‘ ‘3 ‘ about. result of a series of . , *mass of'ground rock is .which becomes mixed \ The Only Weekly Agrieultural, VOL. CXLV. No. 25 Whole Number 3893 WISE man of ancient time once said, “There is nothing new ~ under the sun.” The statement "may be true,.but we do not look at matters in that light. Truths may be eternal, and *yet, when we discover things which we did not know before we speak of themas new ideas, and we give them a name, and yet the principles on which the ideas may be founded, have been known to exist for countless ages. The only thing new about some things which we call new, is the manner of naming and describ- ing our methods. In building up and maintaining the fertility of the soil, we may use new terms, and yet the object toward which we are aiming may be the same as that of thousands of those who have pre- ceded us. The reason for using the term “stuffing the soil," is that it ex- presses the ideas which we consider ' are of first importance, whether our aim is to build up a fertile soil, main- tain the fertility of the soils already producing, or improving the fertility of those soils which are 5&1 WigwEEKLY PUBLISH \ 7/, "7"//),'/_// ,Horticultural, and Live Stock Journal in the State. DETROIT, MICH., SATURDAY, JUNE 17, 1916 By N. A. CLAPP pine timber grows on Certain kinds of soil. The soil on which jack pines grow is not the same soil as would be required to support heavy timber. What drops from jack pines does not supply much vegetable matter and we say that such is thin, poor soil. With nothing but jack pines growing, ages might pass and the fertility of the soil would not be built up. On the other hand, to soils on which such timber as beech, maple, basswood, ash, elm and heavy oaks flourish, there is being returned, each year, a heavy crop of leaves. As we would now ex— press it, nature is stuffing the soil with a large amount of vegetable matter, and we know the result. When such lands are cleared of the timber we have only to tickle the surface with the polw, plant ,the grains or grass seeds, and in due time we can laugh on account of a golden harvest. It has been the heavy timber that cropping the vegetable matter, some of which has decayed and some has not, becomes used up and we have a condi- tion of soil which fails to bring forth abundantly and we say that such soils are worn, or nearly worn out; are worthless because they will not pro- duce in sufficient quantities to pay the trouble of working the land, seeding and gathering the crops. Restoring Fertility. Men who have clay soils sometimes make the remark that their “ground is getting harder and harder.” They ov- erlook the fact that the crops are con- stantly using up the humus and the de- caying matter which had held the particles of clay apart and made it pos- sible for the air to circulate through it, had been exhausted, and their land was but a little less than fine particles of ground rock which were adhering very closely and excluding air, mois- ture and heat; a condition where it is “we“; ‘ ; . "\ ’0; w ’:¢!// 50 CENTS A YEAR. 82 FOR 5 YEARS. “Stuffing the Soil to Restore Fertility caying vegetable matter is exhausted rapidly, and a condition usually de- scribed as “thin soil” is brought about by constantly cropping without the ap- plication of barnyard manure or plow- ing under green manures. The rem- edy for the thin soils is stuffing them’ with animal manures and vegetable matter. As soon as one can get a. catch of clover and allow it to grow, and plows it under, he has begun to change the character of the soil and has started toward making the land fertile. The decaying vegetable matter aids in retaining the necessary mois- ture for plant growth, and the plant roots can feed on the particles of plant food already in the soil. By watching the results obtained by different methods of management of soils, one can easily see how soils are built up and made fertile, or how they become apparently exhausted and re- fuse to bring forth paying crops. Na- ture’s way of laying the forest leaves and all growths of vegetation on the surface, is slow, and makes it possible for wastes by washing impaired by misuse and bad management. 3 Most of us under- stand how the fertility of the soil is brought .3’ 7 The soil pri- ' marily is disintegrated rock. Fertility is the ' ~~ processes, s o m e of which are very simple and some complex. A not generally in its natural Condition very fertile. Plants make but a feeble growth in ground, fire-fused rock or erupted lava rock. There is in natural processes a growth of plants which return to the ground. After a few years there is an accumulation of decay- ing vegetable matter with the surface of the ground, and we begin to look upon that place as fertile. Why? Be- cause t h e decaying - _.vegetable matter mix- ' ed With the surface of the ground has 2. made it lighter and more porous than before; the air can circulate through it, the moisture that comes to it by 1418 rains can be retained for the use of growing plants, and the bacteria whose the vegetable matter in the soil have brought about a fermentation which 1.} Thus the process of plant -‘ There is present, Plowing Under Green Manure Crops has covered the surface of the ground with a heavy coat of leaves each year, and the leaves have decayed, become mingled with the ground at and near the surface, carrying there mineral ele- ments which were taken up by the roots. of the trees during the process of growth; and those elements are there in the soil ready to be taken up as plant food when we sow the grain. It has been by such a process as I have described, that our heavy produc- ing, loamy soils have been built up. Whether we have the clay loam, grav? elly loam or sandy loam soil, the build- ing up of the fertility of the soil has been by the same process. During a long series of years of will Aid in Restoring Fertility to Worn Soils. imposible for plant roots to get food. The plants can not thrive in a satisfac- tory manner on such soils. Those who have had experience with worn clay soils, remember the change as soon as they have applied a coat of barnyard manure, have plowed it un- der or given time for it to become a part of the Surface soil. The soil be- comes rejuvenated and the crops grew with a luxuriance that reminds one of the days when the land was first crop- pe.d If, in handling such soils, ma- nures are applied at short intervals and the crops rotated, the hard and apparently barren condition would not appear. With sandy soils the humus or de- and some of the vege- table matter decaying and becoming useless without ever being mixed with the soil. Man’s way of applying the manure on the sur- face and plowing it in- to the ground, brings the desired r e s u It 8 much quicker and with less wastes of vegeta- ble matter and plant foods. The methods of im- proving the soils by mixing vegetable mat~ ter into it, are numer— ous. If we mention a few it will illustrate