m p l e s f o r
testing.
Once y o u have o b t a i n e d a l l t h r e e m a t e r i a l s f o r t e s t i n g s e n d
them to an i n d e p e n d e n t s o i l t e s t i n g l a b f o r t e s t i n g .
The c o s t o f t h i s

s e r v i c e i s m i n i m a l compared t o what the c o s t o f u s i n g the wrong sand
c o u l d mean.
G e n e r a l l y when you g e t the r e s u l t s o f t h e t e s t you w i l l
have s e v e r a l m a t e r i a l s to c h o o s e f r o m .
In my o p i n i o n t h i s i s the
o n l y way to go i n s e l e c t i n g the p r o p e r g r e e n s m i x t u r e .
What type o f g r e e n s c o n s t r u c t i o n w i l l you be u s i n g ?
A r e you
g o i n g to use the P u r r W i c k S y s t e m o r f o l l o w the recommendations o f
the U . S . G . A .
Here I f e e l t h a t the o p i n i o n o f the a r c h i t e c t i s most
i m p o r t a n t . He has had the e x p e r i e n c e o f s e e i n g each type o f c o n s t r u c t i o n and knows p r e t t y w e l l the c a p a b i l i t i e s o f most c o n t r a c t o r s .
For p r a c t i c a l p u r p o s e s we w i l l be u s i n g i n t e r n a l l y d r a i n e d sand
g r e e n s a t Hunt V a l l e y ' s new a d d i t i o n .

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mix

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The t h i n g to keep i n mind when i n s t a l l i n g i n t e r n a l d r a i n a g e i s
t h a t you do n o t want w a t e r to move more than 10 i n c h e s i n o r d e r to
enter a drain t i l e .
A n o t h e r c o n s i d e r a t i o n to keep i n mind i s t h a t
p e r f o r a t e d p i p e i s used to p i c k up w a t e r and s o l i d p i p e i s used to
transport water.

erforated

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The s e l e c t i o n o f g r a s s e s , on the o t h e r h a n d , s h o u l d be made by
the g o l f s u p e r i n t e n d e n t .
Here y o u ' r e d e a l i n g w i t h many d i f f e r e n t
o p i n i o n s and e x p e r i e n c e s as w e l l a s y o u r own l o c a l c o n d i t i o n s .
The
t u r f s p e c i a l i s t a t y o u r l o c a l u n i v e r s i t y can be v e r y h e l p f u l in
t e l l i n g you some o f the b l e n d s and v a r i e t i e s t h a t have been t e s t e d
and p r o v i d e you w i t h the r e s u l t s o f t h e s e t e s t s .
However; the
f i n a l s e l e c t i o n s h o u l d s t i l l be y o u r s b e c a u s e you know what w i l l
work under y o u r c o n d i t i o n s .
I d e a l l y i f you have a y e a r o r two to
make up y o u r mind you can s e t up a s e r i e s o f t e s t p l o t s on l o c a t i o n
and o b s e r v e the r e s u l t s .
George Gumm d i d t h i s a t the Ocean C i t y
G o l f C l u b s e v e r a l y e a r s b a c k and was a b l e to s e l e c t a b l e n d t h a t

was s u i t e d to h i s own c o n d i t i o n s .
What w o r k s f o r one s u p e r i n t e n d e n t may
n o t n e c e s s a r i l y work f o r a n o t h e r .
Whatever the s e l e c t i o n , manage i t the
b e s t you know how and remember t h a t you r e s e r v e the r i g h t to change y o u r
mind. T h e r e a r e v a r i e d o p i n i o n s as to whether the answer i s r y e g r a s s ,
b l u e g r a s s o r the warm s e a s o n g r a s s e s i n the Mid A t l a n t i c A r e a .
Selection of

the

Builder

A f t e r everyone concerned i s s a t i s f i e d with
s p e c i f i c a t i o n s the a r c h i t e c t has p r e p a r e d i t i s
i s gcring to make the a r c h i t e c t ' s dream a r e a l i t y
the man who can t r a n s f o r m the t h o u g h t s and i d e a s
paper to the l a n d .

the s e t o f p l a n s and
time to s e l e c t the man who
- the a r t i s t , the s c u l p t o r ,
o f the a r c h i t e c t from

There are a c o u p l e o f i m p o r t a n t p o i n t s to c o n s i d e r in s e l e c t i n g the
builder.
A f t e r r e v i e w i n g the a r c h i t e c t s p l a n s and s p e c i f i c a t i o n s each
c o n t r a c t o r b e i n g c o n s i d e r e d s h o u l d be a s k e d to s u b m i t a s e a l e d b i d and
v i s i t the s i t e .
S e l e c t the c o n t r a c t o r o f c h o i c e and have him p e r f o r m
h i s work on a time and m a t e r i a l s b a s i s .
Sealed

