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éThe‘AOnly Weekly Agricultural, Horticultural, and Live Stock Journal in the State.

 
VOL. CXL1.'No. 4. i ,
Whole Number 3653. .

' 'N making preparation to use concrete
I for construction considerable import-

.. ance must be attached to the char-
acter and proportions of materials used.
Poor canstruction of this material is al-
most worse than none. On the other
hand, it is a waste of material to put
into a wall or foundation the workman-
ship or material that would be necessary
for a water tank or floor. It is well to
consider also that construction of this
material is of the mOSt permanent kind
when prOperly done. For this reason a
great deal of care should be exercised to
make this construction of the most ap-
proved kind. To make a mistake in
building a straw shed is of no great con-
sequence for it is soon torn down or re-
placed, but to build a barn basement
wall of concrete and ’fail to leave open-
ings for sufficient lighting is to leave
behind a record of lack of knowledge
and foresight. ‘This fault, too, would be-
come more glaring with time.

I'have attempted in the following to
give brieﬂy the specifications of good ma-
terials for concrete as Well as a few re-
quirements of gOod conStruction.

Cement.

Cement should be of a quality which
will pass test by the American Society
for Testing Materials. Most cements are
of this grade when leaving factory. It
must contain no lumps which will not
break up easily when removing from
bag. New cement has a smooth, velvety
feeling. It should be kept dry in the
warehouse and before using.

Sand.

The grains of sand should be of a'size
which will all pass a sieve having four
meshes per lineal inch. It should be
clean, sharp and graded in size from the
smaller to the larger sizes, preferably
more of the larger. A sand containing
a large per cent of very ﬁne sand should
be avoided.

Gravel.

The material which will not pass
through a wire screen of 14-inch mesh
is called gravel. It should range from
this size to that which will pass a 11/2—
inch ring. For foundations and like
work larger stones may be used but they
should be clean and preferably mixed
with the concrete where possible.

Bank Run Gravel.

The mixture of sand and gravel as it
comes from the bed or pit is called bank
run gravel. It often contains too much
ﬁne material. Where strength is desired
or to effect a saving cf the amount of

cement used it will sometimes be found

proﬁtable to screen the bank run gravel
and remix it in the proper proportions.
Testing Materials.

No simple. reliable test has been found
which can be recommended in all cases
for the strength of cement. The relia-
bility of the factory or dealer must be
depended upon to a large extent where
only small lots are used. Where large
quantities are used careful scientiﬁc
tests'are made. Sand and gravel may
be tested for cleanness by placing about
four inches of the material in a glass
jar, ﬁlling it nearly full.of water, shak-
ing it fer ﬁve minutes and allowing to
settle. If a layer of more than a half
inch of clay is deposited in settling it
should be considered unsatisfactory and
should be discarded or washed. Bank run
gravel may be tested for proportions of
sand and gravel by screening a quantity
through a quarter-inch screen. In any
case, it would not be economy to use it
where the volume of the sand screened
out is more than three-fifths the ,volume
of the gravel. .

' Proportions.

The relative quantities of cement, sand

and gravel used for concrete are nearly

DETROIT, MICH., SATURDAY, JULY 26, 1913.

Concrete Construction

always expressed in terms of three parts
as 1:2:4, meaning one part cement, two
parts sand and four parts gravel. Pro—
portions should be used according to the
requirements of strength and watertight-
ness of the work to be done.

The following proportions have been

recommended:

121%:3 for work eSpecially smooth and
watertight.

122:4 for tanks, cisterns, silos, fence

posts, anchor posts, steps, thin walls and
all reinforced work.
1:2l/zz5 for heavy walls,
walks, and foundations.
123:6 for heavy foundations and piers.
114:8 for very heavy footings for walls

ﬂoors, side-

sand and gravel separate, and bank run
gravel. ,
Sand and Gravel Bank Run Gravel.
Separate.
Lil/2:3
1:2 :4
1:21/zz5
1:3 :6
1:4 :8 '
From the above it will be seen that
where a 122:4 mixture is recommended
with the sand and gravel separate a
1-241/2 mixture of bank run graVel should
be used, providing, of course, it may be
obtained reasonably well graded in size
of pebbles from ﬁne to coarse.
Mixing.
A mixing—board will usually be found
advantageous. It should be about 10 feet

oocnonnw
Dot-sputum

 
Concrete Block Silo Recently Built on the Farm of Wm. Wilson, Montcalm Co.

or whei’e a large mass of concrete is
used.

XVhere bank run gravel is used the
quantities are expressed in terms of sand
and gravels, as 1:415 It must be re-
called that 1:411, bank run gravel corres-
ponds to a 122:4 mix where thesand and
gravel are taken separately. In the lat-
ter mixture the interstices betWeen the
pebbles are ﬁlled by the sand and con-
sequently :the resulting mixture takes up
little mere space-than the gravel. For
convenience the following table. is given
showing the corresponding proportions of

square and of wood which will not easily
sliver. Concrete is sometimes’mixed on a.
smooth earth surface but this will not
generally be found satisfactory because
concrete cannot be mixed as wet as is
desirable for most purposes. Then,.too,
without considerable experience in' mix-
ing, considerable earth will be found to
be mixed with the concrete in 'the proc-
ess. Other tools and equipment needed
will be square, pointed shovels, wheel-
barrow, rake, water barrel, buckets, sand
screen and sometimes hose, where water
pressure may be had. '

50 CENTS A YEAR.
$2 FORrS YEARS.

Where ‘possible a wet mixture, i. e.,
one on which the water will come to the
surface, when tamped, should be used. A
wet mixture will insure a more dense
mixture and is more easily compacted
by shaking or quaking with a spade or
wooden rammer than the dry mixture
which requires careful tamping.

Estimating Quantities Required.

Rule, divide 11 by the sum of the parts
used. This will give the number of bar-
rels of cement required for each cubic
yard of concrete. Example: 11+(1+2+4)
or 11+7:1.57 barrels of cement required
for each cubic yard of poured concrete,
assuming. proportions of 1:2:4. If, then,
a wall were taken nine feet long, nine
feet» high and one foot thick, it would
contain 81 cubic feet or, dividing by 27,
three cubic yards. Then, since each cubic
yard requires 1.57 barrels for a wall of
the dimensions taken, there will be re-
quired 3X1.57:4.71 barrels. From seven-
eighths to the same volume of gravel
may be taken as the space to be filled
and the sand one—half as much. In the
example taken above three yards of
gravel and one and one-half yards of sand
would not be greatly in excess of that
needed. For bank run gravel the space
to be ﬁlled with concrete should be fig—
ured and the same Volume of gravel
taken. To compute the amount of ce-
ment in this case, ﬁgure on the same
basis as if a three—part mixture were
uSed. .

Permeability,

“’iih a concrete of proportions 1:2:4
of properly graded material, work may be
made reasonably waterproof. Compounds
are recommended for waterproofing but
these are not infallible and should not
be used without judgment. Plastering a.
clean cOncrete surface before completely
set. on the side next the water or damp-
ness will aid very materially in water-
prooﬁng. XVashing a, cleaned surface with
cement and water wet to the consistency
of cream will also help out in this re-
spect. Neither plastering nor cement
painted on should be allowed to dry for
a few days or until the process of set-
ting is well undergone. Plastering, cs-
pccially to remain permanent, must be
laid on a thormighly clean and well-wet
surface and be kept damp for a period of

three, days at least. To clean an old
surface it should first be washed with a.
dilute. solution of hydrochloric acid (mn-
riatic. acid) and water. and afterward

washed with clean water before applying
the plaster.

Following will be found speciﬁcations
for a few types of concrete construction.
Drain Tile.

Especial care is necessary in theman-
ufacture of drain tile. This work rc—
quires attention to details and failure to
observe any one of several rules may
result in an unsatisfactory product. Poor
materials, methods and care in packing,
and forming, and neglect in curing may
all result in worthless tile, I‘eyhapg no
detail of cmistruction of the tile needs
to be emphasized more than curing. In
a foundation a poor product from lack of
water may not be so glaring because the,
outer part only of the wall may dry be-
fore the inner part has time to set. With
tile, however, the walls are relatively
thin and consequently dry out very quick-
ly. Water is absolutely necessary to
complete the process of setting and it is,
therefore. necessary that the tile be kept
damp for a period of ten days. With
regard to the. porous walls of the tile
made in packing 01‘ forming, it was for-
merly thought by some that this was an

advantage in so far that the water would,’ I.

pass more readily through the tile welds.
Recently it seems to be shown that some
soil waters‘have a deleterious, effect up-
on the tile, and that the porosity of the


66—2

‘ ,. .3»... -. r“

THE M'ICHIG

AN FARMER'

 
JULY 26. 1913.. '

 
tile which will permit water to pass di-
rectly through the walls is not desirable
on this account. The deleterious effect
above mentioned is manifested by a
crumbling of the tile walls after a pe-
riod of time. So far as evidence points,
this seems to be more particularly true
of peat soils where there seem to be
unsatiSﬁed compounds which break down
the cement which form the binding prop-
erties in the tile. Failures of tile have
been reported but it has been difﬁcult to
say at this time whether in every case
the cause has been improperly made tile
or the deleterious effects of the soil. At
any rate a tile as nearly impervious to
water as possible should he insisted upon.

The recommendations of the Interstate
Cement Tile Manufacturers“ Association
for the manufacture'r'of‘ cement tile con-
tain some valuable suggestions for those
unacquainted with practice in tile manu-
facture. A very careful selection and
proportioning of the materials or aggre-
gates somewhat along the lines suggest-
ed above is recommended. Where the
materials are not carefully tested, amix-
ture not lower than one part of cement
to three parts of sand is used. The mix-
ing is to be done in a dry state until
the cement is thoroughly distributed, af-
ter which water is added to secure the
proper consistency and the mixing is
completed until the mass is uniform in
color. Machine mixing is also recom-
mended as being best. The consistency
of the tile is considered important and
should be made wet enough to show
web—like markings on the surface of the
tile when the forms are removed. The
coz‘crete should also he used within 30
minutes after mixing and should not be
remixed with water and used after it is
partially set. The packing of the tile
is also important and should be of such
uniformity as to prevent layers or planes
of weakness in the walls.

PrObably curing the most important
factor in making concrete tile and it is
well to note what is required in this re-
spect. In the ﬁrst place, the factory-
made product is to be protected from
drafts and drying out. After hardening

is

sufﬁciently to permit the tile shall be
sprinkled at least three times a day for
a period of six days, after which they

are piled in the yard for 24 days.
Posts.

A great many claims have been made
for concrete posts. Some have proven
unsatisfactory partially because not prop-
erly made of good materials, and par-
tially because too much has been ex-
pected. Concrete posts cannot be ex-
pected to have the strength of wooden
posts, though if properly made their per-
manence will be superior to that of
wood. It will be .more advantageous in
some cases to remove an occasional
broken concrete post than to replace an
entire line of wooden ones. The cost of

good concrete posts. labor included. will
not be less than 25 cents apiece. The
simplest shape of post consists of a

square section ﬁve inches square at the
base, and three inches square at the top.
and the desired length. No provision is
made for fastening the fencing to the
post other than by a piece of No. 12
wire passed around the post with each
end wrapped around the line wire of the
fence.

It is necessary to reinforce concrete
postS. This is done by placing a No. 6
wire with the ends hooked one in each
corner from one-half to three-fourths of
an inch from the outside of the post. It
will be seen that this requires about
three pounds of reinforcing per post,
and it is not considered advisable to use
less than this. Posts should be made of
a 122:4 mixture. of cement. sand and
gravel, or 1:41/2 of cement and bank run
gravel. Owing to difﬁculty in placing
around reinforcing gravel containing peb-
bles larger than one—half to three—fourths
inch cannot well be used. Posts may be.
made with Wet or slush concrete and
may be compacted very well by jarring
or shaking the mold. A form is very de-
sirable in which the reinforcement may
be held in place while the concrete is
being put in.

AnchOr Posts.

These may be about 10 inches square
at the top and 12 to 16 inches square at
the base. They should be built in place
of course, on account of the weight. Re-
inforcement may consist of half-inch rods
placed, one in each corner of the post
about one and a half inches from the
outside. Provision should also be made
for fastening'gates wherevithis'is’to be
«done. The forms in whi'c' the posts are
poured may extend to the footing of the
post. ‘This arrangement economize: on
the amount of concrete necessary to use
and“ gives a good broad footing to the

post. The accompanying cut will give

suggestions of methods of attaching bot

gate and fence. ~
Walls.

In erecting wall forms great care must
be exercised to secure rigidity and
strength. The outward pressure due to
a depth of several feet of fresh wet con-
crete is enormous and for that reason it

        
c.
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J

V.

  
A.
o .-
0

Fig. ‘l.

is well, where

it may be practiced,
place a depth of not more than three

feet of concrete at one time.
is desirable. however.

to place
suggested
directed to the strength of the forms.
“'here possible to use,
will give the least trouble; 2x4's or-2x6’s

El.

  
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Fig. 2. \ ‘
are spaced opposite each other and out-
Side the boards which constitute the
forms. When inch-boards are used for

forms these studdlng should be set not
more than two feet apart. Tie wires con—
sisting of No. 9 wires are then leaped
around tbeSe studding. and twisted as
shown in A in ﬁgure 2. 0n eachpiece
of studding these tie wires must not be
spaced more .than two feet apart if the

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a

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_;

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to

Where it
for the sake of
making watertight and preventing jointS,
greater depth than the one
particular attention must be

two-inch plank

pose of convenience in tvﬁisting. up these
wires it is common practice to make
walls not less than 12 inches thick. This
enables a man to get between the forms

if necessary to do the work.
ner wall another plan is suggested by
which the wires may be drawn up frOm
outside the forms. By using this scheme
a tie wire for a six-inch wall may be

   
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3
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v

    
fir»! mirﬂrr/a! rod:

4/ /1” .eorziﬂ'lvud

easily put in. This suggestion is shown
in B in the same ﬁgure and C shows
blocks or spaces put in to hold the wall
forms apart. A wall form unsupported
by earth or other means must be braced
to keep it vertical. This is shown at D
in the ﬁgure mentioned. If u‘smooth
surface is wanted to the wall, matched
lumber should be used with the smooth
side to the wall. Spading or pushing back

4

 
V. ﬁ‘_ 7'

the coarser sand and gravel with a spade
or tapered six—inch board and allowing
the finer material to come to the surface,
will give good appearance to the' wall.
The concrete may be placed quite wet in
a wall. . ‘
' Tanks.

Water or stock tanks onthe ground
are easily made. A word of caution is
timely. however, in their. construction.

depth' of concrete laid at one time. is. toq'l‘he greatelt danger to such tanks comes

be more than three feet.‘ For the pur-

from frost heaving them and cracking

For a thin— .

the concrete. For this reason it is best
to place them on a bed of porous mate-
rial such as sand, gravel. or cinders. and
then provide drainage for this bed. By
using sufﬁcient reinforcing, however, the
effect of frost may be overcome in. small

or medium-sized tanks. ' Reinforcement
is well made of three-eighth-inch iron
rods, spaced about one foot apart in,

and running horizontally, with an occas-
ional vertical rod which may be tied to
the horizontal rods with small wires.
Care should be taken to have the rein-
forcing! extend around the corners of the
tank as this is the weakest place. The
concrete for tanks should be poured in
one day, if possible, to prevent the for-
mation of seams and cracks between the
old and new concrete. As soon as the
forms are removed the tank should be
washed on the inside with cement wet to
the consistency of cream. The above
rules for reinforcing will not apply to
tanks larger than four feet highand ten
feet on" the longest side.

Silos.

Concrete silos give good satisfaction. It
is not advisable for the inexperienced to
attempt to build a solid silo of concrete.
Cement blocks also make a good silo and
may be laid up by the local mason.
Blocks may be made on the farm for
this type of silo. In the silo, reinforcing
is of prime importance,’ as concrete is not
of sufﬁcient strength in tension to with-
stand the outward pressure caused by
.the weight of the silage. No. 3 wire,
which is about One-fourth of an inch in
diameter, laid in the mortar joint, is
frequently used for reinforcing. The
number of wires to be used in each mor-
tar joint will be determined by the dis-
tance from the top of the silo, the great-
er number being required at the bottom
where the heaviest pressure comes.

Farmers' Bulletin No. 46 (The Use of
Concrete on the Farm), prepared by the
Office of Public Roads in the United
States Department of Agriculture, gives
information in regard to concrete con-
struction. Address Division of Publica-
tions, United States Department of Ag-
riculture, Washington, D. C.

Mich. Ag. Col. H. H. MUBSELMAN.

 
FARM NOTES.

 
Fertilizer for Alfalfa.

I am going to put in 12 acres of al-
falfa and want to fertilize it. What
should I put on? This is a light soil.

Oakland C0. J.

The very best fertilizer to use as a
preparation for alfalfa is stable manure,
particularly on land which is deﬁcient in
its content of vegetable matter, as it im-
proves the mechanical or physical condi-
tion of the soil as well as. increasing its
plant food content. and at the same time
tends to sweeten it and make it a more
suitable home for the bacteria peculiar
to the alfalfa plant and which must be
present in the soil for its success. Un-
doubtedly, however, a liberal application
of mineral fertilizer will aid in getting a
good stand of alfalfa and help future
yields not a little. Also a little nitrogen
will help to give the plants a rapid start
until the bacteria develop in the roots.
Four or ﬁve hundred pounds of a good
grain fertilizer could be proﬁtably applied
where no stable manure is available, but
a liberal application of stable manure.
supplemented by commercial fertilizer
would be still better as a preparation for
alfalfa.

Eradicating Bindweed.

I am mailing under separate cover a.
sample of a vme, which I ﬁnd growing
in a young orchard on my farm near
Paris, Mich. The orchard is planted to
beans this year. This vine appeared last
year, and has spread out and covers a
larger space this year. None of the
farmers living near this place sgem to
know what it is. I would be pleased to
have you advise me through your valu-
able paper what this vine is. and the
best method to eradicate same from the

soil, as I am desirous of getting rid of
same. One party advises me to put the
bean straw back on the ﬁeld this fall,

and next year summer-fallow instead of
putting in a cultivated crop.
H. J. H.

Mecosta Co.

The specimen enclosed is undoubttdly
Convolvulus arvensis. L., a member of
the morning glory family, known by var-
iOus names, such as ﬁeld bindweed, small
bindweed, hedge bells, bearbind, bellbine,
corn-bind, lap-love, sheep-bine. etc. [This
is a very persistent weed and difficult to
eradicate. particularly in sandy or grav-
elly soils. It is a perennial with a very
extensive creeping root which penetrates
far, into the soil. It is readily spread by.
means of these roots, any piece of which ,.
having one or more buds is capable of
starting new plants. ‘ . .

For this reason ordinary cultivation is
of little avail in its eradication, as it is
furtherfscattered rather than destroyed

 
‘from

JULY 26, I913.

by ordinary methods of cultivation in an
effort to eradicate it. While it is easily
spread in this manner when once estab-
lished it may be often introduced as an
impurity in seed grains or grass seed.

The methods more generally advised for
its eradication include the frequent intro-
duction of well cared for hoed crops in
the rotation, making the rotation a short
one. If some late planted crop is used
and the ground is kept thoroughly culti-
vated with a broad shovel cultivator or
one equipped with thistle sweeps which
will cut off the plant just below the sur-
face of the ground, this treatment will
greatly assist in subduing the weed. In
Ontario where it is troublesome gone
treatment recommended is after such
preparation of the soil as is above advis-
ed, to sow rape in drills about the ﬁrst
of July, keeping same cultivated, and
hand—hoeing if necessary. This rape is
pastured off in the fall, and where the
weed is bad the land is planted in corn
or some other hoed crop the f0110wing
season.

Where summer fallowing is practiced,
which ‘is quite common in the eradication
of this weed, the use of the broad-shared
cultivator 0r thistle sweeps is quite es-
sential. In some cases buckwheat is
sown on a summer fallow after a period
of cultivation and plowed under when in
full bloom, similar cultivation being used
after plowing.

This would hardly be suitable for a
young orchard, however, where it would
be better practice to leave a late sown
cover crop in the ground over Winter. It
would probably be quite as good a plan
as any to put this bean straw back on
the ﬁeld or the manure which is made
it and summer fallow during the
fore part of the season, using a late sown
cover crop or a late planted hoed crop
as desired, as a means of ﬁnishing the
proce5s of eradication.

Clipping a New Seeding of Alfalfa.

I have ten acres of alfalfa that was
sowed the-last of May and ranges from
one to six inches in hight. \Vould like
to know if it will need clipping this year,

and if so. what time will be best?
Charlevoix Co. J. M. F.

The best and only real good time to
clip a new seeding of alfalfa is when the
new shoots have started out from the
crowns of the plants to make a second
growth. Clipping at other times may
have a deleterious effect upon the plants
and should not be practiced unless same
is necessary to keep down the weeds in
the stand, in which case the weeds should
be clipped as high as possible so as to
leave some foliage on the alfalfa plants,
provided they are not at the particular
Stage of growth above described when
clipping becomes necessary. Clipping
should not be practiced too late in the
fall for best results in the survival of the
stand of alfalfa over winter.

Sweet Clover.

Will someone with experience please
give me some facts regarding sweet clo-
ver? For what is it valuable? \Vhat
time of year should it be sown for best
results, and how much seed per acre?
“fill it ,thrive on ordinary sandy soil?
Does it inoculate the ground sufﬁcient
for the successful growing of alfalfa. If
so how long is it necessary to let remain
in the ground before breaking up to seed
ground to alfalfa, and when broken up
should ground be thoroughly worked one
summer before seeding to alfalfa? Any
other information regarding sweet clover
as to when it goes to seed, etc., will be
greatly appreciated. am particularly
desirous of preparing the ground for
alfalfa.

\Vexford Co. A. G.

While sweet clover has been very gen-
erally regarded as a weed, its adaptation
to useful purposes has led up to its cul-
tivation in some sections of the country.
It is said by “those who have given it a
fair trial, that it can be proﬁtably util-
ized as pasture, as a soil improver for
ensilage or for hay. Probably its most use—
ful purpose in our agriculture, however,
would be as a soil improver. Like other
leguminous plants it has the power to
appropriate nitrogen from the air, which
aids in its own growth and the crops
which follow it as well. In addition to
that, its vigorous habit of growth insures
a large amount of vegetable matter to
plow down to improve the humus content
of the soil where a successful stand is
secured.

It is best sown in the early spring, as
under normal conditions that is when
the seed germinates most freely. It
should however, ,be seeded on land
which has not been freshly plowed, as it
requires a ﬁrm seed bed for best reSults.
It may be seeded with a nurse crop of
spring sown grain or even sown later in
the season with fair results. One difﬁ—
culty in securing a sta'nd is owing to the
fact that many of the seeds are known
as “hard seeds," that is, they have such
a hard,» thick shell that the moisture

THE MICHIGAbl F'A'RM‘ER

cannot penetrate it easily to cause ger-
mination. Some experiment stations ad-
vise soaking the seed in commercial sul-
phuric acid for a half hour, then wash-
ing quickly, using running water, and us-
ing as large a volume of water as prac-
ticable in order to prevent burning of the
Feed, then getting it dried as quickly as
possible. Where this is not done 20 to
30 pounds of seed per acre is advised.
Such treatment is said to have increased
the percentage of germination 40 to 45
per cent in tests made by the Depatment
of Agiculture. As great care must be
used in this treatment, however, it is
doubtful whether it would be advisable
for any except large growers, If so treat-
ed it should be done just before seeding.
This method of handling the seed may be
said to be still in the experimental stage.

Almost any reasonably well drained soil
will grow sweet clover, although it, like
other legumes, grows better on an alka-
line soil, a fact which can readily be
seen by a little observation. Sweet clo-
ver will generally be found growing lux-
uri011Sly along the side of the road where
gravel has been applied, the gravel
doubtless containing pebbles of limestone
which have been ground up and distribut-
ed along the roadside in the form of
dust.

If a soil needs lime for alfalfa, as
mOSt sandy soils apparently do, it would
be better to apply the lime before the
sweet clover is sown if it is to be used
as a preparation f0r alfalfa. As to the
advisability of sowing sweet clover as a
preparation for alfalfa, this will depend
not a little upon the physical condition
of the soil. It is not at all certain that
it would be much, if any. easier to get a
good stand of sweet clover than of al-
falfa, but if the soil is deﬁcient in hu-
mus, and a good stand of sweet clover is
secured, this difﬁculty would be remedied
more quickly than in any other way and
the soil would at the same time be in-
oculated with the bacteria peculiar to
alfalfa, which is said to be the same as
that for which sweet clover is the host
plant. However, if this bacteria is not
present in the soil it might be necessary
to inoculate for the sweet clover in order
to get a good stand quickly. Sweet clo-
ver is a biennial, seeding and completing
its life cycle the second year; conse-
quently it should be plowed down the
second season to secure a maximum of
beneﬁt from the crop as a soil improver.
if this is done before the plant seeds it
will not remain as a weed, but it will
not be troublesome in this respect in a
cultivated ﬁeld.

Like other new crops with whiclrwe
are not wholly familiar, it is probably
better to experiment with it on a small

scale at ﬁrst, although its possibilities as
a soil improver make it well worth our
z-onsideratiOn,
ory reputation.
An Uneven Growth of Alfalfa.

”Will you please tell me what is the
matter with my alfalfa? There are
places where the alfalfa is eight or ten
inches high, and in spots not'over ten
feet away there is scarcely any, and
that not more than one inch high. I
did not inoculate the seed or test my
land for acid. It is a heavy clay soil.
It was in oats last year, was plowed last
fall and disked and disked again this
spring and is sowed with 40 quarts of
outs to the acre. I drilled the oats in
and then sowed the alfalfa and dragged
it in with a spike-imith harrow. Al-
falfa is something new around here but
quite a number of farmers tried it this
spring.

Delta Co I. C.

There is probabaly no doubt that this
variation in the appearance of the alfalfa
is due to imperfect inoculation. This can
ordinarily be readily told by the appear-
ance of the plants, not only as to size
but as to color, the inoculated plants be-
ing of a much darker green color and
much more thrifty in appearance than
the uninoculated. It is, however, an
easy matter to determine this to a cer-
tainty by taking a spade and digging up
some of the plants and being careful not
to strip the nodules from the roots if any
are present, in getting them out of the
dirt. ,

Heavy clay soils are not so apt to
need lime as lighter soils, although in
many cases they do need it, but if there
is apparently good inoculation in spots
the bacteria may spread to the other
portions of the ﬁeld. At least unless
lime is needed there will be no diﬂ‘iculty
in getting a stand on this ﬁeld the next
time it is sown if the present seeding
does not develop satisfactorily. First ex-
periences in growing alafalfa are some-
times disc0uraging until we become ac-
quainted with the requirements of our
soils for success with the crop, when 'it
is quite as easily grown as are the
clovers. ' ‘

 
3—67

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. 7/.) /:/ “WI/ﬂ
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My Ailll/v/ \//\'I/ ill/[17107 ’1 _ “'11ij
1111/ milk/”(L 15111 ' . ' l ~ ' l/
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" Yes, That s where [1.11 ’

~. l 1'1111
shut off the Fertilizer. 1" ”/

. . MM I
There IS no doubt about it. . ’
Wheat off your land where you

USE A'A'G F ERTILIZERS.

MAKE THE crop profitable and you will

You get more ‘7

«all ’

‘6
law

at the same time increase the value of
your farm. If you bring up its productiveness to
grow 40 bushels of wheat to the acre your land will be worth
twice as much as your neighbor’s who doesn’t fertilize and
therefore grows less than 20 bushels per acre. There is
no money in poor crops and run down farms. We furnish
many different compositions of plant food to ﬁt the require-
ments of all kinds of soil and all conditions.
For wheat there' is nothing better than our Banner Dissolved Bone,

34% available phosphoric acid; or our Banner Bone Fertilizer with Pot-
neh, 20% available, 24% total phosphoric acid and 4% actual Potash.
The best are none too good for you.
If all the farmers knew A. A. C. Co. Fertilizers
as they ought to know them not enough could be
manufactured to supply the demand.
Write us today for further information. We .
want agents for unoccupied territory under our 43/ \‘a‘
consignment contract. \1 A A15

' ‘1\UALITY/

The American Agricultural Chemical Co. a {+9 7

7}
Dept. D Detroit Sales Department. Detroit, Mich. (j “N

U n l’
‘13}‘Lluj‘h’

:‘.

 
notwithstanding its unsav-_

 
Hay! You, too, can make big

money Baling with the Sandwich

to bale
Mensch,
J. Bulick,
Other hustlers making $200 to $300 net monthly
And these men are all using the solid steel, big tonnage Sandwich.

Start With Little Money!

 
Every grower in your district will pay you handsome]
his hay! “Net proﬁts per day _$18 to $22, ” write Swartz
Dixon, Ill. “Cleaned up $300 in 6 weeks,’ writes Wm.
Reading, Minn.
proﬁts.

steady, sure and strong. And the bales come
out slick, clean and solid—rain or shine—
from one to two a minute.

Biggest Tonnago— Biggest Pronto
' Friction Clutch Stops Each year exper-
pws, [mum], ienced hay balera

.. discard other
makes and buy
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T h ei r a. c t u a. I
working tests
prove this press
beats all ordinary
machines from 2
to 8 tons daily. 25
tons are an every
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erlo for "Tan. Toll"-— Now FREE
This book—free to those who are wide-
awake—tells you the enormous proﬁts wait-
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We'll make special terms with any respon-
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make you stacks of ready cash, we couldn’ t
sell this way. Yes, success is assured you
before you begin.

GasEnglne
on Same
Truck

Full power Is
driven from en-
gine to press by a
heavy steel roller
chain. It does
away with slip-
ping belta—with their dangers and delays.

The Gas Engine is the best quality—hopper
cooled type— gear driven magneto— 4, 6, 8
and Tao-horse power—and developes more than
rate .

 
N0 Belts
to Slip

 
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rises high up out of the way of operator and today and it comes by return mail. And if
will stand hard crowding. Its b1g feed open- you' re interested in Horse Power Presses.

ing is unobstructed. The motion is slow. ask about our big line of these.

SANDWICH MFG. co., 115 A Street, Sandwich, 111. no... a...“ ..

Box 115. Kansas City. Mo

Sandwich Motor Press
82.332) Supplies Its Own Power

   
Writ. TODAY for

FREE BOOKLETS

(1) “ Why Silage Pays "—worth
many dollars to every former
with stock to feed.

(2) New Illustrated 1913 Catalog.

(3) “What Users 8-y"— letters
from scores of Blizzard users

Iving actual experience in
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Get the original Ensilage Cutter
Forty years on the market. The unequaled

BLIZZARD

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eats up ensilage, dry or green. Elevates to any
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adjustable. Self-feeding table. Simplest an safest in oper-
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Thoroughly guaranteed. Write today for catalog and books.

THE J08. DICK MEG. co.

1489 Tuumwno 8t” CANTON. OHIO

   
,you saw their ad.

When Writing to advertisers SNFIease state that
in The ichigan Farmer.

. ....-......... .. - ........,...._.....,. .......-. «1L... ... Am...._.,.,.-....,-. .. .5...“ a-.. . .. _ .. .. . a... ma... ..-,..‘..',rv-,wn-»w

 
. C
I ' . -
ERE’S a ﬁne
chance to save
money if you are “we.

thinking of building a.
Silo this year. Get in
touch with us quickly '
for our prices on Silos
and Cutters.

Get the famous Silo with
doors on hinges—easier to
open and close than your
barn doors—keep Silo closed
air tight winter and summer
—saves Silage and work in
feeding. The cutter cuts all
forage crops —easily adjust-
ed-has all latest improve—
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perfectly housed gears. Sold
on approval. Get Silo or
Cutter or both. Mail postal
today. Address

 
Woods Bros. Silo & Mfg. Co. ..
Dept. l 5

 
New Silo Book

Iflilﬁlﬁ-

It‘s full of valuable infor-
mation for every farmer
and stock raiser. Tells all
about the special and
exclusive features of the
famous
INDIANA SILO

Twenty-Five Thousand in
use. Write and learn why
it is best and cheapest and
---- - get our New Silo Book Free.

lNDlANA SlLO COMPANY
The largest makers of Silos in the
world. Address nearest factory:
. Union Bide” Anderson. lnd.
‘lndiana Bldg, Des Moines 0la.
.’ i 2 Silo Bldg, Kansas City,

 
There are many
superior features
in the

Nappanee
Silo Let us tell

you about
them
Reliable Agents Wanted.
“Buy a Nappanee
and get a guarantee”

lappsnee lbr. ii Mtg. 00..

315 So. Madison St ,

 
NAPPANEE. INDIANA.
. ".1118 F
".- AF‘NRTET'D‘

Keeps ﬂies and

other insect pests oi!

of animals—In barn or

pastors—longer than any Im-

itation. Used and endorsed

since 1885 by leading dairy-
lnen and farmers.

; $1worm sms$20001

' in milk and ﬂesh on each
cow in a singleseason. Heals sores, stops itching and pro-
vents infection. Nothing better for galls. Kills lice and
mites in poultry houses.
SEND S] If your dealer can 't supply you. We'll
9 send enough Shoo-Fly to protect
”cows. also our 3 tube gravity sprayer without
extra charge. Money back if not satisfactory Name
Express Oﬂice.‘ Booklet FREE. Special terms to agents.

Shoo-Fly Mfg. Co., DepiJl, 1310 N. llllh SL, l’ln'b.

Editor knows from experience that Shoo—ﬂy no. I.

 
SAVE YOUR CORN

no: new CORN Cllll

is absolute roof against rats. mice.
birds and re. Made of perforated

i galvanized sheet steel. is practically
indestructible. Oates corn perfectly.
! ereo . Write tor illustrated
catalog of sises, prices and all details.

Pioneer Headset-rig Curl-Y.
media-n, he...

Michigan White Cedar

FENCE POSTS

GEORGE M. CHANDLER. Onaway. Mich.

 
‘ for feed

.I‘ceding value of an

THE‘ MICHIGAN FA’RMER

=_‘JJllllllllllliililillllllililililiiilliilllUllﬂlilﬂllliliUliﬂﬂliilillﬂlilllillliiiiﬂiliililllUiliﬂiillllliliillliil|IilllliiillliiilillilillliiliilliililllilliliillllliilllillllllillllllliilllllIilillliliiiiillllllliililllillliillillilllilllliilLlé‘

Live Stock.

 
WWIWWWWWWWWHW|||lliiﬂ||Iii|IiiilillllliliiilililiilIiiillliilililliiilllliiiiiiiliillilllliliiliiilliiiiliilliiilliilliililllllililliIllillilillllllliﬁ

WHY EVERY STOCK FARMER
SHOULD GROW ALFALFA.

ARMERS are mighty slow in tak-
F ing advantage of the possibilities
of growing alfalfa. It has been
demonstrated time and again that this
plant can be made to thrive and produce
proﬁtable yields in a greater variety of
climates and soil conditions perhaps than
any other crop. It is grown successfully
in the north, the south, the east and the
west and has adapted itself to all these
varying conditions when given the prop-
er start.
The reason why more farmers do not
try the crop is because they do not ap-

 
preciate its value and great worth. The
growing of alfalfa (‘zlll be made to solve
the feeding problem on our farms, mak-

ing it unnecessary to buy a pound ofcx— .

pensive concentrated feeds to balance the
ration for our live stock. It makes an
ideal combination with silage for cows,

'is the most economical roughage for fut-

tening cattle, is ﬁne for
is recommended for horses. Its feeding
value not only is greater than that of
other hay, but the yield per acre when
once established, being an average of
about ﬁve tons, is two or three times as
great.

The value of a roughage for live stock
is not in the quantity of its bulk but in
its quality and pounds of digestible nu-
trients—protein, carbohydrates and fat—
contained. 111 this alfalfa is the equiva-
lent of wheat bran and couzil to more
than two tons of timothy. The value of
different food nutrients as given by the
I'uited States Department of Agriculture
is: Protein, $067 a pound; carbohy—
drates, $006 a pound; fat $.01 a pound.

bring tlIr-sc figures as a basis for cal-
culation, alfalfa hay is worth $20.16 a ton
while timothy has a value of
only $9.44 a ton. It is three times as
rich in protein, the most expensive part
of any cattle feed. as ordinary hay and
it contains practically the same amount
of carbohydrates, the cheapest portion.
The value of the food constituents of
oats at the above prices is $19 a ton,
there being 184 pounds of protein worth
$12.84 at 6.7 cents a pound. and 1.140
pounds of carbohydrates at 0.6 cents :L

Sheep and also

pound worth $6.84.

Tvm tons of timothy is considered a
good yield. Soil that will produce this
will grow ﬁve tons of alfalfa unch' .‘lVPl‘-

age conditions. The feeding value of an
acre of timothy would be $18.88 while the
acre of alfalfa would

be worth $100.80. In other words, it
would require more than ﬁve acres of
timOthy to equal one acre of alfalfa and

then one would not have the right pro-
portion of protein to the carbohydrates.
This means that four acres of alfalfa will
produce nutrients having a value for feed
of 20 acres of timothy.

“'ith the alfalfa no concentrated grains
will be necessary in order to feed a bal—
anced ration. No matter how much tim~
othy or silage is on hand. one must buy
expenSive grain feeds for balancing the
ration. Alfalfa, containing about seven
per cent digestible protein, will furnish
all that is necessary.

After the crop has been grown the av-
erage cost to produce it is about $3 a
ton, seldom running more than $15 an
acre. For this reason alfalfa is a stu-
pendous boon to the live stock industry,
when a farmer can raise for a cost of
$3.00 a ton alfalfa that will take the
place of a ton of bran which would cost
about $24. Instead of having to spend
all of onc’s proﬁts of several hundred dol-
lars to buy grain, this money can be ad-
ded to the profits of the farm.

The fact that a few farmers have suc-
ceeded in growing it proves what can be
done when proper conditions are provid-
ed. Many have tried it as they would
oats, wheat or corn and when it fails,
they give up, concluding the crop is not
adapted to this section. “'hile alfalfa is
a vigorous crop when once established,

 
it is absolutely essential that right grow-
ing conditions be provided at ﬁrst. To
neglect any one of these essentials may
mean failure.

Penn. L. J. HAYNES.

PROFIT iN SHEEP RAISING.

 
That farmers may derive handsome
proﬁts from sheep raising it they will but
give their ﬂocks the necessary care. is

 
)gcncral purpose cows.

  
the opinion of Frank Kleinheinz, shep~
herd of the ﬂock 0f the College of Agri-
culture of the l'niversity of “'isconsin.
Because of the constantly increasing de-
mand for mutton and the cn‘responding
increase in the price paid the farmer for
his sheep, this well known flockmastei‘
is conﬁdent that the man who hasawell—
drained farm and properly manages a.
ﬂock of sheep of good mutton type and
conformation will be well satisﬁed with
his returns. At the same time he will
know that his farm is being freed of
weeds and that his ﬁelds are steadily be-
coming richer. The farmer who keeps o.
decidedly inferior ﬂock of sheep and
largely as scavengers is wasting his feed
and can not expect to realize satisfactory
proﬁts. Well-bred and well-built.shecp
will require no more and even less feed
than thoSe inferior in character.
INCREASING THE LIVE STOCK
SUPPLY.

 
Our population is rapidly increaSing,
while our live stock supply is constantly
decreasing.

“'e have solutions for other problems.
and I believe there is a solution also for
this. I think all agricultural papers
shiiuld encourage farmers to keep more
live. stock. “'e know that the Michigan
F‘III'meI‘ is doing its duty along this line.
If the Department of Agriculture would
isSuc special bulletins, and distribute
them widely, which would advocate the
maintenance of move stock on the farm;
if lecturers at furmers' institutes. and at
Grange and Farmers’ Club meetings
would impress farmers with the same
idea, there would, no doubt, be produced
beneﬁcial reSults.