what is meant, and perhaps, fix in the minds of some, plans by which some fields on their farms, or por— tions of their fields, can be so changed that better crops can be grown on them. When one is keep- ing all the stock on the farm that the for- age and grain grown on it will carry, uses liberal quantities of straw as bedding, and uses absorb- ents in the stables to take up the liquids, saves all the manure he can make, and spreads it on his fields which he intends to plow for crops at his earliest convenience, he is follow- ing a good method of stuffing his soil. A moderate application of such ma- nures at short intervals, gives better . results than a heavy coat of from 20' to 25 tons to the acre by the lOng ro~ tation of five and six years. ' If one plants cowpeas, field peas, mammoth or June clover to plow un- der as green manure, he is stuffing the soil by a good method. One of the ob4 (Continued on page 759). The Lawrence Publishing Cb. Editors and Proprietors 39 to a nave-1. we. m In: 4615. NEW tonic omc 11—171 Fourth Ave. CHICAGO om 11—004 Advertio'nr Building. CLEVELAND OFFICE—10114015 Oregon Ave., N. E. rmumztrnm owner—26146; South Third St. . M, ], LAWRENCE......... .... .......................Pyuidcn‘ M. L. LAWRENCE-nununuu ..... V‘xe-Preddcnt E. H. HOUGHTONu-c .Sm-Treu l. I. WATERBURY-u-mn .. .} .........nn- ”con... ... n... Associate Edison BURT WERMUTH ..... FRANK A. WILKEN .......... . ALTA LAWSON LITFELL; E_ H, HOUGHTON .......................... Engine” Mme: ' TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION: One ”11.521100” ------- -- .- Two years, 104 inner ...... Loo Three years. 156 lone. ------ 31.25 Fly: yea“, 260 luau ........................................... 2.00 All lent poupaid. Canadian subscriptions 50¢ a year extra for me. ---50 cents RATES OF ADVERTISING: . Ween: per line agate type measurement. or $5.60 per Inch (14 ante line: per inch) per inoertion. No adv‘t In netted for lean than $1.20 each insertion. No objection able ndvertioemenu inverted at any price. 'MIIISundu’d FunPnper IAuociltiooudAurit Bureau of Circulation. Bnterd u ucond class matter :1 the Detroit, Michigan, DETROIT, JUNE 17, I916 CURRENT COMMENT. A farmer who was Nature’s Law of showing a visitor ov- Compensation. er his fields recent- ly, instead of de- ploring the unfavorable weather condi- tions which delayed corn planting and the subsequent germination of the seed and growth of the corn, pointed with pride to the fine meadows which prom- ise a large yield of hay and to the new seeding of clover and alfalfa which give equal promise for an abundance of forage for next year's cutting. Referring to the backward corn, he remarked that he would much rather have the clover and alfalfa so promis- ing, particularly the new seedings of these legumes, than to have the corn developing ahead of the season and the new seedings backward because of un- favorable weather conditions for their development. His reasoning was good; a few warm days and the corn will make rapid strides in catching up with the season, while the clover and alfalfa will remain ahead of the game as com‘ pared with normal years. This is in accord with nature’s great law of compensation, which generally balances accounts all right with the farmer who does his own part faithful- ly and in accordance with his best knowledge. Too many farmers, how ever, fail to take into account the work- ings of this law and are inclined to look upon the dark side rather than at the bright side in the possible compari— son of which this instance is typical. True, very wet seasons are a great handicap for the farmer living on heavy, undrained soils, just as too dry seasons are an equal handicap for the farmers living on loose, open soils, which are quite as plentiful in this state. The remedy in the one case is tile drainage, and in the other case the addition of vegetable matter to the soil. If it were not for an occasional unfavorable season for both, neither drainage on the one hand nor the im- provement of light soils by the addi- tion of vegetable matter on the other hand would be as frequently employ- ed as is the case where these hand- icaps are brought prominently to the owner’s attention by unfavorable weather conditions. All things considered, then, the weather haidicap is in the long run quite generally beneficial to our agri- culture, since it stimulates better methods of soil management which Will in a measure overcome similar un- favorable conditions should they be repeated in succeeding seasons. It should also be borne in mind by the man who is inclined to become dis- ,”cournged over unfavorable conditions, that here again nature' 5 great law of V ‘ when is likely to operate in through re than nor- planted at the usual date. While there is a. natural variation in the climatic conditions from year to year, yet what we often deem as. ex- ceptional years come very near to the average in these respects. We remem- ber last year, for instance, as an ex- ceedingly cold, wet season, yet the rec- ord' of the weather bureau at Lansing, Mich, which would perhaps represent a fair average of weather conditions for the state, showed the mean tem- perature for the year to be only four- tenths of one degree below the normal, and the rainfall only 1.19 inches above the normal, the year coming nowhere near establishing a record in either low mean temperature or high rainfall. It is entirely probable that the present season will come as nearly being an average year in these respects, and that any handicap which may be im- posed upon us by a comparatively late spring will be compensated for by more than ordinarily favorable condi< tions during the summer or fall. Breeders of H01- stein-Friesian cat- tle are to be con- gratulated upon the success of the na- tional convention and big sale held in Detroit last week. The enthusiasm that has developed during recent years among breeders of Holstein cattle nev- er reached the height that it attained at this meeting. There were present fully 13. thousand delegates and breed- ers from communities reaching from Maine to the state of ”\v'ashington, the majority of whom remained until the sale closed at the end of the third day. This great sale, held at the state fair grounds on Thursday and Friday, was the most interesting feature of the meet. The management, under the very able direction of H. A. Moyer, of New York, had collected over 175 of the finest specimens of the breed in the country, representing the bluest blood of the best Holstein-Friesian fam- ilies. These animals were enough to arouse the pride of every lover of the great “black and white" breed, and the spirit in which bidding was done and the prices paid at the sale ring, show beyond question that the enthusiasm was genuine. One hundred and forty animals were sold for a total amount of $153,365.00, making an average for the entire sale of $1,088.32 per head, a record, we un- derstand, for sales of this