‘ . *. 4.....VM The Only Weekly Agricultural, t VOL. CXXXIX. No. 3. g Whole Number 3609. Volumes have been written and published on the subject of alfalfa. culture, while institute lecturers have adelcated it for Michigan and it's value has been demonstrated in a practical manner by the progressive farmers of hundreds of communities in the state. the great mass of our farmers have fail— ed to become interested enough to try it out, even on a small scale, on their own farms or, trying it in a haphazard way, have failed and abandoned further at- tempts to grow it. Owing to the percent- age of failures with alfalfa in Michigan, too many farmers have jumped at the cenclusion that it is not adapted to our conditions of soil or climate, leaving it to their more progressive contlemporaries to solve the problem of its successful cul~ ture, and incidentally to first reap the reward which surely awaits the farmer who gets this greatest combination of forage producer and soil improver es— tablished on his farm. Quite generally, too, it will be found that the farmer who has failed with alfalfa vcry often fails to get a seeding of clover on his land from similar,,wuses. Indeed, it is doubtful if the percentage of failures withalfalfa have been measurably greater, where in- telligent and painstaking efforts. have been made to get it established, than the percentage of clover failures on the same farms in the same seasons. But clover has been the standby as a forage pro— ducing and soil improving legume used in the regular crop rotation for many years; its value, and even its necessity in maintaining a profitable agriculture has become universally recognized, and even the farmers who have most often failed in getting stands of clover on their farms have persevered year after year in sowing it, too often, it is true, without making an intelligent effort to remedy the conditions which have contributed to the frequent failures, yet with a com— mendable tenacity which, if applied to the problem of alfalfa culture, would cer- tainly bring about its early and success- ful solution. Indeed, the problems sur- rounding the successful culture of al- falfa are almost identical with the prob- lem of eliminating the uncertainty of clo— ver seedings, and practical study of and experimentation with alfalfa will help to solve the clover problem for many a farmer to whom its early solution is a matter of vital'importance. ' Then there is another large class of farmers, Whose soil is in a condition to succeed with alfalfa easily and who have not found the problem of clover seedings a serious one, who have not tried alfalfa because they have not realized that they needed it, or that it would add to the profit from their farms. They have NOTVVITHSTANDTNQ the fact that ortlcultural, and Live Stock Journal in the State. DETROIT, MICE" SATURDAY. JULY 20, 1912. .MORE ALFALFA NEEDED ON MICHIGAN FARMS. gl‘ou'n clover in the regular crop rota- tion to god purpose, and in combination with other grasses it has provided them with a liberal amount of roughage, so why, they have reasoned, should they bother with an uncertain crop like alfal- fa. Just a little figuring should convince every Michigan Farmer reader that there is a profitable place for the alfalfa crop upon his farm. First, it will, on an av- erage, produce fully twice as much for- age per acre as will clover. Many in- stances have been cited in which from four to as high as seven tons of hay per acre have been produced from a good Cutting Two Tons of Alfalfa per- Acre on stand of alfalfa in a single season right here in Michigan. Not only will it pro- duce more hay than will clover under similar conditions, but it will produce hay of very much superior feeding value in combination with other home—grown feeds. \\‘ith the advent of the balanced ration, our dairy farmers, particularly, have appreciated the economy In feeding a. ration containing sufficient protein to satisfy the requirements of their ani- mals in this direction and thus prevent a waste of tho other elements of nutri- tion in the ration and at the same time promote a maximum production. In or- der to accomplish'this it has been neces— sary to buy nitrogenous concentrates in considerable quantities to feed with the home-grown feeds. This is an expendi- ture which could be largely, if not en- tirely, avoided by growing alfalfa hay upon the farm. Acording t0 Henry's feeding tables, clover.hay contains (5.8 per cent of digestible protein and has a nutritive ratio of 125.9. This closely ap- proximates the nutritive ratio requirel by the dairy cow and young, growing animals, but it is such a bulky feed that these animals cannot consume enough of it to satisfy their ret'tuirements, and when fed in connection with the other home— grown feeds the nutritive ratio becomes tOo wide for best results without the ad— dition of supplementary feeds to balance the ration. The same tables show tlrtt alfalfa hay contains 11 per cent of di— gestible protein and has a nutritive ratio of approximately 123.86. a ratio so narrow