Farmers, too, ought to be encouraged
to keep pure-bred. or good grades of
something in which
there is a combination of dairy and beef
qualities.

If the slaughtering of all female calves
was delayed until they were at least two
years of age. this would enable their
Owners to discover, somewhat, their
breeding qualities, and if thought desir-
able be allowed to take the place of the
“star boarders." Marketing more mature
cattle means a greater beef supply. Many
farmers think we could not produce and
procure enough feed. but I believe we
could by the following methods:

First. by building silos on all farms,
with the exception of the very small
ones. The silo stands today Without an
equal. for the economic production of
roughage. The corn Siingc Which can be
produced from an acre of corn goes on
an average ﬁve or six times as far as
the cornstalks which could be grown on
the some acre. Besides silage is so much
more palatable. and its succulency assists
to digest other feeds more thoroughly, so
that its full value is hard to‘estimate.

Second, by practicing soiling. especially
on farms which are too Small for silos.
(‘uttle waste more feed than they con-
sume. It does not pay to pasture them,
unless there is land too rough for tillage.
’l‘hiI-d. by the raising of more legumes,

the most important of which are alfalfa
and l‘i‘il clover. They are not only‘the
cheapest source of protein, but having

an excess'of alkalies they are splendid
correctives of the excess of acids in other
feeds.

FOuI'th. by raising. on small farms
without silos, root crops. Roots furnish
succulency, and besides having an excess
of alkali, they produce very beneﬁcial re-
sults on some of the other feeds.

The production of more milk and al-
falfa opens a channel for raising more
hogs. Alfalfa is the ideal pasture for
swine, and should not be pastured by
any other animal. A greater production
of mutton, rather than lumb. should also
be encouraged. There are many acres
naturally adapted to sheep raising.

More live stOck,- rightly handled. must
also mean :I fatter pocketbook or bank
account, and also it not only maintains,
but should increase the productivity of
our farms, which means better crops.
and still more live stock. And lastly, but
not least, the home butcher would be fur-
nished by the- farmer, with the different
kinds of live stock, instead of getting it
from the large packing houses, thus sav-
ing the consumer at least two or three
proﬁts, without any loss to the producer
whatever.

New York. W. D. KOBE.

 
JULY 26, 1911

_..._-._...‘....-.‘.

. The R SILO

Has stood the ”ﬁrst. It is thoroughly manufac- '
tured complete with doors on hinges. Hoops
bent to fit the silo. Refrigerator type of door,
and other features explained in catalog.
Furnished in (

Long Leaf Yellow Pine
and Oregon Fir ‘

Backed by 63 years' experience. Special prices to
neighborhood clubs. Made and guaranteed by
The B. W. Ross 00.. Box 14 Springfield. 0.

Ill. BALE 2. TONS OR MORE A
MY A'l' COST 0! OILY 40c A 101'.
Make big money bsling for your neighbors
site! yours is done.

The Cyclone is powerful, durable.
repair-prooI—nisds almost entirely
lineal steel. Unbreakable steel bsling
chamber. adjustable tension. makes smooth.
clesn, tight bales,75Io 125 lbs. as desired.
Three strokes each circle. Self-feed. Works
at stack. ham or windrow.

Here 'I the biggest money maker you can
buy. Low price. .l'ree trial and absolute
guarantee on every press. Write today—
iull informstionc free.
G... Eﬂei 00a.

 
RunningWater

in House and Barn at oven
temperature Winter or Sum-
mer at Small Cost.

Send Pc‘zaw "‘r’
slum aciudluSC Cc ‘ '

1144 S. Cimpbeli Av Chicago
2d and Mildllo" Streets Oakland

Acrmctor Co.
Aermotor Co.

ALFALFA‘

AMERICAN NORTHERN GROWN

Guaranteed to be 99‘ pure and free from dodder.

 
, Write for sample on which we invite youtoget
: Government tests. We do not handle Turkestau
, “Dwarf Alfalfa” or cheap Inferior European seed.
We refuse to handle anything but the very best.
Experiment Stations agree that American Seed ex-
cels all other. Our seed should produce hey at $60
per acre annually. Write for catalog and folder
which contains valuable information that you
should know about. We are sure It will interest you_

(illllli MID GRASS SEED

Northern grown and of strongest vitality.
handle export grade only and can furnish grass
mixture suitable for any soils. Write for catalog.

. WING SEED 00., Box 243 Moohanloaburu, O.

 
GINSENG.

Choice Selected Ginseng Sand

for fall planting. Grown in our own gardens.
Thoroughly tested. $1.50 per thousand. The
best is always the cheapest. Order at once. In-
structions for growing with order.

EDENVILLE GINSENG 00.. Edenville. Mich.

Attachment w ith Corn Harvester
cuts and throws In piles on harvester
or winrows. Man andB horse cuts and

shocks ual with a Corn Binder

Sold in everyetate. Price UXT TON of
Johnstcwn. Ohio. writes. “The HarvestoBr has proven
all youm claim for it: the Harvester saved me over 825 In
labo astIear' a corn cutting. I out over 500 shocks,-
will make bushels corn to ashock. " Testimonals and
catalog free. showing pictures of harvester. Address

NEW PROCESS W0. 00.. SALINA. KANSAS.

 
Pulverized Lime Rock

We can ship in car-load lots in two days after order
is received from Muskegon and Benton Harbor.
Write for prices direct to you

LAKE SHORE I'I’ONE 00.. Kiln-ilk... Win.

 
SEED—Direct from werto -
SWCCt ClOVel' unmet. White and ye low.cultl°:all;-
ed biennial varieties. Prices and circular howto
grow it FREE. John A. Shoohaa. R. 6. Falmouth. Ky. -

wand—stump puller. either "Hercules or Steel lyard"
with cables and chains. W to full partloula
price. Goon. Carpenter-.mal'ord Bl dg.. Detrol II,m all:

 
When writing advertisers please
mention The Michigan Farmer.

 
d...:

 
«.—

 
l
i
.

 
JULY 20, 1913. .

THE ‘MICHIIGAN FARMER

Inbreeding or In-and-‘In Breeding.

' HEN line breeding is carried to
its limit it involves the breed-

ing together of individuals close-
ly related, and when it gees so far as
to include the breeding together of sire
and daughter, dam and son, or of bro-
ther and sister, it becomes inbreeding,
or what is sometimes called breeding in
and in. Some would say that the breed-
ing together of cousins or grandchildren
would be in and in breeding, but this is
not so considered.

Strictly speaking, there are only three
forms of inbreeding possible among an-
imals, namely:

First, breeding the sire to his daughter
or daughters successively. In this in-
stance the ﬁrst offspring would have
three-fourths of the blood line of the
sire, and if carried to his daughter again
by this union the offspring would have
seven-eighths of the blood of the sire.
And if this line of breeding is followed
for any length of time it results in but
one line of ancestry, thus practically
eliminating the blood of the dam There-
fore, -this line of breeding is only prac-
tical when the breeder wants to preserve
and perpetuate the blood of an excep-
tional male.

Second, breeding the dam to her own
son or sons successively. This practice
makes the most of the blood of the dam
and practically eliminates the blood of

the sire. Either system is necessarily
limited to the lifetime of an individual.
By uSing grandson or granddaughter
either system may be approximated,

which would be called inbreeding, but
relationship more repote Would generally
be regarded as line breeding.

Third, the breeding together of brother
and sister. This form of breeding does
not intensify blood lines but simply pre-
serves the blood lines of both sire and
dam in equal proportion. It is inferior
to either of the other systems as a means
of strengthening blood lines, but is em-
ployed when the combination has proven
succeSSful, thus establishing the new
type. It has all the dangers of either
system and in a larger degree.

Among plants there are two forms of
inbreeding:

First, when the fertilization is by pol-
len from another ﬂower on the same
plant, as com, melon, strawberry, etc.

Second, where the pollen for fertiliza-
tion comes from the same ﬂower, as
wheat, oats, etc. This, being herma—
phroditic, is the closest imaginable in-
breeding and exceeds anything possible
with animals.

Advantages of Inbreeding.

Nobody claims advantages in inbreed-
ing fer itself, but it is the acme of line
breeding. It is the m0st powerful meth-
od of making the most of excellent in-
dividuals, and is a practical way of pre-
serving a fortunate “nick.”

The breeder expects in the mating of
animals that like will produce like with
variations. If like simply produces like
we make no improvement. If, however,
the variation of the unlike is better we
wish to preserve and perpetuate it, and
the best known way is by inbreeding. In
the formation of new breeds inbreeding
has been resorted to always with inten-
sity. It is possible that a new breed or
type might in time be formed by simply
selecting the best individuals without
inbreeding, but the great breeders of his-
tory recognized the importance of ﬁxing
and perpetuating the blood of excellent
individuals by inbreeding.

Pedigree of Chas. Colling’s Shorthorn
bull, Comet:

Hubbnck
‘ [Bullingbroke
Favorite i
1 % llebback
Phoenix
Comet ( Bulling-
Favorite broke
Phoenix
Young
Phoenix
i Hubback
Phoenix
Dam of
l Favorite.

As an illustration take the methods
used by the Coiling Brothers. In the
formation of the present great breed of
Shorthorn cattle. Mr. Charles Coiling
noted that his great bull, Hubback, had
the prepotent power of producing excel—
lent heifers, and to preserve and per-
petuate this prepotency of power of this
bull, Hubback, he resorted to inbreeding
in the highest degree. A son and daugh-
ter, Bullingbroke and Phoenix, were mat-
ed together to~produce the great Short-
horn bull, Favorite. Then Favorite was
bred to his own dam, Phoenix, to pro-

duce Young Phoenix. And now Favorite
was again bred to Young Phoenix, his
own daughter by his own dam, to pro-
duce the great bull Comet, the bull that
sold at the disperSion sale of Charles
Coiling for $5,000, the highest price up to
that time ever received for an animal.

It would be reasonable to suppose that
an inbred animal would be enormously
more prepotent than any other, and such
has always proven to be the case. In-
breeding ls recognized as the strongest
of all breeding, giving rise to the simp—
lest of pedigree. A simple pedigree is
recognized at once as a great advantage
in the law of ancestral heredity. In this
respect there is much greater possibility
than in simple line breeding.

Disadvantages of Inbreeding.

The trouble with inbreeding is that it
affects all characters of the individual,
bad as well as good. The breeder in—
tensiﬁes the characteristics which he has,
be they good or bad. It is like a double-
edged sword, it cuts both ways. Hence,
while the practice of inbreeding is to
produce the greatest of results in per-
petuating the blood and ﬁxing the type
of individuals, thus forming new breeds,
on the other hand it has produced the
greatest disasters that ever befell the
breeding industry. Flocks and herds have
been ruined time and time again by the
practice of inbreeding. This, of course,
has been the result only in the hands of
ordinary breeders, but in the hands of
the best judges of animals inbreeding is
not necessarily disastrous.

The most common defects or results
from in and in breeding are lack of Vig-
or and low fertility, and this is undoubt-
edly because vigor and fertility are com-
mOnIy defective characters. These- de-
fects are quite liable to occur even in
cross-breeding. It is certainly not un-
common to ﬁnd these two defects some--
what common in any kind of breeding.
Hence, when this result is produced by
in and in breeding it is not because this
line of breeding was practiced but be-
cause not sufﬁcient consideration was
given in selection. Had proper judgment
been exercised in selecting the individ-
uals to be inbred, individuals which did
not contain these common defects, the
probability is that the result would not
have been so disastrous. \i’hen more at-
tention is given in the matter of selec-
tion to vigor and fertility and minor
things or less important points not kept
so common in mind, such as color or
style, or action, etc., there will be less
evil results caused from inbreeding. It
can be safely said, therefore, that the
practice of inbreeding with a novice or
beginner will probaably result in failure,
but this failure is not inevitable. It goes
without saying that there is not nearly
so much need of in and in breeding at
the present time than there was former-
ly in the formation of new brceds or new
types of individuals. Breeders today are
not trying to form new breeds. They
may aim to modify type somewhat but
they do not attempt to form new types.
That had to be done in the beginning,
consequently it is not so essential to
breed together animals of such close re-
lation. The necessity for inbreeding oc-
curs now when the carcfully observing
breeder notes a superiority from certain
matings, or a sport. if you please, and
he wishes to preserve the superior char-
acteristics of this animal. About the
only way heihas of accomplishing this is
by inbreeding, thus eliminating the blood
of all other animals as much as possible,
except the individual which he wishes to
preserve.

It can be readily seen that there oc-
curs two situations where inbreeding is
very common.

First, grading by the use of pure-bred
sires. Here it is the co-operative judg-
ment of the best breeders that inbreed-
ing can be practiced almost with im-
munity. If great care is taken in the
selection of a sire, if we are sure that he
possesses marks of constitutional vigor,
the results from inbreeding are much
more liable to be successful than other-
wise. Where the farmer has stoek of
any kind of miscellaneous breeding, cat-
tle, horses, sheep, or swine, and he wish-
es to improve these by grading up by the
use of a pure-bred sire it would seem to
be a desirable practice to breed the
daughters of the sire back to the sire,
and if favorable results are evident it
might be advisable to use the sire on
the next‘generation of daughters which
would intensify the blood of the sire.
Then. by line breeding, selecting a sire
of the same family of the previous sire

and carefully mating, nothing but the
best of reSults should occur.

Second, where the breeder ﬁnds him-
self in possession of a small amount of
superior blood, where he has made a
happy “nick” in the mating of pure-
breds, it is advisable, and in fact is
practically the only way that he has of
preserving this excellence in his individ-
uals. If he mates this with outside an-
imals whose breeding characteristics are
practically unknown he is liable to make
exceedingly poor progress in perpetuat-
ing the excellency,which has resulted
from his happy "nick.” But on the other
hand, if he resorts to inbreeding he has
a means of intensifying the blood of this
individual to such an extent that he can
preserve the superior characteristics and
perpetuate them in the future progeny.

Many breeders, farmers in particular,
seem to have a horror of in and in
breeding. It is largely because they do
not understand the laws of heredity and
the laws of breeding. They seem to have
an idea that incestuous breeding. or the
breeding together of closely related ani-
mals, is wrong in itself and that the

results are bound to be bad. But the
history of breeding shows conclusively
that bad results which had been ac-

complished by in and in breeding do not
come because of the fact of inbreeding,
but because of the fact that proper se-

 
lection was not made of the individuals.
They forget that inbreeding perpetuates
bad as well as good qualities that in—
breeding is, as it were, a double-edged
sword that cuts both ways, and if one
wants to avoid disaster in in and in
breeding he must select perfect individu-
als, individuals that do not have at least
constitutional defects, otherwise these
will be intensiﬁed and perpetuated, and
the results will be disastrous.

 
PRIZES FOR SHIRE HORSES.

 
The Bureau of Animal Industry of the
l‘nited States Department of Agriculture
is informed by Mr. J. Sioughgrove, sec-
retary of the Shire Horse Society of
England, that the council of his society,
desiring to encourage the owners and
breeders of Shire horses in America, have
resolved to Offer ten gold challenge cups.
valued at $250 each, from the year 1913
to 1917, inclusive.

Two of these gold cups will be annually
awarded to representative American
shows in rotation during the ﬁve years
that the scheme is in operation.

The council have selected the Inter-
national Live Stock Exhibition at Chi-
cago for their offer in 1913, and the gold
cups will be awarded (a) ‘for the best
registered Shire stallion, (b) for the beSt
registered Shire mare, duly certiﬁed byi
the ofﬁcial veterinary ofﬁcer as sound!

u
l
I
l

 
and free from hereditary disease.

Horses entered for these cups must be
registered or eligible for registration in
the American Shire Studbook.

Breeders of English Shire horses in the
I‘nited States will no doubt be interest-
ed and encouraged by this recognition of
Shire breeding in the United States by
the results will be disastrous—{Paper read
at the Eighth Annual Meeting of the
Alumni Association of the Grand Rapids
Veterinary College, by Colon C. Lillie.

 
RETURN FROM USE OF MANURE.

 
The net return realized from a ton of
yard manure under general farming con-
ditions depends upon the soil, method of
cultivation and crops grown. The Ohio
Experiment Station has obtained an in-
crease amounting to $4.69 per ten from
yard manure used at the rate of eight
tons per acre in a ﬁve-year rotation of
corn, oats. wheat, clover and timothy;
four tons being applied to corn and four
tons to wheat, this return being the av-
erage for the third ﬁve-year period; the

 
average return from yard manure used
in all tests in which rotation is practiced
has been $2.97 per ton for the whole
time.

Cattle have not been marketed recently
as liberally in Chicago as a few weeks
ago, and this has helped to bring about
better conditions for sellers, but it can—
not be said that the consumption of beef
is showing any signs of increasing. Hence,
it is of the utmost importance that the
receipts of cattle be held down to mod-
erate proportions in order to hold prices
where they are. Distillery-fed steers are
being marketed rather freely, and grassy
cattle are comprising an increasing per—
centage of the receipts, with especially
large numbers going to the Missiuri riv-
er markets. Kansas and Oklahoma pas-
tures have been carrying a good many
cattle, and when the dry, hot weather
prevailed for weeks, many droves of cat—

ilet had to go to market while far from
a .

 
5——69

 
John Deere Spreader

The Spreader with ’ the
Beater on the Axle

    
The Low Down Spreader with the
Big Drive Wheels

Here’s your chance to get a low down
spreader in which the advantage of big drive
wheels has not been sacriﬁced for the low down
feature.

The John Deere Spreader has revolutionized
the spreader business. It is as much an improve-
ment. over the ordinary manure spreader as the
modern binder was over the old-style reaper.
Some of its good points are: ,

The Beater

And all its driving parts are mounted on the
rear axle. Power to drive it; is taken from
the rear axle through simple gears like those .
that have been used on horse-powers for
many years. This construction is patented.
You cannot get it on any other spreader.

Only Hip-High
Easy to load. The top of the box is only as
high aagour hips. Each forkfui of manure
is place just where it; is needed. You can
always see into the spreader.

Few Parts

Clutches, chains and adjustments: in fact,
some two hundred arts in all, are entirely
done away with. o throw the machine
into operation, move the lever at the
driver’s right; back until the ﬁnger engages
a large stop at the rear of the machine.

Roller Bearings

Together with the simplicity of the machine
itself, make the John Deere Spreader light
draft. There are many more reasons that
have helped to make the demand for John
Deere Spreaders greater than all those
interested m the spreader business thought

ossxble. These features are fully discussed
n our spreader book.

 
,4»
.I‘ ..g
Ea “outﬁts: !!5 0‘“
3y :5 1=in ' I y
to W i‘ﬁi"? «ﬂag mp.
Load light/ll—hi 1’" High
sex—i- ; "'

-=‘s l

 
Get This Book Free

It tells how John Deere Spreaders are made
and why they are made that way. It con-
tains illustrations and descriptions of work-
ing parts and colored ictures of the John
Deere Spreader in the eld. It also has val-
uable information regarding the storing and
handling and a plying) of manure to the
land. Get one 0 these ooks free by asking
us for our spreader book, Y 5

John Deere Plow Company

Moline, Illinois
SILO~ Fl LLING

05 MACHINERY

Vlllh BLOWER and Travollng FEED
TABLE-'FULLY GUARANTEED
Made in sizes to suit all wants from

5 to l5 H, P. Engine-

 
Fill Your Silo

We have been making Ensilage Cnttinz
and Silo Filling Machinery for over 60 years.
Every improvement that is practical is ad-
ded by us. Our policy is to always put the
best quality of material into every ma blue

and give every purchaser full value.
Oldest and Largest Manufacturers of
Enailnge Machinery in the World.

Note the new features that have been added. Four
sided reversible steel cutting plate, positive tension
tothe feeding rolls, upccial knife adjustment, 59”
aligning and adjustable main shaft bearings and rol-
ler shaft bearings, extra bearings for main shaft,
special balance main frame. We claim large capa-
city, excessive strength. simplicity and modern con-
struction, use in feeding, lighter running and in
general THE BEST ENSILAGE CUTTER on the mar-
ket today of this type. Our new catalog in free for
the Asking. We aim manufacture the ROSS SlLO.
The E.W. Ross 00., 3.114 Springfield,0.

 
CHEAP FEED FOR HOGS

Wheat. corn, barley, cooked, sweetened, ﬂavored,
toasted. prepared forman. Sells packagedlbopound.
Broken ﬂakes make ﬁne pig feed—10% sortein.
Cheaper and better than corn meal or Mi dlings.
Price $1.10 per cwt. Bend check for trial order.
Satisfactory or money back. Ask for 1- free booklet.
J. E. BARTLETT 00.. Jackson. Michigan.

(What you got.) Registered Percheron Stallion.
black. 17% hands high. weighs 1800 lbs. This horse is
sound, good style and 9. colt getter. No use for him.
He wil make you ood money. Come ulck.
J. C. BUTLER. Po and. Michigan. Bell P one.

FOR SALE i.‘:.“:t‘Bolgian Stallion

Bound and- risht in every way. Also a. 3-year-old

 
JACK. Or will trade for other live stock and real
estate. Addreal W. G. nimmelwright. Frankfochnd.

 
JULY 26, 1913.

 
5 to 10 Times More
for Your Silo Money!

More Years of Service—No Upkeep Cost

The Redwood Saginaw

Here's real silo economy. and the very utmost in service.

A Redwood Saginaw has ten years of service for every one
year of service of the common silo. and no trouble and cost to
maintain. Redwood is the ideal wood for silos.

Redwood will never shrink, swell or rot. Insects and worms
will not touch it. It never needs painting and is ﬁre-resisting.
We’re selling “Redwoods" by the thousands. and owners
everywhere are tremendously enthusiastic over their splendid
qualities. Hoops never need tightening.

The Silolled Yellow Pine Saginaw

A Siloiled Yellow Pine Silo has five years of service
for every one of the ordinary type of silo. and costs
nothing in time and money to maintain. Siloil perma-
nently preserves the wood—prevents shrinking and
swelling of staves. Saves the heavy expense and labor
of painting. Never evaporates or dries out ~cannot wash off
or blister. Our Shelled Yellow Pine Silos keep silage sweet
and pure. They are giving wonderful satisfaction to their thou-
sands of owners. Think of it! Hoops never need tightening!

All Saginaws Are “Steel-Built”

The Saginaw is not a common stave silo, but a "steel-built" stavesilo with a solid. rug-
ged. all-steel frame like a skyscraper. Has the patented Angle Steel Rib. the All—Steel Door
Frame. the Saginaw Base Anchor and the Saginaw Inner Anchor. Our chain of ﬁve fac-
tories insures prompt service to silo buyers. You order today—we ship tomorrow.
WRITE for the Big Free Silo Book 000. which gives inside facts about the great new

Saginaw features. which means ﬁve to ten times more for your silo money.

The Whirlwind Silo Filler

can ﬁll your silo in record-breaking time. Can ﬁll every silo in the neighborhood and not
break down. Can operate at maximum speed with minimum power. Get extra teams haul-
ingcorn: you’ll need ’cm to keep a Whirlwind going. The strain distributed evenly to all parts
of strongly-braced. uullertrussed frame is one of the reasons it is so dependable a machine
at all times. The heavy, solid cutter and blower-headis one of the reasons it is so powerful
and absolutely safe. The mounting of the main shaft and four wide-apart bearings is one of
the reasons it is so true running. with least _vibration. The few gears wonly ﬁve—and few
sprockets—only four—is one of the reasons _lt.lS so easy running. The perfect knife and
cutter-head adjustment is one of the reasons it is so
simple to operate. The \Vhirlwind Silo Filler is a
mechanical masterpiece. ..

Ask for our new (‘ircular 43 , The Easy Way of
Silo Filling." \Vrite today.

The McCLU RE COM PANY
(Formerly Farmers Handy Wagon Co.)
Saginaw, Midi. Cairo, Ill. Des Moines, Iowa
Minneapolis, Minn. Ft. Worth, Texas

   
All .3 ‘ ‘
2.3%-
but

   
./ ’9
(.

5 ’7 { e : 1* _~‘ ‘
VJ ;' ‘ ‘>\) "V
gives real resistance to sun, rain, wind, ‘

snow, heat, cold, and ﬁre. And. the Kant-

leak chet waterproofs the seams without cement.
\Nritc for samples and the Good Roof Guide Book, free.
The Barber As halt Paving Company Philadelphia

La v st »r d icers of asuha t, and largest . .
midfimiéiqlor ready rolrﬁug in the world. New York San FranCisco Chicago

     
POULTRY. 1

BAR GAIN 5 3°" “trains 8.0. Warpaw

breeding stock at areatl re-
duced rices. also half grown cockerels and pu lets.
Mrs.

illis Bough, Pine Crest Farm. Royal Oohllch.
BARRED ROCK EGGS, $1 FOR 15.

W. O. OOFFMAN. R. No. 6. Benton Harbor. Mich.

  
— ' . 0
All“ 3: HSMGE cmm‘.

make a positive shearing cut full width of
bundle. from sides to center of throat. hence
do cleaner work on less power. Our sickle-edge knives
cut the hard. dry alialia to )6 I
inch lengths. Only silo

    
d I: l E £1161: made havinglthesc \
bro 0 ay. 83' won criulkn'ves. uves- .- '
Egolladay Barred Inks, from record lagers. tigate now.“l’rite forcat- Av“ "' .
$1. per 15. Eggaday Poultry Ranch. Marshall. ich. alog. Address Dept. 35 “$2;
numoo mm x. sun on. all,”

     
Barred Rock. B. 1. Beds, Mam-
moth Pekin and I. Bonner ducks.
Stock for sale. 81. $2. $3. per set. Utility_$5 perhlm.
EMWOOD FAR . R. H. N . 13. Grand Rapids. Mich.

OOLUMBIA Wyandmtes. Winnersat Ohioaco.Grand

Prize Winning Human. Ilcll.

 
Rapids. South Bend and St J in. Stock and eggs.
RICHARD SAWYER. Benton ‘ rbor,

 
Michigan.

     
Bloodsucking Mites

are the hot weather scourge of the
poultry yard. Kill the pens before they
ruin yap; ﬂock. U

3e
11;:‘2Ulb LICE KILLER
or PM D|SIN ANT
Guaranteed. Dust the fowls with
Prat“ Powdered Lice Killer.

 
/ ’.
. .. ,

 
INGLETS BARRED ROCKS—~Birds of uality and
size. Cock weighs 11 lbs. and cockerols that head
selected pens. Eggs $1.50 for 15. Stock from hen that
laid 240 eggs in year. Ten years 3 br 01-: l’lain
View Farm. J. W. Ballard. Prop. Romeo. Michigan.

- I

-»_ I

s,

    
V ILVER LACED. golden and whiteWyandettee. Eggs pram loo-page in: book so
u for hatching at reasonable prices: send for circular. ‘ y mall. Ge! Pram Prolit-sh-rlnﬂ
Browning's Wyandotce Form, R. 3. Portland. Mich. Booklet At. all dealers. or

P T’I‘ FOOD CO.. Philt. Chicago

 
LlLLlE FARHSTEAD POULTRY

?' am: e trees. or. ...._.... -
- Z or - t 0!‘ . u
or '3 ooi'os c. LILLIE. Ooooenville. mes.

Wlll'l'li LEGHORNS‘cXi‘ZKE’ﬁémdé’éiEiiS:

Maple City Poultry Plant. Box 0.. Charlotte. Mid).

“H. wm—Noted for size. vigor and

 
lode ler

PUMP GRIND SA u... a.
Wood Hills on Best. Engines ere-Simple

Feed (if-den. Sew .
Frames. Steel Tanks

  
('ATALOGUES FREE
AGENTS WASTED

 
10‘
ductlon. 1913 circular yp in
February. A. FRANKLIN SMITH. AnLrbor. Mich. Perki- Wind III &
Elaine Co. £1.18“ -----
DOG-S. 135 mm; si
Mew-h. .

 
cum m multifamismﬂ Finns

H

3011ch stamp. anxv. Holmesville. Ohio
FOX AND WOLF "O“NDSi
’9”. 0‘

thine fme hon for my on sport.
I now odor them for Illa.

Send tam fol-W-
1. muum'm. 3m... leebel c... In.

Stee
Save
Save draft—sew
Don't rut roads or ﬁelds. Send odey for
illumted catalog of wheels and wagons.
M: We! e... 35 no. 83.. “my, III.

 
lrl.
free

   
“Please mention the Mich. Farmer

, , . ~OneJensen Bi nan-5m I. . . I

when Writing to advertisers. For sale oneDiahbm utter ﬁmmlitlﬁ‘ilb?
capacity; also one ﬂ H. P. boiler and 12 E. P. a,

engine. Box M45, care Michigan Farmer. Dotrolg

 
THE MICHIGAN FARM’ER

  
CONCRETE FOUNDATION FOR POUL-

TRY HOUSE.

 
l A good foundation is one of the es5en-

tials in poultry house construction, one

. that is proof against water, cold air and

rats or other burrowing animals being
desirable. For an ordinary house, a con-
crete foundation 4 in. wide and extend-
ing 6 in. above and 12 to 16 in. below the
surface will prOVe satisfactory. The ac-
companying illustration shows a board
form for such a foundation, ﬁlled with a
sconcrete mixture. A number of bolts
inserted in the concrete before it has set
will make it possible to securely attach
the sills for the building, which may be
of very light timber. Where the sur-
face is so ﬁat or level that surface wat-
er will not readily drain away from the
building it is best to extend the concrete
wall to the height to which it will be
necessary to grade to give proper surface
drainage. Building the foundation in
this way also makes the construction of
the poultry house ﬂoor an easy matter if
the work is done before the house is
-built. Filling the space enclosed by the

walls with ashes or gravel,unti1 even
with the top of the foundation when
talmpcd down thoroughly, makes a very
Satisfactory ﬂoor. However, a few inches
:of concrete may be laid on top of such
lﬁlling if a concrete floor is wanted.

 
ITALIANIZING BEES OR CHANGING
THE RACE.

The viciousness of bees has often
ed the exclamation. “I wish I had
ler bees.” or, “I wish they made more
‘honeyf’ This is an easy thing to rem—
iedy, and it is a'proﬁtable and wise thing
to do it. No need of keeping anything
except the most proﬁtable race and the
one that is gentlest and easiest to handle.

This brings up the question of which
is the best race. Queen breeders praiise
their Syrians, Cyprians. Carniolans. or
Italians, but from actual trials by able
apiarists who are almost unanimous in
their conclusions, there no longer seems
any doubt that the Italians are much
superior to all others. There are two re-
deeming characteristics about the native

caus-
gent-

or black bees—they will go into the sec—
tions more readily and will cap their
honey whiter than the other races. This

is because of the cuppings being thicker,
with wider space between cappings and
honey. This can be largely overcome
with Italians and the proper manipula-
tion of the supers.

Briefly, the Italians possess the follow-
ing points of superiority: They possess
'loiigci' tongues. and so can gather from
flowers which are useless to the black
bee and to other races. They are more
active. and with the same opportunities
will collect a good deal more honey. They
work earlier and later; this is not only
l true of the day but of the season. They
Iseem better able to protect their hive
against robbers. They are proof against
ravages of the bee moth larvae and near-
ly so against bee diseases. Other races
are very susceptible to moths and dis-
.eases. These are very great advantages.
‘The queen is decidedly more proliﬁc. This
lis probably due to greater and more con-
!'stant activity on the part of the workers.
They are less apt to breed in winter,
when it is desirable to have bees very
quiet. The queen is more readily found.
which is a great advantage in performing
the various manipulations of the aplary.
Where time is money. this becomes a
matter of much importance. The bees
are more disposed to'adhere to the combs
when handled. They are less inclined to

zglllllllllllllIllllIllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll|llIlllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllIlllllllllllllllllllllllllllﬂlllllllllllllllllllllllllHllllillillllll|llllIIlIl|lIllIll|IllII|Illllll|llilIIlllllIlllllllllllIHlllIlllIllIlllllllllllllllllllﬂlllllllg
E ' g
F P 1 y d B
ou tr an ccs.
2 ~ , . s
ﬁllﬂﬂllllﬂllllﬂllllﬂllﬂlllllllllllllllllllllIllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllﬂllll|lIllIIlllllllllllllllllllllll|IllllllllllllllllllllllllllmllllllllllimllllHllllllllllllllllmlll||lHlIINIllllllﬂlHIlHlllllﬂlﬂIllllllllﬂlllllllllllllllllllE

rob. They ﬁnd honey when other races
gather none, and the time of robbing is
when there is no gathering. This may
explain the above peculiarity. The last,
and I think sufﬁcient reason for prefer-
ence, even if it stood alone, is that Ital-
ian bees are more amiable. When re-
moving" honey in the autumn other races
are furious, seeking whom they may de-
vour, and this, too, despite the smoker,
while the far more numerous Italians are
safely handled without smoke.

The advantages of the Italians, it will
be seen, are more than sufﬁcient to war-
rant the lntroductiOn of them into the
apiary. Truly, no one should need coax-
ing to adopt a course that adds to the
ease, proﬁt and agreeableness of his
labors.

The queen is the mother of all bees
and is fertilized but once during her life
of usefulness. Hence, to Italianile or
change the race, all th’at we have to do
is to procure and introduce a queen of
the race We wish. By having a colony
Italiunized, we may commence the next
spring and control the rearing of drones
and queens and, before the season is

 
Concrete Foundation for Poultry House as Built at the Indiana Station.

over, have only the beautiful, pure, ami-
able, and active Italians. In making this
change we add dollars to the value of the
colony and I know of no way to make
money more easy or pleasantly.

I advise the purchasing of queens.
which may be done through the adver-
tismne-uts in bee papers or bee supply
(-utaltgs, although the apiarist may have
fairly good stock. A change of blood is
an excellent thing. Next week I Wlll
give directions for introducing queens
where it is desired to Italianize colonies.

Shiawassee Co. N. F. GUTE.

 
THE WORTH 0F EGGS AS FOOD.

A great many persons do not use eggs,
even during the months when they are
quite cheap, as extensively as beef. To
most people eggs are not so satisfying.
The reason for this is that their nutri-
tive value, pound for pound, does not
compare favorably with beefsteak. Of-
ten people tire of them, or do not relish
them. Sometimes this is due to consum-
ers being furnished with stale or up-
wholesome eggs, and especially during

 
the period of incubation and broodiness.
The real value of eggs, as compared
with round steak, can only be ascer—

tained by taking into cousideration their
analyses. An average dozen of eggs
weighs about 27 ounces, and therefore
contains 3.5 ounces of protein. while good

round steak contains 3.2 ounces of pro-
tein per pound. In this market. at pres—
ent, the retail price of eggs is 2-lc per
dozen, and that of’ good round steak 220
per pound. It will be nbsm-Vcd that in
either case the protein costs approxi-
mately Tc per ounce, if fats and other
elements of nutrition are not considered.

Hence, to be more economical than beef.
we should be able to obtain a dozen
eggs for about the price we pay
round steak, per pound.

Of course, where there are hens to keep
up the egg supply for the good house-
wife, she saves the proﬁt of the middle-
men, and that certainly seems good. Fur-
thermore, eggs are generally more easy
for her to procure than beef, and make
quite a palatable change. All in all,
they may be considered a very valuable
article of diet.

New York.

of
for

W. D. KORE.

 
Poultry raising is what you make it.

.Lots of people make it drudgery by the
attitude of mind rather than the amount
of work they do.

 
“I.

 
\,

 
JULY 26, 1913.

undergoing an evolution. One who

has never witnessed the unloading
of long trains of specially constructed
cars that, at certain hours of the morn-
ing, land thousands of cans of milk and
cream on the platforms in large cities,
can not concieve of the broadeninig out-
let in the marketing of milk and cream.
The rapidly growing cities throughout the
intensely populated dairying communities
are constantly reaching out further and
further for their supply of milk and
cream. This increasing demand for milk
and cream. together with the develop-
ment of the condensed and powdered milk
business, is driving many creamery and

THE marketing of dairy products is

cheese factory owners outlof business.“

In many instances these large cities are
securing their daily rations of milk and
cream from centralized stations ﬁve or
six hundred miles away. Hundreds of
creameries now ship the bulk of the milk
and cream to the city trade, making
butter only from the surplus not wanted
by the city trade at certain times of the
year. By owning a controlling interest
in these plants the city dealers ﬁnd it
easy to regulate their supply of milk and
cream from day to day according to the
demands of their trade, because what is
not wanted in the form of milk and
cream can be made into butter and cot-
tage cheese and sold at remunerative
prices. Obviously, this increasing de-
mand for milk and cream is going to
put the price of butter and cheese be-
yond the reach of the great mass of con-
sumers unleSS dairy farming is devel-
oped more extensively throughout the
Western and southern states.

The advance in the price of grain
feeds during the past ten years has mar-

kedly increased the cost of producing
dairy products in the east and middle
west. In many instances the cost of a

suitable milk producing ration has in-
crease-d fully 35 per cent more than the
same ration Cost ten years ago. Yet
during this time the wholesale price of
milk and cream has not advanced more
than 12 to 16 per cent. The condition of
the feed market, together with the in-
crease in the price of labor, makes dairy-
ing a business that requires the clo‘Sest
Study and the most skillful management,
if satisfactory proﬁts are to be made by
the farmer.

With butter selling at 40 cents a pound
and upward, and milk retailing at from
eight to 10 cents per quart, any marked
advance in price is sure to be followed
by a falling off in sales. Until the time
when milk producers can organize to
control the regulating and marketing of
the supply, and thus gain a larger and
fairer share of the consumer’s dollar, it
seems to me that the dairyman’s chief
problem is one of cutting down the cost
of production.

So much non-essential and confusing
advice has been given the farmer about
producing market milk that he is often
puzzled to know what he ought to do. It
cannot be denied that the farmer owes
many obligations to the persons who
consume the milk he produces, but it is
unreasonable to expect him to establish
an extensive plant and produce a germ-
less milk for 15 cents per gallon.

In discussing the production of market
milk the term good milk is pretty clas-
tic. It ranges all the way from efforts
to keeps the cows and ﬁnrroundings
cleaner, up to the production of milk un-
ideals

der conditions that approach the
of the sanitarian. In the minds of the
great mass of consumers, good milk is

milk to which nothing is added and from
which nothing is taken, and which con-
tains nothing harmful to those who use
it. Milk inspection, properly conducted,
concerns itself with two things—namely,
the food value and the sanitary or health
value. It is right that the consumers
should be guarded against adulteration
of the product as well as against the
danger of contracting infectious and con-
tagious disease through milk. Good milk
may, therefore, be deﬁned as containing
about four per cent of butter-fat, having
a low bacterial count, and free from
odors and flavors caused by feeding or
other deleterious influences.

Sanitary surroundings and clean meth—
ods can do much to insure a better qual~
ity of market milk. This cannot be done
without adding something to the cost of
production,» because sanitary surround-
ings mean better Stables and equipment
and clean methods mean better help,
higher wages and more time. It is folly
for men to claim that good milk can be

THE MICHIGAN FARMER

The Market Milk and Cream Trade

produced as cheaply as bad milk, or that
it should be sold for the same prices as
the poorer grades. Many dairy farmers
have refused to sell their milk to the
city trade because of the many restric-
tions and regulations put upon their work
and because of the increasing cost of
cows, feed and labor, and yet those who
have been in the game for years seems
to think that they can realize more
money from selling the milk than by
patronizmg a creamery or making but-
ter on the farm. The requirements to
successfully operate a dairy farm where
milk or cream is produced for the city
trade Should be based on the following
essentials:

1. A veterinarian’s certiﬁcate that the
animals are healthy and no animals pur-
chased unless accompanied by a certiﬁ-
cate of condition.