size. The highest price paid for any one animal was $20,000, which was bid by A. W. Green, of Ohio, for King Champion Rag Apple an eight months' old bull consigned by Oliver Cabana, Jr., of New York. Flanders Farms, of Oak- land county, Mich., also paid $6,000 for King of the Pontiacs Segis, a yearling bull consigned by the Lawson Holding Company, of New York. Among the females Jessie Forbes Bessie Home- stead, with a butter record of 34.96 lbs. in seven days, and consigned by Mun- roe Company, of Washington state, led in the honors by bringing the long price of $4,600 from Cass Farms Com- pany, of Iowa. As evidence of the special value at- tached to good sires by progressive breeders, it may be stated that of the consignments 18 male animals sold at an average price of $3,084.72, while the 122 females sold averaged $793.77. There were only four of the 18 males that went below the $1,000 mark. Michigan Holstein breeders, besides giving their friends from sister states a most hearty welcome and looking af- ter their every need, had a real sub- stantial part in the transactions at the sale. Notwithstanding the fact that most of the Michigan breeders with- drew their ofierings’ in favor of those who came from a distance, when it ap- peared impossible, because of the lack of time, to dispose of all the animals consigned, the amount received for the Holsteins from Michigan farms aggre- gated 313.810, 01' an average of 3699-50111 per; head, for 2,0 animals w areas The Holstein Sale. perhoad, oratotalof $33,.480 This. leaves on the farms of Michigan 1161 stein breeders a larger number of high- class animals than they had before the sale, a matter for which they are to be highly congratulated. - The breeders of dairy cattle in this ers will be demanding more and more eflicient animals in their herds. They also believe that sooner or later higher prices must be paid for milk. These factors are certain to stimulate the de- mand for the best'type of dairy animal and thereby draw upon breeders’ herds for the best available stock. This confidence in a broadening future de- mand for good dairy cows prompted the breeders at this, the greatest sale of thoroughbred dairy cattle ever held in the country, to pay these. long prices for animals of merit. In another column ap- The Habit of Or- pears the report of a ganization. new inter-county or- ganization in central Michigan composed of the Holstein breeders of four counties. This organ- ization is the natural outgrowth of a parent organization which has been a live factor in these counties for some time. Still other activities are propos- ed in addition to various plans for ag- ricultural advancement which have have been carried out in the past, one of which was noted in these columns but a few weeks ago. The benefits of organization have been so apparent to the membership of this parent association that the farmers in these counties, are getting the organization habit. They are as- sociating themselves into organized bodies along the special lines in which any considerable number of them are interested. This is a habit which the farmers of various sections of the en- tire state should get at the earliest possible date. Just now there is per- haps no more important field for work of this kind than among the dairymen of the various communities, in view of the parent milk producers’ organiza- tion which was formed at East Lan- sing a few weeks ago, and the import- ant work for the betterment of condi- tions surrounding the dairy industry in this state which the officials of that organization have planned. Don’t let such pleas as “Too busy 3 time,” or “Wait until after harvest,” delay the initial steps toward such an organiza- tion 'in your community, Mr. Dairy- man. Get the organization habit now! It’s just as important as to “make hay while the sun shines” in a rainy sea- son. HAPPENINGS OF THE WEEK. National. At the National Republican Conven- tion held in Chicago last week, Chas. E. Hughes, of New York, at present a member of the United States Supreme Court, was nominated as the republi- can candidate for president on the third ballot, and Charles W'. Fairbanks of Indiana, as vice—president. The Pro- gressive party which was in session at the same time and in the same city, nominated Theodore Roosevelt, of New York, who refused to accept the nomination in opposition to the repub lican ticket, providing the parent or- ganization took a position consistent with the progressive ideas on prepar- edness and other important issues. The Michigan republican delegation voted 4 solidly for Henry Ford on the first bal— lot in which the delegates followed the instructions of the recent preferential primary election. 0n the second bal- lot they swung all their votes save two, to Hughes, thus starting the stampede that resulted in his choice on the third ballot, taken on Saturday morning. More than 2,000 civilians, business men, students, professional men and or tsmen enrolled for the midwes't ary training camp which opens at Fort 39113 11. ul or their relations to unlit . international commission a being; ‘ 1011st considered by the muse tion at Washington. Grain and coal receipts at Math and Superior for the first five months of the year show an increase of 50 per Foreign. The European War. —Interest has been transferred to the eastern war zone where the Russians have started an offensive movement along a front of 250 miles. Their operations have been' cent over the corresponding period of T’ state have confidence that milk produc- 1915' successful, and during the past fort~ ' night 108,000 prisoners, including 1,649' officers. one of whom is a general, have been taken. The offensive is directed particularly against the Austro-Hun- garians, and has already resulted in the re-capture of Lutsk and Dubno, im- portant fortresses in what is knownlas the Volhynian triangle. The retreat-4 ing Austrians are being pressed hard to the westward. Immense war stores are also being captured—The Ger- mans have met with some success on the Verdun front but their offensives have again been checked and the lat- est reports indicate that activities are now restricted to violent artillery en-_ ,. A gagements.—-The Italians were suc- cessful in opposing a strong Austrian attack on positions near Monte Lemirle and have also started an offensive be tween the Adige river and.Brenta.—— No news of importance has been re- ceived from the Balkan districts and Asia Minor.