that it aids materially in balancing up L“ ,._,__;__A._l June 10, J. 5. Bartlett, Kalamazoo Co. the other home—grown feeds. If fed with corn silage in the proportion of 20 lbs. of alfalfa hay to 40 lbs. of corn silage, which would provide the necessary amount of dry matter and .nutrients for a dairy cow of average production, the nutritive ratio of the ration would be 125.7, which would exactly conform to the \Volff standard. This would still be a, bulky ration, a defect which could be remedied, however, by the substitution of home—grown grains, with a minimum amount of nitrogenous concentrates, for a pOition of the roughage in the ration, thus giving a maximum of results at a minimum of cost. Again in the matter of soil improve- ment alfalfa is superior to clover as it is used in the crop rotation on the average farm. \thn clover is seeded with tim- othy, as is the usual practice, and the seeding is mown for tWo or more years, the timothy will appropriate to its use a large proportion of the nitrogen stored .five weeks in the field. they would ”Loo A YEAR. $2.75 5 YEARS. roots by the nodule— forming bacteria. But with alfalfa this process of appropriating nitrogen from the air in the soil and storing it up in the root nodules in an available form for the plants goes on indefinitely, while the roots of the plants penetrate the soil to a. much greater depth than do the roots of clover, bringing up the mineral elements of fertility, and making the plant practically independcnt of moisture conditions at‘ttr the first season of its growth. \thn this soil is again broken up for a crop it will produce as good or better crops as when in its state of vir- gin fertility. The sceding of the crop need be little if any moro expensive than the seeding of clover, and whcn once es- tablished it may be left indefinitely or used in a regular rotation of crops as best suits the needs of the grower. But it IS not only as a hay crop that alfalfa is valuable. As a green forage for hogs it has no equal. Last year, af- ter three cuttings of hay had been re- moved from seven acres of alfalfa on the farm of F. VVermuth, Gratiot county, 27 shotes that were esrimated to weigh about 125 lbs. were pastured for about Urdinarily these pigs would consume about eight busrels While grazing ,on the alfalfa if more than a bushel were thrown before them night and morning leave it. Thus the alfalfa. pasture saved six bushels of” corn per day on this lot of hogs. The hogs were sold direct from the pasture and average: chr 200 lbs. in wright. This same field. cut 14 large loads of hay at the first cut- ting this season and has made a splen- did start toward the second crop. But while the value of alfalfa as a pasture crop for hogs is well known and gener- ally appreciatt-d, there is a more or less popular impression that it is not a suit- able pasture for other stock. From the standpoint of the future value of the stand, it is true that alfalfa should not be pastured, but when it is to be broken up the following season it may be very profitably used as pasture. Mr. L. TOWll- send. 0f Gratiot county, had a successful stand of alfalfa on eight acres which he mowed for three seasons. The ncxt sea- son the first crop was again cut for hay, and the field was then utilized as a pas— ture for 144 i‘lllle the balance of the season. The lambs were fed to a finish in the winter, the hay cut from the field in the early summer being uscd as roughage, with some left for feeding oth- cr stock after the lambs were finished. So much for the “why" of alfalfa cul- ture. The “how" is somcwhat of an in- dividual problem for cach locality in the state. The two pieces above mentioned were seeded in barley at the time of up in the clover Of C111 LU)“ per day. Scen‘es Like this would be Common Throughout the Season on Michigan Farms , if their Owners would Get Interested in the Possibilities of Alfalfa. 38 (2) sowing that grain in the spring. Marry other successful stands of alfalfa 'on’ the better agricultural lands of central Mlch— r igan have been secured by the same method. In fact, in the community where the two above mentioned fields are lo:— cated there has not been a. single failure with this method of seeding alfalfa since it was first grown there several years ago, which is more than can be said of clover. In many sections of the state conditions are similarly favorable, and neither an application of lime nor in- oculation of the soil are essential to sue- ceSs with the crop. In other sections lime is needed, as is the case on the writer‘s farm, while in very many locali- ties inoculation is necessary for early success with the crop. But with ,a lib- Gl‘tll application of ground limestone and inoculation where needed, together with a suitable preparation of the soil for the crop, it 1215 been pretty clearly demon- strated that alfalfa will succeed any- where in Michigan, and the Michigan farmer who does not get busy and grow it is not living up to his business oppor- tunities. It is well worth while to find out what, if anything, is