2. Buildings of concrete or impervious
construction, troughs and gutters the
same, to prevent absorption and permit
flushing. A system of ventilation inde-
pendent of windows and abundant light
and air.

3. Grooming and asceptic precautions
for the milker and for the cows in
milking.

4. Modern utenSils which
posure to air and dirt.

5. Immediate cooling and emptying in-
to Sealed containers for retail consump-
tion.

6. Ice and. steam.

7. The adoption of a standard contain-
er for wholesale shipment which should
be limited to wholesale consumers, such
as hotels, hospitals, ice cream manufac-
turers and similar places.

8. Clean and intelligent milkers and
attendants.

One of the most encouraging features
of our present day dairy situation is the

lessen ex-

large and increasing demand for cream
from large hotels, ice cream manufac-
turers and private families. This par—

ticular outlet for dairy products is broad-
ening more rapidly than any other. The
growing demand for cream is seen in its

 
increased use on the bills-of—fare of hot—I

els and restaurants and the

popularity of ice cream.

growing

Cream is considered a necessity in
many hotels, restaurants and in private
fmailies, where twenty years ago it was
classed among the luxuries. Cereals anl
freSh fruits served with cream and cream
for coffee afford very ,palatable and
nourishing foods. Ice cream eating is
also posseSSed of much merit. Ice cream
is not only a popular confection and des-
sert, but it is a highly nutritious food,
containing, as it does, three times as
many solids as milk, a quart of which is
rated as being equivalent to a, pound of
beefs-teak. Many physicians recommend
ice cream in certain forms of illness, and
by such means ice cream ﬁnds yearly a
widening ﬁeld of usefulness. As a des—
sert, it is one of the most apprcciated
that can be served, and also one of the
most economical, for where can you get
so much in the shape of dessert for the
money? The, cost of materials in the
common dessert, that requires an hour or
more to prepare, is generally more than
ice cream that comes ready to serve.

In many parts of the country farmers
here and there are going into the pro-
duction of fancy cream as a special line
of production. Ths business is especially
valuable for those dairymen who breed
and rcar registered Stock, because it
leaves the skim-milk on the farm to feed
the calves. This is of great importance
to the breeder of pure-bred cattle. for no
substitute has been found for skim-milk
as a food for calves during the ﬁrst six
months of their lives. Those who have
no facilities for raising calves may prof-
itably utilize the skiml-milk for feeding
pigs and poultry.

The Babcock test has introduced many
possibilities into the production of cream.

It has made it possible to standardize
and grade the cream according to its
value. Years ago much of the cream sold

was little better than an ordinary grade
of milk. Even today there is no ﬁxed
standard for cream; however, by the use
of the Babcock test one can know what
grade of cream he is buying and pay ac-
cording to the amount of butter-fat it
contains. In general market cream is
classiﬁed as “light” and “heavy.” The
so-called light cream contains about 20
per cent of butter-fat, while the heavy
runs about 40 per cent. The light cream
is usually preferable for table use, al-

though many prefer to buy the heavy
(Continued on page 81).

 
' ' ' 7—-71

You need a new

DE LAVAL
Separator NOW

13—}

If you are still using some gravity or setting
process of creaming—

Because your waste is greatest and quality of product poorest
in mid—summer, when the milk supply is greatest.

Because time is of greatest va

lue on the farm at. this season and

the time and labor saving of the good separator counts for most.

Because the skim-milk is poorest without a separator in hot
weather and often more harmful than helpful to calves and

young stock.

Because the work of an improved De Laval Cream Separator

is as perfect and its product as su
as with another.

21—?

perior with one kind of weather

If you have a very old De Laval or an
inferior separator of any kind—

Because the losses of the poor separator from incomplete
skimming and the tainted product of the difﬁcult. to clean and
unsanitary separator mean most when the bulk of milk is greatest.

Because of the great economy of time at this season in having
a separator of ample capacity to do the work so much more quickly.

Because an improved De Laval separator is so much simpler
and more easily handled and cared for than any other, and you
cannot afford to waste time these busy days ”fussing” with a.

machine that ought to have been

thrown on the junk-pile long ago.

Because the De Laval separator of today is just. as superior to
other separators as the best. of other separators to gravity setting,
and every feature of De Laval superiority count for most during

separator or

other time?

The De

NEW YORK

 
the hot mid-summer months.

These are all facts capable of prompt and
easy demonstration, whether you have a poor

none at all. The new De Laval

catalog, to be had for the asking, helps to
make them plain.
stands eager to do so with a machine itself,
with no obligation on your part to buy unless
he does—and that to your own satisfaction.
WHY DELAY? Why put off so important -
a step as the use of the best cream separator,
which you need more RIGHT NOW than at any

Every De Laval local agent

Laval Separator Co.

CHICAGO SAN FRANCISCO

 
'AI=II=II..1' N

5 I LI] Fl LLER5“\-

Handsome,illustratcd booklet giving 30
convincing reason. for buying the
powerful, low clown, underslung, cut-
under oak frame, Appleton Silo Filler.
mailed free. Write for it to-day.

      
420 FARGO ST.. BATAVIA. IL]... U. S. A.

 
llllmu'. - '
A , J1!
. L‘; k

 
APPLETON MFG. CO.,
" i

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Tr
The Only Feed
That’s Guarani

in
V

    
'l'ho Ready Rotlon for Dalry Cows
Go to your dealer (if he can’t: Supgly you. write
us) and so u mangomks as you want RE GET PAID.
F ) lbs.) to on] one cow—watch results
especially the second week, I vLARRO-FEED does not
please you, return the unused sacks and your entire ur-
chue price will be refunded. Uled by thousands of Lending
'n‘ T"! LARROWE MILLING co.
824 Olllooplo Building Dotrdt.ﬂlchlgan '

lulullII"I"IIIIIIlllluuIlllllluulllmllIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIllllllulllllllll

 
When writing advertisers please
mention The Michigan Farmer.

 
Only $2 Down

One Year to Pay!
Buys tho Now Butter- .. :- " a
ﬂy Jr. No.1" Light running, my .
easy cleaning, close skim« {um ~ .
ming. durable. Guaranteed '7‘; .
a llhtime. Skims 95 qts. I
er hour. Made also in {our ‘ .
larger sizes up to 5 1-2 shown e ‘7
' ' Earn its own cost
30 Days Free Trial “d "gm by what
It saves In cream. oat.- brin a Free cat-
alog folder and "dlrect-l'rom-tgctory' ' offer.
Buy from the manufacturer and cave half.

ALBAUGH-DOVER ca.
2269 Marshall Blvd. cchco ,

 
1'

      
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SILOS Last!

. Construction is right, material
IS right. Only Sllo made with full-
length. structural steel door frame
heavily galvanized after the riveting. Not
BFI‘CVICE exposed to rust. Choice of seven
kinds of wood. Inﬂexible guarantee. We
prepay freight. Catalog shows many more
ﬁne points. write for it today. Addicts Dopi.30.
KAUMAZDO TANK «E SILD 60.
Kalamazoo. . Kansas City
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The Largest and Best Line 0!

Road Machinery

We have been making it for over 35 years.
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somely illustrated catalog— FREE.
TIME AUSTIN WESTERN ROAD MABIIIIIEIII 60.. CHICAGO

 
72—8 ‘ ~

 
The Michigan Farmer
Established 1843.

The Lawrence Publishing Co.

Editors and Proprietors.
39 to 45 Con eee St. West, Detroit. Michigan.
anemone IAIN 4525.

131w Yong OFFICE—“Agalkuﬁiow. B ildi
arcaoo prion—604 ver s as u 113.
CLEVELAND Orrmn—lOll-lﬂlb Oregon Ave., N

 
M. J. LAWRENCE......................'.......Preeident
M. L. LAWRENCE .................... ..Vice-Preeident
E. 11. HOUGETON............ ....Sec.-Treas.
I. a. wnnsnusv................

O. E. Y G .......... ' Anociate
BURT wnnuurn ........... Editors.
ALTA LAWSON LITTELL. J

 
E. H. HOUGHTON..................Business Manager

 
TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION :

One year. 52 issues ............
Two years. 104 issues...
Three years, 156 Issues.
Five years. 260 issues ............ .
All sent paid.

Oenadian subscriptions 500 a year extra for postage

Always send money by draft. poetotﬁoe money order.
registered letter or by ex ress. We will not be re.
sponsible for money sent in letters. Address all oom-
municatlons to. and mete all drafts checks and poet-
oﬂoe orders payable to. the Latvrenoe Publishing 00.

 
RATES OF ADVERTISING:
. 40 cents per line agate measurement. or $5.60 per
inch, each insertion. No adv't inserted for less than
31%) r insertion.

ll? 0 lottery. quack doctor or swindling advertise-
ments inserted at any price. '
. Entered as second class matter at the Detroit. Mich-
igen. poetoﬂioe.

COPYRIGHT l9l3
by the Lawrence Pub. Co. All persons are warned

against reprinting any portion of the contents of
this issue without our written permission.

DETROIT, JULY 26, 1913.

CURRENT COMMENT.

 
In the Farmers’ Club
Department -of this
and the two previous

Land Title Regis-
tratlon.

issues has appeared
an exhaustive article on the subject of
land title registration in Ohio. This ar-

ticle was written by an attorney who
has made a. careful study of the compar-
ative merits of the two methods and
stated facts and conclusions in such a
plain manner as to make them easily
understood by the layman who has had
no experience of account in the matter
of examining land titles.

This subject is one which some years
ago attracted the serious consideration of
one of the leading farmers’ organizations
of the state. For some years the State
Association of Farmers’ Clubs devoted
considerable attention to this subject and
made a campaign in the Michigan Legis-
lature for the passage of a bill which
would provide for an optional change of
property owners from the present sys-
tem of land title registration to “the so-
callcd Torrens system, which is de~
scribed in detail in the article above re-
ferred to as developed in Ohio.

Vl'ith the passing of the years the mat-
ter of land titles beCOmes a more vexed
and complicated one and there is no
question but that ultimately Michigan
will fall in line with other countries and
many other states in. adopting a more
simple and satisfactory system. To the
end that there may not be needless de-
lay in the accomplishment of this desir—
uble end we believe that the farmers’ or-
ganizations of the state could take up no
more proﬁtable subject of discussion than
the best means to the end of securing
the passage of a law in our own state
similar to that which has been enacted
in Ohio after a campaign of some ten
years.

The sooner we begin to make an ear-
nest effort in this directiOn the sooner
will we reach the stage of actual ac-
complishment. The only interests which
the people of the state would have to
combat in securing the passage of such
a law are the interests of the people at
present in the abstract business in the
various counties and the attorneys who
proﬁt from the necessity under which the
average man labors, of being obliged to
Secure the services of a competent title
specialist in order to be even reasonably
certain that he secures a satisfactory
'title to real estate purchased or accepted
as the basis of a loan. Under the so-
called Torrens system this necessity is
obviated and real estate transfers can
be made with the same safety and dis-
patch that ordinary property can be
bought and sold.

In an early June issue
we commented under
this head upon an in-
terview with Dr. Spill-
man, agﬁ¢ulturist in charge of the Bu-
reau of Farm Management of the De-
partment of Agriculture, published by a
wen-known Washington newspaper cor-
respondent through a Michigan daily pa-
‘per. in which Dr.‘ Spillman was made to
say that the smallest sized unit of land
for profitableggriculture was 160 acres.

Size of Farm Vs.
Proﬁts.

 
TH E’ 'M inc H I CAN. FA RIM E R

Thlanterview was. referred .to. Dr. Mum-
ford, in charge of Farm Management
work in Michigan, whose qualifying state-
ment in connection with same was pub-
lished in- the comment. Through, Dr.
Mumford we are in‘ receipt of a letter
from Dr. Spillman in which he repudi-
ates the statement accredited to him in
the interview, and on this subject of the
relation of the size of the farm to the
proﬁts derived from it makes the follow-
ing statement:

“I have never made the unqualiﬁed
statement that it took 160 acres of land
to make a proﬁtable farm in Michigan.
I have made the statement frequently,
and we have plenty of data to show that
it is true, that in the corn belt states a.
farm based on the general ﬁeld crops of
that country, in order to be most proﬁt-
able, should be at least as large as one
man with a four-horse team could man-
age; but if it is large enough to keep a
man with two horses thoroughly busy
during the cropping season the farm may
be made fairly proﬁtable.

“In that section of country there is
room for a small number of farms of a.
more intensive type, and these farms may
be much smaller and still be proﬁtable.
It is important to remember, however,
that there is not room for an indeﬁnite
number of these small intensive farms,
based largely on fruit and truck crops,
Over the country generally, In the vicin-
ity of large cities a considerable number
of such farms is perfectly legitimate; but
there are very few localities where the
amount of fruit and truck crops produc-
ed is not approximately equal to the de-
mand for such products under our pres-
ent conditions of marketing. As our cit-
ies grow there will be room for an in-
creasing number of these little farms,
but I do not look with favor on the effort
to increase their number indeﬁnitely. I
think that for many years to come the
majority of farmers in the middle west
will, of necessity, conﬁne their attention
largely to corn, oats, wheat, hay, and
the common types of live stock; and
where these enterprises form the basis
of the farm business the farm needs to
be large enough to keep the members of
the average farm family fairly busy dur-
ing the working season in order to return
them a satisfactory income.”

One phase of Dr. Spillmun’s statement
should not fail to attract the attention
of every thoriglitful reader, and that is
his reference to our present conditions of
marketing as a handicap to the most

poﬁtable general development of the
small farms devoted to special lines of
production. Undoubtedly the small farm-

er has more need of co-operation with
his feIIOWS than has the man who con-
ducts a more extensive business, and as
Michigan is a state of comparatively
small farms, as well as a state in which
many special lines of production have
been highly developed, it should be a
most proﬁtable field for the development
of co-operative selling enterprises through
which these special products could be
marketed with greater facility and in—
creased proﬁt to their producers.

In a middle west-

Better Roads Cheaply ern state an ex-
Secured. periment was con-
ducted to deter-

mine the cost of keeping earth roads in
the best possible condition by the use
of the King drag. It was found at the
close of the season that the stretches of
road so used had been maintained at
about one-half the expense put upon a
similar mileage of other roads and with
far better results.

With the general interest which is be-
ing awakened in the good roads propa-
ganda for both increased state and na-
tional aid for permanent road building,
local highway ofﬁcers have developed a
greater interest in the maintenance of
earth roads in many sections of Michi-
gan. Doubtless the educational work
carried on through the state highway de-
partment also had an inﬂuence in this
direction, but it is certain that more
township highway commissioners have in-
troduced the use of the King drag this
year than ever before, and with excel-
lent reSults in the improvement of road
conditions in many sections of the state.

This kind of road improvement which
gets the best results for the least money
on this large mileage of roads which
must be maintained, is of far greater in-
terest to the average farmer than is the
building of trunk highways at large cost,
although the latter will be better appre-
ciated by those who live upon them or
those who have occasion to use them
frequently-

Howeve‘r, the great bulk of our im-
mense road mileage cannot be perma-

 
nently improved for many years, if ever,
hence the desirability of maintaining it'
in the best possible condition at the least

COSt and the use Of the King'drag or program will include the advertisement -

light scraper in many sections of,the
state the present season has demon;-
strated that this is an efﬁcient and eco-
nomic method of securing the desired
results. This example should be emu~
lated in other sections of the state. in
succeeding years.

DOU BLE RESPONSIBILITY.

 
When y0u buy an article, what is your
first thought?

“Am I getting my money’s worth?”

You don’t care SO much whether it is
the cheapest article of its kind, but you
do like to feel satisfied that you are re-
ceiving honest value for what you have
paid. .

The dealer may assure you that you
are, but the dealer does not manufacture
the merchandise, and sometimes he is
deceived.

\Vlien you buy an article with an ad-
vertised name, you have a double guar-
antee behind it—of the dealer who sold
it and of the manufacturer who made it.

Insist on double protection by giving
preference to advertised goods.

HAPPENINGS OF THE WEEKl.

Natiorial.

In accordance with the new state law
which provides that all of any audience
room in which moving pictures are ex—
hibited must be on the ﬁrst ﬂoor, or
main floor of the building, ofﬁcials of the
state ﬁre marshall’s ofﬁce have ordered
three Detroit moving picture theaters lo-
cated on the second ﬂoor to close.

Credit is given Mrs. J. Borden Harri-
man, of New York._ who is at the head
of the Vl'omen’s Welfare Department of
the National Civic Federation, for start-
ing the movement toward mediation
which averted a general railroad strike
on eastern railroads. It is stated that
she advised PreSident Wilson
strike was imminent unless mediation
could be secured and that us a result of
this action a plan was developed which
averted the impending walkout,

Pursuant to the ,Vl'hite House confer-
ence relating to the mediation of the
pending railroad strike on eastern roads,
Congress passed and the President sign-
ed last week a law creating a board of
mediation and conciliation, headed by a
commissioner, to which the eastern rall-
roads and employes' brotherhoods declar-
ed their willingness to submit the wage
dispute on which 80,000 conductors and
trainmen voted to strike. This speedy
enactment of a new law in the interest
of mediation in disputes of this kind will
provide machinery for averting future
strikes as well as the settlement of
present difﬁculties.

Michigan brokers who deal in stocks
and bonds are objecting strenuously to
the provision of the new blue sky law,
which provides a 30-day period for the
nvestigation of securities which they
have to offer, which will become effective
August 14. It has been decided by the
securities commisSion that all'will have
to be treated alike under the law and
that it will be necessary for the sale of
approved securities offered by reputable
ﬁrms to be delayed for the 30 days, the
time which is given the securities com-
mission for investigation. This will give
salesmen in this line an enforced vaca-
tion for one month after August 15.

Detroit Garment Workers, who have
threatened to strike on account of wage
diSpute, have appointed a committee of
25 to act for them on a proposition to
arbitrate the differences as submitted by
the manufacturers.

A ﬁre was started in a peculiar man-
ner in Detroit last week when a heavy
ruin falling upon lime stored in a. leaky
shed by a contractor, generated sufﬁcient
heat through the sinking of the lime to
burn the building.

A new plan of dealing with paroled
prisoners has been adopted at the Jack-
son prison. It has been found that when
a. paroled prisoner is turned loose with
the money which represents his savings
he is likely to get into trouble. As a
ﬁrst friend and employment are pre-re-
quisite to the parole of the prisoner, the
plan of withholding the savings until the
time for which the prisoner is sentenced
is up and then paying them over with
interest has been adopted.

The c08t of caring for Michigan’s in-
sane patients for the past year was $1,-
386,984.79, as shown by the annual report
of the state treasurer for the ﬁscal year
ending June 30. The same report shows
the cost of the recent legislative session
to have been $178,713.90, which item m-.
cludes the cost of printing and other in-
cidentals. The amount received for spe~
clﬂc taxes from Michigan corporations
was $5,903,524.96, of which $5,471,198 was
turned into the primary school fund.

While trying to release some wires
which had blown into a tree in front of
his home, Cleo Ford, of Hartford, Mich,
17 years old, grasped a live wire and was
killed. ~

Judge Frank E. Knappen, of-the .ni'nth
judicial circuit, died Thursday, July 17,
at his home east of Kalamazoo. He was}
one of the most popular and well-known
men on the Michigan. bench.

State Immigration Commissioner Car-
ton is planning for the establishment of
an ofﬁce in New York city to supply
Michigan with farmers and farm hands
from among the better class of immi-
grants coming to this country. The last

 
that a. a

. ' g ' Jun-r- 26, 1913.3 -,

legislature made an appr-Oprlation' for
this purpose Wthh will enable the car-
/rying-on of this work which has been
previously tried out on a small scale. The

of Michigan agricultural advantages in
Germany, Holland and other countries of
northern Europe.

In attempting to steal a ride on a.
Grand Trunk train near Port Huron. Roy
Willings, 15 years of age, was decapi-
tated.

Foreign.

Mount Vesuvius, of Italy, is growing
more active. vThe noted volcano which
showed activity for the ﬁrst time last
March since 1906, now emits quantities
of vapor. The eruptions usually occur
every seven years.

The United States is now facing a ser-
ious international problem precipitated by
the action of the foreign ministers of Eu-
ropean nations in Mexico. who recently
dispatched identical notes to their re-
spective governments declaring that this
country by its refusal to recognize the
Mexican 'government is directly contrib-
,uting to the increasing disorder in that
country. These representatives of Eu-
ropean countries urged that their gov-
ernments call upon the Vl'ashington gov-
ernment either to recognize the Huerta
government in Mexico or undertake the
task of restoring order in the Mexican
republic. This places our government in
an unenviable position. as a change of
policy at this time would be difficult. and
there are indications that the Mexican
situation cannot be ignored until the
Mexican elections in October, at which
time it has been hoped that a new gov-
ernment would come into office which the
United States could consistently recog-
nize. ,
OAKlLAND COUNTY HORTICULTURAL

/ SOCIETY.

 
The regular meeting of the Oakland
County Horticultural Society will beheld
at Karl Tibbitt’s fruit farm near Farm-
ington on Saturday, August 2, commenc-
ing at 10:30 a. m., standard time. The
morning will be largely given up to a.
discussion on the “Advantages of Our
Markets," led by Mr. Karl Tibbitts. At
- p. m. Prof. L. R. Taft, State Or-

chard and Nursery Inspector, will give a
talk on “Orchard Soils," and “Storing
Winter Fruits.” Conveyances will meet

the guests at Stevens Corners at 10:00
. m. Take Oakland Lake Division of
the Northwestern car lines—S. E. Sly,
Secretary.

CROP AND MARKET NOTES.

Lapeer Co.,. July ISL—Timely rains
make the growing crops look fresh and
ﬁne. Farmers putting in their time at-
tending to the harvesting of wheat and
rye. Lots of haying to attend to yet.
Corn not up-to-date in growth. The gen-
eral complaint about ﬁelds of potatoes is
a poor stand, i. e., so many missing or
vacant hills—~seed did not all come. Bugs
numerous—very bad; Paris green and
other poisons fail to kill them—some bean
ﬁelds on low ‘land show a few yellow
leaves. A good show for oats; hay crop
light. Some farmers behind in cultivat-
ing; weeds getting bad. Apples and oth-
er fruit short this season. Wages very
high and farm help impossible to secure,

so that farmers, by the help of machin-
ery, have to do their work practically
alone.

Gratlot 00., July 18.—‘—The drouth.

which began to look serious, was broken
Wednesday last about 4:30 p. m., with a.
heavy downpour. That same night a.
heavy rain, with a goodly display of
electricity, soaked the ground to a good
depth. Hay may be said to be all up,
though a little is still standing. The
quality is excellent, as fair weather pre-
vailed all through haying. The crop is
50 per cent heavier than was expected,
though not a big crop. All farm crops
are promising well. Plenty of apples are
set for a. heavy pick. Early potatoes have
been slow in c0ming on but the outlook
for late ones is encouraging.

Branch 60., July 16.——Nice showers on
Sunday and Monday nights have- relieved
suffering from drouth. Haying well along,
crop rather light owing to drouth. Wheat
cut and in general a fair crop. Some
seeding killed by drouth. Corn and beans
looking ﬁne. Early potatoes light crop
with local demand at $1.25 per bu. Not
as many potatoes out as last year, but
larger acreage of beans. Oats short and
light. Drouth will make many light oats
on lighter soils. Very few apples and
all kinds of small fruit hurt by drouth.
The following prices paid for produce:
Wheat, $1; corn, 600; oats, 380; butter,
22c; eggs, 16c.

Hillsdale Co., July 15.—Up to this time
the season has not been very favorable
for good crops, in this section. A drouth
early in May was followed later by a.
killing June frost which was succeeded
In turn by a destructive June drought.
Hay, as a rule, except alfalfa, was a light
crop. The wheat crop, now nearly har-
vested, is also very light. Owing to
draughts oats will be little better than a.
half crop, and the new seeding has been
greatly injured by the dry weather and,
in some instances totally destroyed,
making a light hay crop next year seem~
ingly inevitable. Frost and drought
nearly ruined early potatoes which ear-
lier promised a big yield. The one prom-
ising crop now is the corn crop which is
really the most important. Owing to the
fact that cultivation has held the mois-
ture in the corn fields, the drought has:
not injured the corn and the showing at
present is ﬁne for a banner crop. Late
potatoes, too, need only plenty of rain“
to make them- a success. Frests and
droughts proved very destructive 7. to-
strawberries and raspberries. . .

Nomi. 60., July 10.—The latter ‘part
of June and up to the present for this
month has been ideal'growing [weather
and the crops are all looking fine. We

(Continued on use 85).

 
, . _'_-_,i

 
Magazine Sectio

90

 
‘ LITERATURE
POETRY
HISTORY an?
INFORMATION

 
WﬁéwEEKLYL

 
77w FARM BOY
an? GIRL

SCIENTIFIC an?

MECHANICAL

 
This Magazine Section toms a part of our paper every Week.

Every article is written especially for it, and does not appear elsewhere

When Brady Was On The Map.

that the ground was still brown and

gray with little promise of its later
fruitfulneSS. It was also early in the
morning, so early that the sun had not
yet had time to penetrate the thin crust
that the frost had formed over the road
during the night. It was Sunday morn-
ing and the citizens of Brady were still
dormant.

Here and there smoke arose in curly-
cues from a chimney and, if one had
listened at the back of the house he
might have heard the rattle of various
pots and pans, the presager of breakfast.
These earlier risers were mostly the
church goers of Brady, and they were
net in a large majority.

Suddenly the Sabbath quiet was brok-
en by the sharp click of steel on steel,
and the corner of Main street and River
road became the scene of earnest activ-
ity. A. dozen Greeks, under the super-
vision of Murphy, were at once busy in
raising the grade, placing ties and spik-
ing rails down River road, toward the
bridge.

A half hour later, when Jane Carew
opened her store for the accommodation
of the few improvidents who had forgot-
supply Saturday night,

IT was spring, early spring so early

ten to lay in a
the work was well under way. “The
miserable wretches,” she muttered. “So

they are going to steal our streets and
put in that Y without any franchise, and
we can do nothing. It wasn’t enough to
slight us. They must kick us, too.”

“Hey. \Vhat you fellows. doin‘?” de-
manded Jim Green as he stopped on the
corner to watch proceedings. “You
haven’t any right to put a track there.”
he expostulated, but no one heeded his
remonstrance. “Don’t you blamed idiots
know that no one wants your blamed
cars runnin' down this street and scar—
in’ the farmers’ horses off in the river."
He placed himself in front of the graders.

The foreman spoke to the laborers.
They dropped their shovels and picks,
lifted Mr. Green bodily and placed him
to one side, paying no attention to his
scrambling. Then they calmly proceeded
with their work.

In the meantime, the sun mounted in
the sky, smoke appeared in the remain—
ing chimneys, and gradually more .men
gathered on the corner, muttering and
using uncomplimentary terms, but it was
a helpless crowd.

“No one can get out an injunction to-
day, of course,” growled Joe Smith.
“They sure seem to be bound to rub it
into uS. Someone ought to let Hi Perk-
ins know, he being highway commiSSion—
er. Not that he could do anything.”

“I’ll go tell him,” volunteered Fred
Grey. “He may be able to do some-
thing.”

“No, he can't,” insisted Joe, “but we

ought to let him know, anyway.”

Fred was already half way down the
village street. “Hope he can do some-
thing,” he muttered. “Old Joe Smith al-
ways knows everything, Then they have
played us dirt.”

The A. & Z. electric road had recently
passed into new hands and had been op-
kned to Z— only the previous week. The
people of Brady had eagerly welcomed
the change in proprietors, as the new
owners promised to be more progressive
than the old management had been and
the day that the ﬁrst car‘came from Z——-
the town donned gala attire. That is,
ﬂags ﬂoated from the schoolhouse and
town hall. Nick Brady had decorated the
post-ofﬁce with red, white and. blue
bunting, and Si Alexander had added sev-
eral small ﬂags to the geraniums in the
window of the Square Deal saloon. The

ladies had prepared an excellent lunch at
the town hall where all expected to meet
the magnates of the new road, who were
to pass through on that ﬁrst car.

By ANNA

But “the best laid plans, etc., etc.;”
that car passed right through Brady,
never even slacking speed, the magnates
not even stepping out on the platform.
There was the supervisor, with the en-
tire town board and every citizen of
prominence, and several of no promi-
nence, waiting on the corner to welcome
the dignitaries. For fully a, minute they
stared at each other after the thing
whizzed by.

“That can't be it,” Joe Smith tried to
deceive himself. “They sure would stop
here.”

“But they didn’t.” snapped I'Ii
ins. “Of course that was it.”

The men stood about as if stunned by
the calamity. That they would be so
thoroughly ignored seemed incomprehen-
sible. Some still tried to think that it
was not the car.

Perk-

GIRMUS.

bath was too much for even the phil-
osophy of the Bradyites. .

Hi Perkins was out feeding the calf,
and the miSerable, contrary little CUSS
had spilled the milk all over Hi’s new
corduroy pants. Hi liked his corduroys
He'd sent for them to the mail order
house. The whole suit, pants, vest, coat

and cap, cost $5 and it did not improve
his naturally choleric disposition to have
his purchase deluged with milk. He
listened to Fred‘s account of proceedings
with increasing ire.

“So we wasn’t good enough to stop and
talk to, and now they start to steal our
road.”

“But you can’t get an injunction,” in-
sisted Fred.

“And they hain’t got a right of way,
either,” Hi countered.

“But how’ll you stop ’cm?”

“‘We’ll see after we get
Perkins did not dislike a,

there.” Hi
ﬁght, but he

lllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll||ll|lllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllilllll||lllllllllllllllll||llllllll|||||llllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll[llllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll|llll||IllIllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll

“That was it. all right.” announced
Fred Grey, thus destroying this last
You feel

Long ere the dawn,
With broken fences,

and shut your eyes to see a winding
luring you to thickets left to shield

:Tlme—By Adela Stevens Cody.

the gypsy’s wanderlust surge swiftly thro’ each vein

lane,

The crops the fences guard no more round many a fertile field.
Blackberry vines sprawl o’er the posts and bend the wires down,
Dangling the jewels Nature sets upon her floral crown.

There dewdrops swing, like crystal bells, tho’

nolseless is their chime,

To call you out to field and grove because it’s berry-time.

’Tis useless quite to snuggle down and woo reluctant sleep—

You hear the purl
You revel

of fern-edged brooks, their cascades'

in the music of the birds’

laughlng leap.

songs, far and wide,

When comes that call to vagrancy which will not be denied.
You thirst to taste the water from some moss-embroidered spring,

And' risk your neck by swaying

in a treacherous grapevine swing.

You long to skirt the boulders, where the tangled briers climb,
For summer’s restless spirit stirs your blood at berrying time!

Like ghostly banners flying, by poetic vision seen,
Splced shrubs and flowers wave perfumes from ramparts clothed in green.
They beckon you to marches where at last you hope to find

The care-free joys of childhood which so long you’ve
You are up and dressed and gone,

The Chanticleer is crowing!

left behind.

Your berry-bucket flashing in the roseate gleam of dawn!
To scorn the voices calling, “Come!" would surely be a crime
When Na‘ture sets a feast at large and says “Blackberry-time!”

lllll||||llllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll|IlllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllIlllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll[lllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll|lllllllllll|llllllllllllllllllllllllllll

gleam of hope. “I telephoned to ﬁnd out.
They stopped at Granger and at Epson-
villc and all the other places, even Scotts
Cor‘.’nel

Then the stunned feeling gave place to
righteous or some other sort of indigna—
tion. There was language not ﬁt to re-
port. At last Joe Smith remembered the
lunch. Joe has a weakness for good
things to eat.

“\Vell,’ boys, let’s not disappoint. the
women entirely,” he advised. “Let’s go
up and eat that lunch. It may not be
good enough for the little gods of the
A. & Z., but every one of us know that
it’s about as good as is found anywhere
on this green earth.”

The others followed him, still grumb-
ling. but as soon as they. entered the hall
they tried to stiﬂe their growls.

“No, they didn’t stop,” Joe answered
Mrs. Gale’s inquiry. “Guess they were
in a hurry to reach A—. They probably
have a board meeting or a champagne
lunch waiting for them.”

Then to have the same vipers appropri-
ate that piece of road the very next Sab-

wanted to see clearly what he was tight-
illg before he butted in. Then he did
not allow feelings to rule. He knew that
he must ﬁnd some other means beside
just a row. That would mean arrest and
accomplish nothing. He was trusting to
ﬁnd the means after reaching the scene
of conflict.

The ﬁrst church bell had stopped ring-
ing and the pious were on their way to
worship when the two men reached town.

Hi observed the workers from a dis-
tance. The foreman, who knew that he
was highway commissioner, watched him
closely while directing the work.

“Hey there!” Hi called suddenly to Jim
Mills who had just arrived from the
country. “Drive over here a bit ‘will
you?” He indicated a point just beyond
where the Greeks were working. .

Every church goer turned his or her
neck and walked slowly. Even the Rev.
Mr. Blue allowed his mind to wander
from his sermon that he might observe
the troubles of his fellow townsmen.

“All right,” drawled Jim, who per-
ceived what was wanted. Mrs. Jim was

out of the buggy and walking the rest of
the distance to church almost before
Murphy heard the request and Jim drove
the old gray almost onto the Greeks.

The foreman gave all order. A laborer
Stepped forward and reached up to take
the old gray’s bridle. EVel'y man on the
walk grinned. The son of Greece gave
one DiOlOIlL, ed whoop and landed OVer on
the village green which was not at all
green. The grins on the walk grew to
big laughs.

Murphy spoke to another of his men,
but this one shook his head and did not
stir. The big burly lrishman began to

storm.
“Oh, shut up!” jeered someone from
the walk.' “You big coward, why don’t

you do it yourself?"

The foreman tried another
the same result. And truly it
wonder, for the old gray was enough to
discourage anyone. Ears back, mouth
wide open, eyes protruding, she inspired
a just meed of respect.

The jecrs on the walk increaSed. For
a while Murphy looked as if he intended
to make the venture. Then a better
plan occurred to him. “Hey there, Paul!"
he called to the man on the green. “GO
over to the power house and tell the
rest to come.”

In a few moments his force was dou—

man with
was no

bled. “'ith a dozen of his men he sur-
rounded the buggy and began to push
on the box and turn the wheels.

At ﬁrst the old gray braced herself
nobly againSt the attack but, as the

compelled to
as soon

force increased, she was
move forward slowly. However.
the the pressure was removed she back-y
ed to the old place. and the Bradyitcs

applauded vigorousy.

Their triumph was short lived, how-
ever. Murphy and his men again push-
ed forward until the hind wheels were

to permit the men
to proceed with the work. Then twelve
of the Greeks made a human brace of
themselves against the wheels and licd'
ot‘ the vehicle, and work on the Y was
resumed.

. Such was the condition when the last
stragglel' passed on his way to church;
although the collection had already been
taken. every person in the church,min—
ister included, knew how matters stood
before the text was announced.

The sermon was well along when Jed
llopkins lumbered down past the church.
.led would weigh at least two hundred
when in ordinary condition—tall, big. a
little fat but not very, good natured.
with a deep rumbling,r voice. Of course,
he stopped at the corner.

After watching proceedings awhile. a
(llllt‘k gleam came. to his eyes. He made
his way to Hi Perkins, who was still
alert. still not willing to give up, but who
could see no way out of the difﬁculty.
Jed had not uttered twc-nty words be-
fore »the highway commisSioner was list-.
cning eagerly. “it won’t take long. \Ve
brought her ill late last night and she's

removed far enough

still warm. Want me to bring her?”
inquired Jed.
“You bet if you can get here before

they get too far”

"‘I 11 try mighty hard, and, say, you
keep Murphy busy talking when you see
me coming so that he’ll not suspect too
soon. \Ve’ll show them that farmers can
take care of their rights.”

In the church the minister was exhort-
ing his listeners, "after having done all,
stand.” Down at the corner they seemed
to literally hear and'heed his injunction.
Mills' old gray still stood bracing back
in the shafts and the men on the walk
kept their places, although the feeling of
the vanquished was strong Within them.

In the meantime Jed hurried back
home. Aside- from the minister and the


i5

. years older

74—40

laborers, he appeared to be the one ac-
tive person in the community.

The sermon ended. The last hymn
was sung and the children slowly gath-
ered for Sunday school. “They’re half
way across,” announced Jimmy Green,
Jr., “and they can’t stop ’em.”

It was a hard day for the Sunday
School teachers. The superintendent
recognized the futility of prolonging the
session. After a remarkably short lesson
period. and the singing of ~“Onward
Christian Soldiers,” the school was dis-
missed just as .led Hopkins steamed past
with his largest traction engine. Jed
owned several threshing outﬁts. This
morning he had the engine which in win-
tcr he uSed in sawing lumber and he had
nothing attached to it. He was manag-
ing it himself.

Straight down Main street he puffed
at such a rate of speed that not even
the Sunday school boys could keep up
with him.

In the, meantime Hi Perkins had called
to Mills to drive off with his old gray.
“It does no good." he explained.’

Murphy grinned at this admisﬁon of
defeat. ,

“Grin. you Irish sucker,” stormed Hi.
“I would never call myself a man or ex—
pect to be- treated like a man if I sold
myself to steal for any corporation.”

“It's a thafe you'd be Calling me,
would you?” answered that individual,
the taunt stinginig. “I haven’t the toime
to settle with ye. today. but I‘ll See to it
that ye'll take back every one of those
dhirty words."

 
THE'.MICH"I"GAN

“Take back nothing. A man. that'll
steal from his fellow workmen to help
the rich grow richer is too big a coward
to make anyone take back anything.”

Murphy threw down a pick and start-
ed for Hi. The men stopped work to
watch the threatened battle.

At' the same moment Jed reached the
corner. "Here Joe,” he called? to Joe
Smith, handing him a chain and another
to Jim Green, both of whom were stand-
ing near the newly laid rails.

Two minutes later the engine gave an
extra grunt, there was a creaking of
Spikes and the sound of splintering tim-
ber. Murphy turned from Hopkins to see
the entire work. of his crew following that
engine up River street. He stared in
astonishment. '

The villagers fairly danced in their joy
of victory. “Oh, we’re a lot of fools. We
need a guardian to protect our rights."
they jeered.

The ﬁght left Murphy. He knew that
so far as the Y was concerned, he was
defeated, and he cherished no resentment
against Hi, for he realized that all of
those slurs were only a ruse to draw his
attention.

That afternoon reporters came from
both 2— and .~\—— to ﬁnd out all about the
affair and a little more. Monday's pa-
pers in each town gave it a two-column

write—up and mention in the editorial
department. Even the papers of the

larger cities dignified the affair by devot-
ing to it a paragraph of their valuable
space. For once in its history Brady was
on the map.

llllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll|l[llll|Illlllllllllllllllllllllllllillllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll|llllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll|llllllllllllllllllll|llllllllllllllllllllllllllIllIllllllllllllllll|Illlllllllllllllllllllllllllllll

MARRIAGE CUSTOMS AMONG THE
BALKANS.

 
BY CHARLES H. CllESIiEY.

\Ve-stern civilization has not been felt

to any great extent in the Balkan vil-
lages. where, among the poorer classes,
many curious and interesting customs

still prevail. Particularly is this true of
the ceremonies connected with betrothal
and 111arriagc. 'l‘he youngr people them-
selves have very little to do .with the
choosing of their life partners, and love
and sentiment. so large a consideration
in western marriages, must be, an after
product if at all a part of the pact.

The parents do the choosing and per-
haps some will argue this as a reason
for so little unfaithfulness and so few
unhappy unions. In Servia the boy of 18
is considered to have reached a mar-
riagcable age, and often the father of a
boy will have begun his search for a
suitable daughter-in—law even before the
son has reached that age. It is the duty
and privilege of the Servian to choose
for his children, and the. children them-
selves consider such a tourse an institu-
tion ordained of God. The full cere-
mony of a Servian marriage is rather
costly. therefore it not infrequently hap-
pens that a runaway match is arranged
by the parents. Generally, however, the
Servian peasant is proud to see his sou
married in full national style.