—According to British tab- 1' ulations the Germans have lost thus far during the war 2,924,586 men, of whom 734,412 were killed—A grave situation is developing in Italy, the government having failed to obtain a vote of confidence from parliament. As a result, King Victor Emmanuel is hur- rying from the front to endeavor to straighten out political affairs; for if, to Italy’s present military, financial and economical plight, there is added a do- mestic political upheaval, she may be unable to continue as an effective bel-' ligerent in the wan—The British gov- ernment is taking an inventory of all the foodstuffs inthe United Kingdom. ——Canadian troops lost heavily in the recent fight with the Germans near Ypres. Upwards of 6,000 officers and men were reported lost. Yuan Shi Kai, president of the Chi- nese Republic, died last week. The president had accepted a tentative proposition to head a. Chinese dynasty and worries over these political chang- es are given as a direct cause for his- early death. General Li Yuen Hung, vice- president of the Republic, now be- comes president. Mexican bandits crossed the border line at El Paso and also near Laredo, Texas, . early this week. American, troops are now in pursuit of the in- vaders. Recently an agreement was made between Generals Pershing and Gaviro as to the disposition of troops. in the territory controlled by the Am- erican forces. The defacto government now informs Gen. Pershing that Gen. Gavira had no authority to discuss mil- itary questions. This situation further complicates matters and is being con- sidered in connection with other facts in possession of the authorities Washington. The Norwegian government is con- ‘sidering a bill for compulsory arbitra- tion in order to avert a lockout which the employers’. association has an- nounced will be put into effect during June against all union workmen. CORN GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION EXTENDS ACTIVITIES. At the last regular meeting of the Inter-county Corn Growers’ Associa- tion of Montcalm, Gratiot, Clinton and Ionia counties, members now owning pure-bred Holstein-Friesian cattle uni- ted in a sub-organization of the Corn Growers’ Association, calling their 01'- ganization the Inter-county Holstein- Friesian Association of Central Michi- gan, and elected ofljcers from the dif— ferent counties for the same. Prof. Anderson, Dairy Department of M. A. 0., gave an excellent address on what breeds were most suited to our needs and points in regard to organizing an association. Perhaps readers of the life Farmer will remember picture tails of the inter- -county tractor or demonstration. That was mm of the big things the Corn Gram Adi, nocintion has done and is planning u doing, but the main object 17 ed was to make this section an an noted for its pure-bred ve stock. Today it has Wthek M at, ‘I a “Pi “1 aion known as the Holstei tion. mentioned above, and 1y at the next meeting breeders will rt tan ;H ”Fr-1.." ‘ '- . . grownn .. . V A for the. past fewye‘ars thezdamage done 'ferops. 18W, . light-colored, at Michigan 8 increasing. And _ y the bean-maggot has constantly in Cmased For a, number ofyears it has appeared in‘ (the state from time to .‘ his but scattered over a large area, hotdoing considerable damage in any helpla‘ce. -But for. the past two years it"has- caused whole fields to be plowed up and replanted or planted to other 0 The adult of this maggot is a two-winged fly Slightly smaller than the house-fly. It is also known as the “seed-corn maggot” as it attacks the newly-plant- ed corn, penetrating the grain after it Chas sprouted and before it appears ”above ground, killing the germ and hollowing out the interior until noth- ing but the hard outer part of the seed is left. ' There are several other hosts, on which it feeds, among which are beans, peas, corn, -‘ cabbage, turnip, potatoes and some weeds. Its work is often con- fused with the onion maggot 'and the cabbage maggot, which also work on a large variety of plants. On emerging the female flies around ., for a while and then lays its eggs, usu- ally on 'the stems of plants just coming I 'through the ground or on decaying vegetable matter, which appears to be the favorite breeding place. The eggs hatch into maggots which scrape chan- nels in growing plants and ruin them. There is every reason to believe that two or more generations develop dur- ing the growing season. ' , During the year 1915 most of the damage by this pest was reported from Huron, ' Sanilac, Tuscola, Saginaw, Gratiot, and Eaton counties. A little damage was reported from Berrien county. ' .In almost every case, where the dam- age was reported last year, it was al- Ways worst where clover had been ‘ . turned under just previous to planting the beans or where fresh manure had been used late in the spring. One case illustrating this was a farm near Bad " Axe in Huron county. A field that had‘ formerly been a pasture was plowed and some of the higher. sandy places .were heavily manured and turned un- der. Beans were immediately planted and these manured places were the wonly parts of the field showing infesta- ‘ ation by the maggots. eaées that came to the writer’s atten- _'tiOn all pointed to the same conclusion. «Vlt‘appears- that the best and most Several other desirable means of control is by cul- tural methods, as the maggot breeds in manure and other decaying material, as well as the exposed roots of clover moistened by rains. This does not mean that beans should not be planted after clover nor that fresh manure should not be used. It means that if ' clover is plowed under it should be done as early as possible in the season and the roots broken up so as to de- stroy the breeding places of the mag- gots. Fresh manure should be put on 1 early and plowed under so as to give “it/time to drSr out before planting time. If one wishes to fit up a piece of ground " on short notice thorough plowing and cultivation with commercial fertilizer LY will. give good returns. " Mich. Ag. Col. DON B. WHELAN. V LILLIE FARMSTEAD NOTES. For 'several- years, while we were dingthe work, I put every dollar I ade on the farm, and some besides, finite; tile drains. I figured that was the ‘ ly. way I could make farming pay it in. the long run. It, seemed to be gape sary. for me to depend almost en- . con hired labor to operate the My time. was largely taken up tide work, some of which did ' h_1_income. I always kept Wt well ‘inhand. _I enjoy .ness‘ of farming is to be carried on .8 ,. __s is. stun can not? At east, I can flot,’ net do the other Work that I have al- ways. done.