Bids

In a c c e p t i n g a s e a l e d b i d the c r i t e r i a the a r c h i t e c t has p r o v i d e d
i n h i s p l a n s and s p e c i f i c a t i o n s p r e t t y w e l l d i c t a t e t h a t the p r o j e c t i s
i n complete c o n t r o l o f the a r c h i t e c t .
Any c h a n g e s from the o r i g i n a l
p l a n s w i l l g e n e r a l l y be h a n d l e d on a " c o s t p l u s " b a s i s .
T h i s i s f i n e as
l o n g as the a r c h i t e c t i s a b l e to v i s i t the s i t e f r e q u e n t l y w h i l e the
c o u r s e i s under c o n s t r u c t i o n .
C o s t s and t i m i n g a r e more c o n t r o l l a b l e b e c a u s e each phase h a s to be
completed on o r about a c e r t a i n d a t e to i n s u r e p a r t i a l payment.
Penalities
a r e g e n e r a l l y i n c l u d e d in the c o n t r a c t i f t h e s e d e a d l i n e s a r e not met.
Most e x p e r i e n c e d g o l f c o u r s e c o n t r a c t o r s are f a m i l i a r w i t h t h i s type o f
c o n t r a c t and p r e f e r t h i s type o f arrangement f o r s c h e d u l i n g p u r p o s e s .
They know how l o n g t h e i r equipment w i l l be t i e d up and can program t h e i r
work a c c o r d i n g l y .
The r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s o f the g o l f c o u r s e s u p e r i n t e n d e n t under t h i s
type o f c o n t r a c t a r e to see t h a t the p l a n s and s p e c i f i c a t i o n s p r o v i d e d a r e
adhered to by the c o n t r a c t o r .
Any s u g g e s t i o n s o r c h a n g e s d u r i n g c o n s t r u c t i o n w i l l have to be a p p r o v e d by the p e o p l e f i n a n c i n g the p r o j e c t .
Time and M a t e r i a l

Contract

I n the c a s e o f t h e j o b b e i n g done on a time and m a t e r i a l s b a s i s ,
more o f the g o l f c o u r s e s u p e r i n t e n d e n t s time and judgement a r e i n v o l v e d .
T h i s i s e s p e c i a l l y t r u e i f the c o n t r a c t o r does n o t have h i s s u p e r i n t e n d e n t
on the j o b s i t e at a l l t i m e s .
Changes can r e a d i l y be made in the f i e l d
under t h i s type o f c o n t r a c t .
I f a c e r t a i n d r a i n a g e problem i s n o t i c e d o r
a d d i t i o n a l c l e a r i n g i s n e c e s s a r y t h e s e can be c o r r e c t e d i m m e d i a t e l y w i t h o u t

l o s s o f t i m e . A t t e m p t i n g to s a t i s f y an i n s p e c t o r r e p r e s e n t i n g the s o i l
c o n s e r v a t i o n s e r v i c e can be h a n d l e d more d i s c r e t e l y when the owner has to
meet s p e c i f i c a t i o n s b e c a u s e more f r e q u e n t l y than n o t s e d i m e n t a t i o n laws
w i l l v a r y from c o u n t y to c o u n t y and s t a t e to s t a t e .
Whatever the c o n t r a c t , the b u i l d e r s h o u l d be e x p e r i e n c e d i n g o l f
c o u r s e c o n s t r u c t i o n and be r e p u t a b l e .
Generally a l i s t of previous jobs
and r e f e r e n c e s w i l l be p r o v i d e d upon r e q u e s t .
I f he i s a member o f t h e
G o l f C o u r s e B u i l d e r s A s s o c i a t i o n o f A m e r i c a you know t h a t he must adhere
to a c e r t a i n code o f e t h i c s .
In summery I hope I have shown you t h a t the g o l f
must indeed be d i v e r s i f i e d in h a n d l i n g a c o n s t r u c t i o n
you spend i n the p l a n n i n g s t a g e s and o u t i n the f i e l d
as the c o u r s e m a t u r e s w i t h fewer m a i n t e n a n c e p r o b l e m s
consider other construction projects.

course superintendent
project.
The time
w i l l reward you l a t e r
and more time to

TENNIS COURT MAINTENANCE
Robert
Golf Course
Suburban
Pi k e s v i 1

C. M i l l e r
Superintendent
Country Club
l e , Mary la nd

F a s t - d r i t e n n i s c o u r t s - what a r e t h e y ? - How a r e they b u i l t and
what i s the d a i l y m a i n t e n a n c e t h a t s h o u l d be done to i n s u r e a good
playing surface?
What are f a s t - d r i t e n n i s c o u r t s ?
Some commercial names f o r f a s t d r i c o u r t s a r e H a r - T r u , Green M a r b l e , G r e e n r o c k V a l i t e g r e e n , R u b i c o g r e e n s u r f a c i n g and V e l - p l a y .
M o s t o f the b a s i c c o m p o s i t i o n m a t e r i a l
i s a f i n e g r o u n d g r e e n s t o n e t h a t l o o k s and f e e l s l i k e s a n d .
The
s u r f a c e m a t e r i a l s u s u a l l y a r e ground to the f o l l o w i n g mesh s c r e e n i n g s :
14 mesh
20 mesh
28 mesh
35 mesh
65 mesh
100 mesh
p a s s i n g 100 mesh