The father of a boy. having decided it
is time his son should marry,
make careful inquiries among his friends
for a girl possessing the required quali—
ties. To this end he dresses himself in
his best and attends all the merrymak-
ings and watches the girls at their danc-
ing. lie makes discreet investigations
concerning families in distant villages
“ho have marriageable daughters. The
usually wear red feath-
or some other

unattached girls
crs in their head dresses,
distinguishing mark, to indicate that they
are willing to recciVe formal proposals.
“'l1cn a choice has been made, and the
lucky one is almost always two or three
than the prospective bride—
groom, the father tries. by conﬁdential
inquiries through mutual friends, .to as-
certain if the parents of the girl are
agreeable to the match. Having received
an encouraging report, he invites two or
three friends to accompany him to the
home of the maid. He carries with him
a ﬂat Wheaten c:1ke and a bunch of flow-
ers, and the arrival is so timed that they
may reach the house just before the. sup-
per hour; As they enter the house one
of the party shuts the door to indicate
that there is no eScape for the girl. They
are invited to sit at the supper table, the
father of the girl and perhaps a brother
or older male relative being seated with
the visitors. After considerable feating
the best speaker of the party makes
knowu the object of the visit and the
father of the boy places on the table the
cake and the bunch of ﬂowers, together
with faveral gold or silver coins. These
are his ﬁrst presents to his future daugh-

\

begins to

ter-in—law. The father of the girl there-
upon goes out and returns leading his
daughter by the hand. She bows and
kisses the .hand of her future father-in—
]:1w and all the other guests‘. She is then
led back to the father of her prospective
husband, who presents her the cake.
tlowers and coins: and from that moment
she is an engaged girl. At this point in
the ceremonies one of the. relatives will
rush out of the house, and ﬁre several
pistol shots to announce. to the village
that another girl is engaged. The father
of the boy then places another coin on
the table which is called the “present to
the hOuse.” Before the wedding‘day he
must give presents to all the bride's rela-
tives. and it is the unavoidable rulethat
he buy the wedding dress.

The wedding day is one of elaborate
ceremony. First there is feasting and
music at the home of the groom. after
which a procession is formed which pro—
ceeds to the home of the bride. every-
body shouting, jesting and ﬁring revol-
vers and rifles. At the bride‘s home
there is also a numerous company as-
sembled. When the bride is ready, she
is led out to get her ﬁrst glimpse of her
future lord and master, if, as often oc-
curs, he is from a distant village; there—
upon the whole party. with much noise,
proceeds to the church for the‘formal,
ceremony. The party then returns to the
home of the groom, where the bride
steps from the carriage or from her
horse upon a sack of oats and from that
to a plow before reaching the threshold.
There a woman places a baby in her
arms, and, having kissed the child, she
returns him to its mother. Next a loaf
of bread is placed under either arm and
a bottle of wine. in each hand.- VS’ith
these emblems of prosperity she enters
her future home. Having kissed her hus—
band’s parents she is led three times
around the hearth by her mother-in-law.
A banquet follows. at which there is
much wine drinking and noise, usually
lasting until the next day.

In remote parts of Greece and Mace-
donia a professional matchmaker assists
the parents in making arrangements for
the ceremony. The dowry of the bride
plays an important part, and it is hard
for a father to ﬁnd a husband for his
girl unless he can pay the groom a tidy
Sum. This may be a hundred dollars
and, among the better classes. a thou—
sand or even two thousand dollars. It is
paid in cash, contracts being signed by
both parties. After this preliminary ar-
rangement, the Second engagement is
enacted. the bride's father or other male
relative offering the corresponding rela-
tive of the groom some sweet basil and
saying three times: ”Accept the be-
trothal of my daughter to your son." If
acceptable the groom's relative returns a
like offering. Then the groom is present-
ed a glass of wine, a cake and a spoon.
He drinks the wine. drops a coin in the
glass for the bride, eats half the cake
and gives the other half with the spoon
to the best man. The best man then
proceeds to put the shoes provided by the

FARMER

groom on the feet of the" bride.

She then
steps forth into 'the street, walking
through water poured in her path by her
mother. She is followed to church by
the entire'party, where her future moth-
er-in-law greets her with the question:
“Bride, hast thou shoes?” Having re-
ceived proper assurance, the religious
ceremony is performed. The bridal ban-
quet f0110ws at the home of the bride.
When she departs for her new home a
loaf of bread is divided and she takes

 
JULY 26, '1913.
half to her have home. on the following
morning the young couple is serenaded
by the neighbors and invited guests, and
the best man arrives with the half-cake
and spoon given him the day before. The
bride uses the spoon to commence her
first meal in her new home and eats the
half-cake. The rest of the day is spent
in feasting and drinking, after which the
young wife becomes a part of the house-
hold and shares in the duties of her
mother-in-Jaw.

|llllllllll|IlllllllllllllllllllllllllllIlllllllllllllllllllllllllIllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll llllllllilllllllllllllilllllllllllllllll llllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllilllllllllllllllilllllllllll

The Awakening

By LAWRENCE

HE sun was sinking behind the
I college chapel on that chill No-
vember afternoon. Mid-term ex-
aminations would be held the following
week, and, among many others of the
Freshman class, Hilary Dore was wor-
ried. That could be seen by a single
glance at his face, already showing
traces of care and lack‘ of sleep. \Vhen
he was back on the old farm at Har-
ringtou he had been obliged to get 11p
promptly at ﬁve o’clock to milk the cows
and help do the rest of the chores before
breakfast. of course, he had complained
at times. but never had he appeared
listless and careworn as 110w.

The “fellows” had just left his room,
some to attend recitations, others to take
a trip “down town” or to visit some oth-
er “good fellow.” whose room served as
a rendezvous at all hours of the day and
night.

Since his arrival at college some two
months before, the days and nights had
faded away in rings of cigarette smoke,
which so regularly had ascended to grace‘
the games of “pitch" and to weave
around them a closer bond of fellowship,
as it seemed. The pleasures of life had
been many and varied, while the serious
side had always been denied. But now,
since mid—term examinations were be-
ginning to cast a darker cloud over the
light and happy atmosphere of their
liveS, even Hilary Dore. who so heartily
had entered into the maelstrom of “col-
lege life,” was beginning to see the ser-
ious side of things.

Sitting down at his desk, he snatched
up a Livy and tried to translate some
of the review, which, in reality, was
nothing more nor less than “sight trans—
lation" to him. Soon seeing the impos-
sibility of covering sixty pages of“sight”
in so short a time he threw the book
aside in dismay. Then he Opened an al-
gebra, tried a problem under “Varia-
tion." and got hopelessly muddled. Giv-
ing this up, he tackled a problem under
“Determinants," but with no better re-
sultS. Then, throwing the algebra 011
the nearby table. he rose from his chair
and began to stride up and down the
room.

Suddenly, there was a rapping on the
door, and, as everyone acquainted with
dormitory .life knows, this little cere-
mony never is indulged in by any of the
college fellows. Hilary was naturally
aroused from his revery. And such a
half—hearted rap. rap, rap. It could not
be any member of the faculty. At any
rate, he hoped it could not.

In answer to his curt, “Come in,” the
door shyly opened and a well-known
voice turned its tone of inquiry into' a
hearty, “Hello, Hilary, I'm right glad to
see. ye. How air ye boy?" And Simon
Dore entered the room.

Hilary had scarcely dreamed of any—
thing quite so serious as a visit from his

father, whose uncultivated speech and
manners, together with his ill—ﬁtting

clothes, had made him conspicuous even
in Harrington, for he knew that the old
farmer would not be content to go back
without ﬁrst seeing how things were
conducted in a college.

Simon Dore was a specimen of the
New England farmer of the good old-
fashioned type. Like his father and
grandfather. he had worked hard to
keep :1 large family clothed and fed, and,
like them and many other men. seemed
fated never to become any “better off.”
He had lived all his life 011 the same
little farm on which he had been born
and, like his father, had spent many a
day. when the farm worktwas not too
pressing. in trying to .clear it of rocks
and bushes. Although yet strong and
healthy, about six feet in height, with
broad shoulders and ruddy complexiOn,
a change could be noted in the man. The
accustomed, good-natured smile and
cheery disposition were still there, but his

of Hilary Dore.
C. WOQDMAN.

neighbors had begun to observe aslight
stoop in his shoulders, a more serious ex-
pression about his rather sensitive face,
and that the he1rtiness seemed to have
gone out of his laugh.

The boy noted the changes but failed to
consider their signiﬁcance, so wrapped
up was be in his own troubles, and, af-
ter greeting his father in a half-hearted
manner. he lapsed into a moody silence,

roken only when occasion demanded,

d then with a monosyllable.

Mr. Dore, after a few words about the
folks at home and :1 few questions about
his son's two months at college, express-
ed his reasons for the unexpected visit.
“I‘Ve hadn't heard from yew fer some
time, 'nd so yer ma and me reckoned
that I'd better come down ’nd see ’f ye
wuz all right, ’nd try ter cheer ye up a
bit. Don’t seem jest like ye ust tew.
b0y; seem troubled 'nd worried ’bout
sunthin' ’er other. S’Dose ye feel home-
sick down here ’n1ongst strangers study-
in’ so hard.” Then. glancing around the
room, hensked: “Vi’her‘d all them seg-
arette stubs come from? Hain't taken
up smokin' '5 yet I hope.”

“No, father," cheerfully lied the son.
“those were left,here by some of the
fellows who don’t seem to be very par-
ticular about things. They smoke, and
swear. even; so We don't associate with
them any more than we can help. “my,
they haven’t got hardly a friend in the
hall-—except their own crowd.”

“Steer clear of sech as them, Hilary.
I'm glad I've got a son as knows right
from wrong,” said the old farmer with
an odd note in his voice. Then. casting
another’glance around the room littered
with books and papers, he continued,
“Yew don't keep things slicked up so
well's I expected. Have tew much study-
in‘ ter do I s’pose. Well, never mind.
sonny, do the best yew can. ’nd every-
thing ’ll come. out all right in the end."

The son breathed easier. He felt that
thus far everything was all right, but
his optimism was destined to be of short
duration. For, after a short space of
time, Mr. Dore expressed his desire to
see the buildings and hear the classes
recite. Finally, he electriﬁed his son by
announcing his intention of calling upon
the president of the college.

The boy, thinking of his father’s rude
speech and manners, and ﬁlled with a.
sudden false shame of the coarse, ill-ﬁt-
ting clothes, vainly tried to invent some
excuse, in order that he might dissuade
his parent from taking such action. At
last, in his desperation, suddenly, an
idea came to him. _

“But, father, the president is ill, dan-
gerously ill, and cannot receive any vis-
itors.”

“Yew don't say so,” exclaimed Mr.
Dore, ﬁlled at once with such sympathy
as only country people feel. “Vt'hat seems
tew be‘the trouble with him? Don't
know?" in response to a shake of his
son‘s head. “\l'elL I'll go right over ’nd
try to cheer him up a bit. I know what
’tis tew be sick, 'nd 110w glad I used to
be when the neighbors stepped in."

“Oh, don't go. please don't go,” beg-
ged the half-repentant, very worried
youth; “it will only make him worse, and
he will be mad with be for telling you
about it." This was the ﬁrst truthful
thing the boy had uttered.

Up to this point he had been simply
trying to keep his father indoors, for he
had feared that his own standing among
his friends rested upon his ingenuity and
ability to accomplish this purpose NOW
his very college caieer was in grave danv
ger of coming to a sudden end!

If his father should viSit the president.
his falsehood would be exposed, not only
to the president and faculty, but also to
all the “folks up home!” If he should
confess and tell his reasons for inventing
such a falsehood, he would forfeit hi3
father’s conﬁdence in him; and then. he

(Continued on page 771' .

 
JULY as. 1913.

JOH N NY’S SOLlLOQUY.

 
BY IRMA T. SOPEB,

Paw keeps yellin’ “Come and hoe;
Come, yer lazy feller! _

Weeds are big enough ter mow—
Dandylions yeller.

” ’Taters can't grow fast that way—
Needs a lot of muscle;

A boy, a. hoe, ’n a whistle gay.
Come now, can’t yer hustle?”

Gee! I’d ruther stay right here.
My! This book's a hummer.

Seems ter me of all th’ year,
Lazy time is summer!

Reckon, though, I’ll have ter go;
Dad, he keeps on yellin’.

Oh, hum! Maybe I can hoe
’Em all ’fore night, no tellin’.

But I ain’t the only one
’D rather not be workin',

If my folks do holler, ”Son!
Ain't yer ’shamed of shirkin’?”

I heard ’em talkin’ ’kinder low:
“Wish I could go ﬁshln’;

Such a lot of work ter do,
Have to keep on wishin’.

“ ’Stead of work I’d ruther be
Fishin’, wouldn‘t you, mother?”
Maw she kinder grinned. Said she,

“Yes, I guess I’d ruther.”

SHOOTING SQUIRRELS AROUND THE
CORN FIELD.

 
BY ISAAC MOTES,

Where is the country boy who doesn’t
enjoy hunting squirrels at any season of
the year, but especially during roasting-
ear time? They are more frisky, and
therefore harder to kill, in the late au-
tumn and winter, and it takes a better
shot to bring them down, because they
are on the move then. while in July and
August they have grown fat and some-
what lazy on roasting ears from the
farmer’s corn ﬁelds.

On the east side of our ﬁeld lies a
strip of woods, and whenever we plant
corn in the east ﬁeld the squirrels al-
ways take generous toll of the roasting
ears from the side next to the woods.
There are quite a number of large trees
in the woods, and a good many den trees
where the squirrels store nuts, acorns
and corn, and spend the winter denned
up in the hollows. Then in summer
time, when the roasting ears are ripe,
they gnaw off small ears and take them
up the trees to these holes. You can go
along the edge of our ﬁeld now and see
shucks sticking out of almost every one
of these holes, also lodged in the forks
of trees, where the squirrels have drag-
ged roasting ears up the trees, having
gnawed off part of the shuck, there to

THE MICHIGAN FARMER-

eat the fresh corn off the cob in a. place
0f greater security than upon a corn-
stalk in the ﬁeld.

The corn is “laid by” in the south in
the latter part of June, and from that
time on we are plowing cotton and giv-
ing the potatoes and pea ﬁelds the last
working. But it is hot in the ﬁelds in
July and August, especially in the early
afternoon, just after dinner. So during
these hot days we always begin work
early in the morning and work until late
in the afternoon, but take a lOng noon
rest after dinner before going back to
the ﬁelds.

This noon rest is an ideal time for a
squirrel hunt around the corn ﬁeld by
my younger brother and myself, some-
times with our dog Bravo, sometimes by
ourselves. My brother has a splendid
little hard—shooting breech-loading shot-
gun, and I have a 32-caliber target riﬂe.
Never a day comes that we do not get
a half dozen squirrels inside of an hour
and a half after going out—sometimes a
dozen. Perhaps we shoot the ﬁrst, one
off a roasting ear in the edge of the
corn, as he sits and gnaws it. Then, of
course, all the other squirrels in the ﬁeld
break for the trees in the edge of the
woods just beyond the rail fence, where
they hide from us on the opposite side
of the limbs. Sometimes I get the ﬁrst
shot with my target rifle, and some—
times my brother will be ﬁrst with his
shotgun. Immediately after the ﬁrst shot
by either of us, the other will be almost
sure to get a shot. too, as the squirrels
run out of the ﬁeld, some of them along
the top rail of the fence for a short dis-
tance.

There are tw0 or three small hickory
trees growing in the corners of the fence,
the nearest of the other trees being some
thirty or forty feet away, across the
road from the fence, and it is very sel-
dom indeed that we do not ﬁnd a Squir—
rel in each of these trees in the fence
corners, sometimes two or three, ﬂatten-
ed out against a limb in an effort to es-
cape our notice. But a squirrel’s tail
often gives him away. It is long and
bushy, and hard to conceal unless the
limb is large. The squirrel is cunning
enough in hiding his body, crouching
down close against a limb. but he is not
so fortunate in hiding that bushy tail
from the sharp eyes of the young hunter.

It is better for two boys to hunt to-
gether, for with a boy on each side of
the tree the poor squirrel has no show,
as one or the other of the young hunters
will be sure to get him. A dog is not so
necessary, as the squirrels, when scared
out of the ﬁeld by our approach or by
the ﬁrst shot, generally run up the tree

lllllll|ll|lIIIHIlilllllilllllllllllllllllllllll|lIlllllllHll|llllllllll||||llHlllllllll|llIlHll|IHIl[IlIlllllllllilIIIIIIIIHHHHIHIHIIHIIIHHIIIIUll||l|l|||llll||lllllllllllllllHIlHllHIHHHIIIHHIIIHIIIlllHlIHlfllllllllllllIIIHIIIIHIHIHH

THE DESERTED MILL.

 
BY RENICE RADCLIFFE.

Down at the end of the village street,
Where long, green branches bend and
meet.
And the stream falls thundering at your
feet,
As in years gone by forever,
It stands today an old, gray pile,
'Mid winter’s blast 0r summer's smile,
A carpet of dust o’er floor and tile.
And its bolts are loosened forever.

For the miller has long been laid away,
“'here all may rest at close of Life‘s
day,
And the mill is standing, old and gray,
Down by the flowing river.
Children play on the banks of the stream,

And maidens linger to dream Love's
dream,

As the sun lights all with a golden
gleam,

T‘Vhile the willows dance and quiver.

A spirit may come while mortals sleep,
Filling the orders he dares to keep,
And the (lust of the ﬂoor is a shining
heap,
\Vhile phantom lamps are burning.
He may heap the sack with a nerveless
hand,
Nodding again to a noiseless band,
\Vhile Time shifts ever its endless strand,
And the rusty wheels are turning.

Whether he comes an order to ﬁll,
Back to his old, deserted mill
Crossing again the well-worn sill,
A forgotten toll redeeming.
This lesson we learn as the years roll on,

Youth’s ﬂeeting moments will soon be
gone,

\Ve are. marching ever from Childhood’s
dawn,

And we face Life’s sunset gleaming.

nearest the fence, whether large or small.

The squirrels are always fat during
roasting-ear time, and a little less wild
than at other seasons when they do not
get so much to eat, for in roasting-ear
time a. squirrel will almost always take
to the ﬁrst tree it comes to, whether
Small or large. Perhaps the milk of the
corn makes them too lazy and sluggish
to run far. Certainly they are much eas-
ier killed out of the corn ﬁeld in sum-
mer than at any other time of the year.

A BOY’S VACATION.

 
BY RUTH RAYMOND.

We cannot all take our boys to the
seashore for a vacation, but we can all
do something to make the boy’s vaca-
tion a pleasant time to

11—75

what was Dorothy’s desire she took a.
little rattan basket with a cover and.
went shopping. Now Grossmutter’s rat-
tan baskets were her pride and joy. They.
had black walnut bottoms and smooth
hickory ribS, and were woven of the ﬁn-
est rattan ribbons, as shiny as satin.
The handles were of hickory, too, and
were fastened to the bright brass ears
with little round-headed brass rivets, and
the covers had brass hinges. They were
made by the men who spend the greater
part of the year on the lightships which
are anchored on the dangerous shoals at
the south and east of the island where
Grossmutter lived.

The set, or ”nest,” to which this par-
ticular basket belonged always was kept
on the top shelf of a closet in Gross-

 
be remembered through
the autumn and winter
of hard work in school.

\Vhen We- were boys
we looked forward to

the time when school
closed with a longing
for a change, even

though we may not
have anticipated all that
the boys of today an-
ticipate. There was hard
work to be done on the
farm, and we had to do
our share. But times
have materially chang-
ed. There is machinery
to do the work of the
boys, and our boys, like
our coltS, are not put
into the harness until
they are well grown. so
they musr have some
kind of a good time
during vacation.

If a boy cannot go
away from home camp-
ingl he may hth' a tent
at home in the back
yard, as shown in the
picture. This boy is too
Scout, but he has the
desire in his heart to
young to be a Boy
get close to nature. He
eats in his tent, sleeps
in his tent and laughs
and sings to his heart’s
desire. This boy is not
all alone in his joy—it
would not be joy if he
were, for even the sav-
ages must have companionship. If you
will look carefully under the edge of the
tent you will see the other fellow who
is helping to have a good time.

Boyhood is the time for forming friend~
ships as well as habits, and we should
be careful in selecting playmates for our
boys, but they surely need playmates.
Let us play with them when we can and
grow young again in so doing. If John
helps father weed the onions. why should
not father take an afternoon off and go
ﬁshing with John? The boy should learn
as much through the vacation as through
the sehOol term, but his lessons should
be from Nature’s bOok.

 
DOROTHY, FLUFF AND THE SILVER
BELLS.

 
BY M A‘RJ' STA RBUCK.

OROTHY and Mamma had come

D from Germany to visit Grossmut-

ter in the delightful old—fashioned

house Where everyone seemed always to
ﬁnd just what he most wanted.

Dorothy, however, in spite of dolls and

games and books, a little green wheel-

 
barrow and a little white bicycle, could
not help showing her disappointment—
she had thought there would be a kitten.

As soon as Grossmutter found just

 
mutter‘s own room, and Dorothy had
been in the house long enough already
to know that they were only used for
special occasions, so she waited impa-
tiently for (lrossmuttcr’s return, feeling
quite sure that there would be something
very choice in the precious baSltet. She
was right, as you will see, for when
Grossmutter called Dorothy and slowly
lifted the cover of the basket, there lay,
sound asleep, a lovely yellow kitten. Dor-
othy clasped her hands in rapture and
whispered tremulorwly, “Oh, Grossmut-
ter. is it for me?”

Of course it was for her; so Dorothy
took the basket and tip-teed gently to
Mamma's room to show her the treasure.
'hIamina exclaimed, “What a dear little
lluft‘f" and “Fluff” the kitten is called
to this day. For a while after Fluff woke
up she seemed rather desolate, for she
missed her little gray-and-white brother
and her big gray-and—white mother, but
at supper time she began to feel more
contented. She had a saucer of rich
milk and she. also had a chicken wing
that tasted better than anything she had
ever eaten in her short life; and the
dainty meal was served on a table-
cloth, too. for Grossmutter gave Dorothy
a square of creamy white oil-cloth, with
a Scarlet binding, to put on the floor for
Fluff. who soon learned that she must -
keep her food on the cloth or it would
be taken away.

After this ﬁrst supper Grossmutter
found a soft worsted ball, yellow, like
Fluff‘s own fur. as soft as her little gray-
and-white brother, and ever SO much
better to play with. for Fluff soon dis—
covered that when she gave it a push it
could run faster than he. IVhen she
pulled it out with her sharp claws from
under sofas and chairs, she could bite
it and cuff it without fearing the box on .
her own velvet ears that her mother was
sure to give her if she teased brother
kitten too hard. '

Fluff soon became so full of life and
spirits that she couldn’t often stop for
the petting that Dorothy wanted to give
her; she. liked better to romp ,with Dor-
othy, to chaSe grasshoppers and butter-
ﬂies, and to run up the trees where the
birds lived, but she was never quite
quick enough to catch one. She learned

 
76—12

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Huron it Qusv Sta, Port. Huron. Mich. 28N. Saginaw
8t" Pontiac. Michigan-

ANTED—Hart” man to manage farm of few
W acres at is children home-wife to take
’ 0 children. Write superin_

l the 01119-
$323? 300d ill Farm. Houshton. Michigan

n—Good. reliable. sober farm-hand. Gen;
ersl farm work. no milking. Goﬁd

‘ ' 'd to the ri h kind of man. Address J. .
ia'd‘diiygire Boyai v‘nley Coffee 00.. Detroit. Mich.

  
‘ﬁrst to

 
T HE. .M’I C H IGTAJN

She.

all sorts of pretty housestricks, too.
would jump through a hoop formed by
Dorothy's dimpled arms, and when bid-
den she would run up on Dorothy’s
shoulder and make a graceful little leap
to the top of her head, where she would
crouch until her little mistress said
"Down Fluff,” when she would leap to
the other shoulder and so run down to
the floor, and all so lightly and gently
that Dorothy never felt a pl‘ick of the
sharp claws folded under the pink satin
toes.

Sometimes after supper.
she had eaten a good deal. Fluff was
quiet and apparently affectionate, and
would come of her own accord and nes-
tle against Dorothy, and allow herself to
be taken up and held in her mistress’
lap, purring contentedly as Dorothy soft-

especially if

MUD PIES.

EY FLOY SCHOONMAKE'R ARMSTRONG.

When Carolyn and Rose Marie,
And Flossie, May and I,

\Vcre playing house out by the road
And making ﬁne mud pie.

“Most everyone who came along
Had something smart to say,

As if they'd always been grown-up
And never liked to play.

The great big boys—they think they're

cute.
And try to be so pert—-
Called: “Oh, you kids! You’ll all get
spanked

For playing in the dirt."

And then some ladies came along
And snid, with awful frowns:
“You children ought to be ashamed
To soil your nice clean gowns."
But we jur‘t stirred and mixed and
Sill‘l‘t‘llm»
()li ‘tis sucli jolly fun
To make mud pies, n. great big lot,

And buke thcm in the sun.
And then an old mun came along,

The \\'lll1€-‘-ll;lll‘(‘(l, smiley kind,

And with him such a dear old Wife,
Rut them we didn’t mind.

They stopped right short and laughed

Out loud,

But almost any dunce

Could tell that they were lovely folks
And had been little once.

“Look, father, do!" the lady said,
“’Twill reSt your tired old eyes

To see there still are little girls
“lho love to make mud pics.”

ALL MADE OF BARRELS.

BY GEO. E. “'ALSH.

John," a man who
gained this name because he was the
see the value of
and who made it fortune by gathering
them after they had been cniptied of
their contents of Sugar, flour, oil. molas-
ses or other food products, once said:
“The most useful thing,r in the world is

“ Empty-Barrel

empty barrels,

 
:lll empty barrel. If I was going to be
(‘zlSt away on a desert islziud like Bob-
inson Ci'ue'soe, I'd want as Illillly burrels

us I could get. I'd let the boxes and
crates go, but I'd Hive the barrels, and

I'd make a boat, house, tent. and wagon
out of them in short order.”

Perhaps “John" was a trifle
thusiastic over the barrels which
made his fortune, but there is a
deal of wisdom in what he said never-
theless; The barrel is really of great
value when its contents have been ttlkf‘ll
out. and the boy who gathers them
should put them to much better use than
feeding a bonfire on election night.

In particular are the empty barrels of
use in the summer time when camping
and boating are in order, and if you can

en~
had
good

too

saw up :| few in advance of the season
you will find that a lot of fun and use
can be obtained therefrom.

FirSt of all, we can make the camp

out of the barrels as shown by the illus—
tration. Get good stout barrels, such as

 
iFARMER

1y stroked her, "rocking meantime in the
little .‘splint-bottomed chair that had be-
longed ,to Grossmutter’s own little girl
who was now Dorothy's momma.

Once the family thought that Fluff
was ill; she would not eat her supper
and she would allow nobody to touch her,
but she sat all the evening in the dark-
est corner of the big parlor with her
ears sharply pointed and her yellow
eyes gleaming out of the shadow like
spots of ﬁre. ‘

The next day she ate and played as
usual, but after that evening she would
:ometimes stop in the midst of a game
and go to that corner to watch and lis-

ten. We knew~ then what was the mat-
ter, for Emma, the waitress had told
Dorothy that on the day when Fluff

was so queer she had' caught a mouse,

ed side up. This will shed water and
make an excellent protection from the
rain and sun. By joining a series of sever-
al half barrels together you get quite a.
tent. By tacking pieces of canvas on the
sides you can make the barrel top spread
itSelf so that you have a veritable tent
at little or no cost.

Such barrel tents can be used in the
woodS, the backyard or anywhere simply
for protection from the sun. A series of

 
the
huts.

effect of a
Each barrel,

give
settlement of
furnishes the tops for two tents.

several of these

smzill

can be
Like-

barrels
good use.

While in camp" other
put to almost equally

wise they can be utilized in the back-
yard or in the garden. The upturned
half of a barrel makes, for instance, an

accebtnble holder for flowers, or it (‘l‘lll

be swung on the piazza as a cradle for
little ones. A barrel-slave hammock is
a simple affair and one that has often
been illustrated. Perhaps many boys
have made them for their camps. By
taking the staves apzii't. boring holes
through the ends and tlii'ciuliug them

with stout rope you have a most conven-
ient cump hammock to ‘swing between
the trees. By boring the. holes with a
bit and brace before you leave borne, and
then packing the barrel with comp uten-
silS, the hammock can be made easily
after you reach the camp. In this wuy
it takes up no room in the transportation
of the goods.

Another use of the barrel
camp is to tzike one-half and
upside. down on stakes placed in the
end. If securely fast-
half-barrel will always

while in
place it

ground at either
there

en ed the

 
be handy for holding anything from wet
bathing clothes to canned goods. You
can pack a lot of things in such a raised
i‘w-cptzicle and ants, worms. bugs and
:‘mall animals will not get at them while
ymi are. away from the comp.

But before you go to the crimp, wheth-
('1‘ it is by foot or bout, you can utilize
the barrel in many ways. If the barrel
is cut in halves and handles are attach-
cd to either end, one-half of it makes a.
convenient carry—all. For this purpose

 
. "4.. 2 ' a, ,' h
(Ma-t - n-“ ‘ :‘x \ ,\
' ., .,.—- .7 “7*“ f—T—“x\ ‘*—:_‘:‘._
. ﬂ

 
* m. , Ange—“J \l/ ‘23,},
my ' ___~."_* ~_~
those in which oil or molasses come, and select a light barrel, such as used fOr
saw one in half lengthwise. Perhaps you ﬂour or sugar, and use pieces of rope

will need to strengthen the hoops a little
beforehand by driving a few nails in
them. Now fasten four stakes in the
ground and nail the tops to the four

 
corners of the half barrel, with the curv-

tacked on the ends for handles. You can
pack more articles of a light nature in
Such carry-all than in baskets or boxes,
and it will be more convenient to ban-
dle. Each boy takes a handle, and you

JULY 26, 1913.

..4__.

and the ﬁrst mouse is a great event in
the life of a kitten. She had had such
a long chase, and such a delightful and
exciting frolic after she had caught the
peer little mouse—who wasn’t at all in
a frolicking mood—and then she had had
a delicious meal, that ordinary amuse-
ments, such as yellow worsted balls and
affectionate caresses, seemed very tame
indeed by comparison; and so she watch-
ed in that shadowy corner, hoping for a
renewal of.the enchanting sport, for
Fluff was still. after all, only a kitten
and had the faults of her kind.

At last the happy summer was over
and it was time for Mamma and Dorothy
to go back to Germany. Grossmutter
decided to close her house and go 'with
them. And now what was to be done
with Fluff? (Concluded next week).

lllllllll|lllllllillllllllIllllllllllllllllllll|llllillllllllllllllllllllllilll!llllllll||llllllllllllllllllllllllllllllIllllllllllllllll||ll|lll|||lll||ll|llllllllllllllllllllllllIIlllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll|||lllllllllIlllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllIIIll|lllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll|lllllll|Illll|IllIlllllllllllllllllllllIllllllllIllllllIlllllllllllllllllllllll

can walk abreast or in Indian ﬁle as you
go through the woods. When you reach
the camping-place the carry-all can be
used for a hold—all by nailing upright
sticks in place of the handles and insert-
ing them in the ground.

But perhaps you wish to reach your
(3111111) on some island by, canoe or row-
boat, and you have very little room for
the. baggage. Then take half of an oil
barrel. or any other that is water tight,

 
r

 
~7-

nitd uSe it for a pack boat. The barrel
is very buoyant and sits lightly on the
water. It will carry an immense amount

of material before it sinks within two or
three. inches of the water. You can load
it down and then fasten it to the stern
of the boat for towing. Several of these
lu'ili‘ barrel seows can be hauled behind
by one boot. in this way you are re-
lieved of all crowding in the row boat or

canoe. It is one of the safest and simp-

       
": ' "7i;;ii:;;:::f::li:::b7
'l
IIIIII'IIIII'II'lll'lllllll'lllll
ll
..

  
1 a l l-ll-lll:.l:::'::l
(I... ' II

1w”::1:::;iiiiiili 1'1: ' '
._ -- .-§\
"'

la,
m7.”

:._—-:'-.-:—/.—1/

 
lest ways of packing your camping ma-
terial up :1 river or across a lake.
Finally we can use the half barrel for
:i bait box by placing it in the water and
covering the top with :1 wire screen. A

water—light barrel is not necessary for
this purpose. If not too loose in the
seams. the barrel will float on the sur-
face half full of water, and all live ﬁsh

may be kept in it for days and weeks.
Sometimes when you make a good catch
of ﬁsh you don't want to eat them right
away. If put; in the bait box at once
they will live and be ready for eating any
time needed.

It may be seen that the barrel is really
of great use either in playing or for ser-
vice. One does not have to go to a dis-
tant camp to use them, either. Barrels
can be used for the play camp in the
back yard or near the house in the
woods, and if there is a stream of water
nearby you can play packing things up
stream the same as they do in canoes in
the wilds of the north. in fact, you can
bring all the pleasures and experiences
0f camping right to your back door if
you utilize barrels and half barrels for
all they are worth.

YOU HAVE THE OPPORTUNITY

of getting one of the beautiful sixspage
Michigan Farmer “'21“ . Charts for only
30c, postpai‘d, if you send your order at
once.

It is the ﬁnest collection of charts ever
put together. Contains a map of Michi-
gan, showing congressional districts. coun-
ties. railways, etc., the latest 1910 census
of all Michigan t0wns, 25 colored plates,
showing the anatomy of the horse, cow,
sheep, hog and fowls, and giving the
name and location of each organ, muscle
and bone. A treatise on each animal by
the best authorities. treatment of com-
mon diseases of farm animals, map of
the world. showing steamship lines. map
of the United States, ﬂags of all nations.
rulers of the world. Panama canal, all
our presidents, and several other features
too numerous to mention. -

These charts have been sold mostlyfor
$1.00 or $1.50. They will decorate and
instruct in any home or oﬁice. We offer
them at this price to quickly get rid of
them and after our present stock is ex—
hausted no more can be had. Remember
the price is only 300. while they‘ last.
Send Your order to the Michigan Farmer,
Detroit, Mich—Adi.

 
l
l
I
l’

 
-“that’s why I come down today."

, sun! 20. 1913.

WHEN THE WIND unwrap-TAG.

 
BY L. D. Brahms.

The wind was playing tag about the
chimney. When .it howled little Golden
Locks called it wolves, and when it whin—
ed low she said it was a poor little dog
or a lost kitten, and when it gave a.
long, deep blast she clapped her hands
gleefully and cried it was a lion.

On the rug beside her Carlo sat grave-
ly blinking into the fire,.and Fluff purred
softly by his side. Her book of animals
lay, face downward, where it had slipped
from her hand.

“Oh!” she sighed, “I do wish a fairy
would come.” '

The words were hardly out of her
mouth when straight from the coals step-
ped the tiniest, strangest little man, all
dressed in red and green, with a high
peaked cap that shone and glistened like
gold, and a long, bright stick in his
hand. “And what would you like him to
give you, little lady, he questioned.

Golden Locks gave a squeal of delight
and began to jump up and down delight-
edly. Her curls bobbed and danced about
her head until they seemed all ulive.
“Oh! Oh!” she cried, “are you a fairy?"

He touched his cap. “The Fairy King.”
he replied. “I rode down the chimney on
the wind, and saw the gold of your curls
shining So brightly I stopped to see what
I could do for you.”

She clapped her hands. “My name’s
just Dorothy Gray," said she; “but
mamma says God put the gold in my
hair. so she calls me Golden Locks; and
papa says he wants me to remember a
golden heart is the best thing in all the
world, so he calls me Golden Heart."

“And now, Miss Dorothy Golden Heart,
can I please you this night?" asked the
elf.

Just then the wind gave a great howl.
“That‘s the lion.” said she. Then. “Uh!
I’d love to see a real lion, and a pea-
cock, and a—a—hyena, and .-:ll the, rest.”

The little man waved his stick :llitl
said some strange Words Dorothy could

llllllllllllllllllllllllliiHill!llllllliHllllillllllllllllllllliillllllfztll,i‘. . . ,,
THE AWAKENING OF HILARY DORE.
(Continued from page 71),

   
.ill .. ‘1. 2’1”}

did not like to remind his father of the
lack of education which he knew be felt
and would ulwnys feel. llut something
must be done, and that quickly. Simon
Dore. always a man of his word. was
already putting on his overcoat.

Realizing the situation in which he
had placed himself, the boy yet hoped to
Win by one lust desperate cast.

“V‘Vait a minute, father,” he exclaimed
hurriedly, “the president is not sick. I
told you that becauSe wellnvbecause I
wanted you to stay here and talk with
me, and tell me n11 about mother and the.
children, and—and all the rent of the
folks. It is so good to talk with someone
from home, you know!"

The father now detected the lie in his
son’s speaking. All along, he had sus—
pected against his will. He saw the c‘on—
feSSiOII changed into equivocation. Then,
in a harsh, strained voice, he said: “So
that‘s yer excuse. fer tellin‘ me that the
president was sick. S’pose yew didn't
get the last letter yer mother sent ye,
tellin' ye all the news. Ye didn‘t answer
it, anyhow. \Vell, what's yer eXt-use fer
tellin’ me crbout them segurette stubs?
That’s so flimsy, I’ve fergot that. But
never mind tellin’ it again, yew couldn‘t
improve on it. But. they‘s one. thing
that I’d like to ax ye, Hilary,” and the
old man's voice dropped from its strident
tone to one of mild reproach, and his
clenched hand sunk to his side only to
rise slowly again in a gesture of im-
pressive appeal. “do yew think that yew
air doin‘ jest the right thing by yer ma
and me. who’s working' our finger nails
off tew keep the family in bread and
butter, and tew send yew tew college?
Do yew think that all yew come here
fer,” and the old man's voice rose again,
quivering with emOtion, “is tew lnrn tew
smoke segarettes, ‘n lie, 'n fergit them as
would risk their chance of Heaven fer
ye? Are yer college friends so much
more tew ye that ye can fergit tew write
tow the old folks? If they be—yew can
keep on the way yew have begun.”

There was an awkward pause, and
then—“I thought as how things must
have changed,” and the old man's voice
was now low, tremulous. ever changing,
Then.
in a still lOWer, calmer tone, he added
sadly. “Yer mother will never know of
the mortgage so long as I can scrape to-
gether enough tew ‘keep things up at
home, sech as they be—but I—I shall
allus remember, tho’ I shall allus try ter
fergit—if yew Will try_with me. I shall

     
THE M~ICH’IGA'N_ F'AR’MER

not understand, and suddenly she found
herself in a great square, inclosed by a.
high fence, full of tents and trees. On
all sides were animals, stamping, growl-
ing, chattering and jabbering.

She was frightened at first, but the lit-
tle man kept close beside her and every
animal obeyed his slightest word or mo-
tion, so that in a minute or two she for-
got her fears. ,

Lions paced majestically back and
forth, lashing their sides with their tails
exactly as her book had pictured them.

Bears sat stiffly on their haunches,
growling ﬁercely. Elephants stalked

lumberingly about, swinging their huge
trunks from side to side; and camels
loped awkwardly along, here and there.
Hyenas, panthers and soft-eyed wild-
cats patted softly about with shrill cries.
All kinds of beautiful birds. from the
tiny, graceful canary to' the solemn-eyed
owl, ﬂitted through the trees; strange
little foreign ones that he. had never
even read of ﬂashed here and there like
quick darts of light. Peacocks strutted
proudly up and down. Monkeys chat-
tered and jabbered, swinging from bough

to bough and tree to tree; and the most ‘

beautiful horses and dogs pranced.and
frisked all about.