lacking in the way of conditions which are favorable to its growth, and supply the deficiency. As aboVe noted, llme is needed as a soil corrective ill many cases. The writ- cr recently saw a striking example of the effect and lasting benefit of lime so far as alfalfa is concerned, on the farm of II. J. llleGarmo, of Oakland county. M! lwtlurmo has a field of alfalfa, part of which was s‘iwn last year and part two years ago. Lime was applied to the por— tion of tllc tield sown last year, but neither the soil or the seed was inocu- lated. The portion sown two years ago was neither limed nor inoculated. ()n that sown last year there is a good stand, but only scattering inoculation, as dcnotcd by the color of the plants. That sown the previous year is mostly a poor stand, with the exception of a strip lcngthwisc of the fiold of perhaps an llere Mr. DeGarmo recalled that llt‘ had :lpplicd two or three loads of ashes more than 20 years ago. On this irregular strip where. the ashes had been apoliod there was a very heavy growth of Illl pv-l‘f: :2 llt'tt‘Jl‘J- ..ll .tll fil"‘lll this pull-ll leulost com» llt‘l't). uppul'mlly a l'ndoubtedly it was the time (:on— ,. - we ,. .2 ;:l years ugh wimp ll - lllc (llt‘lort‘Ht'tn Apparently this \ ~l llt‘t‘ll a suilrtlilc llonll- for tllt‘ b.- ' llt‘tlllltlY to (in, alfalfa plwllt. \r . ~‘ was apparently present in the sci. where it had been waiting for its host for years. This would seem to indicate that the effect of lime, is more lasting than has been generally supposed and should be an added encouragement for its use in preparing the soil for alfalfa wherc it is herded for this purpose. It is also a hint to apply the lime to the land which will be sown to alfalfa at some future date as soon as practicable, instead of waiting until the seeding is done. As to when to sow and whether to use. a nurse crop or sow alone there are many and conflicting opinions. It is the writcr's opinion that the seeding can be done as successfully in a spring crop of barley or a thin sccdillg of oats as without a nurse crop. But, given favor— able conditions, it is a hardy plant, and will live and thrive no matter when seed— cd. The thing most needed at this t.‘.llc both bccausc it is lldupled to our would lessen new weed rcason is home—grown sccd, more hardy and better conditions and because it the danger of introducing pcsls. But this is another wl- should grow alfalfa, sincc it has been w it y demonstrated that it will seed liberally ill Michigan and will yield sufficiently well to make the seed a profitable crop. ERADlCATlNG QUACK GRASS. Being a subscriber of your voluable paper I naturally read it great dcal about wced pests, and thc methods of destroy— ing them. I have read a great deal about quack grass, and the different ways of killing it. It is rarely that [W0 men agree on The way to do it. Some say it is the worst. pest on the farm, but it has some redeeming features after all. It makes good pasture, and fairly good hay, if out before it gets too near ma- ture, and it never pricks you when you get into a nest of it. I have got it on my premises, and nearly everyone, it he looks closely, will find Mr. Quack. Until this spring I always thought it was the worst pest to get rid of that a farmer could possibly have On his land, but I will say now that I have changed my mind somewhat in regard to it. Last May I plowed a field of six acres Tut-3r MICHIGAN. FA which was’ completely Studded: owes with it, and I made up may mind I would sum; mer fallowrlt and ’see if I could get rid of it, so when I got the piece plowed I let it lay until it began to look green. again, and then I took a. disk narrow and? went over it, setting the disks at fulli angle, and lapping; half, giving it prac- tically a double disking. ‘I consider the disk the best tool to break the furrows with, because it cuts the roots all up. After I had got it worked over once this way I let it lay about a week and then I took the lever 'drug and dragged it every few days all summer. I sowed the piece of ground to wheat on September 19, but the weather was so warm that the Hessian fly totally ruined it, so I let it go till this spring and sowed it to oats The oats are looking fine with practically no quack grass in sight. I believe that it can be gotten rid of easier than milk- weed or Canada thistles. There is noth- ing but what can be killed if it. is kept from breathing long. enough. Eaton Co. W. P. ROGERS. STACKING GRAIN. I always liked to stack the grain before threshing unless there was enough to force us to commence threshing first. A, wet stack with its sprouted grain Is something to be avoided, even if one has to thresh from the shock and let the groin sweat in the bin. 1 have always insisted on round stacks at the barn and round or ricks in the field, as seemed best. The years when the straw was long caused a different ar- rangement than when the straw was short. This year, 1912, the straw is short, more round stacks will be built than common as they not only keep bet- ter but. many will stack that have often tllreshed from the shock. The fall of 1911 was a lcsson they remember. Much threshing was done this spring because of last fall’s rains and all the round :-tacksas far as I can learn, built as I am about to suggest. opened up in perfect condition except for the butts on the north side—~—a place wheen there are but few heads. The whole secret in making stacks so they wl'l rot Wet and grow inside is: ‘.. Mom 3. solid foundation as mall .