15 15 -

5%
25%
25%

12 2 23 -

20%
8%
33%

retained

10 - 15%

In b u i l d i n g t e n n i s c o u r t s p i c k a l o c a t i o n t h a t i s w e l l d r a i n e d and
f r e e o f t r e e s and u n d e r g r o w t h i n c l u d i n g r o o t s .
Get a r e p u t a b l e t e n n i s
c o u r t b u i l d e r to come to y o u r c l u b o r o r g a n i z a t i o n and t a l k to the
o f f i c i a l s and s u p e r i n t e n d e n t .
Have them e s t i m a t e a p r i c e and w r i t e a
c o n s t r u c t i o n c o n t r a c t f o r the amount o f c o u r t s to be b u i l t .
After plans
and a c o n t r a c t are s i g n e d by b o t h p a r t i e s the s u p e r i n t e n d e n t s h o u l d
a s s i g n h i s t e n n i s c o u r t m a i n t e n a n c e man to o b s e r v e the b u i l d e r d u r i n g
the c o n s t r u c t i o n .
A t S u b u r b a n C o u n t r y C l u b we have been f o r t u n a t e
t o have D o n a l d F l e e t d o i n g the t e n n i s m a i n t e n a n c e work f o r the p a s t 23
years.
D o n a l d i s the most s i n c e r e p e r s o n a b o u t h i s j o b t h a t I have
met in the g o l f c o u r s e o r t e n n i s b u s i n e s s .
He has t r a i n e d 5 o t h e r
p e o p l e t h a t t a k e c a r e o f t e n n i s c o u r t s in the B a l t i m o r e a r e a .
He h a s
g i v e n me a tremendous amount o f i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t t e n n i s c o u r t s .
W h i l e the b u i l d e r i s b u i l d i n g you t e n n i s c o u r t s g i v e him as much
c o o p e r a t i o n as p o s s i b l e .
There a r e a l w a y s l i t t l e t h i n g s you can do
f o r him t h a t w i l l i n s u r e you a b e t t e r b u i l t t e n n i s c o u r t .
The s u b - g r a d e f o r the c o u r t s s h o u l d be a t l e a s t 3 f e e t o u t s i d e
the f e n c e l i n e .
A r e a s h o u l d be g r a d e d in a p l a c e w i t h a s l o p e o f 1"
f o r e v e r y 2k f e e t .
A f t e r the sub g r a d e i s c o m p l e t e ,
install
your
i r r i g a t i o n system.
I would recommend p u t t i n g in a s y s t e m t h a t e l i m i n a t e s
a s much hand w a t e r i n g as p o s s i b l e .

A g a i n have the b u i l d e r o r an i r r i g a t i o n i n s t a l l e r p u t i n y o u r s y s t e m
u n l e s s you have a d e q u a t e equipment and m a t e r i a l s to i n s t a l l i t y o u r s e l f
(see t a b l e 1).
The h e a d s o f the s y s t e m s h o u l d r i s e above the f i n i s h e d
c o u r t and then be lowered a f t e r the f i n a l c o n s t r u c t i o n o f the c o u r t .
A f t e r the i r r i g a t i o n s y s t e m i s c o m p l e t e d a b r i c k c u r b s h o u l d be p l a c e d
around the c o u r t b a t t e r y .
These a r e s i n g l e b r i c k s l a i d f l a t end t o end
imbedded i n cement on a s t o n e b a s e .
T h i s type c u r b i s d e s i g n e d to f l o a t
w i t h f r o s t and s h o u l d l a s t i n d e f i n i t e l y .
The f i n i s h e d c u r b e l e v a t i o n
s h o u l d be
below the f i n i s h e d g r a d e l e v e l and the c o u r t s u r f a c e s h o u l d
be t a p e r e d from 18 i n c h e s o u t to meet i t .
The p u r p o s e o f the c u r b i s to
keep the f a s t - d r i m a t e r i a l from s p r e a d i n g and a c t as a b u f f e r f o r g r a s s
o r weed e n c r o a c h m e n t .
A f t e r the b r i c k c u r b i s i n p l a c e s t a r t t o work on the s t o n e b a s e .
The b a s e o f a f a s t - d r i t e n n i s c o u r t i s d e s i g n e d f o r two f u n c t i o n s :
F i r s t , i t must be as s t a b l e as a w a t e r bound macadam to s u p p o r t the
surfacing layer.
M a t e r i a l s t h a t tend to s h i f t o r crawl when r o l l e d , o r
move when s u b j e c t e d to f r e e z i n g and t h a w i n g s h o u l d be a v o i d e d .
Secondly,
the b a s e must be p o r o u s to a s o r b e x c e s s w a t e r from the p l a y i n g s u r f a c e
to a l l o w p l a y i m m e d i a t e l y a f t e r a r a i n .
T h i s absorbed water i s l a t e r
e v a p o r a t e d b a c k to the s u r f a c e , k e e p i n g i t m o i s t for b e s t p l a y .
The
s t o n e b a s e s h o u l d be a c r u s h e d s t o n e b u t o t h e r m a t e r i a l s s u c h a s c i n d e r ,
s l a g , p i t g r a v e l o r washed l i m e rock a r e sometime u s e d .
The s t o n e b a s e
s h o u l d be 4 " t h i c k .
The s t o n e b a s e s h o u l d be put on top o f the s u b g r a d e in rows 12 f t . w i d e on 6 f t . c e n t e r s .
Use 1" X 3 " X 14 f t . s c r e e d
s t r i p s n a i l e d f l u s h to top o f the g r a d e s t a k e s .
S t o n e i s then h a u l e d o r
wheeled i n and p l a c e d i n the rows t o the t o p o f the s c r e e d s t r i p s .
A
s t r a i g h t edge is then pul 1 ed in a s t r a i g h t f o r w a r d movement, s t r i k i n g o f f
the s t o n e l e v e l w i t h the s c r e e d s t r i p s .
E x t r a c a r e s h o u l d be taken n o t
t o d i s p l a c e the s c r e e d s t r i p s .
A f t e r f i n i s h i n g a s e c t i o n o f the s t o n e
b a s e then r o l l w i t h a 600 to 1000 l b r o l l e r and r e p e a t t h i s p r o c e s s i n
the n e x t b a s e s e c t i o n u n t i l the w h o l e c o u r t o r t h e b a t t e r y o f c o u r t s
a r e done.
When the c o m p l e t e b a s e i s done and h a s been r o l l e d , w a t e r e d and r e r o l l e d , the n e x t s t e p i s to l a y the H a r - T r u o r f a s t - d r i m a t e r i a l .
Since
y o u r s t o n e b a s e was p l a c e d to g r a d e * l a y o f f y o u r c o u r t o r b a t t e r y o f
c o u r t s i n s t r i p s 12 f t . w i d e i n e i t h e r d i r e c t i o n .
U s i n g redwood s t r i p s
s t a r t 12 M i n s i d e the b r i c k c u r b , tamp the s t r i p s l i g h t l y to f i r m them.
Lay a b a g o f m a t e r i a l on the end of each s t r i p to keep them from s l i d i n g .
Then p l a c e 7 b a g s o f s u r f a c e m a t e r i a l i n s i d e the s t r i p s .
B u s t open the
b a g s w i t h a metal rake and smooth the m a t e r i a l u n t i l i t i s l e v e l w i t h
the top o f the s t r i p s .
A f t e r d o i n g 10 to 15 f t . t a k e the s t r a i g h t e d g e
and p u l l f o r w a r d to g e t a t r u e l e v e l where the m a t e r i a l i s smooth.
Fill
in a l l low a r e a s o r i m p r e s s i o n s w i t h a s h o v e l o f m a t e r i a l and r e p u l l the
s t r a i g h t e d g e o v e r the same a r e a .
When the c o m p l e t e 12 f t . w i d e a r e a i s
c o m p l e t e d r e p e a t the same p r o c e d u r e i n the n e x t 12 f t . a r e a .
When the
12 f t . bay i s done w a t e r t h i s a r e a t h o r o u g h l y .
When p u d d l e s a p p e a r you
know s u f f i c i e n t w a t e r h a s been a p p l i e d .
When the s u r f a c e m a t e r i a l i s
s e m i - d r y r o l l the a r e a w i t h a 600 l b r o l l e r .
In d o i n g the a d j o i n i n g
b a y s remove the s c r e e d s t r i p s and use a t h i n s t r i p o f metal (16 g a u g e )
6 " w i d e and 20 f t . l o n g on t o p o f the s u r f a c e m a t e r i a l on the a r e a j u s t