At a signal from the little man the lion
and the bear danced a jig; the elephant
stood on his head and a full half-dozen
showing their teeth. and turned somer-
of the byenas came out, grinning and
saults again and again.

The dogs leaped to the backs of the
horses and rode around the ring. The
peacock shook hands with her gravely,
and hundreds of the most gorgeous birds,
all sizes and colors, formed in line, before
her and began to strut up and down.

Then, suddenly, things began to wztver

and disappear. She. rubbed her eyes,
opcned them and looked about. On the

hearth, the lire still crackled merrily.
The wind still howled.

“l‘oor little Golden Heart!” cried papa.
“Sound asleep before, the ﬁre!" and pick-
ine, her up in his strong arms he carried

her off to bed.

"é? lliillillll‘lllillllllllllllllllllllllllllillllillllit'll5EliliilllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllliillHi!lllillllllllllllllllilllllll

allus help ye all i can, boy, if yew will
try—but yer mother and the little ones
come ﬁrst!”

\N'ith this he picked up his hat and
coat and left the room; he found his way
down the four llights of stair-4, across the
campus, and out onto the sidewalk to
which his feet were so unaccustomed.

The. boy went to the window and.
standing there, half—leaning against the
window-frame, watched the dim form of
his father groping its way as in a
dream; watched it cross the cumpusund
go out into the gathering night.

The boy stood at the window he knew
not how long. Suddenly he started from
the trance. that had wrapped itself around
him. Stooping. he picked up a news-
paper frmn the pile which lay in the
corner where they had been flung. Hast—
ily turning the pages. he found the col—
umn, “Help '\\'anted,” nnd uttempted to
rezid. Realizing that it was too dark,
be snapped on the electric light and be—
gun to scan hurriedly the different no—
ticcs. At laSt his eye rested upon the
following:

WANTED:—~Yr>iiiig man to work even-
ings and Saturdays in apothecury shop;
college student preferred.-—Smithson &
Howe. Druggists, 262 Franklin St, City.

lie threw aside the paper and, seizing
his hat, sprang hastily down the stuirs
and out of the hall. The “fellows" won-
dered “what had got into Dore,” for nev-
er had he been seen hurrying in such a
manner before. At length. considering
the problem too deep for them, they
dropped it and turned \yearily to their
books to “Stuff” and “cram” for the
coming examinations.

Two weeks later Mrs. Simon Dore- re—
ceived a letter. The. writer informed her
tlint he had passed the mid—term exam—
inations, was getting along ”all right.”
and was coming home for ChristmaS.
Furthermore, it stated that they need
not send any money for carfure, and the
whole'letter seemed to express a great
longing for the time to come when they
might all be together again. No one was
forgotten in the letter.

In silence, Mrs. Dore passed the letter
over to her husband. VVltb happy coun—
tenance. and with eyes dim with the
mist of joy, he slowly read to the end,
and, as his wife watched ‘the great
changes of expression in his kindly face,
which had seemed so worried and had
grown so much older during the past few
days, she could not understand them; so,
with a pleasant little shake of her head,
she dismissed all doubt of the matter
with the simple thought, “Good Lord,
how strange men be!" '

. amw «'M‘ﬂ‘ﬁr' “may“

13—77

    
Q

. \ 4th {AN 00
Do Your \é
Iiorses i
EarnMoney 4,,” A “,9
For You?

' i Before you answer that question, we ask
you as a business man, to consnler the time
" and land you use to raise horse feed, and the
1 money and care your horses take. Then
i
1

//~‘,’ -

think what you get for it—Is the .work they
give you worth all it costs? Isn’t it. true that.
you actually work for your horses more than
they work for you?

You would be surprised to know how many
farmers are realizing the value of Reo Motor
Trucks. Even if your horses worked all the
time—and you know they are in their, stalls
days at a time, “eating their heads oti, ’ this
! Rec Motor Truck would prove a money
Saver for you.

Forty cents worth of gasoline, ﬁve cents
worth of oil, is all the feed this motor truck
requires. Repairs almost nothing. One man
recently wrote us his Reo Truck had cost 111m,
besides fuel and oil, just $1.33 in two years.

i These'are facts you can’t. get around. Write
.and get some real, live information about motor
trucks land themoney they can save for you.

' BEG MODEL" Reo Motor Truck Company,
Capacity 1500 “’3' 1903 South Washington Ave.,

$750 Lansing, Mich.

 
(l

J

  
I

i ' rié§
- l' “I \\n' ‘
it. no. ....us..:...tt<li~

“-

 
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It maintains the correct lubricating body at any motor speed or
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Every type of motor car, motor truck, and motor boat, is made better
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5 YEAR ‘
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When Writing to Advertisers please
mention the Michigan Farmer.

l’

r*’V‘*'«! Msrww“:l.w-’M .. a .V


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TH E'Mi c H I CAN. FARM E R

 
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At HOme an?) Elsewhere

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{I 32? B

 
Common Sense vs. Ovcrmuch “Child Study."

 
George and the cherries has been
attacked by profound thinkers and
pronounced a mere ﬁgment of some his-
tory faker’s brain, yet there is much
food for reflection in the tale for the
parents of modern American youth. The
legend tells us that when George chose
the truth and a. threshing rather than a.
falsehood and an immunity bath, his
father clasped him to his bosom and de-
clared that he would rather lose his
whole orchard than to have his son tell
one white lie. Truth was the supreme
thing with Washington pater, a virtue
more to be desired than rubies. '
Methinks the modern parent and the
modern small boy would act differently.
The average small boy of today would
look his father in the eye and sto_utly
declare that he saw the hired man do
it. Or if that personage stood by, he
would say Fido gnawed the tree down or
the robins attacked it in swarms and
peeked it down so theyvcould get at the
cherries eaSier. And the proud father
would chuckle at the lad’s shrewdness
and boast to the neighbors of his son's
powers of imagination. Those stories that
youngsters tell are not lies, you know.
Merely imagination! .

At least that is the way many parents,
dosed with the modern psychology and
child training, talk. Make no mistake.
I am not blaming modern psychology,
only the application of it .as made by
fathers and mothers who buy books and
read rather than do alittle thinking for
themselves. The trouble all arises from
the fact that Mr. and Mrs. Modern Par-
ent do not realize that all principles are
general and must be adapted to individ—
ual needs.

Our forefathers and mothers branded
as sinful lies the innocent stories children
make up in their play. Modern psychol—
ogists teach us that such fairly tales are
not lies. Along comes some mother who
hasn’t learned how to think, reads a.
part of the truth, jumps at the conclu-
sion that all stories her children tell must
be accepted as imagination, and excuses
them when they lie to escape punish-
ment, with the plea that they don’t
really know they are falsifying.

Oh, child study, child study! How many
crimes are committed in thy name. Froc-
bel speaks of the beauty of spontaniety,
the joyous, natural, unchecked playfulness
of 'childhood. The mother. possessed of
the one idea of doing her best by her
children, interprets this to mean unbrid-
led liberty and instead of spontaniety we
get lawlessness. Even the most learned
of kindergartners would not permit chil-
dren to race through the rooms, slam-
ming doors, throwing hats, knocking fur-
niture about, and even skating on roller
skates, as some mothers do under the
mistaken notion that the child must, have
perfect freedom in order to develop.

The old method of exacting obedience
without giving reasons, of insisting that
children be seen and not heard and of
frowning on childish peccadilloes rather
than excusing them, may have been
harsh. But the children it produced were
not intolerable nuisances as are so many
reared by superior modern methods. Too
many parents in trying to steer clear of
the one extreme have rushed to the oth-
er. They forget that too much liberty is
w0rse for humanity than too little, and
instead of being masters of the situation
in their own homes, they soon ﬁnd them-
selves mere Onlookers. _.

Common sense is the best guide in
bringing up children, as well as in other
walks'of life. But in looking over the
ﬁeld it sometimes seems as though that
valuable asset ﬂies out of the window
with the arrival of the ﬁrst baby. It is
well to remember that the men and the
WOmen who write such learned treatises
on bringing up children are as often as

: LTHOUGH that immortal story of

i. riot childless old maids and bachelors, who

ﬁaveiﬂﬁ’othing to go by but theories. In-
stead of being guided by what some book

says about child training, think for your-
self. Remember that the future both for
yourself and your child is to be founded
on the todays, and act accordingly.
DEBORAH.

 
ONE WAY OF MAKING BREAD.

 
BY ANNE H. WOODRUFF.

Often in reading recipes of various
kinds of vegetables, one is exasperated

'to ﬁnd that important details have been

omitted—details familiar to the writer,
who seems to think that they will pre-
sent themselves in orderly arrangement
to the mind of the reader through some
instinctive acrobatic performance of the
imagination. ‘

There are “born cooks”—at least we
have heard so—who do not ﬁnd it neces-
sary to follow rules. All they have to do
is to “throw in a little of this,” and “add
a little of that;” and by some incom-
prehensible legerdemain transform the
raw material into delectable gastronomic
delights without plan or system. But
such cooks are few and far between. In-
deed we are safe in asserting that they
have a plan of their own, which is no
less a plan that they make no effort to
deﬁne it, even to themselves.

Everyone likes good bread, and every
good housekeeper has her own way of
going about the making of it; the suc—
cess being dependent upon the faithful-
ness and care with which this way is
followed. The details of one way is here-
with given.

In the ﬁrst place it is a good plan to
have the ﬂour warm. A pan of sifted
flour may be left on the radiator at night
in the winter time, or may be heated
over the stove.

A half-pint of wetting makes a good-
sized loaf, part of sweet milk and water
is best, and two cakes of compressed
yeast to four loaves.

Peel and boil two large potatoes and
put them through a colander. Add to the
potato-water enough water or milk to
make a quart. Reserve enough of the
wetting in which to dissolve two cents
worth of compressed yeast, being very
careful to see that the temperature is
not above luke-warm. Heat kills the
strength and virtue of the yeast.

Keep out a half-pint of the‘water and
milk and set aside. Add the mashed po-
tato to the remainder, and heat until al-
most scalding hot—not quite——and stir in
enough ﬂour to make a stiff batter.
\Vhen luke-warm add the dissolved yeast
and beat briskly until the yeast is thor—
oughly mixed with the batter. Set in a
pan of warm water, cover with a blanket
and keep in a warm place until light. A
tin bread mixing-pan, with cover, is a
desirable article to have. Bread made
with compressed yeast should be made
in the morning, as the sponge is quick in
rising.

Vt'hen the sponge is nice and light,
put a quart of flour in the kneading-pan,
add a tablespoon of salt, and the same
of granulated sugar, and also a lump of
lard about the size of an egg. Heat the
half—pint of water that had been set
aside, until it boils, and stir into the mix-
ture until the lard is melted and the
ﬂour scalded. This scalding of a small
portion of the flour gives the bread a
sweetness very pleasant, and keeps it
moist.

The sponge is then added. stirring in
afterward what ﬂour can be mixed in
that way with a long-handled spoon, then
kneading in what more is needed with
the hands. A nice, elastic dough will
make nice moist bread; if too stiff it is
apt to be dry and hard.

Set the kneading-pan holding the dough
in warm water, and when the dough has
risen to .twice its original size, knead
down and let rise again, when it may be
moulded into loaves and placed in tins
which the loaf half ﬁlls. When risen to
the top of the pans, bake in a hot oven
three-quarters of an hour. Sometimes

it will be necessary to leave longer in
the oven, if the heat has not been strong
enough.

An important consideration in bread-
making is to keep the dough warm; it
should never be allowed to get chilled.
And it must also be remembered that
to have it too warm is almost as bad as
too cool a temperature. A happy medium
means success. A piece of woolen blanket
used as a covering‘ above a white cloth,
will keep in the heat, and should be kept
for this purpose alone. Another consid-
eration is that the dough should not get
too light. Heavy, clammy bread is bad.
indigestible and not at all tempting to
the palate, but who has not eaten bread
that was white, light and beautiful to
look upon that was about as tasteless
and nutritious as so much saw—dust,
through over-fermentation? ,

To have sweet, wholesome, toothsome
bread, all these details must be carefully
observed; and no one need to fail in be-
coming a good bread-maker who faith-
fully gives her mind to them. There are
many excellent methods. and different
kinds of bread; and I take pleasure in
adding my plan, with all its details, to
the number.

Failure in other lines of cookery may
be excused by the persOns to whom one
caters, but the housekeeper is always
expected to provide good bread. The
“staff of life” should not be metamor-
phosed in the making into a rickety
crutch whose support is doubtful and
uncertain. Many and bitter have been
the tears shed by young and inexperi-
enced housewives over the problem, how
to prepare good things such as “mother
used to make,” a problem in which the
bread question was the most perplexing
of all. One can not help sympathizing
also with the irascibility and deep sense
of injury of the victim, who has been
offered in the place of bread a stone.

 
MAKING SAUSAGE FOR MARKET.

BY MRS. JEFF DAVIS.

“Not soft hands, and soft jobs, but
downright service is the end of life.”

Many farmers’ wives and daughters in
looking for a way to make money at
home, often neglect one of the most
proﬁtable occupations in which they can
engage—the making of sausage for the
market.

While this is not easy work, it comes
at a time when there is little else to
claim the attention, and the task is, nec-
essarily, soon ﬁnished. "\

Every housewife, probably” can pre-
pare the sausage meat tg/s it her own
family, but if slie‘ds’Tﬁakii them for
market she must ﬁnd out what her cus-
tomers like, and cater to theii astes. If
she manufactures a little better'pi‘oduct
than her neighbors the public soon dis-
covers this fact, and she has no diﬁi-
culty in disposing of her goods.

Mrs. C. A. Davis, of Brook county,
Georgia, has the reputation of always
furnishing her customers with ﬁrst-class
sausage. They say that her sausages
taste better. keep better, and even look
better than any on the market of her
home town. The result is, she always
has more orders than she can ﬁll long
before the time comes for making them.
Mrs. Davis’ husband makes a specialty
of ﬁne hogs, and sells many thousands of
pounds of well cured meat every year,
so she is fortunate in having plenty of
ﬁrst-claSs material from which to make
her sausage.

Her husband usually slaughters about
40 hogs at one time, and from the trim-
mings, or regular sausage meat, she
makes between 250 and 300 pounds of
sausage. This is her way of making it,
thOugh, as will be seen, much is neces-
sarily left to the individual taste of the
maker.

“To every 150 pounds of the lean pork
trimmings from the big meat,” says Mrs.
Davis, “add 50 pounds of fat jowls. Cut
this as ﬁne as the grinder will do the
work. Then to every 50 pounds of sau-
sage meat mix one teaspoonful of ‘salt

peter. I think this helps to keep' my
sausage from getting old. I can not give
any exact measure for salt or pepper. I
mix the salt in thoroughly until it tastes
well seasoned raw. The pepper I do the
same, but I prefer my home raised red
pepper, and use one-fourth as much of
red as black. I add just sufﬁcient sage
to barely taste, unless a customer re-
quests this to be left out. I do my own
seasoning, in fact, I give every detail of
the work my personal supervision. I a3-
sist in cleaning the casings, and have
them as clear, and perfect as can be
made. These are ready by the time the
meat is, and are ﬁlled with considerable
care.

“I keep a record of how many pounds
each customer has engaged, and deliver
them as s00n after making as possible.

“I make from 750 to 1,000 pounds of
sausage for sale each season, and have
no difﬁculty in disposing of it at 17 cents
per pound. Many people say I could get
20 cents per pound, but I have never
charged that much because I usually sell
many pounds to each of my customers.

“If my sausage is Superior to the gen-
eral make, as many are kind enough to
say, it must be because I strive to give
my customers the seasoning they like.
I know I do not spare labor or time in
the making.

"‘My advice to farmers’ wives is to
make good sausage, and the selling will
take care of itself.”

HOW TO BE “FRIENDS” WITH THE
SMALL TOTS.

 
BY was. J. J. O’CONNELL.

Children have a natural aversion to
being “pounced upon,” but the shyest of
them can be won if you will wait a lit-
tle. Talk to someone else in the room or
speak to the child about something of
interest to it, and soon you will ﬁnd that
the little one will steal to your knee and
offer its conﬁdence.

The people who succeed with children
are those who respect the child’s indi-
viduality and do not take its friendship
for granted until they have won it. A
child is quick to perceive your interest
when it is real, and is quick to respond,
but it is confused and repelled by the
Sudden onslaught with which so many
elders greet these little pilgrims' of the
beginning. ‘

 
THE WAYSIDE TEA ROOM.

BY CHARLOTTE BIRD.

Mrs. St. John Alexander, of New Can-
aan, Connecticut, has truly solved the
problem of making a good living for her-
self Vwithout leaving home. About three
years ago she opened what has since

\become known as the Greenly Tea Gar-

den. It was designed originally as a
place of rest and refreshment for auto-
mobile tourists. But from a modest be-
ginning the enterprise has grown till now
thousands of people ﬁnd the spot a de-
lightful resort for an hour on a hot sum-
mer day. The hostess’ efforts to serve
her guests well, has been rewarded by
a rich ﬁnancial return.’

“The Spoonery” is a quaint old house
set in the midst of most beautiful rural
surroundings. In the grove are secluded
walks and seats and summer houses and
a chorus of bird and insect life add to
the poetical spirit of the tired traveler.
All about the house vines and ﬂowers
abound and the vine-shaded veranda
makes an ideal outside refreshment room
f0r hot weather.

Inside the house the rooms are equally
attractive for Mrs. Alexander has many
antiques and works of 'art and a taste
which promotes the- effect of cosy home-
making. In addition to the tea garden
she maintains something resembling a.
woman's exchange. To this the owners
consign many beautiful pieces of fancy
work to be sold. on commission. As the
patrons of the Greenly Tea Garden are.
nearly all from the wealthy classes, large
sums are often obtained for choice pieces
of work. And the commission adds de-

 
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JULY 26, '1913.
cidedlyto Mrs. Alexander's ‘other means
of income. '. ' y‘ ,

Perhaps there may be other women
living in plain old housesoi't' somewhere
on country roads .Whe're many automo-
biles pass. Perhaps theSe.women have
still to discover' the money worth of
their capital. The houses must ﬁrst be
made beautiful. But some taste. much
labor and two or ’three dollars' Worth of
seeds and plants and vines can- trans-
form an ugly place into an Eden. And
a suggestive sign wOuld attract buyers
of ice cream, soft drinks, a regular tea
or a full luncheon. The conditions would
determine how the business was to de-
velop. In addition to the income and the
resulting sense Of freedom there would
be the joy of living in the midst of love-
ly surroundings. '

 
NAMING THE BABY.

BY E. J. LYNCH.

The naming of the baby is always an
important event in any household, but
if one were to judge by the names in-
ﬂicted by some parents.on their helpless
Offspring, it would seem that a hetero—
genous collection of names must have
been gathered together on slips of paper
and, with closed eyes, one was pulled out
and tacked on to the baby.

A boy who was young about 35 or 40
years ago had the appellation “Tiglath
Pilcser” settled on him for life by his
fond and doting parents. At school' he
got Tig for short, while another boy
whose name was Titus was obliged to
submit to the unattractive cognomen,
”Tit.”

From another family came two boys,
Cicero and Hezekiah. They went by
the abbreviations Sis and Ki.

Zilpha Mapelet soon became plain pro-
saic Zilly and occasionally “Scilly.” While
the twins, Tryphena and 'I‘ryphosa soon
degenerated into “Feen” and “Fose.”

Another attractive little girl was bur-
dened with the name Sebuda Izziline.
She had a church christening and the
perplexed minister, not knowing after
hearing the name, whether it belonged
to, a male or female, proudently decided
to be on the safe side and prayed that
“It” might be trained to walk in wis-
dom’s ways. Sebuda Izziline died young.

A certain family bearing the surname
Rose, pondered long over the question
of a name for the baby daughter. Her
mother frequently declared that there
wasn’t any name good enough or sweet
enough for her little rosebud. They fin-
ally decided on the melliﬁuous and rath-
er uncommon name of “\Vylde” as being
most appropriate to combine with Rose.
All went well till Miss Vi'ylde ROSe fell
in love with Mr...\\'illiam Bull. “'hcn
after marriage, she was obliged to sign
herself, “Respectfully yours, \V'ylde
Bull,” the wisdom of the parent‘s choice
of names might be questioned.

A passion for flowers led to the nam-
ing of _,ea'ch of six children in one fam-
ily after 'ﬁowers. Rosemary and Lillie
Bell were passable. Pansy Arbutus was
soon shortened to “Bute.” Myrtle Ver-
bena in course of time answered to
“Bean,” ”Violet Marigold to Goldie, while
the only boy escaped with Sweet Wil-
liam.

Biblical names have long been favor-
ites in many families. The Bible prob-
ably seems a safe place to go to when
in doubt. The three brothers, David
liiphrahaim, Ezra John and Samuel
Enoch, perhaps had no just reason to
cheriSh a grudge, since the names, Eph—
rahuim, Ezra and Enoch, were promptly
dropped when their owners reached the
age of accountability, but Elijah found
no way of escape and “Lije” he contin—
ued to be throughout his natural life.

All the children of Israel have nu-
merous descendants 0r namesakes with
the possible exception of Zebulum, Gad,
Asher, and lsrachar, but had many of
the namesukes been consulted. they would
probably have chosen Otherwise, while
they neither added to nor subtracted
from the glory of their illustrious an-
cestors.

Eliphalet went through life answering
to the abbreviation “Lip.” while- Peleg
SylveSter was dubbed by his comrades
“Peel” and often “Peeler.” Isadora Sy-
bil Moon was a tall gaunt African wash-
erwoman whom no one would ever sus-
pect of having such an airy fairy name,
while Junigtta Pearl would haVe been
much more ﬁtly named Ebony. Jetret
Pera- in some unaccountable way degen-
erated into the prosaic cognomen “Tood.”

As is usual in most cases after ex-
tremes have been reached, there is a
reaction, and the choosing of names is
no exception. In the self-same commu-

TH E MICHIGAN FARMER,

nlty in which a. generation or_ two ago
such severely digniﬁed names as Jabez,
Aaron, Eli, Jason, Jonathan, Amos, An-
drew and Anthony, were common for
boys, and Hannah, Abigail, Huldah,
Amanda, Zilpha, Susanna, Phoebe and
Lydia for girls, all sorts of fanciful
meaningless names are now used to deS-

ignate their descendants, the boys and. ’
girls of today. On the school roll one.

will ﬁnd plenty of such names as Myr-
tle, Pearl, Gladys. Vera, Lulu, Viola, Ed-
essa, Ivy, Clarice, Ima, Revella, while
about every thiid or fourth boy is either
Norman, Harold or Karl.

Yielding to the inﬂuence of a passing
fad, not a few girls have failed tO ap-
preciate the good Sense shown by their
parents in giving them sensible nameb‘.
names which expressed character, and
which no girl need blush to answer to
or to sign to any document, and have
taken the liberty of changmg good Old-
fashioned Caroline, into Carra, or Caro-
lyn, Mary into Marie or Maymie, Edith
to Edytha, Minnie .to Mynna or Susannah
to Susyn. The girl who should have re‘
joiced in the digniﬁed name of Agnes
Jane is now A, Jean; Martha Ann has
transformed herself into M. Anna; while
Elizabeth Margaret becomes E. Mar-
guerite.

The custom pursued by the Johnsons
of .lohnstown in naming the twins is as
good as any to follow, when it seems im-
possible otherwise to satisfy the nu-
merous aunts, uncles. grandparents, and
inquiring friends. Grandfather Johnson
declared the boy ought to be called John
because his father and both his grand-
fathers't names were John and he lived
in Johnstown. One grandmother leaned
to the names Ernest Martin for the boy,
and Martha Ernestine for the girl, while
the other grandmother preferred Charles
and Charlotte. The mother was torn be-
tween two conflicting desires. She want—
ed the boy to be either \\'arren Wayne
or Elwyn Lloyd, and the girl to be Win-
nifred Margaret or Lois Helen. The fath-
er declared there were enough Johns in
the faintly and he proposed to break the
.lohn succession. He rather favored the
name of Bruce with the mother‘s name
Arnold in connection for his ﬁrst-born
son, and Grace Elizabeth for the little
«laughter. '

For months the discussion of names
had gone on, and they Were apparently
no nearer a decision than they had been
the ﬁrst Week. It was ﬁnally announced
by the mother that on the day the in-
fants were six months of age, they were
to be allowed to make their own choice.
She said if they were not satisﬁed when
they grew up, they would have no one
but themselves to blame. On separate
slips of paper every name or combina-
tion of names that had been suggested
by numerous friends was written, and
these were placed in two small boxes.
Before the babies were put to bed for
the night they wer allowed to pick from
the boxes the names they chose to wear.
It was a solemn occasion. Baby Boy
grasped three slips, quickly let fall two,
and carried the third to his month. When

the laSt slip was ﬁnally rescued from

that convenient aperture for small things,
it bore the name Elwyn Lloyd.

“Thank the Lord its settled at last,”

remarked the father fervently while the

mother clapped her hands.

“Its digniﬁed enough for even a state

governor or a judge," she exclaimed and
yet it; isn't out of date nor so common
as to be tiresmne-.”

Baby Girl grasped almost. the entire
bum-h of slips in her little fat fist and
declined to let go. Ry degrees when the.
little tired eyes became heavy, the: tight

grip relaxed. the slips fell out, one by
one, till but one crumpled .paper re-

mained. ,Almost breathlessly the mother
slipped it gently out, and passed it to

the father.

“She says her name is to be Grace
Elizabeth," said the father with a smile.
And Grace Elizabeth she was.

 
HOW TO EXTERMINATE BED BUGS.

Household Editorz—To kill bed bugs
get from your druggist 15 or 20 cents
worth of corrosive sublimate mixed with
wood alcohol. With a feather put this
into every crack in the bed and furni—
ture and room. It does not hurt varnish-
ed or painted woodwork. Should the
house be full, as the one was that we
moved into, you may have to apply it a
second or third time but it will surely
kill them. We found four or five after
the ﬁrst application and none after the
sec0nd. That was two years ago and
since then we have not seen one—Mrs.
J. G. B., Kalamazoo.

 
oflL svs‘“)k

to, w ' " ‘
c or : ~ ' ‘
» 32$“.W .

Coral Builders and the Bell System

changes, was carried forward

In the depths of tropical
seas the coral polyps are at
work. They are nourished
by the ocean, and they grow
and multiply because they
cannot help it.

Finally a coral island
emerges from the ocean. It
collects sand and seeds, until
it becomes a fit home for
birds, beasts and men.

in the same way the tele—
phone system has grown,
gradually at first, but steadily
and irresistibly. It could not
stop growing. To stop
would mean disaster.

The Bell System, starting
with a few scattered ex-

 
by an inereasing public

demand.

Each new connection dis-
closed a need for other new
connections, and millions of
dollars had to be poured
into the business to provide
the 7,500,000 telephones now
connected.

And the end» is not yet, for
the growth Of the Bell System
is still irresistible, because
the needs Of the people will
not be satisfied except by
universal communication.
The system is large because
the country is large.

AMERICAN TELEPHONE AND TELEGRAPH COMPANY“
AND ASSOCIATED COMPANIES

One Policy

One System

Universal Service

 
All.
MODERN
IMPROVE-
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Ball-Bearing
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ASPI RATION.

 
BY ELSIE DAVIS.

I would rather meet my Maker,
With clear and steadfast eyes,

Than to win the applause of mortals,
Tho it rang unto the skies.

I would rather possess a spirit,
That was brave, and generous, and
right,
Than to be so grossly material,
That I could not perceive the light
That streams straight down from Heaven,
In a bright and shining ray,
That I could not possess the faith and
the hope,
T0 wait for His Judgment Day.

Tho my sins may all be emblazoned
On a scroll for the world to see,
Instead of discreetly hidden,
’Neath conventional drapery,
Yet I shall not fail in well-doing,
For my will is steady and strong
And He’ll give me strength in proportion
As my day is short or long.

KEEPING FOOD IN SUMMER.

 
The Department of Agriculture has is-
sued the follOWing practical suggestions
in regard to keeping food and drink in
hot weather, with a view to helping the
public to avoid sickneSS from eating
spoiled articles of diet:

\Yhile people should be careful about
the condition of the food they eat at all
seasons of the year, they should be par-
ticularly watchful during the summer
months. In hot weather, bacteria mul-
tiply far more rapidly than in cold
weather and produce chemical changes in
some foods which greatly lessen their
nutritive value and often make them un-
ﬁt for human food. Unfortunately, there
is no quick, absolute, simple. practical
way of determining the presence of hurt-
ful bacilli in foods. or of obtaining posi-
tive evidence of the existence of pto-
maines. The average family does not
have the delicate apparatus needed for
these tests, nor the skill to detect, these
micro-organisms.

The houSewife will ﬁnd eyes and nose
the safest practical detectives of bad
food in hot weather. If any article has
any suspicion of an unusual odor or looks
abnormal, it should be avoided. People
eating in doubtful restaurants should be
particularly careful about meats or ﬁsh
cooked with a highly spiced or aromatic
sauce which might disguise a bad taste
or warning odor. Only sweet smelling,
clean food Should be eaten. Spotted,
green, slimy, or frothy raw meat, or meat
which is soft in spots also should be re-
garded with suspicion. Taste, of course,
is a supplementary test, but one to be
used after‘eyes, nose, and ﬁngers. A
mother before she allows her child to eat
anything, should examine it carefully in
a g00d light, smell it, and ﬁnally taste it.

Milk particularly deteriorates rapidly
under summer heat, eSpecially if it al-
ready contains bacteria. Housewives,

therefore, should see to it that their milk
after being left by the milkman does not
stand for any length of time on a hot
back porch or stoop before it is put in
the ice box. Milk bottles should be kept
closed, both in the ice box and out of it.
If there is any doubt at all as to the ex-
cellence of the local milk supply, pas-
teurize all milk.

All foods should be kept covered or
wrapped, and always out of the reach of
ﬂies, which are deadly carriers of ty-
phoid. All vessels, pitchers, etc., in which
food is to be stored should ﬁrst be scald-
ed. Food should be handled as little as
possible. The ice box. especially its drain
pipe, should be cleaned thoroughly and
frequently with boiling water and wash-
ing soda, and given an occasional airing.
A persistent battle should be waged
against flies in all parts of the home.

Uncooked foods as a general proposi-
tion, should be avoided. Children should
not be allowed to eat the skins of fruits,
especially fruits which have been ex-
posed to ﬂies or street dirt on unscreened
stands or push-carts.

Those who go away for vacation should
not get the idea that everything in a
summer resort or strange city is neces-
sarily pure and wholesome. The danger

‘ of typhoid fever in country resorts is very

great. Many of the cases of typhoid
fever recorded in the fall in cities where
the water is pure had their origin in wat-
er or contaminated substances drunk'or
eaten at some summer resort. Insist on
boiled water. If you absolutely cannot
get boiled water, make very sure about
the reputation of springs, wells, or tap
water. Refuse absolutely to take any
water that comes from a source near an
outhouse or stable, or in a neighborhood
where fever is at all prevalent.

Boiled water can be made just as pal-
atable as unboiled water. The ﬂat taste

THE MICHIG

which boiled water has soon after it has
been boiled is due to the fact that boiling
drives out of it the air which it held in
solution. If the water after boiling is
put in scalded shallow open pans and al-
lowed to stand for 24 hours where ﬂies
or dirt cannot get at it, it will reagln the
air and have its usual taste restored by
the second day.

Finally it is particularly important in
summer that people should not be misled
into believing that the label, “Guaranteed
under the Food and Drugs Act,” on cans
and packages means that the government
has tested these foods and pronounced
them pure and desirable. The govern-

,ment .does not make the guarantee. The

guarantee is made wholly by the manu-
facturer, and means no more than when
your own corner grocer guarantees that
the sugar he weighs out for you is all
right. Examine goods labeled “guaran-
teed” just as carefully as any other kind

HOME QUERIES.

~——_‘_

 
Household Editorz—I have a pair of
little light blue kid slippers for my baby.
Could y0u tell me how to clean them?
Someone told me to clean them with
white of egg, but it makes them look
worSe instead of better.—D. .

Ask your shoe dealer to recommend a
standard cleaner. As you have already
tried egg you may not be able to clean
them at all.

Household Editorz—My baby, three
months of age, will not sleep during the-
daytime, and at night won't go to sleep
until late in the evening. She has colic
a great. deal, and is very nervous and
fretful. Would like to have you tell me
something I could do for her.——A Young
Mother.

As she has colic a great deal it is evi-
dent her food does not agree with her.
Take her to a reliable child Specialist
and have him prescribe a correct diet.

Household Editor:—I am very fond of
reading your magazine and the woman's
page. Will some reader please tell me
how to clean ostrich plumes at home
without injuring them? Also how to
transplant strawberries—J. B.

Ostrich plumes may be cleaned by dip-
ping them in gasoline and drawing gently
through the ﬁngers. When all the dirt
is removed tie by a string to a line in
the yard until all the odor has evap-
orated. Then curl by holding over a
gentle heat, keeping far enough away
so they will not scorch. Choose a still day
as whipping in wind would break ﬁbres.
The operation of transplanting straw-
berries is simple. Have the land well-
prepared, secure the plants with as many
roots as poSsible, and insert in a hole
made by stabbing a spade in the ground
where the plant is wanted and bending
it over to one side—the act of planting
being done by taking hold of the top and
throwing the roots down into the hole
behind the spade. The spade is then re-
moved and with the foot the earth is
crowded ﬁrmly against the roots and to
close up all air spaces. A dibber may
be used instead of the spade. Make rows
four feet apart and put plants two feet
apart in the rows.

Household Editorz—Could you give me
a recipe for putting up cucumber pick-
les, both sweet and sour, like those we
get in the store?—-C. F. E., Traverse
City.

For Sweet Pickles—Cover one peck of
cucumbers with boiling water and add
two cups of salt. In the morning drain
and wipe the pickles, put in a preserving
kettle, cOVer with vinegar, add oneounce
each of whole cloves and stick cinnamon,
broken in pieces, and two pounds of
brown sugar. JuSt bring to a boil and
seal while hot. Sour pickles, arrange the
cucumbers in layers in a jar and sprinkle
with salt, allowing a generous cup of salt
to a peck of cucumbers. In the morning
drain off the brine, scald it to pour over
cucumbers again. Let stand 24 hours.
then drain, wipe the cucumbers and pour
over them scalded vinegar to cover. Add
to the vinegar while scalding bits of red
or green pepper and horseradish.

SHORT CUTS TO HOUSEKEEPING.

 
Cold cream is a useful but somewhat
expensive preparation. It may easily be
made at home at greatly reduced cost.
Place together one ounce of white wax,
two ounces sperm-aceti and half a pint
of almond oil in an earthenware vessel
and put on the stove to melt gradually.
Stir with silver spoon. When well mix-
ed, add tw0 ounces of pure glycerine and
12 drops of attar of roses. Stir till nearly
cold, then place in small boxes or pots
for use.—~C. L. C.

A simple yet useful suggestiori for the
summer season is one to keep ants and
other crawling vermin and even mice
from getting at food placed upon a stand
or table. Place a. square of fresh sticky

AN FAR-MER

ﬂy paper sticky side up under each leg.
The ants 'cannot cross it on account of
sticking, while mice are too dainty to
allow the stuff to get on their paws.—
C. L. C.

To clean kid gloves put the gloves in
a large stoppered bottle about half ﬁlled
with benzine, and let stand for several
hours, shaking frequently. . Remove the
gloves, sponge any spots with benzine or
ether, and hang up to dry—Mrs. Z. I. D.

To clean laces get a. pan of water and
shave a bar of soap into it. Put _the
laces into the soap and water and wash
with the hands until clean. Hang up a
clean white blanket and pin every little
frill of the lace to the blanket. When
the lace is dry it will be the same as
new—Mrs. J. J. O’C.

CONTRIBUTED RECIPES.

 
Lemon Sponge Cake.

Beat the whites and yolks of six eggs
separately. Mix them together with as
much sugar as the weight of fOur eggs,
adding the juice of two large lemons. Add
ﬂour to the weight of three eggs, beat
all until very light, and bake in layers
in a hot oven of uniform heat. FOr ﬁll-
ing, take a half-pound of ﬁgs, partially
cover them with water, and let them
simmer on the stove until they boil. Have
the well beaten white of an egg ready
to add as soon as the- ﬁg jelly is cool.
Stir it in with a third of a cup of sugar.
It is a delicious ﬁlling.

Baked Onions.

Boil onions until- tender. Place in a
baking dish and with a sharp knife make
a hole in the center of each, put in a
small lump of butter, Salt and pepper to
taste. Sprinkle ﬂour over the top. Cover
with sweet milk and bake one hour.

Chicken Rolls with Peas.

Cut a pound of cooked chicken into
small pieces and then run through a
meat chopper; season with salt and pep-
per, also with a little chopped parsley
and minced onion. Mix into the chicken
two tablespoonfuls of cream sauce, and
one egg boiled hard. Spread out on a
flat plate for at least an hour, then cov-
er with cooked peas seasoned. Cut into
six-inch strips, wrap each strip in puff
paste, brush with beaten egg and- fry in
boiling fat.

FASHIONS BY MAY MANTON.
Our large Fashion Book—containing 92
pages illustrating over 700 of the season's
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The above patterns will be mailed to
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l

JULY 26, 1913. .

CLOUDED BRAIN

Clo-u Up Oil Change to Proper Food.

The brain cannot work with clearness
and accuracy, if the food taken is not.
fully digested, but is retained in the
stomach to ferment and form poisonous
gases, etc. A dull, clouded brain is likely
to be the result.

A Mich. lady relates her experience in
Changing her food habits, and results are
very interesting:

“A steady diet of rich, greasy foods
such as sausage, buckwheat cakes and
so on, ﬁnally broke down a stomach and
nerves that, by inheritance, were sound
and strong, and medicine did no apparent
good in the way of relief.

“My brain was clouded and dull and
I was suffering from a case of constipa-
tion that deﬁed all remedies used.

“The ‘Road to Wellville,’ in some prov-
idential way, fell into my hands, and may
Heaven’s richest blessings fall on the man
who was inspired to write it.

“I followed directions carefully, the
physical culture and all, using Grape-
Nuts with sugar and cream, leaving
meat, pastry and hot biscuit entirely out
of my bill of fare. The result—I am in
perfect health once more.

"I never realize I have nerves, and my
stomach and bowels are in ﬁne condition.
My brain is perfectly clear and I am en-
joying that state of health which God in-
tended his creatures should enjoy and
which all might have, by giving proper
attention to their food.” Name given by
Pomum 00., Battle Creek, Mich. Read
"The Road to Wellville,” in pkgs.
“There’s a. reason.”

Ever road the above letter? A
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time. They are genuine. true.
and full of human interest.

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A Watch To Be Proud [it For Every Boy
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That’s fair, isn’t it?

Go to three of your neighbors who are
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Farmer (the best farm paper in Ameri-
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A Limitation on Co-operation Membership.

 
That men who need to be led into

co-operative societies, are the very
ones who most need the service. and
that it is not in harmony with the Spirit
of co-operation to in any way refuse such
persons, or any who may be helped, the
advantages coming from these organiza-
tions. But holding ourselves true to the
letter and Spirit of this conclusion there
is nevertheless, a certain limitation to
the membership of co-operative societies
that we ought to consider.