— I state this to bring out the idea I wish to emphasize. Early I came to comprehend that if the farm was to be made a paying proposition with every bit of labor necessary to op- erate it to be paid for at market price, then I must in some way put the farm on a basis if possible to assure good crops every year. The labor must be paid for, the income must come from the farm. That income would not be forthcoming if we produced poor crops. One can pay expenses with now and then only a fair crop, but if the farm pays all the labor bill there can be few, if any, crop failures. Any farmer knows this. The farmer who takes hold and does his share of the manual labor and who has a family of boys can squeeze through an occasional poor crop, or even crop failure, because he does not actually have to produce and pay out the cash for labor. He can adjust his expenditures to his income and make up some other year. The man who pays good actual cash money for every hour’s labor performed has simply got to have crops to do it. I very early discovered this, that I must get into some kind of farming that was reliable, that is, could be de— pended upon to produce a fair return, not only one year, but every year. That is the reason I am a dairyman. Other kinds of farming may be at times more profitable, but for a series of years my observation is that there is none with a fair profit that is quite so reliable. It was the labor problem that practi- cally forced me into the dairy business. But to make a success of dairying one must be a successful dairy farmer, that is, he must grow the crops to feed the dairy cow successfully. If much of the roughage of the ration must be purchased the money for the hired man is gone. Now let me come back to the original proposition—tile drain- age. I found that unless my soil was tiled I could not depend upon good crops of clover and corn, the basic foods for the dairy cow ration, nor the other crops, be they cash crops or oth~ er dairy ration crops in the rotation. In other words, I could not depend upon paying crops unless the soil was drained. Some years would be excep- tions but I could not depend upon un- certainties. Therefore as I said at the beginning, for a number of years I put every cent of profit and considerable besides, into tiling. If I have madea success, this tiling is the foundation of it. Without it I am quite confident I should have given up farming years ago as a bad job. It is none too profit- able as a business proposition now. We can now make interest on the in- vestment and allow something for su- pervision when we take an average of a number of years. Now the benefit of tiling has been as apparent this spring as during any year of my recollection. Even with a tile drained farm it has been difficult to carry out our plans, but we have so far. All the crops so far have been planted that we planned on. We have put in the full crop of peas, the full acreage of oats, and it looks now as if we will be able to complete our plans. and get in the intended acreage of corn and beans. Some people have been unable todo this. You see field after field all over the state where only a portion of it was sown to oats as at first intended. Had these fields. been properly tiled this could have been done. Many fields have not been sown to cats at all as intended. Tiling would- have allowed the plans to be carried out. ' My belief years ago was that on land that needed it, the first'thing to be done was to tile it. Years of experience have proven this idea to be correct. It must be done in some way if the busi- ing. like, that-avg , . g . and-Hone works as. a“ farm hand must, he can i . immllwuuuul .003 INCH .003 of an inch. All that stands between you and a noisy, laboring motor To get full protection, you must have. a constant, full, even oil film. You must have an oil which will stand the heat of service. It is far from a simple matter to manufacture oilsWhich retain real lubricating efficiency under service temperatures. Further—it is important that the body of the oil be correct forthe motor. Gargoyle Mobiloils have been manufactured to withstand the heat of automobile operation when used in accordance with the Chart below. In that Chart you will find specified the grade of Gargoyle Mobiloils you should use in your motor. If retain full lubricat- 4:, ,/-// your car is not listed, a copy of our complete ing efficiency under _ M b' o l Lubrication Chart will the heat of service. A grade for each type of motor be gem you 0” request. Many oils break down under this In buying Gargoyle Mobiloils from your dealer, it is safest to pur- hcat. Part of the oil goes off in Vapor, just as hot chase in original packages. Look for the red Gargoyle on the container. water gives off steam. With an oil film only .003 of an inch For information, kindly address any inquiry to our nearest office. The oil film which protects the friction surfaces in your motor is hardly thicker than the page you are now reading. It makes no difference. how much oil you pour into your crank-case. The only oil that protects your motor is this thin film between the moving metal parts. And this thin film is not the cool oil your pour into your crank-case. In use the oil heats quickly. Then the test comes. Only oil of the highest quality will thick this vaporization must be reckoned with. CORRECT AUTOMOBILE LUBRICATION IlmnlIIllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllIIIIHlmnllllllllllllllllllfllll'tlIlllllllflllllllllllllllllllllllllllmllllllllllllllfllllllflllllfl! Whammummlmuuummmmmn. [minim “1,1,151; Explanation : The four grades of Gargoyle Mobiloils for gasoline motor lubrication, purified to remove free carbon, are: Gargoyle Mohiloil “A” Gargoyle Mobiloil “E" Gargoyle Mobiloil “B” Gargoyle Mobiloil “Arctic” In the Chart below, the letter opposite the car indicates the grade of Gargoyle MObllOllS that should be used. For example, “A” means Gargoyle Mobiloil “A,” “Arc” means Gargoyle Mobiloil “Arctic,” etc. The recommendations cover all models of both pleasure and commercial vehicles unless otherwise noted. YOUR TRACTOR also may be lubricated efficiently with Gargoyle Mobiloils. will mail you a separate Chart specifying the correct grade and model of tractor.. On request we for each make Specialists in the manufacture of high -grade lubricant: for every clan of machinery. Obtainable everywhere in the world. . Detroit . Chic 0 New or]: Indiana lil ' ' Philade phi: "mil,”ml“ Pittsburgh Domestic Branches: Bog n KanmClty,Klul. ’5 ’_/,..» , .1 "_ > . . , \. I E 5 none; or role l915 lg” 1913 Will-r. Monti. or '9"; 19.5 ,9” ".913 .« x91: . = t L :3 L :5 :3 ‘5 ‘- .. 1 . h . : E 3 E 3 E N E 3 g a , a b 0 ‘- 3 h b ' I E . CARS E LE E .E E .E 5 .E E E CARS : E E E g E g g = =5=s=3=3=§ ‘ "5-5- E . m m m 1/) m I m 3 a g ‘3 g f, g a B E s ”‘3?" ”Wags: At- A: A}:- Ar Aff: ’.‘.’.°: A. Aff: A.. Aff.’ 5M -------- A A A A Am A AA? E Apperaon ............ Arc. Arc Arc. Arc. Arc Arc.Arc.Arc.Arc Ach l u .u Eamd ll. ' 8 A Are. A Arc. A Arc. Arc.Arc. Am Arc. _=_ " (Scyl) ..... A A . ...............‘ (K ‘oe.4) A A A A A A‘ W" E Auburn (4 cyl) ...... A Are. A Arc. A A A A A A l5’“‘(\',;,;§.]‘ - -) """ A A B A B A’ B A "B :‘l - E 1:: " (eryl) ...... Am.Arc.Arc,Arc.Arc Are”; '1. .. . bl L 35 """ ~ A~ A A " = E Amour ............. A Arc A Arc. Are. ‘A An: A Arc .mo It """""" h h E E E E Arc.Arc hr AJH E E- Avery ............... A A A A A A A A A A M 2'" """" - - - A . A Are. A Arc. Arc Arc. Aroma-l - E " (Mod.5&C.lT0n) Arc.Arc.Arc.Arc.Arc.Arc. Marmolrllu A "\m A Am A Arc. A A!“ g 5 r' IIIIIIIIIIIII A Arc. A Arc. A" . .. . .,L I axwe .. .Arc.Arc.Arc.Arc.Arc Arc.Arc.lAN:.‘ E (8 W‘)‘ A . .. ... ... . - Mercer ........ .. A Are. A Arc ArckA c. E g Eng: ........... , rc Arc Arc.Arc A Are. A Arc. A Ar .Arc.Are........ ""’L"""" g = a C ............. ...........l‘.... . l . - . I ' 'I'.- "~.--. I'.“ .“H-- g A I (8 cyl) ....... A A Arr. Are. A." Arc Aft. A.“ Ari Arc: lMHfihc“ """ A Arc. A A" rkrc. p, ' E- : Cue ................ A A A Arc. A Art‘. A Arc. ‘ - - = Chalmers ............ Arc. Arc Arc Art: A A .-\rc. .. . = (hicdelG-u)‘ A Arc g " (Modem-30) A A _. = E Chandler Six ........ Arc. Arc. Arc. Arc. Arc. Arc ... = 5 Chevrolet ....... . . . . - Arc. Arc. Arc. Arc. A Arc A g g lCale ........ . . . . . l . . Arc. E 5 ~ (p .. A . . E E Cunnlng Im A = E Dctroiier. .. A E a Dodge ........... l“ E 5 Empire . Arc p ~ E = Federal [Am . a'l‘ze .......... , E E Fist ...... B , " -46)..~.....\.. Arc — E Ford ..... '13 (”368‘“) A A" E E Frnnld A P'ih.findcf'( ..... .. A Arc E = Grant ‘ - 12 cy , .. .. . - Peerln .............. A Arc '- E H-y A. .A ‘_--g(acyl) ..... -... A E E H“ . .. ii . Plate: Ar‘r‘owu .. .. A A Arc. Arc. Arc.Arc. Arc. Are. A Arc' E s -- A' .. '. A 2:": l s E Hunmolnle ........... A A A A . AA .'A" .. """"" " 9 '° ‘ g I. H. C. ((lir) ...... .. r . . , ”If B Ac 8 Ac B (8 CY!) ......... 2 A¢C w E E “ wuer.2cyclel A A A A A A A . """"" = E " (water.4cycle) A Arc . man." """ E E E E‘ E E = Jack-on .............. Arc. Arc: Arc. Arc.Arc. Are. A "‘"k . ' ' ' .. AVC~ A'Q AFC. Arc. Arc. Arc. Arr An- Au- AW". E E .. (scyl) ....... A A .. Pal-m ‘1‘"i'fl'g-gng R “B A B A A A A ' 5 5 ]fl ............ I“ A Arc. A Art. A A ‘ . ........,‘...:...........; E 5 (Chesterfield).. A Arc. A Arc. .....;a 6::ffb'k”"" ‘ A A“ M h“ A “'9 A A" r E a Corn'l ......... A Arc. A Arc. Arc. Arc. Arc. Arc. Arc. Arc.- elie '( ' ' .l) ' ' ' A A A A A A . Arc,An‘ An- A"- i '~ Kelly Springfield ...... A A A A A A Arc. Arc. ArcAr'c. u g” A A A" A A"- A - A 1“"- Kinl ......... , . A Are A A A E A E ‘ '( ”y "A" A" A" A" A" E ,_ (8 cyl). n“ A A “the I“. ( ....' Willy's-nghtm' .. ASLAAr Ir; A; A; Arr A... A... A... An- « - .......... . . _ l .. -- .“ E -7 Coqu__ _\ , Arc («retire Are 61': _".‘ I“ . ..iLJ-l Wimon.........‘.....Alc_._Arc nr Ann-Au t A" A... eke: "" L r . ., _ . VACUUM OIL COMPANY, Rochester, N. Y. U. S.A. g g E E I lunulmmnlunuIluuuullummulmmumuulnummunmlmllmmnui" {l ‘ . III'I' 'I'IIIIESII IllEAI ALWAYS Warehouse and elevator dockue is heavy and reduces the profit that you anticipate when last threshing is done by a sloppy machine. ~ BEA'I' OUT THE GRAIN v THROW OUT THE STRAW, ME AND 0111' 'I'IIE IIEII RIVER SPECIAL WAY The milling of this marvelous machine is as as its separation of the grain. The crop comes clean and ready for m-het. because It in built to do thorough work and plenty of it with every part. The mill is no exception. "'8 "WORK IlliIlES GLEAII There are plenty of bgrealn grain farmers who in- sigt on havin their oby a Red iver Speci Other machines “have fooled on not results. You had better and for a. copy of the Home Edition of the Red River Sacral paper and out what kind of ma- c e your own neighbor: efer before you. buy a new three rig. 9 Big Catalog may you to in o your choice. Have one cent he paper. - IIIGIIOLS 81 SHEPARD 00. (In Continuous Business Since 1848) BUILDERS EXCLUSIVELY 0F THRESH INC. MACHINERY led River Special Thain. Feeders. Wind Sucker. Steam and Oil-Cu Tm Kahlua-III. II MIGHIOAH (15) BATTLE CREEK. Did Water Bother You? The heavy ruins of the sprmg caused lots of trouble on undraiued farms. but the farmers who laid American Virtrified Tile had no difficulty. This tile pays for itself in the better (n )ps and ease of farming It is a tile built to last It is salt glazed and is frost and acid proof. Ask about our Silo Block Tile, and Building Block Tile.‘ American SewerPipe ca, 200 St. Juno: 8t, JACKSON, HIGH. eradicated or money refunded. Treatment Tree Bore for 100 trees 81. 00. Wright Anilhm 00.. 802 lllnmn 1111., Evanstoo. ill. sw E E lauds Wofl! Out Sell. HIS higher protein content than alfalfa. Write GLOVE R for prices and information. Everett Barton. 8.129, Palmouth,Kv. Planted with ensilago SOY BEANS corn greatly increase fills aliilzyA of the feed. Write us for prices. OgNG NDOLPH SEED 00.. Owoeso. Michigan. . Alfalfa 36, Sweet Clover 88. Farm S for sale and rent on crop payments. - J. MULEALL. Boo City. Iowa. loll FMl Caliban - splendidhogdrismtygg asters.$l.00, 100 early tomatoes 7'10, snivia, prepaid. Paul L. Ward, Plant Specialist Hilladaie,lich. Seed Buckwheat JAPANESE OR SILVERHULL $2. 25 Per IOO Lbs. Bags Extra At 15 Cents Each. 'UOUNG- -RANDOLPH SEED 60.. 0'00... Mich. :- ‘ Sweet Potato Plants fixings. T3321“... Dooloya. Large Surplus of long, vigoroucdisease free , plants. The John 0. Stet-o ., oxlm Bond. Miss ‘ " 21...: m mile. rmécmmmm f3; 1' sameupI-ntm at. mum-11'... , 1‘ to anted Get on I‘m mgr glorifi‘ Theo. purl .3 ‘ ' .— there it is » . .debt. Borrow the money to make this necessary fundamental improvement. It is just as necessary and proper as the investment in the farm itself, or in the farm buildings, or live stock,» or tools necessary to do the work. It will pay. CODON C. LILLIE. FARM NOTES. Blighted Potatoes as a Source of Seed. What do you understand by potato blight? Is the potato good for seed after it. has been struck by blight? Can it be treated for such? What is the formaldehyde treatment for? lngham Co. R. F. Scientists are not fully agreed as to the extent of the infection passed on to the succeeding crop through the use of infected seed potatoes, but it is a. quite general opinion among them that there is at least some danger of in- fection from this source. On the other hand, there is apparently no lack of spores for infection of potatoes with late blight in any season when weath- er conditions favor the development of this fungous disease. Then, too, it does not necessarily follow that potatoes which are secured from a blighted crop are necessarily infected with the active spores of the blight fungus. The writer lost his p0- tato crop last year in common with the rank and file of farmers in his section of the state. The potatoes were killed in late August but were left in the ground something like six weeks after the plants had died, when the small tubers were dug and stored in the cel- lar. There has been no appearance of rot in these tubers, which have remain- ed unusually firm and solid, and we believe that under these conditions it will be perfectly safe and feasible to use them for seed, at least we shall try the experiment by planting a. con- siderable acreage with them. On the other hand, where one has saved seed from last year’s crop and there has been considerable rot caused by infection from late blight, we do not believe it would be advisable to use the seed. Other things being equal, it is always a better proposition to use good healthy, well developed seed, but in view of the difficulty of obtaining such, one may be justified in planting good sound seed stock from a crop which was affected by blight last year. There is no known treatment by which infected seed could be freed from the spores of this