completed.
T h i s w i l l serve as a h e i g h t
when l e v e l i n g t h e r e s t o f t h e c o u r t .

level

for

the

straightedge

Net p o s t f o u n d a t i o n s a r e now i n s t a l l e d .
The f o u n d a t i o n s s h o u l d be
3 0 " X 1 8 " X 3 0 " w i t h a c l e a r d i s t a n c e between p o s t s o f b l f t .
The n e t
p o s t s l e e v e s h o u l d be a 3 i M p i e c e o f p i p e imbedded i n the f o u n d a t i o n
h o l e i n cement l e v e l w i t h t h e t o p s u r f a c e o f t h e c o u r t .
The c o u r t c a n t h e n be m a r k e d o f f and t a p e s n a i l e d
d i a g r a m f o r t h i s p r o c e d u r e i s a t t h e end o f t h i s t e x t .
Erect

your net p o s t s

and n e t s

and t h e t e n n i s

court

to s u r f a c e .

i s now r e a d y

A

for

play.
I n a s h o r t r e v i e w b a s i c a l l y a t e n n i s c o u r t i s b u i l t a l o n g the same
l i n e s and p r o c e d u r e s a s a U n i t e d S t a t e s G o l f A s s o c i a t i o n g r e e n .
It
c o n t a i n s s u b - g r a d e and a s t o n e b a s e w h i c h s e r v e s b o t h a s d r a i n a g e and a
w a t e r r e s e r v o i r t o keep t h e t o p m a t e r i a l m o i s t and i n good s h a p e . *
D a i l y m a i n t e n a n c e on f a s t - d r i c o u r t s - i n c l u d e w a t e r i n g e v e r y d a y
and b r u s h i n g o r b r o o m i n g d a i l y .
R o l l t h e c o u r t s a t l e a s t o n c e a week w i t h
a 1000 l b r o l l e r and t h e n u s e l i n e b r o o m s o r l i n e b r u s h e s e v e r y d a y .
When the s e r v i c e l i n e a r e a s become low t a k e up t h e t a p e and r e b u i l d the
a r e a w i t h more m a t e r i a l .
The f o l l o w i n g p a g e s g i v e a more d e t a i l e d m e t h o d .
T h e r e a r e no h a r d and f a s t m e t h o d s a s d i f f e r e n t p e o p l e do j o b s w i t h
d i f f e r e n t s t y l e s b u t h o p e f u l l y the f o l l o w i n g s u g g e s t i o n s w i l l be a h e l p .
General

Ma i n t e n a n c e

The f o l l o w i n g s u g g e s t i o n s f o r m a i n t a i n i n g
t e n n i s c o u r t are s i m p l y b a s i c guide l i n e s - not
c l i m a t e , s o i l c o n d i t i o n s and c o u r t l a y o u t w i l l
o f d i f f e r e n t maintenance p rocedt'res, u s i n g our
w i t h i t s own r e q u i r e m e n t s and c a p a b i 1 i t i e s .

a Har-Tru fast-drying
hard, fast rules.
Local
r e q u i r e the e s t a b l i s h m e n t
g u i d e l i n e s in c o n j u n c t i o n

B r u s h i ng
The c o u r t s h o u l d be b r u s h e d by p u l l i n g the b r u s h o v e r t h e e n t i r e
s u r f a c e o f t h e c o u r t a t t h e end o f e a c h d a y ' s p l a y .
In a d d i t i o n , i f
the c o u r t i s i n c o n t i n u o u s u s e , i t i s recommended to b r u s h midway
d u r i n g the d a y ' s p l a y .
B r u s h i n g k e e p s t h e s u r f a c e l e v e l and the
g r a n u l e s e v e n l y d i s t r i b u t e d at a l l t i m e s .
B r u s h i n g , which o n l y takes
a minimum o f t i m e , i s v e r y d e f i n i t e l y an i m p o r t a n t i t e m o f c o u r t m a i n tenance.
B r u s h i n g s h o u l d be done i n d i f f e r e n t
to p r e v e n t b u i l d - u p s o f m a t e r i a l .

directions

as much a s

possible

Watering
A green Har-Tru f a s t - d r y i n g tennis
damp ( d a r k g r e e n c o l o r ) .
When t h e c o u r t

c o u r t p l a y s b e s t when s l i g h t l y
s u r f a c e t e n d s to become g r a y i s h

i n c o l o r , i t i s an i n d i c a t i o n t h a t t h e c o u r t n e e d s w a t e r i n g .
A
s p r i n k l e r s y s t e m i s recommended f o r w a t e r i n g w h e n e v e r p o s s i b l e .
This
w i l l s a v e many h o u r s o f l a b o r and w i l l pay f o r i t s e l f i n a m a t t e r o f
months.
H o w e v e r , when w a t e r i n g by h a n d , t h e n o z z l e o f t h e h o s e s h o u l d
n o t be p o i n t e d down t o w a r d t h e s u r f a c e b u t s h o u l d be h e l d a t w a i s t
l e v e l and d i r e c t e d h o r i z o n t a l l y s o t h a t t h e w a t e r w i l l f a l l i n a s h a l l o w
arc.
The b e s t j u d g e o f how much w a t e r t o p u t o n t h e c o u r t i s t h e d i f f e r s
e n c e between the amount n e e d e d to keep t h e s u r f a c e damp, d u r i n g p l a y i n g
t i m e , and the amount b e l i e v e d t o be i n t h e c o u r t a t t h e t i m e o f w a t e r i n g .
T h e c o r r e c t amount o f t i m e f o r w a t e r i n g w i l l be f o u n d b y t r i a l and e r r o r
and e x p e r i e n c e .
T h e recommended t i m e f o r w a t e r i n g is a t n i g h t a f t e r t h e
c o u r t h a s been b r u s h e d .
Rol1ing
A n e w l y - c o n s t r u c t e d c o u r t s h o u l d r e c e i v e o n e o r two c o n s e c u t i v e
r o l l i n g s - l e n g t h w i s e and c r o s s w i s e - e a c h d a y f o r a minimum p e r i o d o f
one week.
R o l l i n g i s b e s t e f f e c t e d when t h e c o u r t s u r f a c e i s i n a damp
o r semi-damp c o n d i t i o n .
A 6 0 0 pound power r o l l e r w i l l p r o v i d e b e s t
results.
F o l l o w i n g t h i s i n i t i a l m a i n t e n a n c e t h e c o u r t s h o u l d be r o l l e d
a t l e a s t t h r e e times per month, in a d d i t i o n to r o l l i n g a f t e r e v e r y
appreciable rainfal1.
R o l l i n g an a b s o l u t e l y d r y o r e x t r e m e l y wet c o u r t i s n o t recommended.
I f t h e c o u r t s u r f a c e a d h e r e s to t h e r o l l e r s u r f a c e a n d / o r t e n d s to move
o r s h i f t when r o l l i n g , r o l l i n g s h o u l d be s t o p p e d and t h e c o u r t a l l o w e d
to d r y s u f f i c i e n t l y to p r e v e n t damage to t h e c o u r t .
Once t h e c o u r t h a s
d r i e d to t h e p o i n t t h a t the p r e v i o u s c o n d i t i o n no l o n g e r e x i s t s , r o l l i n g
c a n be c o n t i n u e d .
The more r o l l i n g a c o u r t r e c e i v e s t h e f i r m e r t h e
s u r f a c e , r e s u l t i n g in a f a s t e r p l a y i n g c o u r t .
Patch ing
I f a h o l e o r s m a l l i n d e n t a t i o n a p p e a r s i n the s u r f a c e , i t s h o u l d be
r e p a i r e d i m m e d i a t e l y , b e c a u s e f a i l u r e to do s o c a n c a u s e more e x t e n s i v e
and d i f f i c u l t r e p a i r w o r k l a t e r o n .
For example, i f a small d e p r e s s i o n
a p p e a r s n e a r t h e b a s e l i n e and d o e s n o t d i s a p p e a r w i t h o r d i n a r y m a i n t e n a n c e , t h e n the a r e a s h o u l d be p a t c h e d .
U s i n g a hand t r o w e l , s q u a r e
end s h o v e l o r l i k e i n s t r u m e n t , c u t o u t t h e a r e a down to the s t o n e b a s e
material.
R e p l a c e t h e removed a r e a w i t h r e g u l a r H a r - T r u s u r f a c i n g m a t e r i a l .
T h e H a r - T r u s h o u l d be a p p l i e d d r y , c o m p a c t e d and l e v e l e d to t h e s u r r o u n d i n g
area.
The m a t e r i a l i s e a s i l y l e v e l e d w i t h a s t r a i g h t e d g e p i e c e o f wood
drawn a c r o s s t h e a r e a i n a manner s i m i l a r to c o n c r e t e f l o a t i n g .
After
t h e a r e a i s l e v e l e d a p p l y e n o u g h w a t e r to s o a k the p a t c h .
When t h e w a t e r
d i s a p p e a r s the p a t c h s h o u l d be f i r m and r e a d y to p l a y o n .
These
i n s t r u c t i o n s a p p l y to a l l s i z e s o f p a t c h e s .

S p r i n g and W i n t e r

Maintenance

General
The W i n t e r m a i n t e n a n c e r e q u i r e d f o r H a r - T r u F a s t - D r y i n g T e n n i s
C o u r t s i s l a r g e l y d e t e r m i n e d by the g e o g r a p h i c a l l o c a t i o n and the l o c a l
weather c o n d i t i o n s o f the i n s t a l l a t i o n .
T h o r o u g h c o n s i d e r a t i o n to
c o v e r the c o u r t s h o u l d be g i v e n when the p l a y i n g s e a s o n i s l i m i t e d to
t h r e e to f o u r m o n t h s .
The owner o r c a r e t a k e r can b e s t d e t e r m i n e i f and
when the c o u r t s h o u l d be p r o t e c t e d .
I f t h e r e i s a p r o b a b i l i t y o f the
c o u r t s d r y i n g o u t d u r i n g the n o n - p l a y i n g s e a s o n , accompanied by s t r o n g
w i n d s , it i s recommended t h a t the c o u r t be c o v e r e d to p r e v e n t l o s s o f
surface material.
D u r i n g the W i n t e r , the tapes w i l l g e n e r a l l y r i s e above the s u r f a c e
and have to be r e s e t in the S p r i n g .
The t a p e s can be removed and
s t o r e d in the F a l l and r e l a i d in the S p r i n g .
I f the t a p e s a r e not
removed, i t i s recommended t h a t b o a r d s be l a i d on the l i n e s to keep them
in p l a c e .
A l s o , some added w e i g h t s u c h as b r i c k s o r s t o n e s w i l l h e l p
keep them down.
F o r o l d e r c o u r t s w i t h a c i n d e r b a s e , s u b s t a n t i a l l y fewer c i n d e r s
w i l l appear due to f r o s t a c t i o n i f the c o u r t i s c o v e r e d .
When c i n d e r s
come to the s u r f a c e they must be removed in the S p r i n g .
Covering
P o l y e t h y l e n e p l a s t i c i s recommended f o r c o v e r i n g the c o u r t s .
The
p l a s t i c i s l a i d w i t h the f i r s t p i e c e at the low s ide o f the c o u r t and
each s u c c e s s i v e p i e c e s h o u l d o v e r l a p the a d j a c e n t one f o u r to s i x
inches.
I t i s good p r a c t i c e to l a y two by f o u r s on the l a p s to get the
p l a s t i c to conform to the s u r f a c e o f the c o u r t s .
Also bricks or
s t o n e s s h o u l d be p l a c e d on the b o a r d s to p r e v e n t wind o r o t h e r u n n a t u r a l
d i s t u r b a n c e o f the p l a s t i c c o v e r i n g .
In the S p r i n g the c o v e r i n g m a t e r i a l
s h o u l d be removed, and a f t e r w a t e r i n g , b r u s h i n g and r o l l i n g s u f f i c i e n t l y ,
the c o u r t w i l l be ready f o r p l a y .
R e c o n d i t i o n i n g and Top

Dressing

C l e a n the s u r f a c e o f any d e b r i s and, i f t h e r e a r e s t o n e s o r f o r e i g n
m a t e r i a l s on the s u r f a c e , t h e s e s h o u l d be p i c k e d up and removed.
If
t h e r e a p p e a r s to be e x c e s s l o o s e , c o a r s e o r dead g r a n u l e s on the c o u r t
s u r f a c e , t h e s e may be g a t h e r e d i n t o s m a l l p i l e s by u s i n g a l u t e (a
s t r a i g h t e d g e s c r a p e r ) and removed w i t h a s h o v e l .
Once the c o u r t i s
c l e a n e d i t s h o u l d then be t h o r o u g h l y r o l l e d to compact the s u r f a c e .
If
more than one ton o f new m a t e r i a l i s to be a p p l i e d , the tapes s h o u l d be
removed to p r e v e n t them from becoming too low.
The r e g u l a r g r e e n H a r - T r u s u r f a c i n g m a t e r i a l i s u s u a l l y the most
s a t i s f a c t o r y material for reconditioning a Har-Tru court.
The s u r f a c e
must be d r y b e f o r e any new m a t e r i a l i s a p p l i e d .
I f t h e r e i s any doubt
as to w h e t h e r o r n o t the c o u r t i s d r y e n o u g h , one s h o u l d s p r i n k l e a

h a n d f u l o f new d r y m a t e r i a l on t h e s u r f a c e and s t e p on i t l i g h t l y .
If
t h e m a t e r i a l t e n d s to s t i c k to t h e s h o e , t h e c o u r t s u r f a c e i s t o o damp
f o r the a p p l i c a t i o n o f m a t e r i a l .
A p p l y t h e new m a t e r i a l a s e v e n l y a s p o s s i b l e , by u s i n g a lawn t y p e
s p r e a d e r s e t to the w i d e s t o p e n i n g .
I f t h i s i s n o t a v a i l a b l e , i t c a n be
b r o a d c a s t by u s i n g a s h o v e l .
A f t e r t h e new s u r f a c i n g m a t e r i a l h a s been a p p l i e d , t h e c o u r t s h o u l d
be b r u s h e d i n two d i r e c t i o n s .
The t a p e s s h o u l d be b r u s h e d and w a t e r
a p p l i e d i n a v e r y f i n e s p r a y u n t i l the c o u r t i s w e t .
C a r e s h o u l d be
t a k e n t h a t t o o much w a t e r d o e s n o t f a l l on a n y o n e s p o t to c a u s e a h o l e
o r the m a t e r i a l to wash o u t .
The c o u r t s h o u l d t h e n be a l l o w e d to a b s o r b
the w a t e r .
When the s u r f a c e i s d r y (no e v i d e n c e o f w a t e r on t h e
s u r f a c e ) the c o u r t s h o u l d be b r u s h e d a g a i n .
Then the c o u r t s h o u l d be
r o l l e d at l e a s t once in each d i r e c t i o n w i t h a 600 lb. r o l l e r .
This
r o l l i n g s h o u l d be c o n t i n u e d , a s w e l l a s t h e b r u s h i n g , u n t i l the c o u r t
i s f i r m enough f o r p l a y .

CORRECT TENNIS COURT LAYOUT
SINGLE UNIT AND IN BATTERY

1201
ifil

£

_2-LL

. *

; net
-c 1

2

L

2,1

,

mr

N

LAYOUT FOR 1 COURT
120'

120'
-u

109'

tac

2 end to end

NOTE
W H E N IN BATTERIES ALLEY
BETWEEN COURTS IS 12'

o
*

2 in battery

3 in battery

204'

300'

4 in battery

6 in battery
IS 6'

-

log'

o

w

2 batteries of 2 end to end

2 batteries of 3 end to end

INSTRUCTIONS

FOR LAYING

LEADED

DOUBLES

FABRIC

TAPES

COURT

NET
o

LINE

\ o

B
/

\

\

\

\

\

\

3
\

\

Ak '
J y

\
/

<o

/

\

\

<n

T

H

A2L

\

\

\

\
\

\

/

"7*

r

/

/

/

/

/

7 \

/

/
1

_LSL

/

3 9'

3 9'
M E A S U R I NG

TAPE

BASELINE 36 FT.
HALF SIDE LINE 39 FT.
DIAGONAL 53 FT. OX IN.

INSTRUCTIONS
WHEN LAYING OUT THE TAPES, BE SURE THE TAPES ARE DRAWN TIGHT AND STRAIGHT.
This can be accomplished after stretching a string (masons line) along the court line to be laid. The string should be pulled tight and
anchored with several nails at each end and at approximately 20 foot intervals. Using this line as a guide, start tar>e at one corner and
nail about three feet of tape in place as an anchor. From opposite corner pull tape TIGHT AND STRAIGHT and while drawn tight,
anchor with nails at corner.
Align tape with line string, lifting string and snapping it occasionally to avoid misalignment, and temporarily nail tape at about two
foot intervals. After tape has been secured finish nailing in holes provided at three inch centers.
Lap tape full width at all intersections but nail thru both layers at the four outside corners only.

1. Establish the net or center line. On center line find center point O half way between the net posts.
both ways along center line (net line) 18 feet and establish points A and B.

From this point measure

2. Using measuring tape provided, start at point A and swing arc at C (39'), D(53' 0-7/8"), E (53' 0-7/8") and F (39').
3. Starting at point B cross arcs made in step 2 at points C (53' 0-7/8"), D (39'), E (39') and F (53' 0-7/8").
4. The points established (C, D. E & F ) are OUTSIDE corners of the court.
interior fines can then be laid according to dimensions in diagram.

From these points lay side lines and base lines.

The

Table

1.

S t a n d a r d Amounts o f M a t e r i a l s

Brick
S a n d - Cu.
Cement -

Yds.

Bags

Stone 3/4" Screening -

tons
tons

TCM -

tons

Nails

aluminum -

Concrete

lbs.

for posts

- Cu.

Yds.

Needed f o r C o u r t s

570

725

1 cu.yd.

1-5 c u . y d .

i n One

Battery

875

1025

1150

1300

2

2i

3

3i

8

12

16

20

24

26

130

210

300

400

500

600

20

40

60

80

100

120

40

72

104

136

168

200

12

24

36

48

60

72

1*

2

3/4 y d .

2i

3

3i

HORTICULTURAL

P L A N T I N G S ON GOLF

COURSES

J . P. B a r e f o o t
Golf Course Superintendent
U n i t e d S t a t e s S o l d i e r s Home
Washington, D.C.
The a e s t h e t i c v a l u e o f f l o w e r b e d s h a s many f a c e s .
You c a n u t i l i z e
them to c a l l a t t e n t i o n t o a r e a s , d r e s s up o t h e r w i s e d u l l a r e a s , b r e a k t h e
s t e r i l i t y o f s q u a r e c o r n e r s and w a l l s , o r j u s t p l a n t them b e c a u s e t h e y
are pretty.
U n l e s s you have a g r e e n h o u s e o p e r a t i o n l i k e o u r s i t i s p r e t t y
d i f f i c u l t and a t t i m e s more e x p e n s i v e t o grow y o u r own a n n u a l s .
Seed
g e r m i n a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e s and i n c u b a t i o n c l i m a t e s v a r y w i t h t h e s e e d s to
b e sown s o a l l c a n n o t be a c c o m o d a t e d i n o n e s m a l l g r e e n h o u s e .
When s e l e c t i n g y o u r b e d d i n g p l a n t s , be s u r e to buy more t h a n y o u
n e e d s o y o u can h o l d r e p l a c e m e n t s f o r any t h a t m i g h t d i e .
It is not
n e c e s s a r y to p l a n t a s c u l p t u r e d o r f o r m a l bed s u c h a s EMBROIDERY m a s s e s
o f many d i f f e r e n t k i n d s o f a n n u a l s .
Embroidery beds u s e s SANTOLINA,
A L T E R A N T H E R I A , and MARIGOLDS and many o t h e r t y p e s o f f l o w e r s .
The
s a n t o l i n a f o l i a g e i s t h e show p a r t o f t h i s p l a n t and i t i s a v a i l a b l e i n
several colors.
S a n t o l i n a i s e s p e c i a l l y good f o r d i s p l a y b e d s w h e r e y o u
w a n t to o u t l i n e n u m b e r s , l e t t e r s , o r f i g u r e s s u c h a s a l i b e r t y b e l l o r
club crest.
C o n t a i n e r s a r e o f t e n v e r y e f f e c t i v e to b r i g h t e n a r e a s , and a r e
r e l a t i v e l y e a s y to m a i n t a i n .
C a s c a d e p e t u n i a s c a n be u s e d t o s o f t e n t h e
c o r n e r s o f many t y p e s o f p l a n t e r s .
A s i m p l e red g e r a n i u m i n a b u c k e t ,
t u b , w a s h b o i l e r , k e t t l e , o r e v e n an o l d commode, wagon o r w h e e l b a r r o w ,
c a n be u s e d e f f e c t i v e l y to s e t a t t h e b a s e o f a s i g n p o s t , the e d g e s o f
s t e p s , n e x t to g a t e s o r d o o r s , o r a t j u n c t i o n s o f w a l k s w h e r e p e o p l e
t e n d to t a k e s h o r t c u t s m a k i n g p a t h s i n t h e t u r f .
M a r i g o l d s , i m p a t i e n s , h e n s 6- c h i c k e n s o r any o t h e r a n n u a l t h a t w i l l
a d a p t p l a n t e d i n a s t r a w b e r r y j a r c a n c r e a t e an i n t e r e s t i n g d i s p l a y .
I n r e c e n t y e a r s I M P A T I E N S h a v e become i n c r e a s i n g l y p o p u l a r . T h e y do
e q u a l l y well in shade o r sun.
We a r e u s i n g I m p a t i e n s i n many b e d s w h e r e
we p r e v i o u s l y p l a n t e d P e t u n i a s , s i n c e the i m p a t i e n s a r e much h a r d i e r and
l e s s p r o n e to damage f r o m t e m p e r a t u r e and m o i s t u r e e x t r e m e s , i n s e c t s ,
and d i s e a s e .
We o f t e n b o r d e r i m p a t i e n s w i t h L I R I O P E .
The b a n a n a p l a n t
c a n add i n t e r e s t to t h e f l o w e r bed - and the b a n a n a b e n e f i t s f r o m i t s
summer i n the s u n .
I n o r d e r t o h a v e t h e b e d s a s f u l l a s p o s s i b l e e a r l y in t h e s e a s o n ,
we p l a n t c l o s e r t h a n the s e e d b o o k r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s .
We w o r k i n 5 - 1 0 - 5
when p r e p a r i n g t h e b e d s , a l o n g w i t h manure o r p e a t m o s s , M i l o r g a n i t e ,
l i m e o r bone m e a l , and P e r l i t e .
The b e d s a r e f e d t h r o u g h t h e g r o w i n g
s e a s o n w i t h a l i q u i d s o l u b l e f e r t i l i z e r about once a month.
The v a s e s

and b o x e s a r e fed e v e r y two w e e k s , the f e e d i n g b e i n g s t o p p e d i f the p l a n t s
show s i g n s o f l e g g i n e s s .
We have found t h a t C a l y p s o p e t u n i a s , harmony
m a r i g o l d s , and d u s t y m i l l e r b l e n d v e r y w e l l .
M a r i g o l d s w i t h S a l v i a , a r e q u i t e p r o l i f i c and e a s y to grow.
Their
problem o f s u s c e p t i b i l i t y to r u s t , and powdery mildew can be c o n t r o l l e d
by o c c a s i o n a l s p r a y i n g o f T e r s a n 1991.
A n o t h e r i n t e r e s t i n g p l a n t i s the
C e l o s i a o r commonly c a l l e d Cockscomb.
I t i s a v a i l a b l e in many v a r i e t i e s
and c o l o r s and p r o v i d e s an i n t e r e s t i n g and u n u s u a l d i s p l a y e i t h e r in
groups o r alone.

fill

B e g o n i a s do w e l l in the s h a d e , and i f
i n r a p i d l y in a f u l l sun s i t u a t i o n .

they are h e a v i l y

fertilized

C a l a d i u m s , t h e i r show coming p r i m a r i l y from f o l i a g e , make a bed t h a t
i s a t t r a c t i v e e a r l y in the s e a s o n , and are an e x c e l l e n t c e n t e r p i e c e f o r
b e g o n i a s o r i m p a t i e n s o r Gan be s u c c e s s f u l l y b o r d e r e d w i t h L I R I O P E .
Once e s t a b l i s h e d ,
y o u r b e d s , they have a
used f o r c u t f l o w e r s .
f o r a t u l i p bed in the
e r o s i o n o f the s o i 1 .

a p e r e n n i a 1 / b i e n n i a 1 garden can add v a r i e t y to
wide range o f b l o o m i n g p e r i o d s , and many can be
Ornamental cabbage p r o v i d e s an i n t e r e s t i n g c o v e r
winter.
I t i s showy, h a r d y , and w i l l p r e v e n t

W i t h t u l i p s , I p r e f e r a m a s s i n g o f s i n g l e c o l o r s as much as p o s s i b l e .
Care s h o u l d be taken to s e l e c t h e i g h t s and time o f b l o o m i n g t h a t a r e
c o m p a t i b l e when m i x i n g v a r i e t i e s .
P l a n t i n g o f mums a f t e r y o u r a n n u a l s have shown w e a k e n i n g in the f a l l
w i l l add c o l o r f o r an e x t r a month or two.
They can be removed at t u l i p
p l a n t i n g time to a h o l d i n g area where you can keep them p i n c h e d from the
s t a r t o f the g r o w i n g s e a s o n u n t i l m i d - J u l y and b r o u g h t back in the beds
the f o l l o w i n g f a l 1 .
Annual v i n c a c o v e r s r a p i d l y and does w e l l in temperature o r
m o i s t u r e extremes and i s a v e r y h a r d y p l a n t .
Canna l i l l i e s are used
where a t a l l p l a n t i s needed - a l o n g w a l l s , a l o n g f e n c e s , o r as a
c e n t e r p i e c e f o r a bed, s t e p p i n g down to g e r a n i u m s , then ageratum then
alyssum.
We have been u s i n g T r e f l a n as o u r weed p r e v e n t e r f o r the p a s t f i v e
or s i x years with excellent r e s u l t s .
W a t e r i n g s h o u l d be done as needed,
a l t h o u g h o v e r w a t e r i n g s h o u l d be a v o i d e d .