And to make our meaning clear we
need to have in mind the fundamental
nature of co-operative institutions. To
co-Operate implies that two Or more per-
sons have work of the same kind that
they wish to do together. Ten. men in
a community have potatoes that they
desire to sell. These ten men can co-
operate. But if one of these men desired
to sell potatoes, another to buy a car-
load of steerS, a third to secure the ser-
vice of an attorney, a fourth to build a
house. etc., it would be almost ridicu-
lous to co-operate in accomplishing these
tasks for men endeavor to work togeth-
er that they may save energy and ex-
penSe and have the work better done.
Now it would be even more expensive,
and require as much energy if ten men
formed a, co-operative organization to
sell the potatoes belonging to the one
man as it would for that one man to go
out and sell them himself; but. on the
other hand, if all these men had pota-
toes to sell and they joined together and
had one man sell them then it would
take but one-tenth of the time and en-
ergy to ﬁnd a buyer that it would if
each man sought his own market. So we
must keep the fact before us that it is
common work or service that offers an
opportunity for co-operation. .

W'ith this fundamental principle in
mind it is clear that where a society is
being organized for some particular pur-
pose the members should be actively in-
terested in that purpose. Where potato
growers are organizing to sell their po-
tatoes it should be deﬁnitely understood
that those taking part be commercial
producers of this crop. It later the scope
of the organization, is broadened then
the limitations as to membership should
be extended to correspond.

The history of co-operative societies
shown this limitation on the membership
to be a wise one. And it is reasonable
to think it so for if a maority of the
members as in the above instance—had
no potatoes for sale they would be un-
willing to make a serious effort Or go to
any considerable expense to accommodate
the one who had. Where outside men.
those with whom the farmers have bus-
iness relations, join the societies, the
purely co-operative features of the soci-
ety are seriously endangered. Then, too,
the interests of those who sell and those
who buy being opposite a commercial
society including both is quite apt to fail
sooner or later because of internal poli-
tics. The producers should have control
of such societies at all times, since it is
an instrument designed to improve their
own marketing conditions.

It frequently happens that a broker
or commission ﬁrm effects a co-operative
organization among producers to make it
more convenient to handle the product of
the community; or bankers and others
philanthropic perSOns may seek to or-
ganize the farmers for the general good
of the community. Generally these ef-
forts are, at least. temporarily successful,
but they seldom are permanently so un-
less the actual control of the concern lies
in the hands of the producers.

In this connection the provisions of the
“by-laws” of the California co-operative
societies on the qualiﬁcations of mem-
bers is signiﬁcant in the light of the ex-
perience and success of these societies.
The following provision is made:

Any bona ﬁde grower of citrus fruits
properly tributary to the packing-house
of this association, who shall sign the
contract hereto appended, may become
a member of this corporation by con-
tributing his pro rata share of the op.
erating investment in accordance with
the articles of incorporation. '

Here it is rebuired that the person
seeking membership least be an > new

IN our last talk we made this point:

 
(bona ﬁde) grower of citrus fruits and
must be located within the jurisdiction
served by the packing-house. If socie-
ties now forming will place a similar re-
striction on membership they will by that
act better secure the permanency of the
institutions.

 
THE STANDARDIZATION OF GRAIN.

 
For the past six or seven years the
Department of Agriculture has been
working on the problem of handling,
transporting and grading grain. That
this work might be made as valuable as
possible, conditions have been studied
from the time the grain is ready to bar-
vest on the farm until it reaches the
ﬁnal consumer. 'In the instance of corn,
the crop has been inspected on the farm
when it is ready to harvest.
ods of cribbing are noted and the means
taken by the farmer to see that his corn
is marketed in good condition. The in-
spection has then been continued to coun-
try elevators where methods of handling
and grading the corn and the state in
which it is shipped to, the terminal mar-
kets are noted. Then, in turn, the ques-
tions of mixing and holding at the ter—
minal markets are inquired into. This
policy carried out with the several grains
in a comprehensive scheme of inspection
work has enabled the government to ob-
tain deﬁnite information regarding the
handling and grading of our grain pro-
ducts.

The study, however, has not been lim-
ited to this, but taking corn again as an
example, the cereal has been followed
across the ocean until discharged at Eu-
ropean ports. Eight different cargoes
have been accompanied by government
men to make note of the conditions at
the time of unloading and until discharg-
ed abroad. In EurOpean ports fully 200
cargoes have been inspected, and by way
of parenthesis it might be stated that
much of the corn sent to European ports
has arrived in very poor condition and
this is largely due to the fact that farm-
ers are not particular in the way they
ﬁt the cereal for delivery at local ele-
vators.

As a rasult of this careful study, the
government expects to announce about
the ﬁrst of August rules and speciﬁca-
tions for the grading of corn, based on
the results of the investigations pointed
out and on present commercial practices.
After these tentative rules are announc-
ed the government will give members of
the grain trade. farmers, shippers and
consumers an opportunity to meet and
discuss any changes which they think
should be made in the grades.

It is the plan of the government to
make the grades deﬁnite and speciﬁc.
For every grade there will be a limit of
moisture so that any person can deter-
mine for himself and know with exact-
ness what his grain should test at the
terminal market. The same will be true
of dirt and other factors taken into con-
sideration. More will be ,known, how—
ever, about the conclusions of the gov-
ernment inspectors when announcement
is made. It is conﬁdentially believed
that this work when placed on a prac-
tical basis will be of great economic im-

portance to the farmers 0f the country,

as it is surmised that in the process of
grading cereals farmers are beaten out
of much that should come to them
through the shrewdness of unprincipled
buyers.

 
SELLING EGGS THROUGH A
CREAMERY.

 
Here is a plan of disposing of eggs
that lends itself particularly to Michigan
because of the large number of cream-
eries in the state. The illustration comes
from a recent Minnesota bulletin.

In 1908 a private creamery in- a town
of east central Minnesota began handling
eggs in connection with its creamery
business. The proprietm- established a
carton system whereby farmers bringing
in eggs were required to stamp each egg
so‘ as to show the brand of the cream-
ery and the number of the farmer. The
eggs were placed in cartons, or paper
bones. made to hold an even dozen.

The meth-'

 
These cartons were so shaped that they
could be packed in regular egg cases for
shipment to the city. Each farmer sign-
ed an agreement with the creamery,
pledging himself to comply with certain
deﬁnite rules. Eggs were to be gathered
twice a day. None were to be delivered
which were more than eight days old.
They were'to be of uniform size and
color, and clean. Until brought to the
creamery they were to be kept in acool,
dry place. Besides stamping the indi-
vidual eggs the carton should also .be
Stamped. All such eggs were to be sold
to the above creamery.

During the ﬁrst year the number of
patrons bringing eggs to the creamery
varied between 30 and 40. During the
last year more than 200 patrons have
been selling eggs at the creamery. The
number of dozens of eggs purchased and
shipped from the creamery has likewise
increased during these years. The larg-
est business each year is during the
spring months and the smallest, during
the fall. The highest point is reached in
either April or May. while the lowest has
invariably occurred in November.

Where the Money Goes.

Where the local farmer is paid 21 cents
a dozen, the local buyer sells in Duluth
to retailers for 23 cents. The Duluth re-
tailer pays the express charges, which
approximate one cent a dozen. The local
margin of two cents consists of one cent
per dozen charged by the creamery man
for handling and one cent f0r the cost
of cartons and rented cases. The retail-
cr in Duluth buying at 23 cents sells for
29 cents. His margin of six cents in-
cludes one cent for express, leaving ﬁve
cents for handling. These eggs sell in
Duluth for ﬁve cents more than the mar-
ket prices during at least nine months
of the year.

Besides shipping to retailers the cream-
ery man has also secured a certain
amount of ﬁrst-class hotel trade. Dur-
ing the spring season surplus shipments
have been made to eastern markets at
top prices.

Farmers Were Paid Cash.

Previous to 1908 whatever eggs were
brought to this town were taken in trade
by country merchants. Since that time
farmers have been receiving caSh. Pay-
ment is made by checks drawn on the
local bank. “Iben the egg buying was
ﬁrst taken up by the creamery the mcr-
chants feared that such handling of eggs
with cash payment would injure their
business and lead farmers to patronize
catalogue houSes. To allay such fears
the creamery men urged patrons to cash
their checks at the stores rather than at
the bank. Later experience has con-
vinced the merchants that they as well
as the creamerymen and the farmers
have beneﬁted by the change.

Haw Egg Quality was improVed.

The main difﬁculty in this creamery-
man’s experience with the egg business
has been to get the farmers to furnish
a uniform grade of eggs. With the wide
variety of chickens represented in the
community. eggs of different sizes and
colors are mixed together. In order to
encourage uniformity, for a while, one
cent more per dozen was paid for white
eggs than for brown ones. This induced
a number of the farmers to get rid of
their old stock and invest in White Leg-

horns. As, a result. the average grade of
eggs furnished has been steadily im-
proved.

 
THE MARKET MILK AND CREAM
TRADE.

(Continued from page 71).
cream and use it for whipped cream or
reduce it by the use of milk to any
richness desired. The light cream cannot
be whipped. The same general methods
of sanitation should be employed in pro-
ducing cream as are employed in pro-
ducing milk—perhaps even greater care,
becauSe cream is generally more suscep-
tible to deterioration than milk.

It is a mistake for the dairyman to
become careless in his stable and milk
room and depend upon the separator to
take out all of visible dirt. and leave the
bad flavors and bacteria which cause
souring. The milk should be separated
at once after milking and the cream
promptly cooled in large cans by heavy
icing. By properly adusting the thumb-
screw on the separator the per cent of
butter-fat in the cream can be regulated
to within one or two per cent of the
grade wanted. Cream should be held at
a temperature of about 42 degrees F.,
until ready for'shipment. Heavy cans.
protected with thick, padded jackets
should be used to hold the temperature
down when shipping. The bulk of the

174-81

cream used in large cities is shipped by
creamery companies, condensary plants
and powdered milk factories a long dis-
tance from the cities. Such cream does
not always meet the requirements of a
fancy trade because it must be pasteu-
rized before shipment. Pasteurizing
means the heating for 20 or 30 minutes
at a temperature of from 140 to 150 de-
grees F., and immediately cooling to be-
low 50 degrees. Such cream will keep
sweet 3 long time, but it loses its vis-
cosity, or thickness, and cannot be whip-
ped like cream that has not been pas-
teurized. In many cases pasteurization
is used to cover up bad odors and ﬁa-
vors. In some instances, the writer has
Seen rather poor milk taken in a skim-
ming station 500 miles from large cities
and by being skillfully manipulated reach
its destination in the shape of cream
that was considered of very good qual-
ity. After seeing the conditions under
nhich a. large part of this pasteurized
eteam is produced I would be willing to
pay.one—half more for cream fresh from
the farm where the milk was produced
and that had not been manipulated by
skillful manufacturers and dealers
through whose hands it has paSSed. Some
will claim that pasteurizing cream can-
not kill bad odors and ﬂavors. but those
who have had experience know better.

Providing one can ﬁnd a suitable mar-
ket the selling of cream is the ideal of
dairy farming. Finding a satisfactory
market is less easy than ﬁnding :1 mar-
ket for milk and butter, principally be-
cause the demaand for cream fluctuates
more from week to week than the de-
mand for milk and butter. Then many
of the largest dealers and ice cream
manufacturers refuse to buy cream from
the producer. It is their business policy
to buy milk, separatc the surplus in their
own plants and turn it into butter or
cream as may be needed; however. it is
possible to go into cities and find hotels,
restaurants and randy illi'illllfactui‘els
willing to buy your cream according to
their need“, which vary from 10~ to 20
gallons a day. To some extent the sell-
ing of cream is a special problem. , 0n
the other hand, if a good market can be
found it will pay better to sell cream
than butter. ()n the whole therefore, the
selling of cream is a more specialized
branch of the dairy business than Stell-
ing milk or butter and, properly conduct-
ed it can be made very satisfactory to
the dairyman who Values the young stock
of the farm.

One successful breeder of registered
Guernsey cattle supplies :1 large eastern
hotel with cream and on the menu cards
are pictures of his farm buildings and
cattle with the information that the
cream used at this hotel comes from his
farm. where visitors .ll't“ always welcome
and whele the best stock in the country
is for sale. A few weeks ago I visited
his farm and asked him if he found such
advertising a beneﬁt to his business. He
said that next to one or two farm pa-
pers it brought better returns than any
advertising he had ever done. He said:
“You see it catches a lot of men who
are stopping over in the city for a few
days on business and having the extra.
time some of them call me up on the
phone from the hotel and come out and
visit my farm. As a rule, the men who
stop at the very best hotels have money
and I have made several very satisfac-
tory sales. The hotel owner likes the at—
traactive covers for the menu cards and
it helps to bring customers to my farm.
I could mention several instances where
men from a distance who had come east
to buy stock from other herds have been
attracted by my hotel advertisement and
visited my herd and made liberal pur-
chases. My creum helps advertise my
breeding stock."

Present prices and indications show
that there is a demand for ten good cows
where one is for sale. Farmers situated
where land is cheap and abundant and
where they can have skim-milk left on
the farm can ﬁnd substantial proﬁts in
buying a few regiStered cows and a good
Sire and gradually changing their grade
herds into pure-breds. In this way one
has an opportunity to study the business
while the .herd is increasing in numbers
and by careful management he can raiSe
and develop a choice herd of registered
cattle at a very low cost. By selecting
well-bred sires and breeding for some
deﬁnite obect which will add commer-
cially to the value of his stock produced
one is nearly sure of success. Some of
the best registered herds of the country
have been developed along very conser-
vatives lines until the owner became ful-
ly acquainted with the business.

New York. W. Myron KELLY.

 
t3.
3‘
:3,

:21. 3'3 .‘ ‘ “a

82—18 ,
BE iIllIllllllllllllllIllllIIIIIIlll|ill||Illl|_|lIIlI|ll|llllI|Ill|llllllllIlIlllll||IlillllllllllllIllllllllllllllllllllllﬂ _

Markets.

lillllilllllllllllllllllllllllllIllilllllllllllllllllllll|llII|IIIllI||lllli|II|lIll|llllIll|IlIllllllllllHlllllllllllﬁ
GRAINS AND SEEDS.

July 23, 1913.

Wheat.——Reports of damage from rust
Strengthened the wheat market latelast
week. More recent reports, however, are
to the effect that the danger to the crop
Was exaggerated. The condition of the
Spring wheat crop is reported as being
nearly ideal with the plant ﬁlling so
rapidly that harvesting will begin this
week in Minnesota. The Russian outlook
is also reported to be ﬁne. A good ex-
port inquiry supported prices fairly well
in spite of the bearish crop news. Spec-
ulative trading has settled down and
ﬂuctuations are narrow and a dull trad-
ing market is expected in the immediate
future. Primary receipts of wheat were
1,792,000 buShels as compared with 1,-
006,000 bushels one year ago. One year
ago No. 2 wheat sold on this market at
$10334 per bu. Quotations for the past

 
E

,week are as follows:

0. 2 No. 1

. Red. White. Sept. Dec.
Thursday ...... 88% 87% 88% 92%
Friday .....89 88 89 92-");
Saturday ...... 89 88 89 92%
Monday ....... 89 88 891/2 93
Tuesday ...... 89 88 8914 92%
Wednesday . . . .881/2 871/2 89 92%,

Chicago, (July 22).——N0. 2 red wheat,
87%0; Sept, 870 per bu.

Corn—Corn values have advanced dur-
ing the past week, quotations on TueSday
being 11/2c higher than a week ago. Al-
though predicted showers in the corn
belt caused a tendency for prices to de-
cline, this was largely offset by the
showing of a general absence of moisture
on the weather map. The condition of
the growing crop does not affect values
as greatly as would be the case were
supplies of cash grain more adequate at
the present time. liecent widespread
showers in' Michigan have materially im—
proved the prospect f0: corn. One year
ago NO. 3 corn sold on this market at
741/2c per hu. Quotations for the past
week are as follows:

No. 3 No. 3

Corn. Yellow.
Thursday ...... . .......... 621/2 64%,
Friday .................... 621/2 641/2
Saturday ................. 63 65
Monday .................. 64 66
Tuesday ................. 64 66
Wednesday . . . . . . . 64 66

Chicago, (July 22).—l\'0. 3 corn, 62@
63%c; No. 3 yellow, 63@631/2c; Sept,
62%c; Dcc., 59%c per bu.

Oats.—’l‘his market has been unevenly
steady during the week with a slight
,advance in quotations due to sympathy
with other grain prices. The market has
displayed no independence, being swayed
wholly by the action of corn. Standard
oats sold on this market one year ago
at 57c per bu. Quotations for the past
week are:

No. 3

Standard. White.
Thursday .......... . . . . . . 42 ' 41
Friday .......... 42% 411/;
Saturday ................. 421A; 41%;
Monday .................. 43 42
Tuesday .................. 431A) 421/3
Wednesday ............... 42 41

 
Chicago, (July 22). Standard new Oats
40340; old, 411/201421/2c; No. 3 white, 40@
41c; Sept, 407/440; .l)ec., 42%c per bu.

Beans.——There is practically no change
in the bean market, the demand being
nominal and the supply rather limited.
The new crop is growing well but not far
enough advanced as yet to be a factor
in the market situation. Quotations are
for prompt and immediate shipment, $2;
October, $1.90 per bu.

Chicago, (July 22).—Another decline is
noted in this market during the past
week. Pea bcans, hand-picked, choice,
per bu.. $2G12.05; red kidneys, $1.75@
1.90; white kidneys, $3.

Rye.—This market remains unchanged
with small supplies and little demand.
Cash No. 2 is quoted at 64c per bu.

Barley.~"l‘his market remained un-
changed during the past week with prices
at Chicago holding ‘a range of 4841620
per bu. '

Clover Seed.—This market has made
another advance of 10c during the past
week, prime spot selling here on Tuci‘day
at $8.40 with the, December option at the
same price. October alsike sold at $10,
while sample seed changed hands at $9.50
1091‘ bu. At 'i‘ﬂledr) prime cash clover
Seed sold at $8.30, which is the same. as
last week’s price. October seed sold at
$8.25 and December at $8.40, which is a
decline from last Week. October alsike
sold at $9.90, which is 50 under last
week’s price.

Timothy Seed.—This market eased off
a little during the week and consign—
ments of prime seed sold at $2.50 per bu.
At Toledo prime August timothy seed is
quoted at $2.40: Dec, $2.571/2 per bu.,
which is a fractional decline from last
week.

 
Ffoun AND FEEDS..

 
[ﬂout—Jobbing lots in 1,4, paper sacks
are selling on the Detroit market per 196
lbs, as follows: Best patent. $5.70: sec-
ond. $5.20: straight. $5: spring patent,
$5.10: rye ﬂour. $4.60 per bbl.

Feed.—-In 100—lb. sacks. jobbing lots:
Bran, $21; coarse middlings. $21; ﬁne
middlings, $27; cracked corn and coarse
corn meal, $22.50: corn and oat chop,
$21 per ton. .

Hay.—Prices are up 50c@$1 on most
grades. Car-lots on the track at Detroit
are:‘ 'No. 1 timothy, 314506015; No. 2,
$11.50@12.50; light mixed, $13@13.50; No.
1 mixed. $11@12.‘

 
THE MICHIGAN FARM'E‘R?‘

Chicago._——All kinds, and grades. are 50c
higher. Choice timothy, $16@16.50 per
ton; No. 1, $14.50@15.50; No. 2, $13@14;
No. 3 and clover mixed, $9.50@12.50; clo-
ver, $8.50@12.50; alfalfa, $14.50@17.50.

Straw.—Detroit.—-Rye, $9@10; wheat

and oat straw, $8@8.50 per ton.

Chicago—Rye straw, $7.50@8; oat
straw, $5@6; wheat straw, $5@6 per ton.

 
DAIRY AND POULTRY PRODUCTS.

Butter.—Steadiness characterizes the
market at all points. Elgin remains un-
changed. Locally the demand is good
and a better feeling prevails than a week
ago: Extra creamery, 26c; ﬁrsts, 2434c;
dairy, 20c; packing stock, 19c. '

Elgin.——Market steady at 26c.

Chicago—«Market practically unchanged
from laSt week although extra quality
stock of either creamery or dairy com-
mands a fractional premium. Quotations
are: Extra creamery, 261/20; extra ﬁrsts,
25@251/2c; ﬁrsts, 24@241/zc; seconds, 221/2
@231/2c; dairy extras, 25c; ﬁrsts, 231/2c;
seconds, 22c; packing stock, 12@21c as
to quality.

New York—Steady; nothing but very
Superior stock commanding an advance
over last week's ﬁgures. Quotations are:
are: Creamery extras, 27@2714c; ﬁrsts,
25%@26c; seconds, 2462250; state dairy,
ﬁnest, 26c; good to prime, 24@251,éc; com-
mon to fair, 22@23c; packing, 19@211/zc
as to quality.

Eggs.——Offerings continue suﬂicient for
immediate needs and the local market is
steady with last week's ﬁgures ruling.
Current offerings, candied, quoted at 170
per dozen.

Chicago—Market steady and unchang-
ed. Miscellaneous receipts, cases in-
cluded, are quoted at 8@14c; do., cases
returned, 8@13%c; ordinary ﬁrsts, 141/2@
15%c; ﬁrsts, 16@161/§c; storage packed,
ﬁrsts. 17c per dozen.

New York—Somewhat irregular on the
whole, but the better grades are steady
at unchanged quotations. Fresh gath-
ered extras, 24@26c; western gathered,
whites, 20@25c per dozen.

Poultry.——Liberal offerings and a fairly
good demand have featured the local
market the past week, resulting in slight-
ly lower quotations all around, broilers
suffering most. Quotations are: Live.—
Broilers, 22ﬁ123c: hens, 16@161/2c; No.
hens, 11®12c; old roosters, 10@11c; turk-
eys, 17(r118c; geese, 10@110; ducks, 14@
15c per lb.

Chicago.—Fowls and spring chickens
lower. Quotations on live are: Turkeys
good weight, 18c; others, 12c; fowls, good
141/20; spring chickens, 19c; ducks, 13c;
geese, 100; guinea hens, $4 per dozen.

Cheese—Steady. “'holesale lots, Mich-
igan ﬂats, 141461714340; New York ﬂats,
15%@16c; brick cream, 1414@15c; limbur—
ger, 141/2613151/20 ‘

Veal;——Little doing; quotations largely
nominal. Fancy, 131/2@14c; common,
10@1lc.

FRUIT—S AND VEGETABLES.

N

 
Apples—New apples are steady at last
week's advanced ﬁgures of $175,612 per
box, and $5.50@6 per bbl. Old apples are
gone.

Gooseberries.—Not plentiful at $2.50@3
per bushel.

Currants.~Steady. Ordinary, $2@2.50
per bu; cherry $3653.50.

Raspberries.——Rcds fairly plentiful with
last week’s ﬁgures ruling; blacks scarce
and higher. Reds, $4.25@4.50 per 24-qt.
case; black, $2@2.25 per 16-qt, case.

Cherries—About gone. Quoted at $3.25
@350 per bu.

Potatoes.—Market is ﬁrm with prices
for the new crop ruling higher than last
week, they being $2.85@3 per bbl.

Cabbage.—-New selling at $2.50@2.75
per bbl. '

Green Corn—500 per dozen.

WOOL.

 
Boston—Comparatively little improve—
ment in prices or volume of sales is re-
ported in the domestic wool trade. The
bulk of recent trading has been in terri-
tory stock with some Texas wool mov-
ing. Buying in producing sections of the
west is slow, some experts maintaining
that half of the new clip has been pur—
chased or consigned. Bright ﬂeece wools
are in limited demand, some % Ohio
having sold at 24c.

ERAND RAPIDS.

 
Local buyers are paying 17c for fresh
eggs and 22c for dairy butter. First
blackberries are bringing $2 per crate,
red raspberries, $2.25. Sweet cherries are
worth $2.25; sours, $1.25rﬁ"1.50; currants,
$1.15. Home-grown potatoes brought 80c
«11 Tuesday morning and the crop is
light owing to the dry weather. Live
poultry, delivered. brings 130. New hay
is selling on the market at $146017.
Grain prices are as follows: No. 2 red
wheat, 80c: oats, 43c; corn, 65c; rye, 45c;
beans, $1.60. .

THE LTVE STOCKl MARKETS.

Buffalo.
July 21', 1913.
(Special Report of Dunning & Stevens,
New York Central Stock Yards,
East Buffalo, New York).
Cattle.

Receipts of stock here today as follows:
Cattle, 150 cars, hogs, 80 double decks;
sheep and lambs, 20 double decks; calves
1200 head.

With 150 cars of cattle on our market
here today, and 22,000 reported in Chi-
cago, quality considered, all cattle Weigh-
ing 1,200 and over sold just about steady
with last Monday. The best cattle shown
here today were not as good quality as
the cattle that sold here for the top price
last Monday. The butcher cattle sold
strong at last Monday’s price, and in
some instances 10c higher. At the close

about everything sold; prospects steady

at present prices.

We quote: Best 1350 to 1500-lb. steers
dry-fed, _$8.75@9; good to prime 1200 to
1300-lb. do., $8.60@8.75; good to prime
1100 to 1200-1b. do., 8.50@8.75; coarse and
plain weighty steers, $7.75@8; good to
choice handy dry-fed steers, $8.25@8.75;
good to choice handy steers, grassy kind
$7.50@7.75; medium butcher steers,
grassy kind, $7.25@7.~50; dry-fed steers
and heifers, mixed, $7.80@8; light com—
mon grassy steers and heifers, $6.50@
6.75; best fat cows, dry-fed, $6.50@7.25;
best fat cows, grassy, $5.75@6.25; good
butcher cows, $5.50@6‘; light butcher
cows, $4.50@5; trimmers, $3.75@4; best
fat heifers, dry—fed, $7.40@8; medium
butcher heifers, grassy, $6.75@7; light and
common grassy heifers, $6@6.25; stock
heiIers, $5.50@6; best feeding steers, de-
horned, $7@7.25; light and common stock-

-ers, $6@6.50; best butcher bulls, $6.75@

7.25; bologna bulls, $6@6.50; stock bulls,
$5.25@5.50; best milkers and springers,
$65@85; common kind do., $50060.

Receipts of hogs today about like last
Monday, 80 double decks, and market but
little changed from Saturday’s close.
General sales of the mixed, medium and
heavy were at $9.85; some ordinary heavy
ends down around $9.50@9.60; yorkers,
$9.85@9.90; pigs and lights, $9.90@9.95;
roughs, $8@8.50; stags, $7.50@8.

The sheep and lamb market was fairly
active today, with prices about the same
as the close of last week; most of the
choice lambs selling from $7.75@8; year-
lings, $6.50@7; look for about steady
prices the balance of the week.

“'e quote: Choice lambs, $7.75@8; cull
to fair lambs, $6@7.50; yearlings, $6.50@
7; bucks, 82.75653; wethers, $5.50@6;
handy ewes, $4.50@5; heavy do., $3.75@
4-; cull sheep, $2.50@3.50; veals, choice to
extra, $11@11.50; fair to good, $9.50@
10.50; heavy calves, $5.50@7.

 
Chlcago.
July 21, 1913.
Cattle. Hogs. Sheep.
Receipts today ..... 20,000 42,000 33,000
Same day last year..11,487 42,761 25,414
Receipts las-t week..46,103 125,104 108,858
Same week last year.33,041 97,118 97,175

The run of cattle today is not large
for a Monday, and the general run is
selling at steady prices, while quite a.
number of the choicer lots are as much
as a (lime higher. Hogs are active, and
while the common and .medium grades
are quoted off a nickel, the best lots are
steady. Hogs received last week aver-
aged 243 lbs., compared with 239 lbs. one
year ago, 232 lbs. two years ago, 245 lbs.
three years ago and 224 lbs. four years
ago. The sheep market is glutted, with
heavy supplies of lambs consigned from
Louisville to packers and liberal offerings
of lambs, yearlings and sheep from Ida-
ho and Montana ranges. At a late hour
the bulk of the offerings remained un~
sold, with prices quoted from 25 to 500
lower. Some choice native lambs were
reported sold at $7.25, and it was thought
that prime range lambs might sell
around $7.50.

Cattle sold last week better than might
have been expected in view of the mate—
rially increased receipts, with the best
class of steers and heifers no lower and
in excellent demand. The light and me-
dium-weight plain steers met with little
favor, however, and sold at declining
prices, as did cows and heifers of the
cheaper class. The bulk of the steers
found buyers at $8618.85, the best class
of heavy corn-fed beeves going at $8.70@
9.15 and the cheaper class of light, gras-
sy steers selling at $7.10@7.95. Fair to
pretty good warmed-up steers brought
$8608.25, while medium to good steers
brought $8.30@8.65, with common to
prime little yearling steers going for $7.80
@9. Butchering lots of cows and heifers
found buyers at $5.20@8.70, with cutters
selling at $4.60@5.15, canners at $3.50@
4.55 and bulls at $5@7.75. Farmers were
too busy harvesting 'as a rule to pay at-
tention to replenishing their pastures
with cattle for grazing, and very little
business was transacted in stockers and
feeders, the former going at $5.80@7.60
and the latter at $7.10@8, with stock and
feeder cows and heifers scarce and large-
ly nominal at $5.75@6.80. Calves of the
better class continued their upward
course, because of light offerings and a
strong demand, desi.able light vealers
going at 551050611150 per 100 lbs., while
the common to good heavy calves brought
$5@8.25, stock steer calves being worth
$7.50 and over. Milkers and springers
had a small sale at $50(gv85 per head, de-
mand being almost exclusively for good
cows. The principal feature of the cat-
tle trade of the country is the increasing
movement of grass cattle from south—
western pastures, the greater part ﬁnd-
ing their way to Missouri river markets,
and they are weakening the market for
common cattle. At the close of the week
cattle below good grade were 15@25c
lower than a week earlier, cow stuff in—
cluded. Steers selling at $8@8.40 declined
the most.

Hogs continued their upward course
for still another week, selling at decid-
edly the highest prices seen in a long
time, with the receipts inSuﬂicient to
meet the large trade requirements. In-
creasing offerings of grassy hogs, par-
ticularly old sows, tended to widen out
the range of prices between the best and
the least desirable conSignments, and the
choicest lots of light hogs commanded
a. substantial premium over the coarser
lots. Hog packing is running ahead of
a year ago in western slaughtering mar-
kets. but the compariSon is made with a
year of poor supplies of hogs. Stocks of
provisions in Chicago are increasing grad-
ually, but prices are following the same
course as hogs, with both hogs and cur-
ed meats selling at far higher prices than
were current a year ago. There is also
a very large demand for fresh pork pro-
ducts. prices in the retail markets of the
country ruling lower than for other
meats. Not only are hogs selling much

 
5 my 26, 1913;

higher than. last year. but they. are ma-
terially higher than in other years and
are the most proﬁtable of all farm pro-
ductions. At the high time la‘st- week
prime hogs of the lighter weights brought

$9.60. and they closed there Saturday,’

with sales all the way down to $8:70@9
for coarse heavy packing lots. Prices
were generally $2.10 higher than in Jan-
uary, when hogs sold the lowest of any
time this year. The closing day of the
preceding week hogs of the best ‘kind
brought $9.30. Stags sold at the close of
the week at $9.35@9.70, boars at $4.25@
5.25 and throwout packing sows at $8-25
@870.

Lambs and sheep made a big high rec-
ord for themselves last week, moderate
receipts and a strong 'general demand,
particularly for lambs, combining to
bring about some lively advances in
prices, By Wednesday the boom had re-

sulted in bringing in the ﬁrst big supply

of the week, and prices experienced a
sharp decline all‘along the line, the de-
mand failing to show a corresponding in-
crease. Receipts have continued to em—
brace liberal supplies of southern spring
lambs consigned direct from Louisville to
Chicago packing plants, and advices from
Idaho speak of liberal shipments of range
lambs from there in the immediate fu—
ture. The aggregate receipts of sheep
and lambs'for the week ran far over the
preceding week and the same week last
year in volume, and the close saw spring
lambs selling at $5@7.75, after sales had
been made at $8.70 for the best. A week
ago the top was $8.40. Ewes closed at
$3@4.75, wethers at $3.50@5.25 and bucks
at $3@4. Yearlings closed 'at $4.75@6.75
and feeding lambs at $6.15@6.65.

Horses were in moderate supply and
demand last week, the usual midsummer
dullness prevailing, and all that held
prices was the limited offeringS. The
cheaper animals *went on the basis of
$85@125 per head, while the best heavy
drafters were almost nominal at $300@
350, so few were sold. Light chunks
weighing from 1.250 to 1.350 lbs. were
salable at $185@250, and extremely few
horSes went above $275, livery pairs be-
ing held at $250@350.

LIVE STOCK NEWS.

 
Within a short time prices for lambs,
yearlingS and sheep have undergone
sharp advances over the ﬁgures that pre—
vailed previously, as fewer reached Chi-
cago and ‘other leading markets of the
country. Native spring lambs make up
a large part of the offerings, the range
lambs being rather late in showing up,
although on some days the representa-
tion of Idaho lambs in the Chicago Stock
Yards is fairly large. As a general rule,
sheepmen on the ranges are fully aware
of the good money to be made by hold-
ing their spring lambs until they get
good a'nd fat. and as this course prom-
ises to be general, the question arises,
where is the supply of feeding lambs
coming from later in the year, when a
big demand is almost sure to prevail?
Meanwhile there is a steady call for
grazing lambs, as well as for range feed-
ing wethers and yearlings from Oregon
and other ranges, and many more than
are marketed could be disposed of quick-
ly at ﬁrm prices. There is also a grow-
ing demand for breeding ewes, but so
few are offered for sale that very little
business is transacted. This demand will
grow as the season advances, for many
farmers are known to be anxious to em—
bark in breeding sheep for the market.
Unless a severe drouth prevails, there is
sure to be a great deﬁcit of feeders, and
it is evident that the time has arerived
for farmers to go into raising sheep and
lambs on their own hook.

The hog market probably was never in
a stronger position than it is now, with
known serious shortagebf swine in the
United States as compared with former
normal years and the largest consump-
tion of fresh pork ever witnessed in the
good old summer time. Ordinarily, peo-
ple let up in eating fresh hog meats dur-
ing the midsummer period, but this year
conditions are peculiar, with other meats
so dear that from motives of economy. if
from no other cause, families are eating
much less beef and mutton and far more
fresh pork chops and roasts. \Vithin a
short time hogs have sold at the highest
prices recorded in several months. and
lard and cured hog meats have also had
a great advance in prices, with no break
in the former good demand on domestic
and export account. While the future is,
of course, a matter of some uncertainty,
the prevailing opinion is strongly in the
direction of further advances.

Prices for the general run of beef cat-
tle, as well as for all descriptions of
stockers and feeders, and also for veal
calves, continue to rule very much high-
er than a year ago, even if the top prices
for prime beeves happen to be lower than
at that period. This applies especially to
the commoner kinds of steers, canners
and cutters, which have advanced won—
derfully, because of a much stronger de-
mand for cheap beef than in former
years. Grass cattle from Kansas and

,Oklahoma pastures are reaching the Mis-

souri river markets in good numbers and
are likely to bring about declines in the
commoner cattle, although a good de-
mand for such cattle for placing in north-
ern pastures to ﬁnish may be expected to
lessen the breaks in values. Shipments
of feeders from the markets of the coun-
try to feeding districts in the corn belt
states show a marked falling off during
the ﬁrst half of the year, and many pas-
tures are not carrying their usual num-
bers of cattle. It is known that cattle
supplies available for marketing from the
northwestern ranges will be only moder-
ate and much less than last year. and the

percentage of feeders is almost sure to ‘

be quite limited. there being a powerful
incentive for making the cattle good and
fat. No considerable marketings of these
northwestern rangers are expected before
the middle of August.

 
JULY 26, . 1313.

THIS is THE FIRST EDITION.

In the ﬁrst edition the Detroit Live
Stock Markets are reports or last week;
all other markets are right up to date.
Thursday's Detroit Live Stock markets
are given in the last edition. The ﬁrst
edition is mailed Thursday, the Last edi-
tiou Friday morning. The ﬁrst edition is
imiled to those who care more to get the
paper early than they do for Thursday’s
Detroit Live Stock market report. You
may have any edition desired. Subscrib-
ers may change from one edition to an-
other by dropping us a. card to that affect.

DETROJT LIVE STOCK MARKETS.

 
Thursday's Market.
July 17, 1913.
Cattle.

Receipts, 1816. Dryufed scarce and
steady; all other grades l0@1~5c lower.

\l'e quote: Extra dry-fed steers and
heifers, $8.25Q8.40; steers and heifers,
1000 to 1200, $7.75@8; steers and heifers,
800 to 1000, $7.25@7.50; grass steers and
heifers that are fat, 80. to 1000, $7.256)
7.50; do. 500 to 700, $666.50; choice fat
cows, $6.50; good (10., $6@6.20; common
cows, $4.75@5.25; canners, $3414; choice
heavy bulls, $6.50; fair to good bolognas.
bulls, “@625; stock bulls. $5.25ﬁ5.75;
choice feeding steers. 800 to 1000, $67560
7.25; fair feeding Steers 800 to 1000, $6@
6.50; choice smokers, 500 to 700, $650617;
fair (10., 500 to 700. $5.75ﬁ625; stock
heifers, $5615.50; milkers, large, young.
medium age, $606080; common do, $40@
50; extra fancy, $100.

Spicer & R, sold Mich. B. Co. 6 cows
av 1035 at $6.10, 18 steers av 003 at
$7.40; to Bresnahan 6 butchers av 708 at
$6.50, 2 bulls av 640 at $5.50, 0 hcifcrs
av 777 at $6.65; to Kammnn 1}. Co. 2
cows av 1090 at $6.50; to Goose 2 do av
925 at $5.25, 12 butchers av 385 at $6;
to "Hammond, S. & Co. 5 cows av 930 at

$4; to Bl'citenbeck 10 do av 870 at $6; to

Sullivan P. Co. 25 butchers av 712 at
$6.50, 1 bull weighing 840 at $5.50; to
Hull 5 butchers av 732 at $5.50; to Ratt—
kowsky 7 cows av 864 at $5.50; to 'l‘homp-
son Bros. 7 butchers av 774 at $6.25: to
Applebaum 4 cows av 1060 :it $5.10: to
Mich, 11, Co. 2 bulls av 1360 at $6.50. 1
do weighing 840 at $6, 10 butchers av 831
at $7.25, 11 stockers 21v 606 at $6.50: to
(loose 2 cows av 1020 at $5; to Sullivan
1’. CO. 5 bulls av 574 at $5.25. 1 bull
weighing 1150 at $6.50,,3 butchers av 683
at $6.25: to ThompSon Bros. 13 do av
807 at $6.25, 4 do 21v 680 at $6, 2 cows
av 015 a: $5. 8 do av 906 :11 $6; to Brci-
tenbcck 18 butchers 'av 888 at $6; to
Roll 12 do av 781 at $7; to Bresnahan
1]. do av 595 at $5.75; to Baldwin 10
stockers av 548 at $6. 5 do av 436 at
$5.50; to Sullivan 1". Co. 5 do av 680 :it
$5.75, 2 bulls av 1335 at $6.75: to Sutton
9 steers av 648 at $6.65, 1 do weighing
740 at $6.