fungous. The formaldehyde treatment is for the kill- ing of the spores of the common scab and similar fungous diseases, and is given by soaking the seed from one and ,a half to two hours in a solution made by mixing one pound of formal- dehyde in thirty gallons of water. THE DISPOSAL OF STRAW. Farmers as a rule, are taking better care of the straw crop than was the custom in former years,‘ but some farmers still neglect this important item of farm management. If any of your grain crops are threshed in the field, the straw should be drawn to the barn. If the top of the stack is wet dump it off in the barnyard and put the dry under cover if you can possibly find room to do so. If not, then do the next best thing and stack it in the barnyard where the cattle can work if over. They will obtain considerable feed from it and by spring the whole will be worked down into valuable ma- nure. If it remains in the field until winter comes, the wet straw on top will become frozen and it will be al- most impossible to procure any of it that will be at all valuable. Remember that the grain is not the only part which is of value, therefore take care of this product as well. Do not neglect the feeding value of the straw in these times. It is the econ- omy you practice in such matters that loss. selves from a frozen Stock in a. muddy ' barnyard. The out straw is more valu- marks the lines between profit and. Get all of, the, straw under cover- thatyou. can and feed it: therefor in able than the wheat straw for feeding purposes, so if you have room for only one kind under cover, let it be the not straw. Do not try to wholly fatten your cattle on this roughage, however, for you cannot do it, nor can you keep milch cows on such a diet, only use it judiciously in connection with roots and grain and it will help you to economize in the cost of feeding. Do not expect to bring the best results from straw alone, but it will go a long ‘ ways in supplementing the hay crop, and at the same time converting the otherwise wasted straw into a fine grade of fertilizer which otherwise would be wasted, for surely the ma- nure pile properly taken care of, is the farmer’s -most valuable asset and its proper care and application will save the disappointmens of run-down and wornout soill Shiawassee Co. D. H. Mourns. ROAD BUILDING IN MICHIGAN A mile of state reward gravel road has been completed in Austin toyin- ship, Mecosta county, at net cost to the township of $933.36, or the cheap- est road built to date in that section. The road commission of Oakland county has started operations under the two-mill tax voted by the super— visors last October. Funds secured from the bond issue of $1,000,000 voted at the April election will soon be avail~ able when larger operations will be started. Six miles of stone road will be built in Bay county this summer, with other road improvements, and the work is already in progress. J. H. Blomshield is entering upon his 24th year as en—y gineerdn charge of road work in this county. Farmers of Peninsula. township Grand Traverse county, met to talk good roads and to hear the report of a. committee sent to Wayne county to in— vestigate concrete road building. This report was favorable toward this type of road. It is figured that fruit and other farm produce is hauled to Traverse City from the Peninsula an- nually at cost of $15,000 and that a concrete road would cut this hauling cost in two-a saving of $7,500 a year. The patrol system of keeping roads in repair has been adopted on the Mid— land, Quainicassee, Au Sable, Beaver, Linwood and Saginaw roads in Bay county. Later this system may be ex- tended to all county roads. The Otsego county commission has bought a stone crusher, wheel scrapers and other tools and will do its own construction work. Recent bids on the proposed road north of Gaylord were rejected as being too high. Oakland county will buy two motor- cycles for use in patroling the newly built roads, especially the concrete road between Pontiac and Detroit, and violators of the speed laws will be arrested. About 60 commissioners of the Sag- inaw district, comprising 10 counties of northeastern Michigan, met at Sag- inaw and discussed construction, road laws, etc. One of the features was demonstration of scarifying, reshaping and rebuilding a strip of the Genesee, a worn macadam road, under direction of Engineer Cleary of Berrien county. The work was satisfactory. It was found that the road, though badly rut- ted and filled with holes, still has six inches of stone, it being shown that in- stead of being worn off the stone had been pushed down into the soil. Kent Co. ALMOND GRIFFEN. “STUFFING” THE SOIL TO BE- STORE FERTILITY. (Continued from first page). jeetions raised against this plan, is that the richer. portions of the field which do not need the vegetable mat, tar. get the must mead-tho ' “ Bod. Andri- phcation of stable manure to the poor- er portions of the field may be depend- ed upon to help regulate the degree of fertility of different parts of the field; A second objection urged against plow- ing under heavy growths of legumi. nous crepe, is that there is aometiniea accumulated an excess of nitrogen, and a poison called “cumerin” is generated which requires tune or acids to correct it. The soil becomes overloaded and can not digest it the first, and some- times the second year. Live stock farming is looked upon as representing the highest efficiency in the matter of maintaining soil fertility. It furnishes the means, the manure. which, it saved and intelligently ‘ap- plied, will repair in a short period of time, the damage done by constant cropping without feeding the sail, and also prevents the accumulation of the poisonous acids or alkalies, which bar the normal production of crops. In other words, animal manures, if prop- erly handled, can be depended upon to maintain a proper balance between the alkalies and acids, and during the proc- ess of fermentation and decay, furnish some of the plant food needed by the growing crops, and make some of the mineral elements already in the soil, immediately available as plant food. OIL MIXED CONCRETE. BY FLOYD w. nonrsort. In previous issues we have given the details of the method of placing all mixed concrete for damp-proofing pur- poses as outlined by the U. S. Depart- ment of Agriculture as a. result of re« cent experiments. The results of the department’s in- vestigation on the effect of oils used in cement concrete are shown in the fol- lowing summary: 1. The tensile strength of 1:3 oil- mixed mortar is very little different from that of plain mortar, and shows a substantial gain in strength at 28 days and six months over that at sev- en days. 2. The times of initial and final set are delayed by the addition of oil; five per cent of oil increases the time of initial set by 50 per cent and the time of final set by 47 per cent. 3. The crushing strength of mortar and concrete is decreased by the ad- dition of oil to the mix. Concrete "with 10 per cent of oil has 75 per cent of the strength of plain concrete at 28 . days. At the age of one year the crushing strength of 1:3 mortar suf- fers but little with the addition of oil in amounts up to 10 per cent. 4. The toughness or resistance to impact is but slightly affected by the addition of oil in amounts up to about 10 per cent. 5. The stiffness of oil-mixed con- crete appears to be but little different from that of plain concrete. 6. Elasticity—results of tests for per- manent deformation indicate that no definite law is followed by oil-mixed concrete. , 7. Absorption-oil~mixed mortar and concrete containing 10 per cent of oil have very little absorption and under low pressures beth are waterproof. 8. Permeability—While the laboraé tory tests to determine the waterproof- ing qualities of oil-cement concrete have not given uniform results, those made on oil-mixed cement mortar con- taining 10 per cent of oil have shown that such mortar is practically water- proof under pressures as high as 40 pounds per square inch. All the tests' whether in the laboratory or in con- struction work, indicate that oil-mixed .: mortar is very effective as a water- proofing agent under low pressures, , when plastered on either side 01 a pot- ous concrete or masonry wall. 9. The bond tests show the landfill a" bility of using plain bar reinforcen with oil-concrete mixtures The can I! of deformed barn is not seriously: ”i and cull fruit. ’7' Denswe‘gopergtions ’of,’ commer- Cial peaChfgculture which is ab- :sOIutely. necessary and must be done 7, very carefully'every year. ‘ 'grower’s insurance against overhear; ing which results in devitalized trees I "The tree which pro: duces three bushels of 'fine fruit worth at least $1.00 per bushel is profitable I» when the tree producing six bushels of , culls'at thirty or forty cents per bushel will not pay. Furthermore the culls may find no sale at all and the tree which has borne the small fruit is an “overworked plant” which will suffer for its mis-spent energy. It is the fault 0f the grower and not the tree as the tree bears fruit to furnish seeds to perpetuate its kind. It is man’s busi- ness to make the tree produce large ' fruit. . inches. ,9 ' ’ other business. :‘ pays and thinning is the most import- ‘ ant factor in eliminating the cull peach. The thinning of the peach orchard should'be finished before the peaches are larger than walnuts and the work should start immediately after the June drop. The distance to leave between the specimens varies with the variety, for example, Gold Drops do not need as much room to develop as Elbertas. another of the ex- It is the ‘ winter .. , egg stage, and 1 . lime-sulphur which is so successful ”in controiling the San Jose scale does. not always have as satisfactory results in the Con- ,trol of the oyster shell scale. In orchards 'where annual 'Sprayings are made, the oyster shell scale never will become serious because lime and sulphur will'keep it in check, but for controlmethods on trees which are. al- ready infested, one of the commercial oil sprays such as scalecide will give the best results, as the oil will spread under the scale covering and destroy the eggs. Nothing can be done to control this scale during the growing season, but if the trees are seriously infested, we would suggest that you give them a thorough application of the oil spray early next spring. If you wish quick results, it would be well to put on an application in fall and another in the spring. Currant Louse. Could you tell me what is the mat- ter with my currant bushes, and what to do for them? At first the leaves get all puckery, turn red, and then under- neath the leaves are covered with little green lice. M. P. The red and puckery condition of WW / WWfl/flfl //// Thinning Adds to Vigor of Trees as well as Size of Fruit. The distance will vary from four to ten Careful thinning reduces the cost of summer spraying and as the peaches will not touch each other on the tree there is less danger of loss from fungous diseases. Reducing the weight on the branches also assists in preventing the breaking of limbs. Peach wood breaks easily and over- bearing is responsible for breaking down many trees if they are not care- fully thinned. Peach profits are greatly reduced by the cost of picking and packing and marketing. It is the best quality of fruit that brings the profit and there is really very small chance to make a profit on any other kind of peaches. It costs more to pack a basket of small fruit than it does a basket of large specimens as there are more to handle. The same thing applies to picking. The package costs the same regardless of the quality of the fruit. There is no difference in the shipping cost of a basket of culls and a basket of fancy fruit. It follows that it is the margin of profit which is worth considering in the peach business the same as inany It is not the cull that . Ingham Co. R. G. KIRBY. TROUBLE DEPARTMENT. Oyster Shell Scale. Kindly tell me what the enclosed ap- ei'tree’bark is infected with and also 3 harmful. ' . SUBSCRIBER. lees of bark which you sent infested with oyster. shell scale. is not‘as serious as the San ' s; not propagate as ‘ s8! the Currant foliage is due to the cur- rant plant louse. This louse is hatched from shiny black eggs attached to the bark of new growth which hatch soon after'the leaves open. The young lice crawl to the leaves and feed on the under side. By May they become quite abundant, and the irritation of their combined punctures causes the leaves to be- come badly curled. After the foliage has become distorted, this insect is rather hard to control, on account of the difficulty of reaching it with any of the common contact insecticides. The most satisfactory way to control this pest is to spray the bushes with commercial tobacco extracts, such as black leaf 40, just as the foliage is com- ing out. Whale oil soap or kerosene emulsion and also the tobacco solution will kill the insect during the growing season if: the spray is thoroughly ap' plied to the under side of the leaf. On account of the difficulty of making a thorough application, it is doubtful whether any means of control would be practical now. Owing to the at- tacks of parasitic enemies, this louse becomes greatly reduced in numbers after the middle of July. ///// W ////////////////////////////////////////////// ///////// W //////////// WW / The Evart Fruit Farm Association met at Evart, in Osceola county, and re—elected the following officers: Pres- ident, George .W. Minchin; treasurer, Wm. Latta; secretary, Arthur R. Rose; directors, V. R. Davy, Wm. Shore and J. J. Reik. The company owns 150 acres, of which 80 has been improved and set to 500 apple trees, 1,500 peach and 6,500 cherry trees. They are one and two years old and have wintered WWW/WWW [it The sign Goodyear 5 t a ti o n “%\ C "Him. 9 $6009: ' . L§ervicc Stationi W Sf H (:ic30§l,\.