‘l'.~' he pt-lt‘ect stability of the stack will Huh». 2. Keep the il'tlilllll-~ :l Le-aw a loose edge of straight ell—aw, untramped, that will settle so much inore‘than the center as to cause all straw to be in an inclined position. The object should be to build a per- fectly shaped stack as well as safe- one. I know long and lodged grain will, unless extra care is taken, produce long, ill- sh'lpcd bundles that are hard to stack if one wishes a perfect shaped stuck, yet patience and slower work will overcome the difficulty. If the ground is not level where you wish the stack to stand take time_ to minke it level and uniformly solid. On this space lay a foundation of some- thing that will lct air in and keep moist- ure away from the straw. Straw when pllt‘kcd will provide an avenue for capil- lary attraction, so, if in contact with the dump ground, the straw will be wet near the bottom. In starting the stack racked shock; as built in the field, is to be circled by other bundles, each circle laid more horizontally, each butt of cach circle an exact distance from the ('(‘nll‘r, until the dcsired diameter of the foundation is reached, when the last cir— ('lc of bundles should be nearly level, its llcud resting on the band of the inner bundic and its butt rcsting on the foun- dation. providing a slant that will easily shed water and a tie that will not sllp out of place. In commencing t0 shingle a roof one puts on a double course at the cztvcs so we often double our outer tier of bundles bcfore laying any inner tiers or courses. This outer circle has bcen laid with the long straw of the butt of the bundle on top, that is so the top of the bundle would project beyond the bot- tom straw of the same bundle. (This shape of the butt is caused by the bun— dles standing in shocks in the field and when the bundles have not been shocked I caused it by jarring the bundle if nec- essary). The- second or inner tier should be commenced with the butts of each bundle laid well over the band of the outer bundles. The length of the straw and the condition of the grain when cut will govern this placing of'the first inner tier. The object is-to give an even sur- face to the outside 01' the. stack and to firmly tie each bundle in place. The butt slant of this second tier.should be op- middle full and well make a closely this posite to that of the-t outer bundles, that- is, the longest.straw at the bottom; this makes a slant on which to lay bundles later. So far no: weight of any kind has beat allowed to rest on these two: outer tiers; and I always lay them4 very carefully with a fork. The man throwing from the load should always pitch the bundle so it lands on the center of the stack with the butt, if possible, pointing to the outside of the stack where stacker is at work. As each row is completed begin another with its bundles laid so the butt will pass the band- and extend to or be- yond the middle of thevdistance between the band and the edge of the butt. Your object now is 'to bind and fill up. Lay with the butt slant running back. Pack the bundles more tightly than you have the two outer courses and tread each bundle firmly between the band and head. Have every other load, if possible, driven up on the other side of the stack. Much depends on the carefulness of the man who unloads the wagon. ‘Be sure to tread in extra bundles when the cen- ter is reached. Be careful not to draw in too fast, a good steep roof is desirable. Select spe— cial bundles and take unusual pains in breaking them for the top. A stake sharpened at both ends and five or six feet long should be used to pin the top sheaves. Finish by carefully raking the outside to straighten the water channels. Wisconsin. OLD AG‘BJCULTURIST. THE WATER SUPPLY ON THE FARM. Forty years ago the most of the wells in this section were from 10 to 30 feet deep. A few were walled with brick, but the most of them with stone from the fields. These were all open at the top, and as the stone was laid without mortar there were plenty of holes at the sides for the entrance of angleworms and other things still less pleasant to contemplate. The almost universal means of securing the water was by means of the old oaken bucket, with a. “sweep” for the shallow, and a rope and Windlass for the deeper wells. Sometimes a prowling cat went to the bottom of the well along with the overturned bucket at night, and necessitated drawing cf all the water in the well, no easy job with the means em— ployed. The most of the cattle drank from ponds, none too clean at some sea.- sons, and from creeks, as was most cor.- venient. In the early days the wells gave an abundance of water. but later they would give trouble during dry seasons, and then the. bored wells, cased with wood or tile. 40 to 50 feet deep. came in— to use, but as the Wind—mills came to be used for pumping, both for the house and stock, these were also lacking in a dry season, and then came the tubular Wells cased with a three and a half—inch iron Mlle. These go to various depths, the one on the farm here is 125 feet deep, with about 90 feet of water. It was put down 19 years ago, the pumping is done by a 10 foot wheel, on a 40 foot tower, and both the house and all stock is sup— plied from it. It has never given the least trouble, always supplying an abund— ance of water. As the water all passes through the house tunk, holding about ‘a barrel, it is always fresh. I recently visited a neighbor who last fall put in a water system in his farm home, which he took pride in showing me, and a justifiable pridc, too, I think, for it is the best I ever saw ill a country home. The water supply is from a deep tubular well, and is pumped by wind-mill into a nine-barrel tank in a closet on the second floor. thn the tank is full it overflows to the stock tank at the barn. Standing by the kitchen range, and con- nected with it, is a 40-gallon galvanizod tank, which is connected with the large tank upstairs. This givcs an abundant supply of hot water at all times when the range is in use. A room adjoining the kitchen has been fitted up as a bath room, with a fine, roll rim, white enam- (lcd tub, with hOt and cold water con- nections, a seat of the latest improved type, and porcelain lined sink with hot and cold water connections, also a pump with pipe to cistern to supply soft water as needed. All waste is piped to a cess- pool eight or ten rods from the house, the pool is covered with‘brick arch. This system, all complete, not including the wind-mill, and not counting his own ia- bor, cost $105. It has certainly had a. severe test, with the temperature down to 32. below zero, but no pipe has frozen, and it is giving perfect satisfaction. In these days a farmer can have conven- iences. all: well as his. city brothers, and at modestte ow. Eaton Co. APOLLos LONG. JULY. '20, 1.913, - RYE ANtrsAND .VETOH FOR» covsn CROP AND GREEN, mmuasr— LIMING WHEAT (manna. My farm being a. gravel burr oak sell, I am thinking. of putting; 12. acres to rye and try some sand watch. I'wa-nt tolsow , and then pasture some. ‘ Then in the» spring I will: put this ground ~ 15 rye good to plow un- . it by Aug. 1, to ensilage corn. (Yer in the spring. as tgreen‘man’ure, for the. purpose} wish? As to. winter vetch. is it a good investment for plowing un- der for amanure. at the present cost. $7.50 pcr' bu? Which is the best in- vestment for my purpose? Also, is it advisable. to lime wheat ground this fall, for the purpose of getting a clover stand next summer? I intend to top~dress one-half of field, the other half I intend to put commercial fertilizer on after I haVe my sci] analyzed. St. Joseph Co. D. D. Rye and sand ve-tch make an excellent cover crop and an excellent crop for green manure, especially upon sandy land as both of these plants do well upon sandy land. matter, and. I presume it does, as a. great ,deal of land needs this quite as much as it needs anything to build up it‘s crop producing poWer, I don’t know of any more helpful way to get this than to seed this 12-acre field to rye and sand vetch the first of August. I would give this field a good dressing of commercial fer- tilizcr at the time of sowing to give the rye a good start, get all the growth you can this fall, then it will start‘ up early in the spring and by the time you want to plow for ensilage corn you will have a heavy growth of rye and sand vetch, which will add an immense amount of vegetable matter to the soil, and the sund‘ vetch will undoubtedly have ac— cumulated some nitrogen from the at- mosphere which will furnish plant food also to this field. But you are making a. mistake if you are going to sow this for the benefit of the land and then pasture it. The prime object in sowing this cov- er crop, as I understand you, is to build up the land. but if you go to work and sow rye and pay $7.50 for sand vetch seed and then pasture it off, what good are you going to get towards building up the soil? You ought to grow just as big a crop as you can and plow it down for your ensilage corn next year instead of pasturing it off. Of course, if what you need most of all is pasture then ,‘")11I‘ plant Will work all right, but it won’t lend- to build up the soil. There is where a great many people make a mistake. For Instance, they mow a clover meadow that was none too heavy and then as soon as they get it mowed they turn the cutt‘e in, and every green spear of clove'r' that comes up the balance of the year is nipped off as soon as it gets up, literally crubbcd into the ground. Now this way of treating land never will build it up. “Gunther it is advisable to lime land or not all depends upon the condition of the land, and no one can tell without an experiment. If the land is acid it cer- tainly needs sweetening, and it will pay to get lime for this purpose. \Vhether the land is acid or not can be deter- lnincd by the litmus paper test. How- ever. if the land is deficient in lime as a. plrlnt food this can be determined only by experimenting. That is the safest way anyway. If one does not have good, success in growing clover it is suspicions that the soil may need lime, it either needs lime or plant food, and it iswell to try :1 portion of the field with lime. If you use ground limestone use at the rate If two tons per acre. If you use crushed burned lime one ton per acre will be sufficient. Some people seem to think when they use lime- they do not have to use manure or commercial fertilizer, but lime does not take the place of manure or com- mercial fertilizer. You need the fertilizer just as bad when you USP lime because lime is rarely a plant food in our Mich- igan soils. Usually when it is needed it is for the purpose of correcting the acid- ity of the soil. ARRANGING A FILTER FOR THE CISTERN. “'ill you please tell me what material is used and how a filter can be arranged in a cistern? Lapeer Co. E. H. H. The most common method of installing a filter in a cistern is making a division in the cistern by means of a. brick wall, oryconstruct a square ”well" inside the cistern of brick and; mortar. The brick being porous the water will soak through them and be fairly well filtered in the process. This kind of arrangement will be satisfactory for filtering cistern water for domestic purposes- other than for drinking water: in. which case. a more elaborate arrangement will be Mum for best results. , If your land needs vegetable . ‘M‘fi-ws» - , M ”v gm. w s»,- . ..,., ._ 5.. ..1 gs ‘NWM... an. . _ .m- 3» -vtww w- JULY 20, 1912. {WWWWW LIVE 51'0ch A MMWM“ TENDENCY OF LIKE TO BEGET LIKE. Great as is the Scope for skill in the management of soil and crops, there is still greater scope in the management (f “we stock. \Vhen a farmer buys the seed for a crop, no skill in tillage will make any variation in the kind of crop. When the stock breeder goes to work, it lies laigely with his own judgment and skill whether or not he produces an improved animal. Continued selection and hybrid- ization have made farm crops what they are, and with ordinary cultivation there is little tendency to deteriorate. In the case of live stock, a single generation may make the greatest difference either for better or for worse. It cannot fail to strike the observer how wonderfully uniform in appearance wild animals are. ,tabbits. squirrels, fox- es, etc., are each an exact reproduction of the type. This is not the case with the domesticated animal. The more the breeding of the stock has been kept un- der control, the more variable the stock may be if that control is injudicious. A short examination of the genertl prin- ciples of breeding will throw a good dcal of light on these variations. The original piiuciple is that “like begets like." The wild rabbits of a certain district will be found all alike in color, size and general appearance. In diffcvrcut dis— tricts we find rabbits of different type, although they may be descended from the same o‘iginal stock. This brings us to a further principle that “the circum— stances of life modify type.” \Vhere cir— cumstances are favorable we haVc tht: large, well—developed type; where un- favorable, the type is pinched and dwarf— ed. Now, in our farm live stock we sec how this second principle works in the huge, llrcctls of cattle, horses and sheep that are found on the, good land. and the small breeds that occur in the mountain- ous districts. Contrast the Shorthori cow with the Kerry, the Shire horse with the Connemara pony, the Roscotnlnon sheep wiz‘i any of the mountain breeds of sheep. So strong are the circumstances of iifn that oc- true type of the mountain breed cannot be reared on the good, low- ]:xiug land. Th! first generation of Cach‘S from lx’erzy c' was on the rich lowlands will be largrr and coarser when full glown than the. oliginal Kl‘l‘ly. The lirst principle of breeding, “like begets like,” establishes the importance of pedigree Ol‘ “blond.” ‘Nherc animals are all of one strain of blood from time llllllltlllul‘ltll, they all Ftlllt,‘ down to one type. There is no reason why they should vary. The male clemcnt and the female element work togethcr to fix the type. \thn a cross takes place between animals of two dif- ferent types. whether different strains of the same breed or different breeds, tlnre is a struggle for influence beween the different types. As a rcsult, the progeny may show some of the points of each of thc parents, or sometimes may resemble one parent very closely and show little rcst-mblance to the other. ’l‘hcse Varia- tions are not arbitrary. ”Where the male and female elements are. both equally pure—brcd. the progeny usually shows 3. "Where one characteristics. (El('lllt'llt is pure-bred and the other is cross—bred, the pure-bred type- will al- ways ]l1‘t(l