Bishop, B. & ll. sold Knmman B. Co.
10 butchers av 887 at $7.25: to Parker.
11'. & Co; 17 do av 813 at $7.30, 1 bull
weighing 11:20 at $6.35 5 do av 8:36 at
$6.25, 3 do av 927 at $6.25. 4 do nv 1195
at $6.65: tc Sullivan 1“. C0.) 2 cows av
075 at $4.25, 3 do av 960 at $5.50. 3 do
av 1023 at $5.85, 1 do Weighing 850 at
$4.50, 1 steer weighing 1050 at $7, 1 cow
weighing 900 at $4, 2 do uv 850 at $6;
10 Sutton 18 Stockers av 633 at $6; to
lresmahun 12 do a’v 555 at $6.15; to Goose
4 cows av 900 at $5, 10 heifers av 582 at
$5.65; to Rattkowsky 14 cows uv 050 at
$5.35; to Hammond, S. & Co, 1 do weigh-
mg 860 at $4, 2 do av 925 at $6. 5 hutch-
crs 11V 818 at $7.60, 1..bull weighing 1670
at $6.75; to Breitenbeck 10 steers av 950
at $7.65, 2 butchers av 790 ut $6.50, 5
cows av 1054 at $6; to Mich. B. Co. 4
cows av 1027 at $6. 1 steer weighing 820
at $7, 1 bull weighing 870 at $6.25, 2
cows av 1155 at $5.50, 3 do av 96?: at
$5.75, 1 bull weighing 1480 at $6.50, 2
cow and bull av 780 at $6, 11 steers av
830 at $7.75; to Mason B. Co. 6 butchers
av 800 at $7.25, 4 cows :iv 75 at $4.50.
5 butchers av 660 at $5.50, do av 857
at $5.50, 6 do av 631 at $6.50, 1 steer
weighing 1220 at $7.75.

Haley S; M. sold Mich. B. Co. 13 cows
av 988 at $6, 5 butchers av 736 at $7.50,
3 steers av 983 at $8, 9 do av 704 at
$7.50, 3 cows av 857 at $6: to Sullivan
P, CO. 3 steers av 690 at $6.50. 9 butch-
ers av 993 at $5.90, 6 do av 701 at $6.25,
2 bulls av 1325 at $6.35: to Goose 1 cow
weighing 1000 at $5.40, 2 do av 1052 at
$5.90; to Applebanm 2 do av 1030 at
$5.40, 3 do uv 753 at $4.55; to Kull 2
heifers av 865 at $7.50; to Converse 4
cow‘s av 1095 at $5.90; to Rnttkowsky 4
do av 1065 at $6.25; to Lachalt 3 hutch—
crs av 911 at $6.20; to Mason B. Co. 1.
cow weighing 1080 at $6.50. 1 do weigh—
ing 710 at $6, 9 butchers av 628 at $6.75,
7 do av 636 at $6.10; to Marx 2 steers
av 915 at $7.25; to RattkOWn‘ky 4butch-
ers av 727 at $5.50; to Sweet 11 stockers
av 603 at $6.35. 6 do av 6:10 at $6.65, 1
do weighing 560 at $5.50. 10 do av 613 at
$6.35, 2 do av 545 at $6.25: to Mich. B.
Co. 10 butchers av 856 at $7.40, 6 doav
35 at $6. 5 bulls uv 818 at $6, 1 do
weighing 700 at $5.85, 2 cows av 1085 at
$585.4 butchers av 645 at $6.25, 9 do
av 802 at $6.50. 1 cow weighing 1100 at
$6, 12 steers av 1040 at $6.75: to Con-
verse 1 bull weighing 670 at $6.

Roe Com. Co. sold Kamman B. Co. 6
cows av 690 at $6.50; to Hammond, S. &
(‘0. 21 butchers av 700 at $6.65; to Sulli-
van P. Co. 8 cows av 836 at $7.25; to
Goose 2 cows av 1015 at $5 4 do av 1220
at $6.50; tO'Sullivan P, Co. 2 hulls av
1130 at $6, 4 cows av 1112 at $5.65, 3
do av 900 at $4, 1 do weighing 750 at $6,
6 steers av 933 at $7.25: to Gerish Mar-
ket Co. 22 steers av 1111 at $8.40: to
Mich. B. CO. 30 do av 1246 at $8: to
Rattkowsky 3 do av 833 at $5.25, 2 do
av 430 at $5; to Hammond, S. & Co, 4
bulls av 955 at $6.25; to YVyness 6 stock-
ers av 657 at $5.75, 2 cows av 1000 at
$4.25, 3 stockers av 353 at $5, 9 butchers
av 543 at $5.75; to Rattkowsky 2 cows
av 785 at $4.50. 3 do av 1030 at $5. 4
do av 1030 at $6. 2 do av 940 at $4.75,.1

.-
l
7

THE» MICHIGAN FARMER

do weighing 1040 at $4.50, 2 heifers av
390 at $5.50; to Bresnahan 1 cow weigh-
ing 810 at $3.25; to Parker, W. & Co.
16 steers av 1058 at $8.10, 1 do weighing
1100 at $7: to HirSChleman 13 butchers
av 740 at $6.65; to Parker, 15’. & Co. 3
bulls av '827 at $6; to Thompson Bros. 1
cow weighing 1070 at $5, 3 do av 880 at
$7.10, 7 do av 1063 at $6: to Sullivan P.
CO. 2 bulls av 1175 at $6.75; to Thomp-
son Bros, 3 cows av ‘987 at $5.25, 1 cow
weighing 1400 at $6.50; to MaSOn B. CO.
17 steers av 990 at $7.60.
Mitch Cow Sales.

Bishop, . & H. sold Converse 1 cow
and calf at $100, 1 do at $60, 1 do at $58.
2 cows and calves at $155, 1. cow and
calf at $60, 1 cow and calf at $70, 1 cow
at $48.

Sam-e sold Hely 5 cows and 3 calves

at $325.
Same sold Bresnahan 1 cow and calf

at $50, 1 do at $60, 1 do at $80, 1 covv'

at $55, 1 do at $60, 1 cow and calf at
$70, 1 "cow at $57.50, 1 do at $55, 4 COWS
and 4 calves at $230, 1 cow at $40.
Veal Calves.
Receipts, 742.
will close triﬂe lower.
others, $7@9.50.

Best, $10.50@12;

Roe Com Co. sold Mich. 8. Co. 2 av-

190 at $11.50; to Sullivan P. Co. 1 Weigh-
ing 140 at $7, 1 wcighing 160 at $10. 3
av 165 at $11.50; to Goose 3 av 275 at
$0.25; to Mich. B, Co. 7 av 160 at $11.50,

19 av 150 at $11; to Sullivan P. Co. 4 avi

140 at $11.50.
\Veeks sold Burnstine 9 av 150 at $11.
Sandall sold same 8 av 150 at $10; 6 av
200 at $7.50.

Haley & M. sold Thompson Bros, 2 av.

165 at $11.50; to Mich. B. Co. 8 av 200
at $0, 3 av 160 at $12, 3 av 130 at $10,
4:1V150:1t$12;to Goose 3 av 200 at $11.50;
to Parker, \Y. & Co. 21 ”V 150 at $11.50;
to Mich. R, Co. 5 11V 225 at $10, 7 av
180 at $12; to Parker, \V. & Co. 8 av
215 at $10.25.

Sharp sold Mich. 13. Co. 11 av 165 at-

$11.50.
Sheep and Lambs. ;
Receipts, 2796. Sheep steady; lambs
50c lUWcr. Bcr‘t lambs, $775018; fair do.

11167571750; light to common lambs, $5.50
616.50; yearlings, $5.50ﬁ650; fair to good
sheep, $4614.50; culls and common, $2.50
(:13.

Bishop, L’. & ll. sold Sullivan P. Co.
9 lambs av 60 at $8, 8 do av 50 at $4.50,
:16 (lo av 70 at $8.25, 39 (lo 21V 68 at
$8.25; to Mich. B. Co. 52 do av 60 at
$8.60, 36 do 21v 73 of $8.25, 19 yearlings
HV 115 at $5, 20 sheep av 00 Ht $4, 42
.10 av 120 at $4.50, 27 do av 115 at $4.00,
60 lambs av 65 :it $8.50, 38 (10 av 65 at
$5, 48 ycarlings av 75 at $6.50, 22 lambs
nv 68 at $8.23; to Hayes 21 do av 60
at $8, 21 do av 55 at $7.50; to Kull 13
sheep av 105 at $4.50, 18 lambs av 60
:it $8.50; to “Basso 21 do av 50 at $8. 7
(10 av 65 at $9: to Parker. V’V. & Co. 31
(lo av 70 at $8.25, 45 do av 65 at $8.50;
to Costello 43 do av 55 at $8; to llam-
mond, S. & (‘0, 13 sheep av 115 at
$1.75; to Fitzpatrick Bros. 10 do av 89
at $5, 17 do av 120 at $4.73, 18 (lo av

80 at $4.75, 26 lumbs av 70 at $8.25: to,

YOungs 81 10 av 73 at $8.25, ‘15 yearlings
l-lV 80 at $6, 11 sheep av 105 at $4.50: to
Sullivan P. CO. 57 sheep av 100 at $3.50,
11 lambs av 60 at $6.50, 20 do av 65 at
$8, 41 do av 60 at $7, 13 do av 65 at
$6, 41 do av 65 at $8; to Parker. 1V. &
Co. 127 lambs av 67 at $7.75; to Harland
72 do av 65 at $8.

Spiccr & ll. sold Hayes 7 lambs av
65 at $8.50, 13 do av 70 at $8.50; to Mich.
1%. Co. 8 sheep NV 110 at $4.

Roe Com. Co. sold Barluge 9 sheep av
35 at $4, 27 do av 120 at $4, 5 yearling
lambs av 70 at $6, 75 lambs av 65 at
$8.25.

Hogs.

Receipts, 1604.
than on Wednesday;
noon; run very light.

Range of prices:
crs, $9.45711950; pigs, $0.50; light yorkers
$9.45; stags one—third off.

Bishop, B. & H. sold Hamumond, S. &
$90? 715 av 180 at $9.50, 210 av 220 at
. , l).

none Sold up to

Roe Com. (‘o sold Sullivuu 1’. (V). 150‘

av 180 at $9.50.

Holey & M sold Parker, \l'.
av 180 at $9.50.

Sundry shippers sold same 140 av 180
ut $9.50, 160 av 200 at $9.45.

& (‘4 l. 215

Friday’s Market.
July 18, 191:).
Cattle.

Receipts this week, 2031; last week.
035. Market steady at Thursday's
prices. We quote: Best steers and heif-
ers, $86,118.25; steers and heifers, 1000 to
1200, $7.50@7.75; do. 800 to 1000, $7617.50:
grass steers and heifers that are fat. 800
to 1000, $7@ 7.50; do. 500 to 700, $6616.50:
choice fat cows, $6; good (10., $5.25Q'P5,7?.;
common do. $450715; cunncrs, $3674:
choice heavy bulls, $6.25ﬁ2675; fair to
good holognas, bulls, $6616.25; stock bulls
$165.50; choice feeding steers, 300 to
1000. $675717; fair (10., 800 to 1000, $6.25
((16.50: choice stockers, 500 to 700. $6.417
6.50: fair (10.. 500 to 700, $5.75ﬁ6: stock
heifers, $5626; milkers, large, young, me-
dium age, $70@75; common milkers, $35
650.

Veal Calves.

Receipts this week, 923; last week.603.
Murket steady with close Thursday.
Rest. $10.50@11.25; others, $6679.50.

Sheep and Lambs.

Receipts this week, 3296; last week.
1729. Market steady. Best lambs, $7.75
(0‘8; fair lambs. 3675617750: light to com—
mon lambs, $5.50@6.50; yearlings, $5.50@
6.50: fair to good sheep, $4614.50; culls
and common, 32.506325.

Haas.

Receipts this week, 2329; last week,
3196. Market 100 higher than on Thurs-
day. Range of prices: Light to good
butchers, $9.60: pigs, $9.60; mixed, $9.55
€119.60; stags one-third off. ~

Ma rket opened strong,

Market 5610c, higher ‘

Light to good butch?

DHlC} AGREXP STATION
IBYFS TEE7

 
Soil Improvement Talk N o. 4

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‘7'” _AntlolFieH TubbyWSuﬁou

NDlt'iA AG? EXP STATvDN

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WRITE FOR SPECIAL CROP BULLETINS on
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WEST

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CHICAGO.

ILLINOIS l

 
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Many customers claim twenty bushels per hour and more.

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PITTSBURG. PA.

 
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THE E. L. RICHMOND 00..

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,THETMICHIGAN FARMER

 
To From

Dauphin. Manitoba
Regina. Sask.

Edmonton, Alberta : I 39.
Kinder-slay. ﬂask. . . . 36.30

 
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It's your turn now.

 
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e
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14-10 Hastings St Detroit. Mich.

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Why Most Carriage Owners

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They Lead All Others in Sales

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Practical

 
JULY 26, 1913.

  
Science.

Emil|lllllIllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllIllllllllllllll||lllllllllllllllllllIllllllllllllllllIl|llllllllllIIlllllllIlllllllllIlllllllllllllllllllllllllIllllllllllIllllllllllllll||llllIllllllllllllIllllIlllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllg

THE AVAILABILITY OF PHOSPHORUS
IN THE SOIL.

 
BY FLOYD W. ROBISON.

Soil chemists and physicists have been
devoting much time to methods of ascer-
taining the avilability of plant food in
the soil. There has not been the difﬁ-
culty attending the demonstration of the
availability of the compounds of nitro-

gen, particularly the soluble nitrogen
compounds, neither has there been so
much difﬁculty with the study of the

availability of potash salts in the soil,
but there has been from the inception of
the use of phosphatic fertilizers a great
difference in opinion relative to the avail-
ability of the different phosphatic pro-
ducts.

The Laboratory Methods.

The Association of Ofﬁcial Chemsits
has devoted much study to laboratory
methods for determining the availability
of compounds of phosphorus but there
has not been close co-Ordination between
the results of laboratory methods up to
date and actual practical results as de-
termined by experimenting in the field.
The familiar acid extraction method by
which it was hoped to duplicate or imi-
tate closely the solvent action of plant
roots, together with the combined action
of different Salts within the soil has not
accomplished the results which have been
hoped for. It iS, of course, very desir-
able that some quick laboratory method
be devised but the action of natural
forces in the soil seem to preclude the
possibility of finding any method which
can be entirely depended upon under all
conditions.

Phosphorus Acts Different from the
Nitrogen and Potash.
Phosphorus has an entirely different
relationship to the soil than has either
of the other two important fertilizing
constituents. For instance, when a s0]-
uble phosphorus compound is placed up-
on the soil instead of simulating the ac-
tion of a nitrate or a compotmd of po-
tassium, the phosphorus at once changes
its inherent relationship; it is thrown out
of solution, and thus when actually in
the soil is in an entirely different condi-
tion than that in which it existed as a
fertilizer. This is familiarly known to
soil experts and has been the one great
barrier to the successful exploitation of

acid phosphate.

The Soil Water as an Index of Avail-

ability.

Some years ago, in studying the con-
stituents of some barren soils in the
western part of Michigan, we made use
of the water from shallow wells as being
our best guide to the actual composition
of the soil moisture in that soil. V’Ve
think by so doing We were not making a
gross error although, of course, it may
not have exactly represented the avail—
able constituents of the soil. Many ex-
perimenters, and particularly the Bureau
of Soils, United States Dcpartment of
Agriculture, laid great stress later upon
soil solution, as it was called. as furnish—
ing an accurate index of the available
plant food constituents in the soil. As
we have stated before, these results as
well have not given reliable data in ev-
ery instance.

Ask the Plant.

It seems therefore that the most re-
liable method of all must revert to the
effect upon a crop of that particular soil
and while this method necessarily will
consume much more time we feel that it
is on a much ﬁrmer footing than any
method which has been heretofore pro-
posed. Of course, even this method will
not respond in every instance for a soil
may have ingredients which may be
available to one crop and not so com-
pletely available to another. But it
seems reasonable to suppose that the ac-
tual solvent action of the plant in a soil

for determining the availability of phos-
Dhoric acid in fertilizers. As stated in
the summary, the percentage of phosp-
hhorus in English or strap-leafed turnips
proved to be a better criterion of the
availability of phosphorus than any of
the common methods of soil extraction
by solvents.
Bulletin Summary.

“It was found that in similar seasons
the percentage of phosphorus in the tur-
nips from the different soils usually var-
ied in the same direction as the amount
of available phosphorus in the soil; and
it seems probable, especially under sim-
ilar climatic conditions, that the relative
amount of available phosphorus in dif-
ferent soils may be indicated by the re-
lation between the percentages of phos-
phorus in turnips grown in those soils.

“The percentages of phosphorus pen-
t0xid in dry matter varied from .27 in
turnip roots grown on an extremely de-
ﬁcient soil, to 1.82 in turnips from asoil
so abundantly supplied with phosphorus
that further manuring even depressed the
yield. Practically maximum growth was
usually obtained if the percentage was
us much as about 1.00, and a fair growth
if it were perhaps a fourth less.

“Apart from the fact that marked in-
creases in the phosphorus percentage of
turnips were caused by applications of
acid phosphate, the following observa—
tions were afforded by the work, al-
though the data. were meagre in some
instances. “'hcn grown in a given soil,
turnips of the same age but of different
Sizes contained about an equal percent-
age of phosphorus, but those grown for
a. longer time contained .1 smaller per-
centage. In no case did liming increase
the rate of growth more than the rate
0f phosphorus absorption; that is, the
percentage of phosphorus was not de-
creased. Applications of muriute of pot-
ash appeared to increased the percentage
of phosphorus.

“In a pot experiment, three different
crops of turnips were grown with 3. lim-
ited amount of phosphorus and two dif-
ferent amounts of water. In no case
did the larger amount of water increase
the rate of growth more than the rate of
phOSphorus absorption; the percentage
was increased in one crop of turnips, and
was practically unchanged in the other
two.”

 
DETERIORATED GRAIN POOR FOOD.

 
Experiments mode at the experiment
farm of the Bureau of Animal Industry

of the Department of Agricultiu‘e at
Betheseda, Maryland, to determine the
value of deteriorated grain as a food-

stuff for stock have shown that such grain
has more effect on the quantity than on
the quality of meat produced. Tests
showed that horses and cattle fed on
sulphured oats and on corn that had been
hcatcd in transit and had changed in
colOr did not gain in weight to the same
extent as the animals fed on thoroughly
good grain. Several of the animals so
fcd were slaughtered for fOod and sam-
ples of the meat were used in regular
household procedure, but they did not
show any noticeable difference in the
two sorts of fccd.

It was decided that horses fed on in-
ferior grain did not keep up their weight
and strength for work purposes. Beef
cattle and dairy cattle did not gain
weight or produce as well in milk and
butter, so the feed was not considered
economical unless it could be procured
zit largely reduced rates.

There has been much speculation for
several years on the desirability of using
for stock feed grain that would not gen-
emlly be considered ﬁt for human con-
sumption. Recently there was much dis-
cussion by the grain dealers of the Uni-
ted States over the reported attempt of

 
,,.

 
regardless of what plant it is will come the Agricultural Department to prohibit
nearer to showing the actual available the use of sulphured oats as stock feed.
material than any other method can be It is now believed that these experiments

expected to show. will go a long way toward settling the E
Rhode Island Bulletin. controversy.

Note this patented “wing”—ho_w it presses
against the channel. thus preventing mud, t
and water from getting in and quickly destroy;

and saves you that
much money. This
tire stays ﬁrm in the
channel. The high-
rade, springy rub.
or used in the “Egg.
centric” makes it
remarkably e as y -

 
ing the tire base. This tire remains sound.

won’t creep or get loose. Gives utmost wear.
Will greatly lengthen life of your carriage. Of
tough springy rubber—exceptionally easy-riding.

We?

 
,’

“Eccentric" Tire

  
satisfaction.

THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY, AKRON, OHIO

riding. Always gives

Carriage Tire Circular.

Branches and Agencies in 103 Principal Cities

 
Send us your name on a postal today for our lasted;

 
When Writing to

Advertisers please

intention the Michigan Farmer.

We are therefore much impressed with
the results obtaianed on a study of the
available phosphorus in the soil revealed
by Bulletin 154 of the Rhode Island Ex-
periment Station. In the above men-
tioned bulletin the value of a certain
variety of ﬂat turnips is very clearly de-
scribed. We commend this bulletin to
the careful attention of any of our read-
ers who may be interested in the pro-

 
l

gress by scientists in devising methods

 
WANTED.

At once. a few men who are hustlers,
for soliciting. No experience necessary.
Good salary' guaranteed and expenses
paid. The work is digniﬁed, healthful and
instructive. In writing giVe references
and also state whether you have a horse
and buggy of your own. Address Box 3.
F., care Michigan Farmer, Detroit, Mich.

 
i

m...
r< ..

 
JULY 2'0. 191;?

 
l

 
Veterinary.

ill"IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII , - IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIE
CONDUCTED BY . C. FAIR, V. 8.

Advice through this department is free
to our subscribers. Each communication
should state history and symptoms of the
case in full; also name and address of
writer. Initials only will be published.
Many queries are answered that apply to
the same ailments. If this column is
watched carefully you will probably ﬁnd
the desired informaItIOn in a reply that
has been made to someone else. When
reply by mail is requested, it becomes
private practice. and a fee of $1.00 must
accompany the letter.

llllllllllllllllllilllllll

ill=5“‘”'"‘

   
Umbilical Hernia—Colt seven weeks
old has bunch on navel which came some
four weeks ago, but it is not in pain.
P. T., Hastings, Mich—Leave ﬁlly alone
and she may get well without treatment.
or you may apply tincture iodine occas-
ionally. but lightly.

Sprained Stiﬁe Ligaments.—Some two
weeks ago my horse went lame- in hind
leg, cause from sprain or injury to stifle.
When'he walks stiﬂe joint snaps. This
horse is weak and out of condition. F.
R., Jr., Vermontville, Mich—«Apply 1 part
red iodide mercury and eght parts cerate
of cantharides to stiﬂe every ten days
.and I believe he will recover. .

Bunches on Cow’s Legs.—-()n my Hol-
stein cow‘s leg there is a chain of small
soft bunches under the skin and I would
like to know if I can cut them out with
Safety? B. H. F., Leonidas, Mich—In—
stead of cutting them out apply equal
parts tincture iodine and spirits camphor
daily.

Hip Lameness.—One year ago last win-
ter one of my horses injured hip when
walking through deep snow; since then
he has been lame and I have blistered
leg below hock all the way down to
hoof. His hip, is somewhat sweenied and
lower than opposite one, and he stands
much like a spavined horse. I. \V..
Clarksville, Mich—He may have frac-
tured hip and if so he may never travel
sound, but go with either a limp or
stiffness Apply equal parts turpentine,
aqua ammonia and raw linseed oil to hip
three or four times a week.

Surfeit~1mpure Blood. I have a valu-
able driving mare, nine yeArs old. black
as :1 raven. which breaks out in pimples
every June, keeps in this condition un—
til fall, then appears to recover and
seems to be all right for winter. Please
do your level best to either temporarily
or permanently cure her. E. S.
Grand Rapids, Mich—Clip her. if she has
a heavy coat, give her 1,13 oz. Donovan’s
solution at a dose three times a day,
also apply one part coal tar dip or dis-
infectant and 30 parts water to sore and
itchy parts twice a day. Feed her plenty
of grass, and salt her well.

Sprained Hip.—-I have a mare that had
to be assisted when she foaled. some
three months ago; Since then she is
Sweenied in one hip. I have applied a
remedy our local Vet. prescribed for an-
other horse that was sweenied, but she
is no better. I forgot to say that she
bruised herself a good deal when she
had colt. F. M. .l., Hastings, Miclrw
Apply one part powdered cantharides and
[0 parts fresh lard to atrophied muscles
of hip every week. This ointment will
blister and the hair should be ﬁrst clip-
ped off before medicine is applied. Feed
her well.

Open Joint—Eczema—llly three-year—
old colt had a gathering on hock joint;
sinCe then we fail to keep it healed. He
has been treated by two different Vets.
with poor success. The wound has ﬁlled
with proud flesh or meat like ﬂesh, and
I forgot to say that wound heals but
don't stay healed. One of the Vets. tells
me that it all came from castration, or
rather, followed the operation. C. 8.,
Paris, Mich—1 am inclined to believe
joint was infected, later sloughed open;
however, it may be. the result of infec-
tion following castration. \Vash out the
wound with one part bichloride mercury
and 500 parts water, ten minutes later
apply one part iodoform and ten parts
powdered alum twice a day. The wound
should be covered with oakum. lightly.

Pigs Have Piles.-Some of our pigs are
troubled with piles and I would like. to
know what to do for them. C. 8., Ba-
tavia, Mich—Piles are generally caused
from constipation and are best treated by
keeping the bowels open and applying
aStringents. Dissolve 1,; lb. acetate of
lead, 1,4 lb. sulphate zinc and 2 ozs. of
tannic acid in one gallon of water and
apply to sore and inﬂamed parts twice
or three times a day. I frequently ﬁnd
it necessary to use a clamp then burn off
bunches. You may be able to tie off
some of them.

Sore Test—I have a ﬁne Jersey cow
that has one sore teat and I would like
to know what can be done for her. The
end of teat seems to be withering up and
I should like very much to have her
treated. J. W., Memphis, Mich—Apply
one part extract belladonna and ten parts
vaseline to teat once a day. Hand—rub-
bing usually gives fairlygood results. '

Scrotal Hernia—I have a cult that
was born May 30. which has hernia of
scrotum and I am advised to have him
castrated; others tell me to wait. I want
to know what you think should be done
with him. B. P., Holly. Mich—If the
colt is free from pain and is thriving.

 
‘

leave him alone until latter part of Oc-

tober or early part of November. then
have him castrated, “French Covered
Method.”

Abscesses in Bean—For the past two
years my collie dog has been troubled
with abscesses in ear. TVhen this trouble
came on him he had a swelling appear
under ear, which some time later broke

THE MICHIGAN ‘FARMWER

open. and has discharged more or less
ever since. Pus which comes from sore
has a rank, bad odor, matter also gath-
ers in eyes. Mrs. M. F. McG., Morenci,
Mich—The most humane way to treat
him is to chloroform him, for he will
never get well. His ailment is deep-
seated and chronic, making it difﬁcult to
affect a cure. A chronic ﬁstulous tumor
near ear is always troublesome; further-
more if treated at all, surgical work must
be done and it requires skill to do it.

Barbwire Cut.~\Vhen ready to cut
wheat my colt became tangled up with
barbwire, cutting hoof and back part of
pastern badly. I prize this colt highly,
therefore I am anxious to heal wound
rapidly. So far as i can tell it. is not
doing well. \V. H., Reading. Mich.—
\Vounds situated low down on limbs of
farm animals never heal without scar tis—
sue- or horny tissue ﬁlling in gap; there-
fore direct union or union by ﬁrst in-
tention without the formation of pus
seldom occurs. Apply hydrogen peroxide
slowly to clean off pus. then apply one
part iodofOrm and ten parts boracic acid
covering sore lightly with oakum or a
tar bandage. The colt.shou1d be kept
in a clean stable or allowed to run in
pasture.

LOss of Pow<er.——What ails my pigs and
what will help cure them? They show
symptoms of dullness, breathe fast, re-
fuse food, soon show great weakness in
hind legs and die. HaVe been feeding
separator milk and middlings. I failed
to state their age is eight weeks old.

One of my neighbors lost a few showing.

much the same symptoms as mine. A
H. ’\V., Paris, Mich—Change their feed
and keep their bowels open. Give each
one 20 drops tincture gentian and 10
drops fluid extract cinchona at a dose
two or three times a day. They should
have- outdoor air. sunshine and green
feed, but not much corn.

(Continued from page 72).

claim that taken for a period Of years
we can average as good crops as are
grown anywhere. More potatoes were
planted this year than for a number of
years. Beans also have been planted
quite heavily this year. Practically no
live stock or poultry for sale here. at
this time. Having is nearly over. Wheat
rye and oats are :1 good crop this year
while corn looks exceptionally good.
lndiana.

Allen 00., July Iii—All crops are
booming in this section. The heavy
rains the past week were Welcomed by
all the farmers, although in some in—
stances damage. was done. to the crops.
Many of the, farmers are busy attempting
to straighten up the corn that was
blown over. Some of the Corn would
have made 90 bushes to the. acre had the
storm not damaged it. Threshing is in
order with the farmers at the present
time. Extraordinary heavy yields are
reported. \‘l'heat is yielding a heavy crop
this season. New grain was never of
better quality. It is believed the prices
of grain next fall and winter will not be
as high as at other times.

LaGrange Co., July 21.——Farmers in
this section are at present stacking
wheat and cultivating corn. The wheat
crop is good in some places and other
farmers report a low yield due to the
damage of the Hessian ﬂy. The crop,
however. is far ahead of last year's
crop. One farmer reported a yield of 47
bushels per acre. Corn will be a good
crop, provided no more dry weather sets
in. The lack of moisture caused the
corn plant to be. rather short. lt was
also the cause of an almost complete
failure of the out crop. Early potatoes
are very scarce and are selling at a high
price. A poor stand of late potatoes will
raise the market price considerably. Hay
was short but was of excellent quality.
All of the young clover is killed. Pota-
toes are retailing at $1.20 per bu; clover
seed, $961710 per bu: Wheat, 800; butter-
fat, 24c; eggs, 17c.

~ Pennsylvania.

Erie Co., July lO.—~V\'eather very warm
with frequent rains. (‘orn looks very
good and looks very promising for a
large crop. “'heat ﬁne. Oats looking
good and favorable for a large crop.
Farmers are now making their buy. Po-
tatoes are now looking good. Veal calvcs.
8c. alive: horses and cows are very high
as usual. Strawberries very plentiful,
selling at 10c.

 
DISTRICT AND COUNTY FAIRS THAT
SHOULD BE WELL ATTENDED.

 
The (‘aro Fair and Night Carnival at
Caro. Aug. 25-29. will be the biggest lit—
tle fair in NIichigan, in the biggest. little
town on earth. Come and see,

Kendallville Fair. Sept. 22—26. Different
from all others. Novel, new and enter-
taining. A great combination of agri~
cultural fair, carnival. circus, and stock
show. No other fair like- it. “'rite for
premium list—II. C. Brown. See.

The plans for the coming Eaton County
Fair are along the usual lines of this
successful fair. As a successful fair each
year it ‘is its own best advertisement. All
departments are kept balanced. Efforts
are made to encourage all departments in
securing larger and better exhibits, and
amuSements are provided for relaxation.
The races are always a strong feature.

The 1913 fair of the Clinton Countv
Agricultural Society. which will be held
Sept. 30 to Oct. 1—2-3. will be more than
ever an agricultural exhibit. Good-sized

Premiums have been offered for the best ,

displays by farmers’ organizations. An
effort is being made to have better and
larger exhibits of stock. poultry, grains
and fruits than ever before—C. S. Clark,
Secretary. .

The fair to be held at Hart. Sept. 23-
26, inclusive. to be the best county fair
in the'state. Free attractions in front
nf grand stand daily..—S. E. Wyckoﬂ!
Secretary. . .

 
Cull Beans!

Cheapest and Best Feed
for all kinds of farm animals. Contain 22 per
cent Protein. while corn. which costs twice as
much contains only one-half as much protein.
Ask for samples and prices in car lots and less.

BAD AXE GRAIN COMPANY,
Bad Axe, - - Michigan.

WANT TO BUY I}... statistics

breeding. W. H. H. WERTZ. Wooster. 0 lo.

W’ DIRECTGIY.
CATTLE.

Aberdeen-Angus.
Herd. consisting of Trojan Erica. Blackbirds and
Prides. onlﬁ. is headed by Egerton W. the GRAND
CHAMPIO bull at. the State. West Michigan and
Bay City Pairs of 191?. and the sire of winners at these
Fain and“ THE INTERNATIONAL. Chicago. of
1912. WOODCOTE STOCK FARM. Ionla. Mich.

 
—Rich in A. R. breeding.
Guernsey BIL“ calf Fit, to head any herd_
ALGee Dandy. G. A. WIGENT. Watervliet. Mich.

GUERNSEYs—Beg. Tuberculin Tested. Winder-
Inere Form. Watervliet. Mich.
J. K. BLATCHFORD. Auditoriun Tower. ChicagoJll.

Envez Bea. Guernsey bull. left. Ready foreervioe.
I the very best breeding. cheap if taken soon. Gun--
antee satisfaction. John libels. ll. 10, Holland. Mich.

HEREFORD BULLS FOR SAL alums:

ALLEN BBOS.. Paw Paw. chhlcan.

HOIOE Bull Calves from A. R. 0. dams. Six-ed by
our herd sire whose dam and site's dam each made
over 301m. in 7dnys E. R. Cornell. Howell. Mich.

A FEW CNLCE gglsgzig'FriX-aiag B5” gag:

GREGORY a BORDEN. Howell. mailman.

HOLSTEIN BULLS—well bred. at reasonable prices.
Barred Rook Chickens from 15 years breeding. Good
layers 0333 15 for 81. W. B. Jones. Oak Grove, Mich.

"Top-Notch” Holstelns.

Choice bull calves from 2 to 8 mo. old, of fashion~
able bleeding and from dams with ofﬁcial milk
and butter records for sale at reasonable prices.

MoPHERSON FARMS 00.. Howell. Michigan.
Purebred Registered.

HOLSTE IN CATTLE

The Greatest Doll-y Breed
Sand for FREE [Ilium Booklet
“niacin-Fried“. hum. Box “54. Bratﬂeboro.Vt.

IMPORTANT TU HOLSTEIN BREEDERS.

If there ‘is a breeder or a community of breeders in
Michigan In need of one of the greatest BULLS of
the GREATEST breed of Dairy cattle in the world. I
wish. to call your attention to the fact. that I am
oil'enng FOR iSALE. Pledge Duke De Kol Welsrijp
No. {35.7. He is a great breeder. a. grand individual.
Bred right. and guaranteed a sure breeder. sound
and right in every respect. His dam is Nancy Pledge
Princess. Butter in 7 days. 32.39 lln.; Milk in 7 days, 716.00
"33.; Butter in 30 days. 13281 lbs :Milk in 30 days, 3057.70 lbs.:
Come and see him and see his heifers. and be convinced of

his worth. L. E. CONNELL. Fayette. 01110.

Bigelow’s Holstein Farms

Breednville, Mich.
Have for sale several ﬁne young
bulls out of cows with high ofﬁcial
butter and milk records.
Send for circular.

 
NTHIS HOLSTEIN BULL

wasﬁsircd by best son of PONTIAC BUTTERBOY.
Dam has oﬂicial record of 24 lbs. as4-vr.-old, 90 lbs. milk
a day. Price $100. 0. D. WOODBURY.ILansing.Mich.

HOLSTEIN BULLS.

3t08 months'old. 875 to 8300. Don’t buy until you
get our pedigrees and rioes. LONG BEACH
FARMS. Augusta. Kn amamo 00.. Mick.

REGISTERED HOLSTEIIS. ﬁgﬁﬁﬁiiciﬁ.‘ ”$33.:

right'in the city..only few minutes from Jackson or
Lansing. Electric cats from both cities every hour.

- —Pedigreed. From good
Young HOISteIn Bu" stock. Having no use
for him will sell cheap. For information inquire. Dr.
Geo. W. Dunphy. Park Dale Farm. Rochester. Mich.

FOR SALE—0n Cornwall Farm. Clare. Michigan.
Holstein new uiilch cows. Also good
Dairyman wanted. Enquire of ERNEST PIETZ.

 
—2.yr.-old Jersey Bull—Dani's 5-". -old record
For Sula—10551 lbs. milk. 5131b... fat 604 lbs. butter.
Sireedam'e reoord— lbs. milk: lbs. fat. 706 lbs,
butter. 2-yr.-old full sister’s record—8610 lbs. milk, 435
lbs. fat. 513 lbs. butter. All authenticated. kind,
sound. sure. Waterman l Waterman.Ann Arbor. Mich.

 
Butter Profits

You ought to get more butter
profits. Jersey Cattle mean
more butler profits. because
they yield more butter fat at
less net cost of keep than any
other breed.

THE JERSEY

excels in beauty of dairy type. She is a
persistent milker. Jerseys are easily accli-
mated. They live long and keep healthy.
They mean steady butter rofits. Write
now for Jersey facts. Free or the asking.
WEAR JERSEY CATTLE CLUB
3“ w. 23‘ at. New York

    
* charges.

 
214—85

Jemys-‘pnoduotion. Anglo cowaogndhllzgfefroll.
Brookwater Farm. 8. F. D.‘No. 7. Ann Arbor. Mich.
HEB Milli! cm and HEIFEBS“£?irl‘ii§'£i§i’§.Ti
John Rome: a. 801:. Grand Ledge. Mich. Route 4.
Bill" Billill Sllﬂlllllllllll Sﬁ‘iﬁiaiiié’fi. 'iv‘il'cé's'i‘a‘ii
J. B. HUMMEL. Mason. Michiga-

suonmonu cunErearrangecarat
shire ramp and owes. K. A. BRAY. Okemoa. Mich.

. ._ 11 ' lk .
“my Shorlhom amass. 53223.2 .552.

No stock for sale at present. .
W. W, KNAPP. B. No. 4. W'otervliet. Mich.

 
SHEEP.

IT PAYS TO BUY PURE DIED SHEEP,
0F PARSONS. “the sheep man of the east;
I sell and ship everywhere and pay express
I will start one man in each two.
Write for club oﬁer and descriptive price list.
Shropshires. Rambouillet. I’olled-Delaines Enid

PARSON OXFORDS.

Grand Ledge. Michigdn:

ling. Rmhuiliel Shep, Pm Brod Poland china

HUGS and PEBCHERON HORSES. 2% miles
E. Mei-rice. on G. T. R. B. and M. U. B. J.Q. A. 000K.

SHROPSHIRES 6 DUROCS

KOPE-KON FARM. Klnderhook. Richie“.

 
H005.

' ‘ —A Desirable Bunch of ﬂows of
"limes & VIClorlas Either Breed due A ril and May.
M. T. Story. R. B. 48 Lowell. Mich. ity Phone 55.

BERKSHIRE Choice spring boars and gilte.
rioed to move quick. Farmers
stock. ELMHUBS STOCK FARM. Almont. Mich.

— ' i' ' h l:
BERKSlIlR $3.25. ti’o'ﬁ‘i si‘i‘ﬁ. “wit; oiiﬁtl’m

:- iatry papers. Big value for the price. Wubefor
in ormation to D. F. Valentine. Temperance. Mich.

' —bred for July furmwing,also noboico
A "all“! 30' lot of Spring Pisa for sale. Either
eex. A. A. PA'I'I‘ULLO. R. 0.1 Deckerville. Mich.

o I 0 —Big growtby type. last fall gilts and this

- - . spring farmwtooﬂer. Very good stock.

Scott No. 1 head of herd. Farm X mile west of de (2.
OTTO B. SCHULZE. Nashville. Mic .

O l C, —A new BRED sows FOR
. . 5 SEPTEMBER FARROW.
GEO. P. ANDREWS. Dansville. Inahum 00.. Mich.

 
o I 0! —all sold. Orders booked for April
I I s and May pigs ofthe choicest breeding.
C. J. THOMPSON. Rockford. Michigan

0 I C’s—Bred sows. March igs pairs and
0 I trips. Bull Bock %Re .150 per 15.
FRED NICKEL R. 1. Monroe. ichlgan.

 
may. 0 select. from. Attractive rriceu

9 — ll . l . M l
g. I. C s A nit-st growthy and urge 3 es
on young stock. H. H. JUMP. Munith. Mich.

 
50W WEIGHED 932 LBS.
A 23 MONTHS OLD

'3
lONlA GIRL

I have started more breeders on the road to eno-
oeal than on man living. I have thelatgeet and ﬂu-
est hard in t e U. 8. Every one an early developer,
ready for the market at six months old. I want to
ﬁlm one box in each community to advertise my

erd. Write for my plan,“How to Make Money from
Hogs.” G. 3. BENJAMIN. R-No. I 0 Portland. “loll.

    
o I C! ——Wo make a specialty of 0. I. 0. hogs
I _I on our farm. Stock all reg' .
tered In 0. I. 0. Ass'n. J. R. W " E.

AY. Pompeii. Mic
—I am olfering ”JO-lb.
O. I. C. SWINE an... ma, .1... .0
(arrow the latter art. of August and fore part of
September. All w o are interested write me.
A. J. GORDON. R. No. 2. Dorr. Mich.

”URN-JERSEYS—l‘nll and Spring boars from
prize-winning strains. Sows
all ages. SPECIAL BARGAIN in summer pigs.
Brookwater Form. B. F. D. No. 7. Ann Arbor, Mich.

 
I)uroc Jerseys—Guts all sold. Spring pigs of the large
and heavy boned type. Pairs not akin.8atiafaction
guaranteed. F. J. DRODT, ll. No. 1. Monroe. Mich.

 
uroc Jerseys For Sale—Three fall boars. also spring
pigs, either sex; ‘of ﬁnest breeding and individual
quality. John McNicoll. Station A. E {Bay City Mich.

Duroc Jerseys—Nothing But Spring Pig: For Sale.

CAREY U. EDMONDS. Hastings. Michigan.
— B t. W

PoLANn CIlNAS 3.2.3. warrant" “a?

Prices right. W. J. HAGELSHAVV. Augusta. Mich.

ARGE STYLED POLAND CHINA SPRING: PIGS-

Sows bred for fall farrOW. also Shorthorn Bull
calves at close prices. Robert Neva, Pierson. Mich.

¥0LAND CHINASTliiiiE’giiﬁ' f." 23%;. 335133.“

. D. LONG. R. No. 8. Grand Rapids. Michigan.

 
P. 0. man no mm PIGS—.333. Bahia:

to please. R. W. MILLS. Saline. Michigan

LARGE TYPE P. 0. FALL PIGS zigzag. $523 “2,?

3 ring pigs_I ever raised. Eight sows farrowed 86.
.“m9 or write. Expenses paid if not satisﬁed. Free
livery from Parma. W. E. Livingston. Parma. Mich.

P. C. [MARS AND SOWS‘lWEigi‘uilﬁi‘i

A. A. WOOD & SON. Saline. memo-n.

 
Llllie Farmstead Jerseys
(Tuberculln tested. Guaranteed free from Tuber-
culosis.) Several good bulls and bull calves out of
good dairy cows for sale. No females for sale at
present. Satisfaction suntan .

COLON C. LILLIE. Cocooﬂvule. Itch.

JERSEY '
BUTTER BRED mngfﬁ%m

CRYSTAL SPRING STOCK FARM.
Silver Creek. Allem County. Michigan.

Two excel! ntb tt
nebula Farm lamp. r... “I... ”3...“. tassel?
Address. Roberta FarmsJR'B. 5. Grand Rapids. Mich.

~Re¢inered J creey Cattle. t hero lin teat-
F.’ sale ed: bulls and bull calves: eilfer ngd heifer
calvelz now- with Register of Merit and Cow Testing
Association records. IRVIN FOX. Allegan. Mich.

 
llolhn Fan. 6m: lahﬂicl. Mfr. .gd‘ffm’i.

loo 0! Sylvnn 50K ﬁtho blood of Jubilee of Boled Arc.

 
BIG TYPE MULE FOOT EGGS—All f
35“ solo.- Proliﬁc and“ . Beotbneod hrums 3?:
Also Ponies. J. DUNLAP. x M.Williamsport. 0 io

Lanna Yomhims—Choice smegma stock. in 33...,

not akin. from State Fair prue-wi ners. Pedi.

green furnished. W. 0. COOK. R. a Box .Ado. M'ch.
QRXSHIBE Swine—We have some nice aprin

pigs now ready for sale. Write for disc. ' t'
prices. OSTRANDER BROS. Moi-19593313?

lillia Farmstead YORKSHIRES

Spring bred all“ all sold. Gillan bred for next August.
furrow. September pics either sex. in and trio.

l . Old ed f l '
"°‘ “c'bu.ou°'c'.bi’."ii.l.lﬁf mama. Mich
When writing;r to advertisers please
mention The Michigan Farmer.

 
86—22

 
gill“IllllIIllllllllllllHillllllIllllllllllllllllllllIlllllllllll|llll|lllllll|llllllllllllllllllll|IllllllllllIllllIllilllllllllllllllillilillllIllllllllllllllllllllll”llllllll|lllIllllllllllllllllllllllillli|llllllllll||IlllllllllllIIllllllllllllllllLl'lE-E

Horticulture.

 
THE MICHIGAN FARMER

E

 
ﬁlllllllI|"ll”lllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllillllllll|llllllllilllllllll||lllillllilllllllllllllllllllllllllllllIlllillllIlllllllllllllllIlllllIIllllllllllllilllllllllllllllllllll||illlIlllllIlHlllIllllIIIllIllllllllllIIIllllllllllllllllllllllllllHIE

Fertilizing the Apple Orchard

 
UNGRY apple trees are too com-
H mon. They muSt be fed, for starv-

ed trees are as unproﬁtable as
starved cows. There is a variety of
ways in which foods may be prepared
for apple orchards. A geneipus amount
of work has been done to determine the
best methods of serving theSe trees by
the Pennsylvania Experiment Station and
because of the comprehensive nature of
the undertaking and the care and pa-
tience exercised in its execution, the
conclusions reached command our re—
spectful attention. In deriving the fol-
lowing deductions, the results of six ex-
periments involving six types of soils, 800
trees, and 11,612 bushels of fruit in the
past ﬁve years, are used. ‘

The experiments show that the fertil-
ity of an orchard may be the most im-
portant check on its production. Varia-
tions in fertilization alone have resulted
in average differences ranging from 50 to
460 bushels per acre annually for the past
four or ﬁve years, depending on the ex—
periment. These results were accompa-
nied by similar differences in the growth
and general vigor of the trees.

The total plant-food draft of a mature
and active orchard is greater than that
of a 25-bushel crop of wheat in every
important constituent except phosphorus.
It is practically inevitable, therefore, that
sooner or later the output will be reduced
or off seasons will be developed in any
productive orchard because of a lack of
sufﬁcient plant food.

The mineral requirements of wood are
compaartively low. This largely accounts
for the fact that young trees usually do
not make a proﬁtable response to fer-
tilizer applications, although they fre-
pquently respond well to manure or to
other methods of conserving moisture.

The relative amounts of the various
food elements required by the other parts
of the apple plant are also of interest,
but as a rule they are not especially re—
iable as bases for making fertilizer ap-
plications. The latter are best deter-
mined experimentally, as there seems to
be very little relation between the re-
sponse of the trees and their total chem-
ical requirements.

Applications of nitrogen and phosphates
and also of manure have been very ben-

eﬁcial in some orchards. in those or-
chards, potash has been of little or no
service. These results are reversed at

the present time in another orchard, so
far as yields are concerned.

The time required for results to appear
has been surprisingly short in all cases
where fertilization has proved. tto be
really needed. In such cases, both the
value of fertilization and the kinds need-
ed Were clearly evident by the middle of
the second season, and no material
changes have occurred since.

Neither acid phosphate nor “ﬂoats,”
when applied alone, have resulted in any
important beneﬁt. We are therefore
“completing” the fertilization of their
plats by the addition of nitrogen and
potash, in order to test further their
relative values as carriers of phosphorus
for trees. BaSic slag was introduced in-
to this comparison in 1912.

Lime also has failed in most cases,
though it may have some value in aiding
growth. In addition, it may have some
indirect value in facilitating the growth
of leguminous intercrops, and also in
correcting a possible toxic action pos-
sessed by the basic radicals of a number
of salts, some of which are present in
commercial nutrients. '

At present the high-grade sulphate in
our experiments is showing no superiority
over the muriate as a carrier of potash,
but the reverse is usually true. The
lower cost and easier handling of the
latter therefore give it the preference. It
is possible that the low-grade sulphate,
or the 24 per cent “double-manure salt,”
as it is often called commercially, may
be superior on account of its magnesia
content, but this has not yet been fully
demonstrated.

The inﬂuence of DrOper fertilization is
not transient. The gains from it have
beenfzgreater in the sixth and last year
of some of our experiments than at any

 
time before. In one case, these gains
have exceeded 1,100 bushels per acre.
\K'here the crops of the full years are
not too high, the yields usually have been
greatly steadied by proper fertilization.

In all our experiments, the action of
manure has proved to be practically iden—
tical with that of a commercial fertilizer
rich in nitrogen and ph0sphorus. Their
successes and failures have coincided
with but two exceptions, and in those
cases moisture rather than plant food
was apparently the controlling factor.
The commercial nitrates and blood have
acted more quickly than the manure, and
the potash in the latter has apparently
been less effective than that in the com-
mercial forms.

In general, the inﬂuences that have ma-
terially increased the yields have also in-
creased the growth. This is true gener-
ally, unless either occurs to an abnormal
extent. The phosphates seem to be a
partial exception to this rule, and mild
injuries aISo may stimulate yield at the
expense of growth.

Manure and potash are the only fer-
tilizing materials that have shown a con—
sistent beneﬁt on the average size of
the fruit. This is doubtless associated
with their favorable relations towhrtd
available moisture, which is the chief
determiner of fruit size. Above a rather
indefinite point, however, the size of the
crop on the tree becomes the dominant
influence on fruit size. Proper thinning
and moisture conservation, therefore, are
the most important means of improving
the average size of fruit.

The red colors in apples can not be in-
creased materially by any kind of fer-
tilizer applications, though potash and
possibly phosphates may be of some
slight assistance. These colors'are di-
rectly dependent upon sunlight and ma-
turity, with the latter occurring prefer-

Late picking, open
sod culture and mild-
therefore, tend to in-
crease the reds in fruits, while opposite
conditions decrease them.

The retarding inﬂuence of nitrogenous
fertilizers or manure on color makes it
advisable to use them less freely on some
of the red varieties, especially those in
which the color comes on rather tardily,
such as the- York Imperial. On the light-
er soils, or in localities with the longer
growing seasons, this precaution is less
important.

ably on the tree.
pruning, light soils,
1y injurious sprays,

Above, it is stated that the fertilizing '

elements found effective in certain ex-
periments were not so in others. 1n one
of our experiments, no form of fertiliza-
tion has yet shown a proﬁtable response,
and in two others such responses have
come only from manure and mulches. It
is evident therefore that the actual fer-
tilization of a given orchard is still large-
ly a local problem.

It is possible, however. to indicate the
more prominent characteristics of or-
chards that are in need of fertilization,
and to formulate a general fertilizer,
based on present experimental results,
that may be used in such orchards until
more deﬁnite local data can be secured.

Present evidence indicates that the
nitrates, or other specially soluble plant
foods. are best applied somewhat after
the fruit has set. In addition to greater
effectiveness, this delay enables the rate
of application to be varied somewhat in
accord with the amount of fruit set,
making the applications heavier when the

crop is heavy and vice versa. In the
long run, this plan should steady the
yields and get maximum beneﬁts from

the fertilization applied.
The general fertilizer that we are now
recommending is a combination carrying

about 30 pounds of actual nitrogen, 50
pounds of actual phosphoric acid (1’205),
and 25 to 50 pounds of actual potash
(K20). These are the amounts per acre

for bearing treeS. Only where potash is
known to be needed, should the larger
amount be used.

This general fertilizer can be modiﬁed
and directly adapted to the actual needs
of any orchard. Such a test requires
some work, but for those whose liveli-
hood depends to a. considerable extent
upon their fruit, the time thus spent
should be most proﬁtable.

HHllHHlHill”I”lHHIHHHHIHHHHIIHHHHHHHIHIIHHHHIHHHHHIIHHIIiIIHH|IHHllllllllllllIIHHHHHIHHIIIHHIHHHHHIIHHHlHilllHillHHHlllllllllllllillllllllllllllllllillllNi|lllll|“llllllllllHIHIHIHHHIHIHHHIH

MICHIGAN FRUIT PROSPECTS.

The following information from the
Secretary of state’s July report will give
readers an idea of the condition of the
different kinds of} fruit the ﬁrst of this
month.

Apples.

The prospect for an aVerage crop of
apples was 58 per cent for the state. 53
per cent for the southern counties, where
133,280 acres are grown, 64 per cent for
the central counties, where 48,529 acres
are grown, 58 per cent for the northern
counties with their 38,732 acres, and 95
per cent for the upper peninsula with its
3,494 acres of the fruit.

Peaches.

The prospect for an average crop of
peaches was 53 per cent for the state,
51 per cent for the southern counties
with 13,470 acres growing, 51 per cent for

the central counties with 6,249 acres
growing, 58 per cent for the northern
cmmties with 3,534 acres, and 105 per

cent for the upper peninsula. with a single
acre reported.
Pears.

The prospect for an average crop of
pears was 52 per cent for the state, 49
per cent for the southern counties, where
7,787 acres are growing, 56 per cent for
the central counties where the acreage
totals 820, the same for the northern
counties with only 483 acres, and 100 per
cent for the upper peninsula’s two acres.

Plums.

The prospect for an average crop of
plums was 56.per cent for the state, 55
per cent for the southern counties, with
an acreage of 2,007, 63 per cent for the
central counties, having 1,032 acres, 48
Der cent for the northern counties, grow-
ing 658 acres, and 86 per cent for the
upper peninsula with its 23 acres.

' Grapes.

The outlook for an average crop of
grapes was 66 per cent for the state, 63
per cent for the southern counties, grow-
ing 11,617,515 vines, 68 per cent for the
central counties, with 301,745 vines, 73
per cent for the northern counties with
80,629 vines and 110 per cent for the up-
per peninsula with its 111 vines.

Raspberries and Blackberries.
The prospect for an average crop was

76 per cent for the state, 73 per cent for
southern counties having an acreage of
6,362, 79 per cent for the central coun—
ties with their 1,760 acres, 82 per cent
for the northern counties with 953 acres,
and 94 per cent for the upper peninsula
with 11 acres.

 
HEART ROT OF TREES.

The condition of heart rot is common
in orchard and shade trees. Apple trees
or handsome maples, probably in ﬁne
leaf, break easily with ordinary high
winds. The cause for this breaking
that the heart wood of the tree, which
if sound, would give strength and rigid-
ity to the branches, is decayed. The
death of the top branches of trees, es-
pecially the apples. causing stag-headed
trees, can be traced to the progressive
advance of decay.

This decay is caused by fungi, chiefly

the toadstools and bracket fungi. These
fungi spread by their minute fruiting
bodies. The- spores enter the heart wood

of the tree in the stubs made by care-
less pruning in the splintered stubs made
by the breaking of limbs in storms or in
the wounds which expose heart wood.
The spores once started in the wood de-
velop into long threads which grow
through the wood, destroying it—chang-
ing it into punk.

The decay may be progressing months
or even yearS, before the toadstools or
brackets of the casual fungus appear in
the trunk. This means that the vegeta-
tion part is within, doing the work, only
the fungus is not producing fruiting
bodies.

To prevent this decay the heart wood
of trees must be protected. The breakv
ing and butchering of trees by linemen
of telephone companies must be prevent-
ed. When pruning is necessary the
wounds should be painted with good lead
paint, and this renewed frequently until
the wound is healed.

For trees whose wood is decayed, the
centers should be cleaned and ﬁlled. Pre-
vention of cavities is preferable and by
far the cheapest. A tree is well .worth
good care.

Mich. Ag. Col.

 
is'

‘JULY 26. 1913.“

“1:. .I '
Whit?» can."
i ”at has.
it

your Clover, Alfalfa, Peas, Flux, Volch,
Timothy, elm, etc.

Don’t knock off the seed and leaves with a
rake or milder. Equip your mower with a

THORNBURGH

SIDE DELIVERY
BURCHER and WINDROWER

Saves all the seed and leaves and half lhe labor.
Does away with e tra trip: over the ﬁeld with
dump-rake. side-do ivory-rake and teddor. Crop
is deposited to side out. of the way of mower
and team on next round and is left in loose
hollow bunches or windrows, heads and leaves
in center and the atoms, which hold the cap.
sticking out.

No Bleaching—Cures Quicker—Fits

Any Mower. No Seed or Leave: Wasted
If you are not. one of the 100,000 satisfied users
5222108131311; :01- free catalog and give your
THE THORNBURGH
MFG. COMPANY,

Dept. 0|

Bowling Green,

 
The PER FECT
CORN HARVESTER

SOLD DIRECTLY TO FARMERS

hi

   
$ I 8.00--Frei Prepaid

\

  
The correctly adjusted machine to cut [or

shock or sllo. .
1’Wolrks in all kinds of corn and on all kinds
0 s01 .

No breakin of! of ears or pulling of stalks.
Absolutely sa 6.

Out; from ﬁve to ten acres a day with one
man and one horse.

Kerrick, 111., Nov. 18. 1912.

I take great. pleasure in recommending the
Perfect Corn Harvester to anyone who has corn
to cut. I used two machines purchased from you
in corn that; would make 60 bushels per acre.
Two machines, two men and two mules cut. 40
acres of corn averaging 60 bushels per acre and
cut; 96 shocks per ay, 16 hills square, and fed
three car load of steers every day, besides dorng
other chores. and were all through with their
day’s work by six o'clock every night. I would
be glad to have you refer anyone to me for any
further information. Very truly, L. H. Kernck.

Send today for booklet on "Cutting Shock
0! Silo Corn. ' as

LOVE MANUFACTURING COMPANY.
Dept. 26. Lincoln, lll.‘

 
Let My Pumping
Engines Do the Work

Yes, sir. Get a Galloway Pumping
Engine Outﬁt. Put It to a 90-day test on
your farm. Use it to run the churn. cream sep-
arator, washing machine, pump or any small
machine on your place. Then if you don’t say it‘s
the best little engine you ever saw in your life,
you can ship it back. '11 refund your money and pay
the freight both ways. No atrin sto his offer—ls there?

Then on top of this wonderfully iberal offer lfll save you
826 n the outﬁt. Con you beat it? Never. Write me .

thsolly Special Offer and Prices

Do it today. Only $24.75 for a. 1% h. 1). "Boss
of the Farm" pumping engine. You can’t afford to wall:
for your windmill to blow down or a calm, hot
day when you have to do all the pumping fora.
lot of stock by hand. Be repared. Get my one . .

    
Ill um i 0 nine cut-l . vo 25w$600n our on-
:lnopundp 1351 July lint of gol- 80,000 satisﬁed ollo
encln lawman. me tod Don't out“ o .

e c any . j

. in: tf k. lt' w
£2“:¥..'ii°il:“aﬁ."€"$3nh. $23,633.12: “1913 " . .
otter. Addrou: Wm. Galloway. Prel. ’
Wllllam Galloway Co.
~ 185K Galloway Btu" ‘
Waterloo. lo.

     
It pays to bale your hay in

DEDERICK’S

STANDARD
Baling Presses

Catalogue Free

P. I. DEDERICK’S SONS.
£0 ‘I'lvoll Sh. Albany. N. Y.

 
When writing to advertisers please .

G. H. Goons. [mention The Michigan Farmer. ‘

 
1' JULY 26, 1913.

   
THE MICHIGAN FARMER

23—- 87

 
it

vim.

 
Elillllllllllllllilllllllllllllllliililllllllllllllllllllllliilllilliln - >1 I“ '

Farmers’ Clubs

 
lllilllllllilllllllilllllli

ElllllllllllllllllllllllllllllIllIIlllIIIllllllllllllllllllllillllllilllllllllllllilllllilillliilllllllllllllllllllllllllgli—

Address all communications relative to
the organization of new Clubs to Mrs. C.
P. Johnson, Metamora, Mich.

 
Associational Motto:
The skillful hand, with cultured mind,
is the farmer’s most valuable asset.

 
Associatlonal Sentiment:
The farmer, he garners from the soil
the primal wealth of nations.

 
LAND TITLE REGISTRATION IN OHIO.
(Continued from last week).

The act provides for the registration of
the titles to all lands involved in suits
by administrators and executors to sell
land to pay debts, suits by assignees to
sell land and in partition suits. Lands
of decedents do not have to be registered

unless it is necessary for the executor

or administrator to go into court anyh'ow
and bring a suit to sell the land. Regis-
tration can be had in all 'these classes
of suits with very slight additional ex-
pense and the purchaser will get an in-
contestible certiﬁcate of title, which fact
will increase the selling price of the
land many times more than the added
costs of registration. It is not generally
understood by purchasers at judicial
sales (but such is the fact), that the pur-
chaser must 100k out for himself in refer-
ence to the title. There is no warranty
or assurance given by the court that the
title is good simply because the land is
being sold under its orders. A purchaser
at private sale originally gets a warranty
deed from his Seller which protects him
to some extent, but a purchaser’s deed
from the sheriff is entirely without any
warranty or assurance as to the title.

The act also provides for a speedy and
inexpensive means of determining the
heirs and devisees of a deceased owner
of registered land and new certiﬁcates of
titles are issued to such heirs and de-
vlsees. .

The expenses of registration will be
cornparatively small and the proceedings
short and simple in the great majority
of cases. There will not be one case in
a hundred Where there will be any con-
test about the matter at all. The costs
of registering all property of $2,000 or
less tax value will not exceed $20 to $25.
This is less than the ordinary fees for
making and examining abstracts and oh-
taining opinions of attorneys thereon
and when the title is once registered
there will be no further expense of this
kind. The 'title is settled once for all
time by the registration proceeding.

Registration will make land a quick
and ready asset, easily, expeditiously and
inexpensively dealt with. There is no
reason in the nature of land ownership
which necessarily should make it more
expensive, tedious and troublesome to
deal with than personal property. If a
farmer has a drove of cattle, a flock of
sheep or a bunch of hogs to sell, the deal
with perfect safety is closed up without
the aid of lawyers and with no delay or
expense. If a person has stocks or bondS,
notes or other securities upon which he
desires to borr0w money, he executes his
collateral note attaching the securities,
takes them to his banker and without
delay obtains the money. He needs no
lawyer to. assist him in this transaction.
if the title to his land is registered he
can perfect a sale or obtain a loan upon
it with equal expedition and with prac-
tically no expense.

Nearly all foreign countries and nine
or ten of the United States now have
laws for the registration of land titles,
and once the Ohio registration law be-
comes fully understood so that its bene—
ﬁts will be appreciated, in my judgment
it will come into general use and prove
a great boon to the real estate owners of
the state.

Ohio. HUMPHREY JONES.

 
SHOULD THE PRODUCTION OF PURE-
BRED STOCK BE ENCOURAGED?

 
This was the topic of a paper read at
the June meeting of the Norvell Farmers’
Club, by James Pierce, who said in part:

‘(We are now in one of the greatest
ages of stock raising in the history of
our country. People have become awak-
ened to the condition of the soil, having
exhausted the original plant food and
ﬁnd» that there is no other way to main-
tain. fertile farms only by keeping them
well "stocked. This means that we should
grow lots of grass and clover for hay
and pasture. so that we may be able to
keep the stocknor in other words, raise
what we feed, and feed what we raise.

Now as the farmer spends the most of
his time gathering feed for his stock and
caring for them, his 'mind begins to wan-
der to this thought: Should we encour-
age the feeding-of pure-bred stock?

“Now the ﬁrst thought that came to
my mind is, what is thorough-bred stock?
Thoroughbred stock is a certain breed of
stock bred along a certain line or stan-
dard for a number of years, using only
good specimens of the certain breed car-
rying the good qualities or points that a
typical individual should possess. After
years of careful breeding those charac-
teristics become so established that they
are certain to reproduce themselves. Men
have spent their whole lifetimes breeding
a certain breed of stock to a certain
standard and for a certain purpose. Now
we may again wonder what we have
gained by these men being so careful and
interested in their efforts of breeding. Do
we profit by their earnest efforts? Is our
common stock made better in spite of
our constant mixed breeding and chang:
ing of mind and purpose? Let us look
back at -the little shabby Texas steer
with his long horns and also at the na—
tive hog, the razor back of the south. I
presume we all rememberreading about
old Gun Powder, the famous old quad-
ruped that Ichabod Crane rode through
the valley of Sleepy Hollow. Don't our
farm animals look well-bred by the side
of theSe though they are all sizes and
colors of the rainbow? Just a little of
all known breeds in every herd and
crossed at that. Let us turn our minds
to the great International, the greatest
thoroughbred stock show in the world.
There the ﬁnest of all breeds are cen-
tered for exhibition, that we may see the
reSults of the efforts of many a careful
and interested stock breeder.

“And now as we look on those ﬁne
specimens of thoroughbred stock and also
those’who have experienced the feed-
ing of stock that they were proud of in
the feed lot, _we are keenly made to
feel that we should encourage the breed-
ing of thoroughbred stock and raise it
with an obect in View and for a pur-
pose."

CLUB DISCUSSIONS.

 
Children’s Day.—The July meeting of
the Washington Center Farmers' Club
met at the “\Veicome" home of Mr. and
Mrs. Frank Brown. The meeting was
called to order about 2:00 o’clock by
Vice-President MrS. S. Z. Crowel. Music
by the Club. On reading, the minutes
were approved. Miscellaneous business
found an invitation from the president ,of
the Greenbush Club to join with them
in a. picnic in August. Everyone seemed
in favor of the plan, but the motion
was left in the hands of the executive
committee and they will report later.
There were'ten children present. The
names of the children were taken by the
secretary, so they could be called with
the roll. Each one answering with their
favorite pets, which was very interest-
ing. Some were dogs, cats, lambs, pon—
ies, etc. Marita Toby being absent,
music was omitted. Recitation, “What
Ailed Him?” by Floy Anna Brown. Dia-
logue, “Our Flag,” by Geo. Cross, Robert
and Kathryn Crowel. Recitation, “Dress
Making," by Birdie Curren-. “Isn't it
Awful.” by Kathryn Crowel. Select read-
ing, “Alfalfa,” by Mrs. Wm. Long. Reci-
tation, “A Time for Everything,” by
Master Wendell Blair; “Mamma's Little
Cook." by Velma Vi'hitaker. Music by
the Club ended the- program, after which
the hostess served plenty of ice cream
and cake. Then Mr. Frank Cook in—
formed the children that he would give
then an auto ride, which brought up-
plause from them. This ended a pleas-
ant afternoon for the grown-ups, as well
as the children, and Mr. and Mrs. Brown
proved themselves “Royal Entertainers.”
———MrS. B. S. Gilman, Sec.

A Picnic Meeting.——The Wixom Farm-
ers' Club held their Fourth of July picnic
at the K. 0. T. M. hall and the grove
opposite it. Notwithstanding the weather
was extremely warm the attendance was
large and very enthusiastic; all roads
seemed to lead to ll'ixom. A bountiful
dinner was served to about 200 hungry,
hearty people. A good lively, up-to-date
program was rendered in the afternoon.
consisting of music, recitations, flag drill
by a class of young girls, a good itrac—
tical talk by Reo Brass, of Walled
Lake, topic, “The home the pillar of, the
republic.” Rev. Faye Cilley, of the
\‘i'ixom church, also gave an interesting
talk, his subject was “Our Country, hcr
Moral Needs.” Mr. E. Moore gave
his talk on "Michigan,” in his usual
pleasing manner. Comparing the beauti—
ful scenery and large forests with those
of other states he said Michigan was
ahead. “The Past, Present and Future
of Wixom” was presented by Mr. David
Gage. He gave us this poem:

Our Father’s God, from out whose hand

The centuries fall like grains of sand,

“'e meet today united, free.

And loyal to our land and thee.

“'e- thank Thee for the era done

and trust Thee for the opening one.

0, make thou Wixom through centuries
long.

In peace secure, in labor strong,

Around our drift of freedom draw

The safeguard of our righteous law,

And cast in some diviner mold

Let the years that are to come shame
those of old.

V’Vixom was born in the fall of 1871.
It has had a prosperous past, it has a.
progressive present and a problematical
future. The ﬁeld sports, consisting of
the tug-ofewar, standing jump, high
.jump, running race. sack race, three—
legged race by young girls under 14
*years, two ball games. under the effi-
cient supervision of Mr. B. A. Holden.
was well carried out and furnished lots
of fun and satisfaction to an enthusiastic
good-natured crowd—Mrs, R. D. Ste-
phens. Cor. Sec.

   
mutillllllllililﬂlﬂmmﬂilllllilllIlilllIlllllllllllllllllilllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllﬁl
Grange.
l‘L—h-‘lilllllllllllllllllllillllllllllllllllllllillllllilllllilllllllillllllllllIlllllllllllllllllllillllllllilllllllilllllllli’j

Our Motto—“The farmer is of more
consequence than the farm, and should be
ﬁrst improved."

 
THE AUGUST PROGRAMS.

 
State Lecturer’s Suggestions for First
Meeting.

Song, “The Grange is Marching On."

Roll-call of ofﬁcers responded to by
each contributing a one-minute entertain—
ment feature.

Breakfast, dinner and supper for
threshers, by three women and three men.

A choice quotation.

Good rules for better crops
Sion.

Music by orchestra.

The present tariff situation from the
Grange standpoint.

Quartet, “Keep politics off your farm."
No. 144, Grange Melodies.

“Making home attractive." Discussion.

Song. '

Suggestions for Second Meeting.

Song, “Farewell to Summer," No. 132,
Grange Melodies.

Why does it pay to attend Grange in
Summer? by four members.

Recitation, “A toast to laughter."

Can a city man go to a farm in your
neighborhood with $1,000 and make good?
How?

Character song.

A farm girl of 18, with a common
school education, wants to go to city to
earn more spending money but father
and mother object: 1. “'hat advice
would you give girl? 2. \Vliat would you
do if you were. girl‘s father? 3. \Vhat
would you do if you were girl’s mother?

Question box.

The Grange Ginger Jar, opened by a.
“Surprise committee."

Music by orchestra.

TARIFF SITUATION FROM GRANGE
STANDPOINT.

Discus-

 
lVith the above topic suggested for
discussion during the coming month.
patrons generally will be interested in
the attitude of the Grange as expressed
in an open letter to Congress recently
issued by the National Grange legisla-
tive committee. Fundamentally, the
Grange- has taken the position that so
long as protection is the policy of the
government, agriculture is entitled to a
full share of such protection. For sev—
eral years the National Grange in' annual
session has stated its policy, and again
last November, at Spokane, “Hash, it
adopted the following resolution: “\Ye
believe that the tariff should be so regu-
lated that it shall not cover more than
the difference between the cost of produc-
tion at home and abroad, and if we are
to have free trade for one, we should
have free trade for all. And further. that
when the manufacture or sale of any
article becomes monopolized, the tariff
should be removed from such article."

The Grange does not undertake to say
whether protection or free trade is the
best policy for the government to pur—
sue, because it is a non-partisan organ-
ization, but it does believe that the
farmer is entitled to as much protection
at the hands of Congress as is the man-
ufacturer, and it demands “tariff for all
or tariff for none.” The legislative com—
mittee objects to placing agricultural
products on the free list as “raw mate—
rial." All products as they leave the
farm are the “ﬁnished products” of the
farmer as much as are the output of
factories the ﬁnished products of the
manufacturers, and any and every pro-
tection or advantage that is accorded
to one should be accorded to the other.
“if we are to haVe free wool, then free
woolens; if free raw sugar, then free re-
ﬁned sugar. The propOSition to put Wool
on the free list while a tariff is continued
on the goods made from the wool is
manifestly unfair as between farmer and
manufacturer.”

The legislativve committee, in closing.
informs Congress that the Grange knows
the “difference between ‘downward' and
‘upward,’ and it insists that the farmer
be not discriminated against in the let-
ting down of the bars.”

UTILIZING NON-TALKERS.

 
A Maryland patron recently related
how her local Grange solved a problem
that has puzzled many a lecturer—that
of utilizing those members who have
perfectly good ideas on practical, every-
day subects but are t00 backward or
diiﬁdent to get up and talk. Every
Grange, and every other sort of organi-
zatiOn f0r that matter, has at least a
few such members. The plan resorted to
in this case was that of conducting a
monthly Grange paper. An editor is se-

lected each month; usually it is one of
the sisters who holds the position. She
begins by asking ﬁve or six of the mom-3
bers to give her articles on subjects of
their own selection. Of COurse, each one
writes what is nearest to him at that
time. The editor draws a picture or
makes some sort of an illustrated cover
for the paper or book. Ordinary type—
writer paper has proven very good for the
manuscripts, with a piece of heavier pa-
per for the cover. These are tied to-
gether to form a book or paper.

One month all the manuscripts were
Sent to the high school where the arti-
cles were used in dictation for the ad-
vanced typewriter pupils The result was
very gratifying, the pages coming back
neat, clean and perfectly legible._ To
have the book uniform in size, the edi-
tor usualiy has to copy every page sent
in. By doing it in this way, lots of ex-
tra labor was saved and the work of
reading the book was very greatly 1e85-
cned.

The editor usually has a good editorial
to begin with, then a few pages on pol-
itics as affecting the farmer. current
topics, 3. story with some practical point
to it and a few jokes. The editor always
reads it, half at a time, uSing a speaker
or some music between. A page of ad-
vertisements adds to the value of it. Help
wanted, for sale and general wants, when
scnt in, are often of real value when
brought before the people in this way.

 
AMONG THE LIVE GRANGES.

The Married Sisters had charge of
Coopersville Grange's last meeting, en:
tertaining the 50 patrons in attendance
with a ﬁne program of songs, recitations,
and select readings‘, closing with a short,
mirth-provoking dialogue by two ladies.
The announcement that an invitation
had been extended to this Grange by
Nunica Grange to hold another of those
joint meetings in their hall on July 26,
was received with approval, and it was
at once decided to hold the ncxt meet-
ing with Nunica. A committee was ap-
pointed to make arrangements for a spe—
cial car for the occasion.

lronton Grange, of Charlevinx county,
will consider preparations for its annual
plowing match at its next meeting. This
Grange is planning to build a new kitch-
en in connection with its hall, bids for
same being reccived at its last meeting.
The ofﬁce of gate keeper was declared

vacant and Bro. Albert Charlson was
elected to ﬁll vacancy for the remainder
of the year. The new treasurer and

gate keeper were thcn installed by Post
Master 14]. H. Clark. ()ne candidate was
obligated in the first and second degrees.
The lecturcr's program consisted of
songs, readings, i'eciizitions and discus—
sionﬁ.

Sparta Grange Plans Contest.—A con-
test has been planned by Sparta Grange
for the young people of the schools rep-
resented by the members of that order
in Sparta. .\ll the young people in those
schools, whether the parents are Incin-
bers or not, may compete. The schools
are: Sparta, Kent City, Lisbon, Chal—
mers, Buck, Morning Star, Spungenberg,
Mycrs, Bass, Block Tavern, Noble, Man-
chester, \Vhitc, Hull, Christian Hill and
Norton. The work of the contestants is
to be ready by the middle of October,
when it will be shown at the meeting of
Kent County Pomona Grangc, at which
time the prizes will be awarded. The
donor of any prize or prizes will be :1
member of the judging committee on the
entries of that number, the donor of the
ﬁrst prize being the chairman of that
committee. Among the. products and ar-
ticles for which prizes are offered are
the following: Best 10 ears of named
seed corn; best one dozen named pota-
toes; most complete an dneutest collec-
tion of named weed seeds; best collection
of named garden and flower seeds; best
loaf of bread; neatest hand-made apron;
best made girl's wash dress; best written
copy of “American” neatest and most
corrcct map of Kent county; neutest
hand—made block for quilt; best BOO-word
essay on the subect, “The Boy who
works is the Boy with a. Chance."

COMING EVENTS.

 
Picnics and Rallies.

Kent county annual picnic at John Ball
park, Grand Rapids, Wednesday, Aug, 13.

 
BOOKI NOTICE.

 
_“Traction Farming and Traction En—
gmeering,” by James H. Stephenson, M.
E., is a practical hand book for the own-
ers and operators of-gas and oil engines
on the farm, comprising a full descrip-

tion of the leading makes of farm trac-

tors with directions for their care and
operation, also engines for water supply
and electric lighting on the farm with a.
special section devoted to threshing ma.-
chines and the science of threshing. Ev-
ery phase of gasoline, alcohol and kero-
sene engines, as well as the other sub.
jects named, is discussed in a compre-
hensive manner with many half-tene fl-
lustrations, which would give thewreader
an understanding of the mechanlcis’m of
the different machines. The book con-
tains 330 pages, 515x715 inches, published
by Frederick J. Drake & 00., Chicago,
Ill. Price, $1.50. May be ordered through
the Michigan Farmer.

 
“Aim Higher—Shoot
Farther” has been a

favorite maxim Wiﬁi

Montgomery Ward 8:;
Company.

On this page it is ap-
plied in symbol by a
great artist who has
caught the spirit of
forty marvelous years
of progress.

Looking through this
Vista of years,we can see
the small beginnings
emerge ﬁnally into a
world-Wide expansion

W the top with the publication
g of the greatest book of its
‘5' kind ever issued-“The Mont-
' gomery Ward & Compan’ya
Catalogue of 1913. '

 
——-—————————————————.——-——4—-———-——

.....

 
l

 
if?

Forty and one years
ago Montgomery
Ward and George R.
Thorne started a small
store in Chicago, sell-
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Their catalogue then
Was a small, cheap pam-
phlet — today it is an
enormous volume
weighing t h r e e and
one-half pounds.

Train loads of this great
book are sent out from
Chicago every year and
scattered all over the

 
is yours for the asking, to give
you the same economy and
service that millions enjoy to—
day in trading with Ward’s.
Write today, now. Dept. R1311

 
which has made the World. .
“03' of thgs 33:13:83 In the forty and one .5, 12-.
r Ea 13.8 r onsa a ork years since they started \5,
afsrfair ting a W in busmess, millions of 21'

.. o C ion. families have learned W

i F' . h b' the secret of reducing :11 l

O ”St, W“ t e.am 1" r the high cost of 11v1n \l I
' A h th h ~ . g .1

’l' tious rc er W1 1s 7,. ' through purchasmg fl. H

4' Bow of Honesty and ii ' 5‘1 7’ ' from Montgomery ‘3 ,

0‘ the SWIft Arrows Of W ,‘J 1,1775. f‘iiiii\-‘\V;-‘~'l_~.‘.' mm \ Ward 86 Company. 311

y Skin, Judgment and W .~ ._ ..,,, "/"‘ it ,i . . a

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‘ Valley of Small Beginnings Q i _ . . woven itself into the warp and

is, into the Mountain of Big I" I ' L"! " .| woof offhistory and 1tirday the

\q : Things—the husbanding of a a,“ , _ i" i , sweep o a great pii ic opin-

W tiny patronage icrlito remark- , , ‘ ;‘ Ion lgdwes'd" ﬁrsltl'placef in tlcile 1'

:. able growth an enormous ‘ ’ wor -w1 e se ing 0 goo s «

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M NTG OMERY ‘WAR {2" i O
A ._ a J i r» e. a , , “i .i g » , g 7‘ (3 (\
CHI A Q "I 5 CITY (' F 0 RT WQRTH 2~ TEX;
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q‘ .
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0 K cuiupmu means ,
‘ " . _ 4 Different Sizes and Types

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,‘ is ﬁreproof, weather proof, practically everlasting—the
.«' most permanent type or building construction known.

, THE IMPERISHABLE SILO
is built of hollow vitriﬁed clay blocks. It cannot burn, can-
not be blown over, Will last a lifetime without a. cent for
repairs. Glazed sides keep silage sweet and palatable. An
mason can build it, and it will give an air of pro toss and
prosperity to your farm that will be Worth muc to you.

" Our Illustrated Silo Book

Is full of valuable information for stock feeders and dairylnee.
It is written by authorities and should be read by every [m
Send for free capy today—ark!” catalog A

NATIONAL mm Pnooml‘c. comm
Humoron. ma.

,GIL'SO'N
ENGINE'

It you are looking for the best en e otter ever

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Hammond. Indian: