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1r KEN“
2—2





Analyzing Labor Costs.





HAVE been much interested in

1 your cost system discussion. As

_ Mr. Peck says in his illuminating

article, cost finding must come with

the farmer before he can expect to be

an “I know” business man. Farming

can and should be reduced to a busi-

ness basis and intelligent book-keep-

ing will go a long way in, “the undis-

covered country” of the average farm-

er. There are, however, several

things, I fear, that even Mr. Peck will

need to study. For instance, on the

eight acres of potatoes in question he

figures his man power at 15 cents per

hour, his horse power at 15 cents per

hour, and his machine hours at less

than six- cents per hour. He is mani-

festly wrong in these costs.



There are many things that enter

into man, horse and machine costs

beside salary. What about productive

and unproductive hours? Costs, at

best, can only be figured approximate-

ly. That is to say, the same labor

done at two different periods will not

cost the same, and so we more safely

arrive at approximate costs by the

law of average.



To illustrate: Profits and low costs

come from a high percentage of pro-

ductive hours. Contrariwise, profits

are cut and costs increase with a high

percentage of non-productive hours.

Hour costs, therefore, will call for a\

regular schedule of hours for labor

and the constant planning of how the

passing hours can best be applied to

constructive labor.



Then the question arises, what are

productive and what non-productive

hours of labor? On the farm there is

generally too little of the first and

too much of the last named. I should

say that plowing will be classed as

productive hours. But how many

working hours in the month or year

are given over to plowing? Remember,

we are working on the law of average

and this can only be learned from an

accurate record of how each working

hour of each working day for a given

period—one month, or better, one

year, was spent. In other words, each

laborer therefore should account in

writing each day just how and where

he has spent his working hours. This,

in turn, calls for a farm plan which

Mr. Peck evidently already has, as his

cost card is in account with Field C.

Each field should be charged each day

with the hours of labor bestowed

upon it.



Mr. Peck also, very properly, has

an “overhead” expense, but I cannot

think he has taken into account all

items which should be included there-

in. Let me recount some of the items

of expense which should appear in

overhead expense: Manager’s or own-

er’s salary. This should be a reason-

able sum equal, at least, to what these

services could be sold for anywhere

else. Interest on investment, six per

cent per annum, or the total invest-

ment in lands, machinery, improve-

ments, buildings, working capital, etc.

If there be a mortgage on the farm

its face value should be deducted and

the interest on the mortgage added to

the overhead, also taxes, depreciation

on buildings, machinery, tools, fences,

etc, figuned on the average life of

the article in question. Some ma-

chinery depreciates 10 per cent per

annum and some 25 per cent. Be fair.

That man is a big fool who cheats

himself—0r anyone else. Rent, insur-

ance, allowance for postage, station-

ery, books, and other contingent ex-

penses, are also properly chargeable

to overhead.



The real' cost of productive hours

of man help is his salary cost per

month or year, plus his proportion of

the overhead, plus the cost of his

board, and any other costs like break-

ages, and privileges, like use of horse

and buggy—these all cost real money,

whether it appears on the surface or





 





not—the total sum divided by the pro-

ductive hours for the month, or bet-

ter, for the year. Personally, I think

Mr. Peck will find his real man hour

costs about three times what he has

estimated in his cost System card.



The hour; cost of working animals

must, in similar method, be figured

out, computing productive and unpro-

ductive hours, feed, care, housing, de-

preciation, etc. Costly machines

should be handled much the same

way. .



When once the average farmer gets

to thinking and figuring along these

lines, he will be surprised to learn

that he is the most improvident of

men. When he begins to keep books

on his cows he learns how costly are

scrubs. When he gets his cost sys-

tem busy he awakens to the surprise

ing value of time. He thinks several

times before he buys machinery to

lie out in the fields to rust 99 per cent

of the year.



The farmer is a manufacturer in

partnership with the God of Nature.

It is a task that calls for the best

there is in a man and those who pay

the price win success. There are few

lines of business that will show a

better profit when handled with in-

telligence and adaptability.



I realize that Mr.,Peck allows noth-

ing for selling cost. Other business

men count this as a legitimate ex-

pense and necessary adjunct, but this

is another matter.



Do not think this is a treatise on

book and cost keeping—it is not. My

only purpose is to provoke thinking

and discussion and an exhibition of

methods on this vital part of suc-

cessful farming. »



Wayne Co. A. H. FINN.





FARM NOTES.





 





What Ails the Alfalfa?





I became interested in alfalfa, and

last year sowed a two-acre piece and

this year it has a pale and sickly col-

or and is very small. The soil is a.

well-drained, rich loam. In April we

covered it over with 25 loads of good

stable manure per acre, plowed it and

harrowed it thoroughly until the mid-

dle of June. We inoculated the seed

according to directions, and sowed

it. It came up fine, likewise did the

weeds. We mowed it after harvest

once. What is the trouble with it,

and what shall I do to it?



Van Buren Co. H. L. R.





Where the soil has been well pre-

pared and sown to alfalfa with proper

inoculation with the above noted re-

sults, there is little if any doubt that

the difficulty is due to an acid condi-

tion of the soil which is not favorable

to the development of the bacteria pe-

culiar to the alfalfa plant. The writer

has had similar experiences with al-

falfa, but after applying lime on the

same ground, has gotten perfect

stands of well inoculated plants. On

a field sown last year a portion of

which received an application of

ground limestone and another part an

application of caustic lime, there is

imperfect inoculation and a rather

small growth of sickly looking plants,





while there is a perfect stand of heal- .





thy plants where the caustic lime was

sown, thus indicating that the ground

limestone did not act as quickly in

correcting the soil acidity as did the

caustic lime. On another part of this

same field where ground limestone

was applied several years ago, there

is a still better and more thrifty stand

of alfalfa than where the caustic lime

was sown last year. In every other

way the different portions of the field

were handled in exactly the same

manner, so there is no question but

that the difference in growth is due

to the more complete elimination of

soil acidity on the portions of the

field where there is now a thrifty

crop growing. . _

As to what can be done to remedy

the condition this season, we are not

in a position to advise with certainty.





On a field‘seeded two years ago where

a check plot was left without liming,

lime was sown after the first cutting

last year, and the plants on this strip

are now vigorous and well inoculated.

Whether this would have been the

case on a. larger area with perhaps

less favorable conditions, we do not

know, but this method will be tried

again this year in the field above de-

scribed, by the use of about 500 lbs.

per acre of hydrated lime after the

first crop is cut. This should be sown

when the plants are dry, preferably in

the afternoon to prevent, injury from

the caustic effect of the lime. It

would probably be better to work this

lime into the surface soil by some

means, although it was not done in

the instance above. noted. It would

probably be profitable to try this plan

on a portion of this alfalfa at least,

and it would undoubtedly be profitable

to apply lime before seeding the same

or similar land on the same farm to

either alfalfa. or clover.





LILLIE FARMSTEAD NOTES.





 





One of the heaviest rains within my

recollection occurred on Sunday, June

21, and continued to come today, the

twenty-second. All the creeks in the

country are at full banks. Some dam-

age has been done by washing. Un-

doubtedly some crops have been

drowned out, some of the late planted

corn and beans are covered with wa-

ter in many places. In a neighbor’s

field I believe the water is three feet

deep in one place. We just finished

planting 20 acres of lima beans on

Saturday, the twentieth, and this

morning I put a man on the field and

furrowed it out. The field was not

tile drained. We furrowed it out just

as you would for wheat or cats. There

is no water standing, to amount to

anything, on the field at the present

time but, of course, it is 'very wet.



The old saying is, there is no great

loss without some small gain. We

might change this around in this in-

stance and say that there is no great

gain without some small loss, and I

feel that is just the way it is going

to turn out. To have such a rain as

We did Sunday, and we needed it, is

a wonderfully good thing. Of course,

if it keeps on raining now it will do a

lot of damage, but if it clears up, as

the indications are, and fairs off, this

rain has added thousands of dollars

to the farmers’ products in this vicin-

ity this year. Late planted corn and

peas for the canning factory needed

the rain. We needed the rain for the

second growth of alfalfa and for pas-

ture, and we got a good soaker, a

rain that will thoroughly wet up the

ground. Of course, when it dries off

it means a whole lot of work in culti-

vating as soon as we possibly can, but

we ought to do this anyway.



We have fairly good prospects in

this vicinity so far this season. This

soaking rain just now, when we need-

ed it, it seems to me has brightened

the prospects and made the prospects

brighter this year than they have

been before in several years. we

Were in very good shape for this rain.

We had already cut 12 acres of alfalfa

and got it all in but a load or two,

Saturday night. Of course, if we had

worked as we used to, after hours on





'Saturday night, we could have got it





all in, but that isn’t the way we do

business now. When we stopped at

six o’clock there were two or three

loads of‘ hay out, but this was well

cocked up and I don’t know whether

it is injured very much or not. It is

on a side hill so\ there is none of it

that stands in water, that is sure. But

we got in a whole lot of hay that is

in prime condition; never had a bit

of rain on it at all. This rain will

certainly give the second. grotvth of

alfalfa a most excellent start. Now

We are practically assured of a good

second cutting and if we get a third

cutting, with the acreage I now have





to alfalfa, I don’t know where I will





THE gMiCHIoAN VFAR‘MER {ff/359;“





JUL: 4', 1,914... -

find storage capacity-for all the hay.

We have got to figure On this sort of





thing when we begin to raise alfalfa. '





We can figure that if we have got ten

acres of alfalfa it is about the same

as 30 acres of clover, because we will

cut it twice and perhaps three times

during the summer, and you have dou-

bled or tripled your acreage for hay

when you put a field into alfalfa and

get a good healthy stand.



The factory man is getting very anx-

iou's about the early peas and he

wants us to start cutting tomorrow.

I am afraid that the. land will be so

soft that we can’t run the pea har-

vester. We are going to try. There

certainly is an immense amount of

work to be done now in a very short

time. We have all the rest of our

haying to do. We have 50 acres of

peas to harvest. And we have all the

cultivating to do. Besides 75 acres

of wheat to out. One thing, we have

all the help we can handle to any ad-

vantage and if the weather is at all

favorable we can turn off a "lot of

work in a comparatively short time.



COLON C. LILLIE.





 





GRAVEL SHOULD BE SCREENED

FOR CONCRETE WORK.





 





In a recent issue of the Michigan

Farmer, the writer notes an article on

“How to Build a Concrete Silo,” in

which the question is asked, “What

part of cement or sand did he (V. P.

Smith) use to make a concrete wall

that is below the ground?” The an-

swer is, “one part sand, six parts of

ordinary bank‘run gravel.” This is

absolutely wrong, and we only hope

that the silo will remain standing and

in good condition. The proper mix-

ture, which would have been much

more economical for the farmer to

use, would be what we call 1:215:11;

that is, one part, one cubic foot, or,

in other words, one sack of Portland

cement to two and one—half cubic feet

of clean, coarse sand, up to and in-

cluding a quarter~inch in size, and

four and one-half cubic feet of clean

gravel or crushed stone free from





dust, clay and all other foreign mate- .





rial, from a quarter-inchto one and

one-half inches in diameter, not larg-

er. Immediately the farmers says:

“Why, this is 1:6% mixture.” It is

nothing of the sort—any more than if

you can put one foot in a No. 7 shoe

that you can get both feet into one

twice as large.



It is a. fundamental principle of

good concrete work that the sand and

gravel be separated arbitrarily into

two sizes. It can easily be done by

using a three-eighth inch screen of

wire cloth separating the bank-run

and pit gravel into two parts. This

will allow all the material which goes

through the screen to be classed arbi-

trarily as sand, which is the second

part of the mix, and all that is re—

tained on the screen to be classed as

gravel, the third part of the mixture.

It has been discovered in laboratories

without number where thousands of

tests of bank-run material have been

made, that the average pit-run gravel

or bank gravel averages over 70 per

cent fine sand. In good concrete fine

sand should not be greater than

331-3 per cent of the entire mix.

It is obvious that as Portland

cement forms much the smaller part

of any concretemix, that more atten-

tion must be paid to properly separat-

ing and proportioning the Sand and

gravel. Cement is no magic material,

and its function is merely to act as

mortar, holding together the millions

of particles of sand and gravel. If

there is too much fine sand, it is

quite apparent that the cement will

be swallowed up. If the sand is re-

duced to proper proportions the con-

crete will be stronger, richer, less por-

ous and often water-tight. The farm:

er has everything to gain in using his

materials properly screened, and ev-

erything to lose by not doing so.



Illinois. H B. REID.





 





 





 





 

   





4...._
4...._





JULY '4. 1914.





SCIENCE AND THE FARMER.





 





Farming is a. business embracing

many conditions, and these conditions

have been summed up by modern in-

vestigators and when thus summar-

ized and their relations explained, are

appellated the Science of Agriculture.



While the general principles embod-

ied under this head may be, and are,

theoretically admissible, their utility

when extended to universal practice,

must be limited. This limitation is

based on the variation of climatic con-

ditions and differentiations of soil. A

law ofpractice that will apply in one

locality to a specific climate and pe-

culiar soil, might not be adaptable to

a different climate or soil. For these

reasons it is not possible to prescribe

specific modes or rules that will fit

every farm er the practice of every

farmer. Farmers of long residence in

a certain locality .must have observed

the 'climatic phases, peculiar to that

section, the adaptability of specific

crops, to the prevailing character of

soils and seasons. While science may

have correctly discovered the essen-

tial elements of-plant growth, it is

not possible to foresee or prescribe

the exact element or elements of the

land. There are no twc soils, even in

their virgin condition, that possess

the same amount of productive ele-

ments, and moreover, if two soils of a

different type should contain an equal

amount or proportion of plant food

the physical condition of one type

might prevent an equal availability to

plants of the same character.



Knowing just how much plant food

a given soil may contain is of but lit-

tle benefit to the farmer, unless he

knows how much is available. The

action of growing crops is a guide to

the farmer in judging of the amount

of plant food available in the reach

of the feeding roots of his crops.

When plants show a vigor of growth

and green that give promise of an

abundant harvest, the farmer may

judge aright that his crop is finding

easy and abundant feeding. On the

other hand if his crops lack vigor,

are dwarfed and pale, he may be

equally sure «that they are being

starved, though their food may be in

the soil, but fenced by textural con-

ditions from the reach of the stunted

crop. If an animal is turned into a

scant pasture it will be starved or

stunted though just over the fence the

grass may grow luxuriantly. But of

what use is the grass so long as it is

out of reach of the animal? The av-

erage farmer can easily comprehend

the reason why the stunted calf or

colt does not grow and thrive in the

poor pasture, but he is unable to per-

ceive why his grass or corn, wheat or





potatoes, do not grow as do those of-





his neighbor just over the fence. But

it is not always the fault entire of the

want of food elements available in

the soil or pasture. "We will suppose

that the pasture on each side of the

fence is the same. Mr. A. on one

side, believes that by carefully ob-

serving the law of the “survival of

the fittest” in the breeding of his

stock that by selection he can devel-

op superior animals. Mr. B. has no

faith in heredity, He believes any

kind of stock is good enough, that in-

breeding is no detriment, but he can

see that his stock is inferior to his

neighbors. And the same is true of

growing crops. Mr. A. selects his

seed corn in the fall, he sees to it

that it is gathered and dried and well

preserved and tested before it is

planted. Mr. B. thinks this is too

much trouble and he goes to the crib

and selects his seed in the spring. Mr.

A. is a progressive farmer, he studies

his conditions and labors to improve;

he is a success. Mr. B. is the average

farmer, who follows the haphazard

methods of his father, and his grand-

father, it is he who holds the produc-

tivity of the soil at a low average. The

experiment station, the agricultural

college, the farm press, or all com-

bined, may labor to elevate the farm-





THE MICHIGAN FARMER. 4





er, but so long as the B. class pre-



dominate a swift evolution to an ideal



agriculture will remain a dream.

New York. , B. F. MACK.





 





OBJECT Lessons IN POTATO

GROWING. .





 





Two upper peninsula railroads are

establishing demonstration patches of

potatoes along their rights of way.

One of these roads has issued a bul-

letin on potato culture in which

“Cloverland” is declared to be ideal

for .tubers. Farmers are urged to

sort and grade their potatoes accord-

ing to size and color and the Rurals

and Sir Walter Raleighs are named

as two of the best types of white

stock, being square at each end, not

too long, and well shaped for baking.

The claim is made that Cloverland po-

tatoes have more protein and starch

and less water than the average tu-

bers grown elsewhere. Cloverland has

both water and rail transportation and

is within 300 miles of eight million

people



Members of the Houghton County

Potato Growers’ Association will plant

1,600 bushels of Sir Walter Raleighs

and Irish Cobblers this season. In-

quiries for pure-bred potatoes are al-

ready coming in from Illinois, Indiana

and other states, and Houghton hopes

to become the banner potato county

of the country. It has been difficult

to get pure-bred seed. Much interest

is being shown in the corn and pota-

to contests put on by the copper coun-

try fair.



The Palatka school in IrOn county

has extensive gardens and an order

was placed for 24 bushels of Sir Walt-

er Raleigh potatoes, but only 12 bush-

els of pure-bred seed could be se-

cured.



, Five carloads of seed potatoes from

Wisconsin have been distributed

among the farmers of St. Clair coun-

ty by L. V. Crandall, the county agri-

culturist, Eurekas being the early va-

riety selected and the Green Mountain

for the late crop. In addition the U.

S. Department of Agriculture has sent

into the county 10 different varieties

of potato seed and careful tests will

be made to show which variety is

best adapted to soil and climate in

St. Clair county.



Kent Co. ALMOND GRIFFEN.





THE FARM LANE.



On many farms a. lane is necessary

on account of the arrangement of the

buildings and fields. The lane should

answer the purpose of a driveway but

should not mar the appearance of the

farm, as many of them do, and there

should be as little loss of land as pos-

sible but it is not advisable to prac-

tice economy too far in this direction.

Just the other day we saw a lane

built with the sole idea of economy.

It was very narrow, too narrow to

pass through with a large load of hay;

and hogs in going to and from a pas-

ture had stopped at various wet

places and rooted wallows. A rail

fence lined each side against which

snow drifted in winter almost as high

as the fences.



Another lane we recently saw was

24 feet wide, with a smooth wire fence

on either side. A grade 12 feet wide

was covered with gravel wide enough

for a wagon. On each side of the

grade a ditch had been out several

years ago and it is now well sodded,

as is the space between it and the

fence. This lane is treated as a per-

manent pasture and the grass is al-

ways kept short. There are no wet

spots in this lane to tempt the hogs

to root out a wallow, and no fences

to catch the snow. There is a gate at

either end of the lane so that stock

can be kept out during wet weather

when the animals would injure the

graveled roadway. Recalling some

other farm lanes, this lane is of pleas-

ing appearance and adds to the value

of the farm, since a lane is necessary.



Indiana. W. F. PURDUE.





 





 

 

   

   

   

   

   

   

   

   

   

 

 

 

 

   

   

   

   

   

   

   

   

 





 

 





More Profit

Use A"AC° Fertilizer





and raise





Wheat that Pays





BUSHELS OF WHEAT

31 TO THE ACRE is what



the German farmers raise.

Average yield in this country, 15

bushels. Why? Because there is

more fertilizer used in Germany,

which is about the size of Texas,

than the entire United States; but

“we learn as we grow older.” The

consumption of fertilizer in this

country has increased 115 per

cent. in ten years—~—a large por-

tion of this demand is supplied

by our factories located from Maine

to California.





 





 





 

 





 

 

 





Our policy is to always make the best goods. We fur-

nish a fertilizer with 34% available phosphoric acid; grain

fertilizers, 2-12-3 and 20-4 analysis; half potash fertilizer

for muck land.



Farmers should learn the composition of fertilizers required to

grow crops on their different kinds of soil and how to use them. We





have spent fifty years and a great deal of money to find out how to

make the right kind of fertilizers,——the kind that produce results.





We want agents for unoccupied territory under our Consignment

contract. Write at once and tell your friends to do the same.





The American Agricultural Chemical Co.

Detroit Sales Department, Detroit, Michigan.





 





 





 





   

   

 

 

 





 

 





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WALTER J. FITZPATRICK.



Box 4. 1926 2nd Ave. SEATTLE. WASH.





 

 





 

 





 





 





OTASH





AYS Profit in Wheat





Wheat Is profitable if the yield ls good. A good

yield Is insured by using the right fertilizer.





No crop gives better profits for a small fertilizer expen-

diture provided intelligence is used in buying, and a

fertilizer is used that is Suited to the soil. Almost any

fertilizer will increase the wheat crop, but why not get the

one that will give the best profit? This is the kind in which

the phosphate is balanced with





POTASH





Insist on 6 to 8 per cent. of Potash in wheat fertilizer. Some of

. :4 the best growers use 10 per cent. If you have trouble in getting

N1 . ‘.. such 'brands buy Potash and add it yOurself. We will sell it to

you in any amount from 1 bag (200 lbs.) up. Write us for

prices, naming amount needed, and for free book on "Fall

it‘s. Femhxers. It Will save money for you.

-: 033mm m1 wonxs, Inc., nsw YORK — 42 BEOADWA'

Chicago—McCormick Block

New Orleans—Whitney Central Bank Bldg.

Savannah—Bank a Trust Bldg.





Atlanta—Empire Bldg.

Bu Francisco—26 California. It.





 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

   

 





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‘, klilifil III: a i“, “ll

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'JULY 4, 1914.





 





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. glll|ll|llllllfllllllllllIll[lillllllllllllllilllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllflllWWW!!!”IllIMWlWMHHlWHRWWHlll|llll|IIl|lllllllllllllllllllllfllllllllllllg

L1vc Stock.

7%“lllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllfllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllflllllll|HllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllIllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllIIllllllfllflllllflllflmllllfllflflllllfllflmllll[MINNIE





Summer Care





of Live Stock.





 





of the dairy industry in Michigan



has had a beneficial effect upon

our live stock industry in general.

Farmers who sell milk, even in a

small way, soon learn that, in order

to keep the production up to a profit-

able point, considerable attention

must be given to the matter of sum-

mer feeding and care of their cows,

and this fact has awakened very many

farmers to a realization of the no less

important fact that the meat produc’





IN one respect atpleast, the growth





ing animals must be given like cares





and attention during the summer sea-

son if the most profitable results are

to be secured from their maintenance

on the farm.



It is still, however, an all too com-

mon sight to see young cattle or sheep

pasturing in fields upon which the

herbage is so scanty as to not even

offer cover for small birds during the

midsummer season. Where pastures

are stocked to their full capacity in

the spring, and,'as too frequently oc-

curs, the pastures are grazed before

the grass gets a good start, the pro-

duction is bound to be limited, and

when the hot, dry weather of mid‘

summer arrives the pasture fails and,

unless supplementary feeding is prac-

ticed, the stock barely holds its own

or shrinks in flesh, while at the same

time, the future yield of the pasture

is also shortened by too continuous

and too close grazing. On many

farms, nothing is done to alleviate

this condition until after haying and

harvest, when the stock is turned into

the future value of the stand of grass

off the aftermath, with the result that

the future value of the stand or grass

is greatly depleted, as was the case

with the pasture. When this supply

fails, a great many also turn their

stock into the new seedings of clover,

thus lessening the prospect of a good

crop of hay or pasture the following

year. Where this kind of manage-

ment is followed, the result is an ac-

tual depletion of the fertility of the

farm through the agency of the live

stock rather than the building up of

its fertility, which is one of the ad-

vantages of live stock farming when

properly conducted. a



The same amount of pasture land

handled properly might easin main-

tain the stock kept upon the farm,

but there is no way in which this can

be accomplished except by beginning

a better practice, and there is no bet-

ter time to begin it than in the mid-

summer season. Where the pastures

are failing, supplementary feeding will

pay with the meat producing animals

just as well as with the dairy cows-—

at least, any animal which it pays to

keep upon the farm at all will pay for

good liberal feeding at all times. If

supplementary forage crops are avail-

able, it will pay to feed good hay and

grain to tide the stock over the sea-

son of short pastures, and give the

grass land a chance to produce maxi-

mum yields in the future. Or, if this

cannot be done, it will pay far better

to reduce the stock than to graze

fields as closely as is practiced upon

the average farm. Where the grass

has been permitted to get a good

growth in the spring and is not graz-

ed off until it matures, the new

growth will come up through the old,

and all will be utilized together by

the stock during the midsummer sea-

son. ‘But whatever method is used, it

is essential that plenty of nutritious

feed be‘ furnished the growing ani-

mals at all times.



Other wants should also be satis«

fled. Among them water comes first,

and a good supply of wholesome





drinking water should, if p0ssible, be

provided wherever stock is pastured.

If compelled to go throughout the day

without water, results cannot be as

satisfactory asthough it were avail-

able at all times, and some arrange-

ment should be provided whereby the

stock has access to good pure water,

for best results. If this cannot be

done, they should be watered at least

twice per day.



Attention to the regular salting of

live stock is also important. Diges-

tive disturbances are often caused by

permitting the stock to go without

salt until they are famished for it, and

then giving them all they will eat.

The better way is to have it like the

water, available at all times, but

where this is not done, attention

should be given to the regular salting

of all animals at frequent intervals.



Another thing which is quite im-

portant is the matter of shade. It is

nothing less than cruel to compel the

stock to lie out in the hot summer

sun throughout the day. Sheep par-

ticularly, suffer from such exposure.

While there are objections to trees

scattered promiscuously throughout

the pasture lot, a small clump of trees

for shade will prove most beneficial.

If this is not available, cheap shelter

can be erected, such as is shown in





TH'ETMICAHIGAN F'ARMER _





the stallion and thus they will take

their mares from one horse to anoth-

er, perhaps with equally poor results.

If they had. looked for the cause with-

in the mares themselves they might

have been able to correct, it and to

make regular breeders out of shy

breeders, or ones supposed to be ac-

tually barren.



For best results both stallions and

mares must be in the most perfectly

natural and normal healthy condition.

Such minor diseases as influenza in-

terfere very seriously with breeding

powers. Animals of either sex, hav-

ing any of the minor ailments, such

as that, should not be bred until re‘

covery is complete.



One of the chief causes of sterility

in stallions is lack of exercise. The

stallion is the strongest, most virile

of our domestic animals. When brok-

en’ they can be worked with the ut‘

most satisfaction. As a result they

not only get more foals in a season,

but last for a great many years longer

thus probably more than doubling the

number of foals begotten in a life

time. Much of the criticism of the pure-

bred horse as lacking virility can be

traced to a lack of work. The scrub

with which the pure-bred is compared

is invariably worked. The pure-bred

having cost a high price is handled

as if some sort of a glass toy and in

about 95 cases out of 100 is not work-

ed. It very commonly happens that

the scrub is quite a sure breeder and

the pure-bred is not. The cause is in

the care given the pure-bred rather

than a natural lack of virility.



The feed is an important factor

with both stallions and mares. Those

feeds that put the animals into the





 





 





A Roughly Constructed Shed will Provide Needed Shade for the Flock.





the accompanying illustration, which

will answer a very good purpose for

sheep, or even hogs.



Necessity compels us to give atten-

tion to all the physical wants of our

live stock during the winter season,

and we have all learned the necessity

of providing for them in order to

make winter feeding profitable. Many

farmers, however, have yet to learn

that it is just as essential to the prof-

itable maintenance of live stock upon

our farms to satisfy all these physical

needs during the summer season. We

cannot turn the live stock into the

back pasture and forget all about it

until fall and secure profitable results.

Good care during the summer season

will prove quite as profitable as good

care during the stabling period, and

Will prove beneficial both to the farm-

er’s pocket-book and to his land.



Oakland Co. A. R. FABMER.





HOW TO SECURE MORE FOALS.





 





Probably the biggest problem con«

fronting the horse breeder is to get

the mares in foal. Among domestic

animals the mare is the most shy

breeder of all. Dr. Carlson, of Ne-

braska, who has made a study of

horse breeding conditions that is no

doubt more thorough than ever made

by any other man, says that the per-

centage of breeders among mares is

only 47.



Both the mates and stallions are to

be blamed for" this condition. We

have done wrong in the past by blam-

ing the stallion too much and the

mare too little. Mare owners are too

apt to place the blame Ventirely'lupon





best physical condition are the ones

that will be most satisfactory. It is





_coming to be recognized that protein





feeds are needed by breeding animals.

Corn or any other of the starchy foods

not only fail to supply protein but are

injurious in that they cause fat to

collect around the genital organs

which interferes with their proper ac-

tion. Furthermore, animals which are

too fat seem to be in a physical con-

dition bordering on debility, which is

opposed to successful breeding. In

the region farther west where alfalfa

is quite commonly fed, and where

mares run out on grass more, theper-

centage of foals is very much higher.

One breeder in northeastern Nebras-

ka claims that he gets a far larger

number of foals from mares fed alfal-

fa than from those fed prairie hay.

He says that he gets 90 per cent of

foals where mares are fed alfalfa in

winter and turned out in summer.

Where corn is fed heavily the per-

centage is only 40 per cent of foals.

He is a careful stockman and a relia-

ble authority. It seems that we may





well draw some valuable conclusions





from his work. At least, we may well

expect to profit by feeding the mares

more alfalfa.



The time at which to breed the

mare after foaling, is another factor

to be considered from the standpoint

of increasing the percentage of foals.

Mares breeding only on alternate

years is quite a serious factor on

many farms. The best way to handle

mares that have foaled is to breed

them on the seventh or eighth day af-

ter parturition. This is quite an im«

portant point, for the failure of many





 





such mares to breed is that the mare

is so muCh reduced in vitality that

she will not mature another ovum

sufficiently for conception during that

season. By breeding on theseventh





or eighth day the ovum that had .





started before parturition will be fer-

tilized.

The age of the mare also has con-





siderable to do with getting her in .





foal. The fourth year has prdved to

be the most diflicult on account of the

dentition or teething process that is

then taking place. By far the larger

number of foals are from mares be-

tween the ages of five and 11 years.

Quite a number of mares breed with

considerable regularity and produce

good colts up to the age of 20 or

more. However, only about 20 per

cent of mares above the age of 15

produce foals.





Minnesota. H. E. MCCARTNEY.





GROWING LAMBS UNIFORMLY.





 





One of the most important factors

in the management of the growing

lamb crop is to promote uniform flesh

and bone formation. Uniformity pos-

sesses economic and commercial val-

ue when the lamb crop is ready for

marketing, as the market will respond

with the top price for stock possess-

ing uniform growth and development.

As a general rule, farm grown lambs

are deficient in ’essential uniformity

demanded by the market, consequent-

ly discriminated against to the loss of

flock owners. A little attention to a.

few essentials in the handling of the

growing lamb crop will do much to

promote uniformity which at market

time will add materially to the selling

value.



Ewes, despite good management

previous to mating and during the

pregnant period, drop their lambs sev-

eral weeks apart, thereby making sev-

eral weeks’ difference in the ages of

the lambs. This difference in ages

cannot be altogether remedied, how-

ever, if extra attention is directed to

giving the lambs plenty of highly pal-

atable and nutritious food they will

come along at a surprising rate and

at weaning time evince no material

difference in physical conformation.

Then, too, ewes vary somewhat in

ability to suckle their progeny. Some

ewes in the flock produce a strong

flow of nourishment, consequently en-

couraging their young to make rapid

growth while other ewes equally as

well cared for evidence their inability

to produce sufficient milk to their

young in the unthrifty appearance of

their lambs. Ewes of the latter type

should be marked and discarded as

unprofitable individuals. '



Growing lambs, to make rapid bone

and flesh formation, must be well fed.

During no time of their lives should

they want for food. To supply this

essential need attention must be paid

to the use of supplemental forage

crops for summer and early fall feed.

ing. Meadow pastures are likely to

suffer from mid-summer drought, con-

sequently can not be relied.upon to

supply the lambs with necessary feed.

The pasture upon which the main

flock grazes is not sufl‘icient to en-

courage the growing lambs to make

rapid and uniform growth as the for-

age lacks readily digestible food nutri-

ents and palatability. Growing lambs

want tender, easy digestible and high‘

ly relishable forage.



There perhaps is no better forage

crops adapted to our soil and climatic

condition and suitable for growing

lambs than rape, June clover and

mixed pasture. Where a small patch

of June clover 'can be fenced off near

the main pasture it will furnish the

best of forage for the lambs. But it

is very doubtful if it pays to depend

alone on forage to promote uniform

growth in the lamb crop as all quick

growing forage is deficient in nutri-

tive elements. Best results are ob.

tained when forage pasture and a

light grain ration are combined.



Shlawassee Co. _L.,C- 3EYN°LDB.





 

     





«MAW-‘4' m





.r

using”. as W.»





 





 





"l 1
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIs: '





 





"IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIllIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIllLé





Dairy.





fillIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII||III||I||IIII|||IIIIII||II|III|IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII II '

CONDUCTED BY COLON C. LILLlE.





WHY FARMERS SLAUGHTER THE

' CALVES.





I‘M IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII





 





 





It is really amusing to read about

much of the advice given to farmers

by the daily papers with regard to the

question which is being discussed of

late all over the country,“ the cause of

the high price of beef. They almost

invariably advise the farmer not to

sell his calves for veal but to grow

them for beef animals. Politicians

discuss such questions as this before

city audiences. They rarely discuss

them before farmer organizations.

They have gone so far as to propose

a law compelling farmers to grow

their calves to two years of age be-

fore they sell them, thus producing an

abundance of beef, and producing

them chiefly for the benefit of the con-

sumer at large. Why not pass a law

compelling the manufacturers of reap-

ers to produce twice as many and sell

them for one-half the price so that

farmers can get their reapers cheap-

er? Why not pass a law compelling

the manufacturers to produce twice as

much cloth, so that the farmers can

get clothes cheaper? One is just as

fair 'as the other, and it is the same

sort of a proposition. Take the de-





T’HE'MICHIGAN FARMER





ture he follows, pro'vidinghe gets the

desired profit out of it. He is just

like any other business man. There

is no particular difference. It is amus-

ing that the business man in the city,

the manufacturer, the lawyer, the pol-

itician, and everybody seems to think

that they know more about the farm

than the farmers themselves. Why

don’t they go out and buy a farm and

show people how to do it? You say

many of them do. Yes, and 90 per

cent of those who leave the city and

go out and attempt to farm, make a

dismal failure of it.



A farmer, most certainly, is go-

ing to raise veal if he can get more

out of it than in some other way.

Every farmer, like everybody else, is

after profit. Some farmers are will-

ing to work for nothing and board

themselves, but the most of them are

after some crop or some branch of

agriculture which will bring in profits

commensurate with the time and 1a-

bor and capital necessary to produce

those crops. A farmer grows sugar

beets, in many instances, in prefer-

ence to potatoes, because it is surer

there isn’t the risk because the mar-

ket is established. Likewise the farm-

er keeps cows upon his farm, not be-

cause he likes to confine himself to

the arduous business of dairying, but

because it is safe, because we can

depend upon it, and some such busi-

ness is necessary that he pay his cur-

rent expenses and meet his bills. If

he could make more by keeping his

calves until they were two years old





 





Holstein Bull Calf Sold at Chicago Sale for $20,000.





mand for reapers. That demand will

be supplied by the enterprising man-

ufacturer because he can make a

profit out of it. The demand for

clothes will be supplied by the manu—

facturer because he can get an extra

price for the cloth which he produces.

And so there is a great demand for

beef, and that beef can and will be

supplied by the farmer because it will

be profitable for him to do it. We

have no mere right to compel the

farmer to produce agricultural pro-

ducts abundantly so ‘that they can

furnish food for the people, than they

have to compel the manufacturer to

produce his wares cheaply for the

benefit of the people. Take the ad-

vanced cost of household utensils and

other high cost of living, as well as

food products. It is the great law of

supply and demand. One takes care

of: the other if they are left alone to

work out their natural relation.





‘Selling Calves More Profitable than





Raising.



The farmers usually raise all the

calves that they have hay and grain

and pasture for, or all that they have

barn room to accommodate. They

will certainly do this if it pays as well

to raise these calves as it does to sell

the grain; or it does to raise hogs, or

to raise any other food which can be

raised upon the farm. 'It doesn’t mat-

ter what particular branch of agricul-





 





he certainly would make a great ef-

fort to keep more than he does.

Consumers Desire Veal.



A well-fattened calf from four to

six weeks, and even two months old,

that has had all the good wholesome

new milk it could consume, makes a

very toothsome food. It tastes better

than old beef, and people who can af-

ford to biiy what they like, prefer to

buy good veal to poor beef, and they

are willing to pay a greater price for

it. Consequently veal calves sell for

more money than beef cattle. One

can turn his calves into veal at six to

eight weeks of age and get his money

and make a larger profit off from this

money invested than he can if he

raises this calf until he is two or

three years old, or if he attempts to

make beef out of him and keeps him

until he is a year old, taking every-

thing into consideration. Most farm-

ers are selling all the calves that they

can spare for veal. They get more

profit out‘of veal than they do out of

beef.



Very few farmers allow the ele-

ment of sentiment to enter into their

business. It is a cold-blooded busi-

ness, very much the same as manu-

facturing or anything else, how to

make the most profit out of the labor

and the investment. You let people

stop paying higher prices for veal

than they do for other beef, and I





venture the assertion that there will

be more calves raised and grown into

beef animals than there are now, and

yet, as I say, the farmer is always

limited by the crops which he pro-

duces, the hay, the grain, the pasture,

and also his stable accommodations.

He can only keep about so many

cattle.



Dairymen Cannot Afford to Raise



Calves.



With the men engaged in the pro-

duction of market milk the case is

different from the ordinary farmer. It

is absolutely necessary for the mar-

ket milk man to sell his calves. It

would be foolish for him to attempt

to raise many of them. What could

he do in producing cows, young grow-

ing stock, heifers. He has no time

to take care of them. He figures that

he can buy them cheaper than he can

raise them and there isn’t any ques-

tion but what he can. Many farmers

who are not so situated that they can

sell their milk for market milk pur-

poses grow heifer calves to supply the

market milk men. And as the price

of milch cows advances more farmers

will raise heifer calves for this very

purpose. So the law of supply and

demand works out here as well as

elsewhere. Assistant Secretary of Ag-

riculture Galloway is absolutely right

when he says the farmers of this

country will produce all the beef the





people want, providing the people are'





willing to pay a sufiicient price for

that beef so that the farmer can make

as much profit out of that as he can





.out of other lines of agriculture, and





they never will produce this beef un—

til such conditions exist. That’s all

there is to the question. It doesn’t

need any special law. In fact, laws

upon a question like this would not

be tolerated in free America. No

thoughtful man of good judgment

would advocate such a thing at all.





HOW MUCH DID THE SILO

SETTLE?





I have two silos, side by side, in

barn, 8%x12, 30—ft. staves, corners'

out each 2 ft. from corner. The silos

are boarded up 5 ft. higher than the

staves. They were filled full and

kept well tramped by two men. How

much silage in one?



Lenawee Co. J. B.





It is very difficult for me to even

give anything like an accurate esti-

mate of the amount that the silage

was settled in the silo. So much de-

pends upon the condition of the corn

when it is put in, 'whether it was pret-

ty ripe and a little dry, or whether it

was green and contained the full

amount of moisture. If corn is put

into the silo when it is mature and

contains the normal amount of mois-

ture it will settle very much more

than it will if it is left a few weeks

longer and ripens up, and part of the

moisture evaporates.



If you wet the top thoroughly and

put a considerable amount of water

on the top, this will make ensilage

settle. As a matter of fact, no one

can tell very accurately how much

this silo would settle until they knew

some of these things. The probabil-

ity is that a silo of this character

which is 35 feet high, would settle

eight feet or more, depending, as I

say, upon the condition of the silage.

Something depends upon how it was

tramped when it was filled, but two

men in a silo like this ought to keep

it well packed, and that makes some

difference, but it doesn’t make as

much difference as the condition of

the silage when it was put in. Get

the cubical contents of one of these

silos, and deduct the corners, as you

have estimated, and you will have the

contents, which is probably correct.

In a silo of this character and this

size, I think it will be fair to estimate

40 pounds of silage per cubic foot.





You can no more build a good herd

out of poor cows than you can a good

house of poor bricks. Get rid of the

poor COWS.





JULY 4, 1914.





 

 

 

   

 

 

 

 

 





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Backed up by

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have patient throttle giving three a:-

glues in one, force- feed oller, auto-

mobile type muffler; bull- hearing

governor adjustable while run-

ninXKE and other exclusive features.

PRO EIT—





Every engine sent on soda



proval. 10- our Guarantee. g

actory pr oee on ell nines.



ends of anti-fled users. Write for



big new 1914 catalog and special



discount prices.





ans ”8 GIN! 00.. 110 [Illicit St, Detrol .Ilch.





We Pay Freight.





 





 





WHOLESALE FEED Save your money.-

Ask for pri 00 list

Everything in Food.





THE BARTLETT 00.. 100 Mill St. Jackson. Mich.





 





When writing advertisers please

mention The Michigan Farmer. '





 





 





1.. iw-suw‘ .0. N





“was “1...“ ”Nu“... . ,
This summer. . -. 5: ”s V‘ ‘

Cover Crops





will be far better and heavier if you give

them plenty of Nitrogen. the food they

must have. The best way. the modern

way. to put Nitrogen into the soil is with





Ferguson’ 5-





NITROGEN

BACTERIA





Used to inoculate the seeds for le-

mmes—Alfalfa.Clove1-.Vebch. Peas.

Beans.etc etc-these little living Nitrate

factories gather Nitrogen from the air

and store it on the roots of the plants.

storing so much that not all can be used

and part is left to enrich the soil for

future crops. The same bottle of Fer-

guson's contains all the varieties of

Bacteria necessary for the inoculation of

any legume.





costs only I lreetlen as much no

heat commercial fertilizer





   

   

   

   

   

   

   

   





Q0; roar-acre quantity. 50c.; 1 acre. 02:

5 acres .9. Let us explain why you need



itrogen Bacteria and Why Ferguson' s

is best. Write for special booklet M—free.





HOMEWOOD NITROGEN 00.

5| leerly St. New York Olly.

We want agents—A very liberal of”.





' Delivered as. FREE





on Approval and 30 days Trial





 

   

   

   

   

 





 





 





l914catalog of 'Rtn‘orf



Bicycles. Tires and Sundries at ices so low they will



astonish you. Also particulars our great new offer

todeliver you a Ranger Bicycle on one month's One



trial without I cent expense to y.ou



Boys {Ion can make money taking orders for-bi cles.



res, lamps, sundries. etc. from our big

some catalog. We free. It contains‘ 'cornbination offers”





=

.- E

E

E





 





THE MIGHT-GA





: _ 2’ _,llllllllllllllllllllllllllll||IllIllllllllllllIllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllIlllllllllllllllllllbslllllllllllllllllllllllllflllllllllIWHWWWMIHIWWWIWWllll





Poultry and Bees.





 

 





N. FA R M'E R





filllmmllllllllllllllllflllllllllmlIllImllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllfllllllllllllllllllllIllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllfllllllllmllIlllllllllll‘lllllllllllllllllllllllllllllfllfllllllllllllllllllllflllflllllllllllllllllllll?





KEEPING TURKEYS

MENT.





'IN 'CONFINE-





 





‘ The popular understanding of suc-

cess in rearing turkeys implies that

free range is a necessity. Turkeys

and confinement are not supposed to

go together. The great objection .to

keeping these profitable fowls is usus

ally summed up in these words: “You

can’t keep them anywhere. They

stray away and get lost,” or they an-

noy the neighbors, refusing to remain

upon their own domain.



Here in California they do things

differently. It is true they have whole

ranches devoted to growing Thanks-

giving birds, where they roam by the

hundreds over fields of alfalfa and

stubble. There are also other grow-

ers who are successfully raising them

on a city lot. Note' the contrast. It

was not a little surprising to hear the

sound of a little turkey’s “quit, quit,”,

as I was passing'along the street not

half a dozen blocks from one of Los

Angeles’ busiest corners. Pausing to

look through the wire fence I saw

half a dozen little speckled fellows

picking away at a tiny alfalfa patch,

while the mother, with cautious tread.

paced up and down, keeping guard af-

ter the manner of all good turkey

mothers. Inquiry revealed the fact

that it is nothing unusual to find the

same conditions in other places, and

later I talked with a woman in a

small suburb of the big city who

raises from 10 to 20 turkeys every

year on the back part of her lot, a

space measuring not over 50 feet

square. Last year she raised 14 to





 





 





for re—fitting your old bicycle like new at ves- low cost.

Also much useful bicycle information. Send “or it.

directtoyon. No





L0“ Emu“ ofier such values and such





terms. You cannot afford to buy a bicycle. tiree or sundries

withoutfirst learning what we as» afar-you.





IE” crew 80., Dept. ll-TI, omens. ILL





 





 





For Boys and Girls.





All boys and girls desire a watch that

they can carry and that will give them the

correct time whenever they want it.



We can make it possible for any boy or

girl to get an excellent watch without one

cent of cost. and just a couple of hours of

their time after school or on Saturday.



We have both boys watches and the small

girl watches, state which kind you want and

we will write you how you can get it. Address





3. o 6. Dept. The Michigan Farmer, Detroit.





 





 





 





 





 





 





 





POULTRY.





EGGS From pure bred White Wynndottes. DeLight.

Brahmas $1.25 per 15. 82.00

MRS. E. D. RISK 0?. Lake Odessa. Mlchigran.





Pins Orelehilo imaging—Big? «leorbmed





half price after June let ILLIS HCfiquHe

Pine Crest Farm. Royal Oak. Michigan.





PLYMOUTH Rock oockerels 5 to ll lbs. according to

ago hens5to Bibs .15 6m 81‘ Mammoth Bronze

Tom 'lurkeys 8 to 35 lbs. according to age. Price $8

to 825.10eggs 83. L. E. OBAM 'I‘NO ..Vassar Mich.





8. L WilllllflllE E668”§{°§I$‘fii¥‘€$figfitfif§f





Satisfactlo guaranteed. F, E. Oowdrey. Ithaca. Mich.





 





 





 





 





CHICKS—We ship thousands each season. Booking

orders now for spring delivery. Prices alway 8 right.

Free booklet.





LILLIE FARHSTEAO POULTRY





BMPRoekaRIBede. OHWLefihorne.

foreale.:o.l§forllfl!rfl50:50for 50

COLON 0. LILLIE. Ooooereville. Mich.





ILVBR. White and Golden Wynndottes. Ens from





WhItes Si 50 per 15. 52. 50 per 30. Silvers & Goldens at catalog

prices. Browning' s Wyendotte Farm. Portland. Michigan.





Whila Wgandollorg‘fi'o 's‘llimpewfiizf (....‘375’3

per 15. avid Roman Forest Ave.. Ypsilanti Mich.





Freeport Hatchery. Box 12. Freeport. llel.





 





 





 





—-All rlze winners and hreedingetock.

.al'nd "UCk: at he]? price.“ Won 3) prises last winter.

W. O. OOFFMAN. B. .Benton Harbor. Mich.





4-: _

_ 1——





DOGS.

' —-!'or sale. males. two mo.

Handsome Snanwl Pop: 01......“ u... ......o...

ate for children. Rouaelnont Farms. Detroit, Mich.





THOROUGHBRED “3““ and White Scotch





Collie pu lee. “for-quick

sale. 0. B. JONES. Sherwood’f‘m





Hosads'°i3§2‘i‘lfi‘lfift§&fin' 8mm Pon llsm

denchetamp. W. E. LECKY. Holmesvil . Ohio.





Fox and Wolf Hounds





sllhbsslhgllshhipislmlcs





40 years experience in breeding

these fine hounds for my own

sport. Save your pin sheep and

poultry. Send stamp for catalog.





 





 





 





 





Sibley. Jncheon County,





maturity, selling them at Thanksgiv-

ing, alive, at $5 to $6 each. This year

she has already 10 big enough to

show the red on their heads the first

of June. In one corner of the lot is

the alfalfa patch which furnishes the

green food necessary. Lawn clippings

are also fed the fowls, in addition to

the regular ration of small grain.

Keep Healthy in Confinement.

“And your turkeys keep healthy in

such small quarters?” I asked.

“Perfectly healthy," was the reply.

“I keep the same mother hens from

year to year and seldom lose ayoung

one.” Sometimes the mother and her

young are allowed the freedom of the





30- garden patch, where they pick up in-





sects and wander around. If well fed,

a turkey rarely does much damage to

growing vegetables. They pick, but

do not scratch.



Another woman whom I interviewed

keeps several mother hens and a gob-

bler. She confines her operations to

hatching, selling the chicks when a

day or two old, at 25 cents each. At

four weeks old they would bring “six

bits” apiece, so she told me. Like the

first one, she has only a city lot for

her turkeys. As it never rains from

May to November, turkeys thrive ex-

ceedingly in this country. No matter

what you wish to do, you can always

bank on the weather in summer time.





Intensive Poultry Culture Successful.



When it comes to eggs these city

lot poultrymen (or poultry women)

can do more business than a half doz-

en farmers. Five hundred laying hens

is not unusual in such a plant, and

they lay, too. There is no lazing

around, but every hen does her duty.

They have to. They are fed scien-

tifically, a ration calculated for just

one thing, to make eggs. When the

age for most profitable egg production

is passed their places are taken by

younger fowls, and they go to market.

Efficiency is the watchword, and all

operations are on a scientific basis.

The cockerels are separated as soon

as sex can be distinguished, and from

that time .on are fed for broilers, go-

ing to market at about ten weeks. The





 





T. B. HUDSPETH. ,

Mo.J





pullets begin laying when about five

months old.



As near as I can judge from what I

have learned about it, intensive poul-

try culture in California is a profitable

business. It is a great industry, too,

The quick returns and small capital

required make it very attractive. Like

Petaluma, in the north, Inglewood,

near Los Angeles, is quite a poultry

center and about everybody there is

raising chickens and selling eggs.

White Leghorns predominate. One

sees few of any other breed on the

egg ranches. On one half-acre tract

at San Gabriel about 7,000 are kept,

so I am told.





California. ELLA E. ROCKWOOD.





 





Is THERE MONEY IN POULTRY?





 





We often hear it asked, is there any

money in the poultry business? I

can say yes, if it is run on the same

business principles as any other busi-

ness. But there must be a system,

and a lot of hard work go with it.



It makes no difierence what breed

we take, choose the one you fancy

most, and in starting out purchase

either eggs, day-old chicks, er a trio

or pen of as good as your pocketbook

can afford. The best is the cheapest

in the end. Then chicks should be

hatched in a good incubator or under

good broody hens. The foundation

stock'should be healthy and vigorous





 





 





 





 





Blue Ribbon R. C. Black Minorca.





and the chicks should be kept grow-

ing from the shell to maturity, or

show-room, as you desire. Start the

chicks on the common rolled oats for

a few days, then use any of the chick

feeds that is free from mould or

Spoiled grains. Feed as many differ-

ent kinds of grain as you can, as your

chicks grow, for a set back at any

time during growth will develop in a

stunted or undersized bird as well as





cause off colors in the plumage. In,





the Black Minorcas it will cause pur-

ple or purple barring and in the white

varieties will cause brassiness.



If breeding for eggs, broilers or

fancy exhibition poultry, try to reach

the highest goal. We get just as anx-

ious to see the show season arrive as

a horseman likes to see the race

tracks open. We have found the de-

mand for fancy show and breeding

birds far greater than we could

supply.



One must be a lover of the work to

make a success of it. If you don’t

like chickens, don't go in the poultry

business, as one should have a natur-

al interest, and time to study the

good points of the birds. For a busi«

ness success, strict account of all the

expenditures should be kept.



It is surprising to find the number

of city people at the large city poultry

shows who are looking forward to the

time when they can get in the coun-

try and start in the poultry business.

I think that fruit and poultry are one

of the best combinations as a business

that can be found, if‘ run on good bus-

iness principles. H. A. Knrsrnn.





=I'Illllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllflllfllfi





JULY 41,1914.





gM-AKlNG HENS MOLT- EARLY.





 





When a specialty is made of pro-





‘ducing winter eggs it is of great img

portance to have the hens shed their ‘





feathers early in the fall, so that the

new plumage may be grown before

cold weathér'begin‘s'. In case melting

is much delayed the production of the

new coat of feathers in cold weather

is such a strain on the vitality of the

fowls that few, if any, eggs are'pro‘

duced until spring, while if the molt

takes place early in the season the

fowls enter‘the winter season in good

condition, and with proper care and

housing methods may be made to lay

during the entire winter.





The Van Dresser method of promot-

ing early molt has received several

tests, and while many. small poultry-

men have failed to. accept it, which. is

due to their inability and lack of de-

sire to carry it out in full, the large

poultry keepers, who make a specialty

of selling large numbers of eggs dur-

ing the high-priced winter season,

give the method full credit of being

very good. ‘





Limited Feeding Necessary.





This method consists in 'withhold-

ing food, either wholly or in part, for

a number of days, which stops the egg

production and reduces the weight of

the fowl, and then feeding heavily on

a ration suitable for the formation of

feathers and the general building up

of the system. During the period in

which the fowls are underfed, oat

bran is fed in hoppers, which is ex-

cellent feather food, and the change

to the old ration is gradual for five

days, after which it is again fed as

usual. The bran should be continued,





with addition of linseed oil meal to.





one-third whole weight, for ten days

after the feeding of the old ration is

started again.



The fowls should be confined within

yards or open front houses during the

time the method is in use, and should

be given plenty of water and fed lib-

erally of the dry mash, beef scraps,

corn, wheat, and oats, which is a ra-

tion rich in protein . or nitrogenous

matter, which is believed to be es-

pecially valuable for promoting the

growth of feathers as well as muscle.

Under these conditions the hens will

stop laying in a week.



After Melting, Feed for‘ Eggs.



In thirty days a complete new coat

of feathers will be put on, and the

fowls, if put on the old ration, gradu«





any will begin laying in earnest at





once.. Rhode Island Reds will molt

quicker than Leghorns, but otherwise

they take to the treatment alike. But

the hens must be mature and not

young things, and will enter the cold

weather in better condition than oth-

er fowls fed continually during the

melting season on an egg-producing

ration. Success with fowls means





feeding the ration with a purpose for-





the season in which it is fed. A pur-

pose is essential for any success.

New York. EARL W. GAGE.





THE EGG EATING HABIT.





 





The egg eating habit is a bad one,

and not easily cured. The probabili-

ties are that it 'is first caused by a.

broken egg in the nest, or a soft

shell one found on the roosting board

in the morning. After once getting a

taste of their own product, they‘want

more, and will break every egg they

can find. When one discovers that

the hens are eating their eggs, stren-

uous measures should be taken at

once. Scatter~china eggs on the floor

of the coop in order to let them see

that all eggs cannot be broken. You

will find that they will pick at these

for a. time and then desist. Feed





'plenty of meat food for a time, and





keep them busy working for all the

food they get. If you find a hen ac-

tually breaking an egg. better have

her for dinner. Watch the beds close«

1y until the trouble ceases.
t, ,I

I



F l



i l



l



. 1





 





 





JULY 4', 1-914.





=.lJlllllllllIlllllllllllllllllllllllllllllIL-





APPLE AND PEAR BLIGHT.





 





One of two things which reports

say are doing the most damage to the

apple trees throughout the country is

the twig blight. The other is the ap-

ple tree tent caterpillar.





The amount of damage by blight

has been on the increase within the

past few years. Last year it did ser-

ious injury to many pear orchards and

also demonstrated to us that the pop-

ular supposition that the Keiffer pear

was immune from blight was wrong

as the Kieffers were the ones most

affected.



The Blight This Year.



This year, immediately after the hot

spell we had June 8-9, many of the

apple trees in the state showed up a

dying back of the twigs. Almost with-

out exception the twigs which died

back were those which had blossom

spurs on, which goes to show that the

infection was through the blossom. In

an orchard containing Jonathan, W'ag—

ener, Duchess, Wealthy, Shiawassee

and Baldwin, the Jonathan seem to

have it the worst. It was also no-

ticed that old trees seemed to show

it worse than the young ones. .One

grower reports that 95 per cent of

the blossoms in one of his orchards

was affected this way, and in another

orchard which he owned not far away

there was very little.



If not taken care of this disease is

liable to cause serious trouble. It

may, in some cases, kill a third to

a half of the tree in a year, as it did

last year in the case of a Keiffer or-

chard in the western part of the state.

It usually works faster in pears than





_ apples.





The Method of Treatment.





The method of treatment is to cut

out the blighted parts, cutting them

at least six inches below where the

last evidence of the disease is seen.

This. should be done to make sure

that none of the blight bacteria are

left in the apparently healthy wood.

The bacteria will be in the wood be-

low the deadened parts before it

shows the results of its work. In cut-

ting away blighted twigs the knife or

pruning shears should be disinfected

after every cut by dipping them in a

five per cent solution of carbolic acid.

If the larger limbs are blighted the

wound can be disinfected by applying

a little of the carbolic acid solution

to the wound with a sponge. The

parts cut off should be carried out of

the orchard and burned. When cut-

ting Out the twig blight it is handy to

have a bag or a basket hung from the

shoulders to carry the twigs in.



The blight, whether it is called twig

blight, fire blight, pear or apple blight,

is caused by the same bacteria and in

either case should be treated in the

same way. .



In any case, where blight attacks

trees which are growing good, culti-

vation should be stopped and fertiliz-

ers withheld in order to check the

growth of the trees, as it has been

found that fast growing trees are us-

ually more susceptible to this disease

than others.





 





”809T FOR RADISH WORMS.





 





A very successful truck gardner re-

cently confessed that he made more

moneyout of radishes than anything

else. When asked if he was not great-

ly troubled with radish worms, he re-

vealed his secret



After the ground has been fitted up,

he makes drill mark of the proper

depth for radish seeds, sprinkles a

little soot the whole length of them

and puts in the seeds and covers

them. The crispness and flavor of

the radishes seem to be greatly im-





 





”llllllllllllIllllllllIlllllllllllllllllllllllllIlllllllllllllllllllllllllllllilllllllllIllllllllllllIllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllHllIIllllllllll|llllllllIl'llllllllllllllllllllIlllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll'mlllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllE





HOrticulture.





filllllllllllllllllllllll|lllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllIllllllllll|llllIllllllllllllllllllllllllIlllllllllllllllllllllIlllllllllllllllI|llllllllllllllllllllllllllIllllllllllllllllllIllIllllllllIlllllIlllll|llllllllllllllllll||Illllllllllllllllllllllll'E





TH'E MICHIGAN FA-RMER





‘iTlllllllllllllllllllllllllllllIlllllll





proved by this treatment, while the

worms keep at a respectful distance.

In fact, this man’s experience has led

him to make the offer to pay $100 for

each wormy radish in a five-acre field

where soot is properly used. The

soot has such great forcing qualities

that, if the weather is not too dry nor

too cool, the radishes are ready for

market in 15 days from planting, the

root being very large in proportion to

the top. He thus has the advantage

of harvesting crop after crop from

the same ground in one season. He

declares that‘by using soot he can

raise good radishes on ordinary plas-

tering sand, provided it is well drain-

ed and warm.



Wood soot is preferable to coal

soot, although the latter may be used

profitably. He has even used a little

coal ashes in lieu of soot, but of

course,'they are not nearly as good.



The home gardener should wake up

to this. It is both unpleasant and dis-

couraging to pluck radishes from the

kitchen garden and find half of them

inhabited. _



When cleaning chimneys, stove-

pipes, around the oven, etc., store the

soot in heavy paper sacks, mark “soot

for radishes,” and hang up in a dry

place.



Genesee Co. H. L. GRIGGS.



Soot is regarded as a nitrogenous

fertilizer, containing on the average,

about three per cent of nitrogen in

form of ammonia compounds. On ac-

count of its dark color it absorbs heat

when sprinkled on the surface of the

soil. It also has insecticide value and

is therefore of value in preventing

the radish worm. The fertilizer val-

ue, the insecticide value and its power

of heat absorption would tend to

make it produce large crisp and worm

free radishes, as suggested in the

above article—Eds.





GETTING THE MOST FROM THE

APPLE CROP.





 





In these days when apple growing

has become a specialized business,

and with the increased production

from new orchards which will make

the profits more moderate than in the

past, it behooves one growing apples

to grow the highest quality fruit in

the most economical way and to sell

to greatest advantage all the products

of the orchard. '



Some practice false economy by

neglecting a spraying or not doing it

thoroughly enough, and in that way

not producing as high quality fruit as

possible. Such economy is a case of

penny-wiseness and pound-foolishness,

as the highest quality fruit pays the

best. True economy consists of using

labor—saving machinery and having

things arranged so that the necessary

work of the orchard can be done in

the quickest time possible.



Many also fail to take advantage of

their opportunities by not grading and

packing the fruit carefully. Careless

pickers will often be the cause of a

crop selling for less than it should.

Methods of marketing may‘ also make

a difference in prices received for

fruit.



Probably what most growers, even

those who grow apples intensively,

least consider is disposing of their

cull or cider stock. Most all will sell

this stock to buyers at the current

price for such grades. Few realize

that with a small investment they

could get a cider mill suitable for

their purpose and make cider vinegar

or good sweet cider. There is a very

great demand for high quality real

cider vinegar and sweet cider.



The fruit need not be put through

the mill when everybody is busy har-

vesting the fruit, but it can be piled

up and when harvesting is done the





-





cider press started. If high quality

sweet cider is desired, the cider can





.be put in large jugs or kegs and tight-





ly sealed, and then, any time during

the winter the clear juice can be

siphoned out, heated and put into hot-

tles and sealed. There are unlimited

possibilities in working up a trade for

such goods, and if rightly handled

would net a price for the cider apples

which would nearly be equal to that

of the good stock.



At the usual prices for cider apples

they barely pay for their handling;

they are not an asset to any orchard.

If handled in some way as suggested

above, they would at least pay a good

share of the harvesting expense which

those who have kept books say is

fully half of the cost of growing and

selling apples.





 





FIGHTING P EACH YELLOWS.





 





While peach yello’ws has been pres-

ent in Michigan for,50 years, or more,

and its appearance is well known in

most of the counties in the southern

part of the Michigan peach belt, there

are many sections where during the

last few years peach trees have been

attacked and killed' by it, and the na-

ture of the disease has not been

known by the owners.



Although the nature of the disease

is not understood, it is insidious in its

attack and always proves fatal. Al-

though highly contagious, experience

has shown that it can be held in

check and the loss of trees in large

orchards kept within one per cent if

careful examination of the orchards

is made every week or two during

July and August, and any trees which

show the presence of the disease are

destroyed.



The Symptoms.





In bearing trees, the disease mani-

fests its presence by the premature

ripening, and the spotting and high-

coloring of the fruit. At first the dis-

ease may be confined to a single

peach or to the fruit upon one branch,

but in advanced cases the fruit on an

entire tree will be affected. The fruit

enlarges and colors one to two weeks

before the normal time. Upon the

surface numerous small, red blotches

Will be noted from each of which a

red streak extends to the pit. In a

few days the color becomes more

marked, the fruit looks as though at-

tacked by “measles” and the flesh ap-

pears to be blood—shot. The fact that

the flesh about the pit appears to be

highly Colored, as is quite common in

dry seasons with some varieties, is

not an indication of the disease unless

red streaks connect the skin with

the pit.



The presence of the disease can

also be detected by the appearance of

numerous, slender, tufted growths up-

on the older branches which bear nu-

merous small, narrow and pointed

leaves. These tufts are most com-

monly found near the crotches on the

larger branches and are an infallible

indication of the presence of yellows

in the tree. When the premature

peaches or tufted growths are found

upon a single branch, the entire tree

is infected aid cannot be saved even

though the portions which show the

disease are removed.



Cut Down Affected Trees.



It is not known when the disease

spreads, but it has been well estab-

lished that if the infected trees are

removed as soon as the presence of

the disease can be noted, the dissem-

ination of the disease will be checked.

On the other hand, if the trees are

allowed to stand until the following

spring, the chances are that the num-

ber of cases of the disease will be in-

creased ten-fold the following year.



The state law not only requires

owners of infected trees to destroy

them, but provides for the prosecu-

tion of the owners if they fail to do

this. L. R. TAFT,



State Inspector of Orchards and Nur-

. series.





llllll llllllllllllllll"llllllllllllllll "“llllllilllll .lllllll





iii iliiii i " l

Illlilillllll iiiiilii ii iii iLll





All over the country men are tearing

off wood, prepared paper. tin and galvan-

ixed roofs. Nailing on ‘Tightcote”

S-T-E-E-L. For only‘ "I‘lghtcote" STEEL

can be rot-proof, fire-proof and rust-proof.

It had to come, for this is the Age of Steel.





Cheaper, Too!





Curiously enough, Steel shingles, as we

sell them, direct from factory to user, are

now cheaper than wood. ,



And easier put on. Instead of nailing

one at a time, these shingles go on in big

clusters-400 or more at once. No extras

needed. No special tools. N0 expert work-

men. No painting required. Yet prach'eally

no wear-out to an Edwards Steel Roof.





l-low Ruet Was Done Away Wlth





Ordinary metnlrooflngrusts. Thisdoesn t. For

we invented a method which applied to Open

Hearth Steel, absolutely Prevents rust. from set.-

ting started. Called The ‘Edwards Tightcote

Process." It does the work like magic, as 125

users are glad to teswtify. t l “d t h t



e no on y so use 11 pay

Edwards, afler the freight. No such roofinghar-

Knin ever ofl‘ered before. Just. send Postal for Roof Book

No 787 Then see if you ever before saw such prices

and such quality. Please give size of roof if you can.





THE EDWARDS MFG. COMPANY

117-701 Look cmcmunn, 01110





J





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tor because it drives

in all four wheels it

pushes and pulls.

Easier to handle— , -

does better work. 1‘

ark: where or- f

dinary tractors .

can’t. Write for catalog.





Heer Engine Co. 45 T Stu Portsmouth 0.





OXALB’ITOL





Heals cuts, Burns and Sores





 





 





 





 





It is an. antiseptic dressing

that is sold on its merit, money

returned if not satisfied. Send 35 cents to





OXALBITOI. C0., Honesdale, Pa.

CIDER PRESSES





The Original MLGileul Hydrauliel’rau .

produces more cider from less

apples than any other and' 1s



a BIG MONEY YMAKER. Sizes '

10 to 400 barrels daily. Ailo

cider evaporatorl, apple-but.- - '

for cookers. v1nognr genera— ‘

torn, filters, etc. Fully guaran-

teed. Write for catalog.

HYDRAULIC PRESS MFG. CO.

13! Lincoln Ave. .. Mt. Gilead. Ohio.





ALFALFA‘Gd—E





Baal Hardy Non-Inhaled Seed 09. 8% Pure

99% germination: 89. 00. Government tested. Absolutely

guaranteed Northern grow,n extremely hard No seed

better. Have Turkestan Alfalfa, Sweet C over. New

Timothy, grass seed all kinds. Ask for our latest (lo-page

book on growing Alfalfa. 76- page catalog and samples.

All Sent Free. We can save you money. Write today

A. A. BERRY SEED co.. Box 43', CLARINDA. IOWA





CIDER MAKING





Can he made rofiteble if this Hright kind of ma-



chinery is uselI).W EM KE’I ERIGHTK KIND

Send for catalygue. HEstablished 1872

BOOMER 6 BOSCHERT PRESS C0.

472 West Water Street. Syracuse, N. Y.





Now is Atle “me IDA get readyb to sow Laifalla. July an!





August good mom hs. Get our book Alfalf a,The Wond

Crop, Free. Full information on how to successfully

row alfalfa. How to prepare the ground, protect and

most. Earn 7% net on $1, 000 an acre. Also tells about

"NITRAGIN." the famous inoculato1 Writet today.

Galloway Bros-Bowman Co. 185 Galloway slauon Waterloo low:





LIME





PullverizedL ma 8estan nine we‘ll:i for‘ ‘sour” soils.

Wgnummer noes



Mugkegon and Benton Harbor Miolhwgato you from



LA AXE SHORE STONE 00.. Milwaukee, Wis.





 





 





 





 





"1.... '1'





 

 

 

 

 





 





 





 





 





 





 





 





LILLIE'S SPECIAL BRANDS





BUF F All) FERTILIZER





Made from host material. Always reliable.

Lime, Potash. Acid Phosphate. Nitrate of Soda.

Agents wanted in unoccupied territory, 8111p d1-



to farmers in cal-lots. Fertilizer questions

answered and farm soil surveys made on request.





Colon C. Lillie, Sales Ant. Coopersville, Mich.





-—You should get the hi est grade

limestone manufao nred. Buy



Itt upon the basis of analysis. We

mannuildaoture the hi best film]: pul-





vex-iced linen esodin





 





 





tun prove! tor sample and analysis.





CAMPBELL STONE 60.. Indian River. "loll.
.-





THEI'MICHIG'A'N’FA’RMER.





\,





JULY 4, 1914.





 





8-8

The Michigan Farmer

Established m3. Copywrlght 1914. .





The Lawrence Publishing Co.





Editors and Proprietors.





39 to 45 Congress St. West. Detroit .mohican

' nurnoxn Marx 4525.



NEW YORK OFFICE—41 Park Row.



CHICAGO OFFC 13—604 Advertising Building.

CLEVELAND OFFICE—10114015 Oregon Ave.. N. E.

PHILADELPHIA OFFICE—214218 Twelfth St.





M, J. LAWRENCE .................. President

M. L. LAWRENCE... "Vice-President

E. H. HOUGHTON .................... WSec-T‘rcas,





I. R. WATERBURY .............................. }





 





 

 





 





Assoicate

Editors





BURT V/ERMUTH-u

F. A. WILKEN .........

ALTA LAWSON LITTELL -------------





E, H. HOUGHTON .......................... Business Manager

TERlWS OF SUBSCRIPTION:





 





 





 





 





One year. 52 issues-mum”. .......50 cents

Two yearsI 104 issues.................- n..."- 1.

Three years, 156 issues....................................... 1.25





Five years 260 issues ............................................ 2.00

All sent postpaid.

Canadian subscriptions 50c a year extra for postage.

Always send money by draft. postofiice money order.

registered letter or by‘express. We will not be responsible

for money sent in letters. Address all communications to.

and make all drafts checks and postofl‘ice orders payable to,

The Lawrence Publishing Co.





 





We never, unless through error. send The Michigan

Farmebbeyond the date subscribed to—our subscription price

being always due in advance, and sample copies always free.

No bills will ever be sent should a subscription through

error be continued after expiration,





RATES OF ADVERTISING:

40cents per line agate type measurement. or $5.60 per

inch (14 agate lines per inch) per insertion. No adv't Ill-

serted for less than $1.20 each insertion. No objection-

able advertisements inserted at any price.

Entered as second class matter at the Detroit. Michigan.

postofiice.





DETROIT, JULY 4, 1914.





A FEW LEADING ARTICLES OF

THE WEEK.





 





 





 





Science and the Farmer.——Pointing

out the reasons why applied

science is necessary to the evolu-

tion of an ideal agriculture ......



How to Get More Foals.~—Discuss-

ing the reason for the failure of

mares to breed, and pointing out

some simple but effective reme-

dies



Why Farmers Slaughter the Calves.—

——A statement of economic facts

which, rather than sentiment, gov-

ern agricultural production....... 5



Keeping Turkeys in Confinement.—

Describing a method in vogue in

California .................. . 6



The Sherman Anti-Trust Act and

Co-operative Associations.-——Illus-

trating that co-operation among

farmers should not be considered

in restraint of trade ............. 16



Costs and Profits in Fruit Growing.

——An itemized account with a rep-

resentative New York orchard...18





............................





Independence Day.





Young America on the farm as well

as in town, loves to give noisy empha-

sis to his regard for his country's

natal day.



The toy. cannon pictured in our cov-

er design suggests the mighty imple-

ments of war-fare that enable the na-

tion to enforce respect for its citizens

and its flag—to command peace.



The boy surrounded with the in-

strumentalities of education and train-

ing, of scientific research and of pro-

gress, suggests the strong intelligent

manhood that constitutes America’s

real power and most splendid distinc-

tion and that upon which the very ex-

istence of the Republic depends.



The Indian represents the passing

of a most picturesque people Who at

one time roved at will over all Amer-

ica as one vast hunting ground: but

now are limited to the narrow confines

of a few reservations. Wonderingly

the Indian studies the child and his

surroundings, trying to comprehend

the proverb that “knowledge is pow-

er”—an eternal riddle to the savage

mind.



'No single word in the language so

thoroughly and completely expresses

an acceptable and satisfactory status

as the word peace.



In the home, in the community, in

the‘nation, in the world, it is the

requisite of tolerable conditions of

life.



1 Where a nation or a race is steeped

in ignorance and held in the bonds of

an ecclesiasltical or land slavery,

peace may mean only a. continuance





of the reign of ignorance. To such .a.

people, war may be the only portal to

enlightenment and progress. It has

sometimes happened, also, that war

in some degree has opened the way

to enlightenment, as the Crusaders

carried back to Western Europe, the

basis of the mathematics of Arabia

”and a. smack of the learning of the

Orient and the far East.



But the highest realization of the

ideals of life, will undoubtedly come

to the nations whose governments are

founded upon a broad basis of en-

lightenment and justice—“govern-

ment of the people, by the people, for

the people”—and whose people are





00 “at pace among themselves and with





all nations.” .





 





CURRENT COMMENT.





 





During the past



The Safe and Sane ten years there

Celebration. have been 1,326



, deaths and 35,-



505 injuries resulting from the use of

explosives in the celebration of the

“Glorious Fourth.” The high point in

fatal injuries was reached in 1909,

when 215 deaths resulted from such

injuries. The number of fatalities has

since steadily declined, the fatalities

for last year numbering but 32. This

has, no doubt, been largely due to the

development of the safe and sane

idea of celebrating the national holi-

day. It has also been due in part to

the better education of the public to

the necessity of calling a physician

to treat such injuries, even though

they may not seem to be serious at

the time. Physicians are also more

thoroughly aroused to the danger of

tetanus developing in patients who

have been injured through the agency





4 of explosives, and are more generally





equipped with the proper serum for

the effective prevention of this dread

germ disease. ,



While it is too much to expect

Young America to celebrate the

Fourth without some noise of explo-

sives, every precaution should be tak-

en by parents to direct the celebra-

tion as much along safe and sane

lines as possible, and in the event of

even a minor injury of little seeming

consequence, have the wound dressed

by a physician without delay. Such

general precaution will have the ef-

fect of further reducing both injuries

and death as a result of over zealous

celebration by embryonic patriots.

Years ago the ex-

change of labor by

neighboring farmers

was very common, .and in many sec-

tions of the country this form of

neighborhood accommodation is still

practiced to a considerable extent. In

matters of this kind the average farm-

er does not like to appear “small” and

he will often discommode himself to

help out a neighbor who needs extra

help, to secure a crop or do some

special task. Usually no account is

kept of this sort of exchange, and

quite often it would be found that

such an account, if kept, would not

balance at the end of the season. In

one instance noted in the Farm Man-

agement Monthly, issued.by the De-

partment of Agriculture, a farmer

living on a 67-acre farm helped his

neighbors to the extent of 217%, hours

of man labor and 112 hours of horse

labor. In return he received 103 hours

.of man labor and 76% hours of horse

labor. No mention is made of any

further settlement with these neigh-

bors whom he helped to this extent.

The probability is that he never fig-

ured the proposition out to see how

much he was the loser in this ex-

change of labor. If he had done so,

and had figured man labor at 15 cents

per hour and horse labor ath cents

per hour, he would have found that

he had centributed a balance of labor





Changing Work.





which at the above valuation would





amount to $20.76. ‘. ‘. '

Exchanging labor with one’s neigh-



bors is often desirable. In fact, it is



one of the- best methods of solving the'





vexed ' labor problem, in many cases.

But “even exchange is no robbery,"

and where the exchange of labor is

noteven it is only ghod business, and

not in any way “small,” to‘ render a.

bill for the settlement of theflbalance.





‘As a matter of fairness and‘good bus-s





.ness 9. record should be kept of all

transactions of this kind as well as of

the other business incident to the con-

duct of the farm-





The premium list

The State Fair. for the Sixty-fifth



Annual State Fair is

now out, and shows liberal awards in

all departments, particularly those in

the live stock classes. An innovation

is noted in this connection in the of-

fer of a special premium to breeders’

associations for each lot of 50 head of

live stock entered by members of any

breeders’ association through the' me-

dium of the association. In addition

to the usual provision made for the

comfort of fair visitors, a well equip-

ped hospital will be maintained on

the grounds, in charge of skilled phy-

sicians and trained nurses, to insure

prompt care of all who need it.





The fair this year will be of suffi-

cient length to give every person in

the state ample opportunity to select

a convenient date for attending, the

dates being September 7 to 18 inclu-

sive. Upon the character of the State

Fair the agricultural prominence of

the state is judged by many people.

The management of the State Fair

has planned for an extensive exhibit,

and provided in every way possible

for the comfort and entertainment of

its farmer patrons. The representa-

tive character of a state fair is, how-

ever, largely in the hands of the farm-

ers and stock breeders who are in a.

position to exhibit creditable products

at this show, and it is the duty of the





farmers of the state to second their 712





efforts by putting up not only the best

exhibit which has ever been seen in

Michigan, but a better exhibit than

will be seen in any other state this

year.



Send for a. premium list if you have

not already received one, and do your

share toward insuring a representa-

tive exhibit in every department.





HAPPENINGS OF THE WEEK.





 





National.





Nearly one-half of the city of Sa-

lem, Mass, was destroyed by fire last

Thursday. Fully 1,000 homes and sev-

eral important industrial plants were

burned, entailing a loss estimated at

from $6,000,000 to $8,000,000. Fully

10,000 persons were rendered home-

less by the fire.



A cyclone ‘swept across Michigan

Saturday night, hitting two sections

and doing much damage, the aggregate

reaching into the hundreds of thou-

sands of dollars. At Unadilla 15 per-

sons were injured, 12 houses blown

down, one church ruined and another

unroofed, 15 barns demolished, and





a score of orchards uprooted. Every

cottage at Silver Lake, in Dexter

township, Livingston county, was





blown down. A number of communi-

ties about the two places mentioned.

report further destruction of property.

- The presence of two cases of bu-

bonic plague in New Orleans is caus-

ing much-apprehension among the au-

thorities, and a conference of the 10-

cal and state officials regarding means

of preventing the spread of the mal-

ady. was held early this week.



West Virginia has voted to elimi-

nate the saloon, by a majority of 92.-

000, which is approximately a two to

one vote for statewide. suppression of

the liquor business.

to be added to the list of prohibition

states



Two thunder showers accompanied





by hail are said to-have destroyed 50 0





.per cent of the grape crop in the

Lake Keuka section of New York

state. The loss is estimated at 81,-

000,000. '



A cloudburst at Lanesboro, Minn.

inundated the streets of the town to a

depth of six feet. Although the water

rose rapidly, rescuers are believed to

have gotten all the inhabitants to

safety. - , \



A new record was made when avi-

ator Silas 'Christofferson flew over





Mt. Whitney, Cal" last week, taking 0





hist machine to an elevation .of 15,728

ee . , '



As a’resultof an attempt of some

unknown parties to use cattle for ad-





 





vertising by muting signsupon them.

a. large number of the animals have

died: and farmers are appealing to the

sheriff of Kent county to assist in

finding the guilty persons.





The total of Michigan’s delinquent

taxes for this year aggregate $360,000

according to .the auditor-general’s

office.



‘, Foreign.



Calgan, a city 125 miles northwest

of Pekin, China, was sacked last week

by 6,000 mutinous troops. Many per-

sons whe resisted the troops, were

killed.



Archduke Francis Ferdinand, neph-

ew of Emperor Francis Joseph of Aus-

tria, and heir to the Austrian throne,

and the Duchess of 'Hohenburg, his

wife, were assassinated at the capital

of Bosnia, Sunday. The assassin is

said to be a young Servian student.

This was the second attempt of the

day upon the lives of the royal party.

The tragedy makes Archduke Charles

Francis Joseph heir-apparent to the

Austro-Hungarian throne.





Last week the Mexican rebels cap-

tured Zacatecas, the last of the strong-

holds before Mexico City. Prepara-

tions are being made for a. rapid ad-

vance upon the capital of the coun-

try which, if taken, will probably

mean ,the end of Gen. Huerta’s admin-

istration.





Japan declines the offer of the Uni-

ted States for a new treaty relating

to the controversy over the Califor-

nian alien land law. It appears that

the new Nippon government is at-

tempting to make political capital of

the affair, denouncing the new Cali-

fornia law as being unfair and morti-

fying.





 





,4





STATE FAIRS.





 





Olggrest City, Cleveland, Ohio, Aug.





Iowa State, Des Moines, Aug. 26-

Sept. 4.

New York State, Syracuse, Aug. 31-





Sep. .



Ohio State, Columbus, Aug. 31-

Sept. 4.



Greater Michigan, Grand Rapids,

Sept. 2-7. ,





Michigan State, Detroit, Sept. 7-18.

Minnesota State, Hamline, Sept.





Ilridiana State, Indianapolis, Sept.





Wisconsin State, Milwaukee, Sept,





glégnois State, Springfield, Sept.





 





MICHIGAN FAIRS.





 





Tuscola Co., Vassar, Aug. 17-20.

Cass City, Cass City, Aug. 17-20.

Calhoun 00., Marshall, Aug. 24-28.

Caro, Caro, Aug. 24-28.

Gratiot Co., Ithaca, Aug. 25-28.

Huron 00., Bad Axe, Sept. 1-4.

Livingston Co., Howell, Sept. 1-4.

Marquette Co., Marquette, Sept. 1-4.

Thumb District, Pt. Huron, Sept. 1-5.

Greater Michigan, Grand Rapids,-

Sept. 2-7.

1(13harlevoix 00., East Jordan, Sept.





Deckerville, Deckerville, Sept. 9-11.

Greenville, Greenville, Sept. 8-11.

Michigan State, Detroit, Sept. 7-18.

N. E. Michigan, Bay City, Sept. 7-11.

Sanilac Co., Sandusky, Sept. 8-11.

Arenac Co., Standish, Sept. 16-18.

Barry 00., Hastings, Sept. 15-18.

Emmett Co., Petoskey, Sept. 15-18.

15l‘fgrthern District, Cadillac, Sept.

Holland, Holland, Sept 15-18.

Menominee, Menominee, Sept. 15-18.

15Slts. Joseph 00., Centerville, Sept.

Croswell, Croswell, Sept. 22-25.

Clare 00., Harrison, Sept. 23-25.

Clare.Co., Harrison, Sept. 23-25.

3(élnrieboygan Co., Wolverine, Sept.





Burt, Burt, Sept. 22-24. .

, Grand Traverse, Traverse City,

Sept. 21-25.

Iosco Co., Tawas City, Sept. 23-25.

Lenawee 00., Adrian, Sept. 21-25.

Manistee Co., Onekama, Sept. 22-25.

North Branch, North Branch, Sept.





She is the ninth 23 25





‘Oceana Co., Hart, Sept.‘ 22-25.

Inter-State, Kalamazoo, Sept. 22-25.

Allggani Co., Allegan, .Sept, :29-

c .





Alpena Co., Alpena, Sept. _30-Oct..2.

Clinton 00., St. Johns, Sept. 29-

Oct. 2. ‘ ’



Copper 00., Houghton, Sept. 29-:

Oct 3.





Chippewa Co., Sault' Ste. Marie,’





Sept. 28-30. .

Eaton. Co., Charlotte, Sept.‘ 29-

Oct. 2





O. Itmés'dale 00.. masque, Sept. 28--

c. .



Itmlésy City, Imlay City, Sept. 29-

.Otsego '00., Gaylord, Sept. 29-Oct.1.

Armada, Armada, Oct. 7-9





Fowleitvill’e. Fowlervllle, Oct. 6-9.'

Ogemaw 00., West Branch, Oct. 6-8.





I





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THE-MICHIGAN F’ARMER





 





 





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Rural Schools of Yesterday, Today, Tomorrow.





 





 





Every little while some one speaks plainly and sanely about the farmer’s school. While this article has touches of sarcasm,

and rebukes the indifference of parents, it holds not a little advice that is at once vital, practical and wholesome.





 





 





HE term country school has long

held a certain fascination for

those who know it through



years of childhood’s experience. Many,

too, who never knew its joys and

sorrows have conceived a romantic

idea of its conditions. But the farm-

er of today is the one to whom ques-

tions regarding the district school are

of vital importance. It is not the pur-

pose of the writer to consider either

curriculum or method, but rather the

buildings and conveniences as they

Were, are, and may be.



Go back to the American schools of

the nineteenth century. Here, on his

way to school is a little fellow whom

we will follow. We must go along a

muddy highway, across an old cordu-

roy road and down the hill to the

school house. Eagerly our eyes look

ahead for the first glimpse of the

school buildings. We see an old dil-

apidated building, probably a desert-

ed barn. No—smoke issues from a

crumbling chimney and a number of

children are standing about the door.

Our little guide hails them gleefully

and goes in‘himself. It is the school-

house.



The master has not yet arrived so

we will walk around this old temple

of learning. The wood for winter is

piled high in the yard. At one end

the children have constructed a play

house. Otherwise the yard is abso-

lutely bare and as there is nothing

else to attract the attention we in-

spect the building closely.



The walls are gray and weather-

beaten by the storms of many years.

It has never been painted, but nature

has touched it in many places with

bits of green moss. ,Here and there

the clapboards are gone and many

others hang loose, ready to swing off

in the next hard wind. Even a little

wind causes them to creak and groan

and beg to be better secured. The

windows on either side have once

been shuttered but now we find only

an occasional hinge or part of a

frame as a relic of a more prosperous

time. The roof is worm eaten and

rotting,‘ sags pitifully in several

places as if it were getting tired





By FERN





of sheltering the youthful knowledge

seeker. '



Here comes the master, and we will

enter the building with him. We are

cautioned not to fall on the big stones

thrown up at the entrance for a door-

step. Now they seem but a stumbling

block for careless feet, but in rainy

weather they help one to pass over

the deep mud. On entering, a great

pile of wood nearly bars the doorway.





And now we behold the schoolroom!

From the outside we thought it a

barn, and our first view of the inside

would lead us to believe we were look-

ing upon the poultry department. That

long long row of benches around the

sides of the room is more suitable for

a roosters’ perch than a desk for dil-

igent students. And would not the

spelling floor be about right for the

chickens’ running park?



There is a fire in the grate which

drives out the morning’s chill, but the

master tells us it is a poor provision

against the cold winter winds. The

ceiling and walls are black with

smoke which the draughts of the fall-

ing chimney have forced back to the

children. The walls were once cov-

ered with a many colored, large fig-

ured wall paper, but it is only under

an old print of Christopher Columbus

that we can even distinguish an out-

line of the paper’s original gorgeous-

ness.



The girls hang their wraps and din-

ner pails in a dark little. closet by the

fireplace. How damp and dirty it is!

It is the place where all mischievous

urchins are stored away.



The master pounds on the clap-

boards by the door with his heavy

ferule and the children come trooping

in. At the door they “make their

manners,” each boy gives a bow, each

girl a. courtesy. See the little tots.

There are several not more than three

years old. They sit on the low front

benches and the big pupils climb into

the wider ones behind.



One little boy comes in much be-

hind the others, for he ran down to

the brook for a drink before obeying





WILCOX.





the master’s summons. This is his

last chance to drink before noon, for

water pails are unknown and the fif-

teen minute recess has not been in‘

troduced. In the Winter when the

brook is frozen over, the children hold

snow in their hands until it melts and

then suck the water from their

fingers.



There are no big boys in school

during the summer term, which be-





gins the first Monday in May, but dur-





ing the winter many pupils from 18

to 21 are seen in the school room. One

big fellow looks after the fires this

week, while another will do it next

week. Woe to the lad who is care-

less in arranging the coals at night.

Matches are unknown and unless some

fire holds over night the janitor must

take some pieces of green bark as a

basket and go some distance to the

nearest farm house to borrow more

coals. Not a very pleasant task on a

frosty morning.



We have no reason to believe that

the sweeping of the floor ever trou-

bles anyone very much, for the dirt is

so deep that even the shuffling of the

children’s feet makes a noticeable

cloud of dust. Cleanliness seems to

have been entirely forgotten in the

search for knowledge. -





As the morning goes on we notice

the pupils furtively glancing at the

south window. They are all getting

restless and two little tots are fast

asleep on the front bench. At last

the master dismisses the algebra class

and he, too, looks at the south win-

dow. The sun finally reaches the

noon mark on the sill and we know

it is time for dinner. We have ob-

served every nook and corner of this

old building so let us pass out, leav-

ing the children to eat their dinners,

take our way to the schoolhouse of

today, and consider its advancements

and problems.



We will examine a schoolhouse of

southern Michigan which is typical of

most district schools at the present

time. The yard is small and slightly

shaded. The diminutive schoolhouse





has been painted once. A rickety

little woodshed is piled high with de-

bris, some wood and less coal. The

roof needs re-shingling for it was bad—

1y damaged in a wind storm several

years ago.



In an old well is a remnant of what



was once. a good pump. The handle

is broken and the platform over the

well is rotted away. The children find

it more convenient to carry water

from the nearest farm house than to

use this broken affair.

-The school building itself is not

much larger than the one we left in

the past century. The stones at the

door have been replaced by a plank

step that is falling into decay.



It is vacation time so we may enter

and examine things as much as we

wish without disturbing anyone. The

door sticks and binds, even after we

have succeeded in turning the key

in the poorly fitted lock, we have to

,kick and pound before we can force

our way in.



There is no hall here. Perhaps the

directors got tired of stumbling over

wood in the dark passageway; and

they never thought of a window. We

step at once into the room. Here we

find seats and desks for two pupils

arranged in rows across the room.

They are all about the same size. How

uncomfortable even the smallest seats

must be for the wee tots, and how

could a good sized boy ever store

himself away in one of those back

seats? Surely many of the children

must be either cramped, or streached

every day. The teachers desk is a

small table that some obliging farmer

has given to the district after the ta‘

ble had been replaced in his own

kitchen by a new cabinet.



At one side we find a cupboard fill.

ed with books that might better be

burned. They were selected by some-

one with a perverted taste for litera-

ture. We find many trashy novels

stacked in among old readers and his-

tories.



On the north and east walls are two

stretches of blackboard. These were

made by the black painting of a putty

coat. Long years of use and misuse





 





 





 





What strides have been made in the construction of railroad equipment is shdwn by the accompanying illustration, where the first train operated





in the United States over eighty yearsago is standing beside a modern locomotive.

the monster iron horse of the twentieth century.





The little engine and its. three cars scarcely measure the side of

The development of the railroad engine has been unlike the development of the racing and the





draft horse. ,With the animals it has been found that beyond a certain limit weight becomes an obstacle to speed and an advantage in pulling.





But the evolution of the locomotive has increased both speed and weight at the same time.

mum speed of fifteen miles per hour, while the locomotive of toda

times as great as that of its progenitor. .





The little engine of





nearly a century ago had a maxi-





y runs four, five and even six times as fast and carries weight a hundred or more





_.__.,.-..- “Mm-.- Wm- ,_-.. w..-..._.._x.uwwn.,.wewwfi ,. -..~-,....,;M.,.._._. ,--,.,....~-.»,.-....n_. ',
10—10





have cracked and broken its surface.

Now the teacher must dodge innumer:

able cracks and holes as she places

work on the board.



In the corner back of the door is a

little three-cornered shelf which holds

the water pail, a rusty old dipper and

a rustier wash basin. The place is

dry now, but if. we should 'visit this

room during school hours we would

find this a veritable slop hole. One

dipper is not enough for the thirsty

youngsters. Much pushing and shov-

ing over cup and basin keep this place

perpetually damp. After dinner, in

spite of the teacher’s greatest caution,

there are sure to be crumbs of food,





from the lips and fingers of the chil-.





dren, floating in the water.

Under the shelf are the dustpan,





stove shovel, oil can, and’ the general.





storeroom collection. Seeing the coal

shovel prompts us to examine the

stove. It is a low, flat heater, run-

ning lengthwise in the middle aisle.

The door sags on its hinges, one grate

has entirely disappeared and the oth-

er is badly cracked. The stove pipe

is old and rusty so that many small

holes may be seen. Even a light wind

sends the ashes and soot sifting down

On the children’s heads.



The walls are lined with hooks for

the children’s wraps. Under the chim-

ney is a dusty, dirty place for dinner-

pails. Several poor maps, which wily

agents have persuaded the district to

buy, hang on the walls. These maps

were not cheap in price but have

proven useless. There are some charts

too, that were forced on unsuspecting

school directors. The agents declared

in such glowing, persuasive tones that

the charts and maps were necessary

to the success of the school that they

were purchased at considerable cost,

with little regard to their value. The

advice of a thoroughly competent

teacher on the purchase of supplies

would in all probability, have saved

the district considerable money.



Let us leave this dingy room and

going out into the pure country air,

talk over some of the things which

will add to the comfort of the chil-

dren and which eventually must come

to them as their rightful heritage.

You farmers, who are enjoying many

of the most modern conveniences in

your barns and homes, must not ex-

pect your teachers and your children

to do their best work unless they, too,

have the best possible conditions to

work under.



You spend many dollars, and days

of time, in building a sanitary, ce‘

ment water tank for your cattle, and

then let your children drink from a

most unhealthful, unwholesome water

pail. Manufacturers have on the mar-

ket, at the present time, several dif-

ferent styles of water fountains which

may be used in localities where there

is no water pressure. Why do you

not.look into the matter and select

one of the best fer your country

school? Pure water is not too good

for your cattle, and you may be sure

your. children need it even more.



The water pail is only one of many

things which cry out for your atten-

tion. We must consider some other

hygienic questions that need urgent

attention. One great essential is a

well drained school yard. Have you

one? A stagnant pool of water is a

breeding place for disease germs. If

there is such a place on your school

grounds it should be. done away with.

When children play in a muddy yard

much dirt is tracked into the build-

ings. This dirt dries on the floor and

as the children restlessly move their

feet a harsh, nerve-racking sound is

produced. The sound, however, is a

small part of the evil. This same

germ-laden dirt is carried through the

air which the children and teacher

breathe. Might we not better pay less





for the support of tuberculosis sani-

tariums and more to remove the con-

ditions which make the ,dread disease

’ possible? When we stop to consider

that the child spends seven hours a

day at school then we can more clear-





 

 





THEM IC-H-IGAN‘ FA‘ERMER





1y appreCiate the necessity of provid-

ing the best conditions far those sev-

en hours. ‘

While speaking of mud I am re-

minded of the usual method of clean-

ing the schoolrooms with a broom and

feather duster. No matter how care-

ful the sweeper may be, there is al-

ways a genuine cloud of dust stirred





up. I say “stirred up,” for it abso—‘





lutely can not all be “taken up.” This

dust settles on walls and furniture

and is breathed in all the next day as

each little jar or breeze sends it fly-

ing through the air. There are sweep-

ing compounds which may be pur-

chased very reasonably. These would

help to solve the problem. If you are

really in earnest and can not get the

manufactured product there are sev-

eral formulas published by our state

board of health which may be pre-

pared at home for a moderate price.

A brush of soft pliable fiber will stir

up less dust than the ordinary broom.

These may be purchased at any hard-

ware store at a cost from 75 cents to

$1.50. A large dust cloth—a rag, if

you please, will remove a great deal

more dust than any duster that was

ever made. Absolute cleanliness must

be one of the first requisites in a per-

fect schoolhouse.



Another thing to be taken into ac-

count is the ventilating and heating

system. Some schools have found a

regular system delightfully satisfac-

tory and practical but every school

must have at least the rudiments for

ventilating and heating. Even if you

can not afford a modern heater, with

its patent ventilating device, you must

have good wood or coal, a good stove,

a perfect pipe properly fitted, a well

built chimney, lots of windows, and a

full supply of window boards. The

new barns all have a ventilating sys-

tem. Are our children to have less

consideration than our dairy cows?



After the physical needs have been

supplied we still need to consider

some things of artistic value. Many

a teacher has come into the district

school anxious to make the surround-

ings beautiful. Some have succeeded

but the results can not be permanent

without your assistance. Trees and

shrubbery and vines will do so much

to enhance the attractiveness of the

school grounds. If the teacher suc-

ceeds in planting these things unas-

sisted there is still work for you to

do. The young plants must be cared

for during the hot summer days. It

often happens that even when trees





survive the lack of. care.» they are

ruined by some careless driver. Does

it not seem absolutely cruel for any-

one to ride down the result“ of so

much effort on the part of teacher and

pupils? Yet every year this thing

happens.’_ Tree after tree, shrub after

shrub, are driven over and killed be-

fore they gain sumcient size to hold

their own against intrusion. , The next

time you are tempted to drive across

a schoolyard, do step and think that

you will at least cut up the sod if

you do not ruin a cherished plant. Go

around, it is only a little farther.

Inside the schoolroom there are two

things which will add much to the

artistic effect. These are curtains and

pictures. Shades should be consider-

ed an absolute necessity. I think sash

curtains are almost if not just as im-

portant. Few of us would like to have

all the draperies removed from our

homes from nine in the morning until





four in the afternoon. Why should we'





expect our children to be deprived of

the same comfort? Sash curtains and

rods for eight windows may be pur-

chased for less than three dollarssDo

not let school go on another day with-

out them. '



It is more difficult to discuss the

pictures, but they are just as much an

essential. Our children must be sur-

rounded by some of the best things

in art if they are to grow up with an

appreciation of all that is good and

beautiful. When your teacher gives

a social to make money for a picture

fund, support it with your presence

and your pocket—book. The good de-

rived from association with a master-

piece is rather an intangible thing to

estimate, but it is no less valuable be-

cause we can not absolutely weigh it.



If you have been selecting progres-

sive teachers they have realized many

necessary improvements long ago. No

doubt they have attempted to bring

about some of the required changes.

Have you co—operated with them, or

have you ridiculed and laughed at

their thoughtful suggestions?



The teacher can not do her work

alone. She needs your help. Have

confidence in her and in yourself. Co-

operate to make the school year of

1914-1915 so filled with helpful, useful

days that it will stand out as a guide

post to further advancement through

all the years to come. Put the chil-

dren and children’s welfare before all

other things, and you will reap a rich-

er harvest in your farm home than

you have ever reaped before.





Illl|IlllIIIllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllIIIHIIHI|llllllillillllllll|IHH|lllllllllllIIIIIIIHHIHIIIHlfllilllll|IllllllllllllllllllilllllliilillllIIIHIIIHNHIHIIHHIIHII!lllllllilllillilllillIIIIHIIIIIHIHIIIllll“lllllllllllllllfllllllIIIIIHIHII





The Parkers’ Independence Day.





By GRACE WHITE NEWBY.





piration from his forehead and



knitted his brows, as he sat gaz-

ing at a roll of bills before him on the

little table. This little roll was at

once the cause of fond hope and ab-

ject despair.



On the coming fourth day of July

he had expected to see the home free

from debt, and he and his good wife

had planned how they would cele-

brate their own Independence Day,

for such it indeed seemed to them to

be when freed from the burden they

had carried so long. Many times had

they come near failing to meet their

payments, and had been periliously

near the foreclosure of that dreadful

mortgage, but by some good fate, were

tided over the yawning precipice, and,

as the time drew nearer, and when

only one payment remained due, they

began to feel that their hopes were

almost as good as ralized.. But just

about this time a sudden run of ill

luck overtook them—the loss of a

valuable horse, which necessitated the

immediate purchase of another, or the

giving up of Silas Parker’s employ-

ment, for which the keeping {of a

horse was ' indispensable. Then the

bobbing up of a bill. long thought, by





SILAS PARKER wiped the 'pers-





some misunderstanding, to have been.





paid, but,» having nothing to show its





payment, the bill had to be met; and,

last but not least, the severe illness

of his wife. It seemed the fates had

conspired to prevent him from realiz-

ing his cherished dream. But here

he was, with the mortgage nearly due

and not enough money to pay. What

could he do? He knew better than to

expect any leniency from Horace

Page, who held the mortgage, and

who was one of that class whose

greed for the dollar far exceeded any

sympathetic or merciful tendencies

which he may have had. And, be-

sides, had he not said the last time

he tided him over, it was the last, and

one knew when once he made up his

mind to anything it was as good as

done.



Mr. Parker had already borrowed

money to the limit of his personal see

curities to meet other indebtedness,

that he might be enabled to meet the

home payment, holding, that as the

one supreme and important thing on

which the others could wait. So now

he was virtually at his rope’s end.



At this stage of his dejeotion Mrs.

Parker appeared on the scene. Read-

ing plainly the deep lines in his fore-

head, and the expression written on

his face, she walked up to himhlaid,

her hand on. his shoulder, and said

not a word for a full minute.- Then





r ' ' .4...

WLY 4;; 1914.

.! Elm.-. . . , . g

his gaze meeting hers, she said: .



“Silas! I can’tbear to search look

so. Is it impossible to meet the pay-

ment?”



“Yes, and Just think. Mary. what

a disappointment it will be to Re-

becca.” ‘



Theirs was the Old story. of the

struggle of the parents to send the

daughter through college. They had

felt justified in this for she hadshovm

unusual talent and intelligence, and

they laid great store against the time

when they should realize their expec-

tations of her. Her college course

was to be completed in June—in just

one short week—and they were to

have one common celebration when

she returned home on Independence

Day. The failure promised to make

the celebration anything but a pleas-

ure. But Mary, instilling a measure

of cheer into her voice, said:



“Well, Silas, let’s leave it witll' Him

who knows best, and think no more

about it today—maybe the morrow

will bring more light.”



Then Mary went about her house

hold tasks, leaving her husband to

meditate on the weakness of his faith,

for somehow he could not bring him-

self to the point of laying his trou-

bles in the hands of providence, as

his good wife suggested; but, any-

how, her hopefulness reflected slight-

ly in his spirits, and he rose, shak-

ink off, to a certain extent, his bur-

den, and went about his evening

tasks. .



The next morning the mail brought

a letter from their daughter, with a

little surprise package by way of en-

couragement to the despairing» hearts

of Silas and Mary Parker.



For the past three months Rebecca

had been doing so private toutoring

to a backward high school pupil,

whose parents had foreseen the ne-

cessity of such help, and had willingly

paid Rebacca Parker a stipulated sum

for the instruction. So, having ac-

cumulated more money than was need-

ed for her own expenses, and thinking

it would be a happy surprise to her

parents to receive this unexpected

sum, Rebecca sent it: to them. While

it brought not a little encouragement

to them, for, as Mary said, ”Every

little helps,” there yet remained the

largest portion of the payment to be

raised, and the cloud was not entirely

lifted. .



A week passed, and no visible

means presented itself of adding to

the amount. The daughter, mean-

while, returned from commencement,

happy in the thought they would soon

all celebrate their “independence’ or

“freedom" day, as they were wont to

call it. Her parents, not wishing to

place a damper upon her recent tri~

umph andhappy prospects, tried hard

to conceal their anxiety; but, as the

time drew near, she fathomed the

secret, with a tact, the possession, of

which belongs to the few. About a.

week before the celebration, when

they had well-nigh reconciled them-

selves to their disappointment. a

stranger came to their door.



The man was, at first, unrecognized

by Parker, but, after considerable re.

flection he (Parker) recalled that he

had seen the stranger somewhere.

Then suddenly the whole situation

cleared. Silas had many years before

gone on the witness stand to speak a

word in defense for this same strang<

er. That bit of defense, so insignifi-

cant to Silas as to have been forgot-‘

ten, was of such importance to this

man, in clearing him of the accusa.

tion of a grave offense, of which he-

was innocent, that he then and there

res‘olved to return the favor an hun-

dred fold, if it ever lay within his

power. There was much of the Indi-

an in the accused man’s nature, and,

having accumulated a considerable

fortune in the far' west, he returned

home with the resolve still fresh in

his breast to compensate his “friend

in need." Hencenthe consequent visit

to Silas Parker, and the smuggling of

a neat little roll into his palm.





 

 





i





,, t
,,





 





 





4’





i





 





 





 





 





, JULY '4; 19-14.





“It is truly a Godsend," said his

wife, as she gently pulled her help-

meet down to a seat under the old

tree, to renew their “freedom plans.”



Who knows but that the prayers of

this good wife had something to do





.with the inexplicable turn of affairs?





Suffice it to say, such rifts in the



clouds do often serve as forcible re—



minders of an All-wise Providence.

The dawning of the morning of the





'Fourth of July saw three happy souls





busying themselves with preparations

for a great celebration, and that after-





u





'T'HE'MICHIGAN FA‘RMER





non, as Silas Parker hoisted a flag on

the little front porch, as a double act

of patriotism and rejoicing over their

good fate, he turned to his good wife

and said:



f‘Mary, now I don’t mean to be un-

patriotic, for God knows I would die

for my country, and I love Independ.

ence Day for its own significance; but

do you suppose'that assembly of great

men enjoyed the drawing up of the

Declaration of .Independence any more

than we do the assertion of our inde-

pendence from that mortgage?”





lllilllllllllllilllllIIIIHIIIIIHIIIIIMIIHl||llllilllilllllllllllIlllllllmllIlliIIHiHII|IIIIHIIHIIHHIlIllllllllllllllllliilllllllllllIIllIIlllllilIHillIlllIiilllillliilllllllIIllIIllHIIliill||IllIHIIIIIII|IIII|ll|llllllIIHIIIllllllillillllllllllliil





Rejuvenating The





By WARREN





F the celebration of the Fourth of

July should be indulged in by any

class of people more liberally and



patriotically than any other, it should

be by the American farmer. The

farmers of “’76 fired the shot heard

round the world and put the English

red coats to run.”



But how often does the farmer of

today, and for the past generation, be-

come only a sightseer on Independ-

ence Day? How completely has he

dropped out of the celebration of In.-

dependence Day, save by proxy, as it

were, in his children. It should not

be so. But for the farmers who fig-

ured in the initial Fourth there would

now be no Fourth to celebrate.



The usual method of arranging for

the keeping of our national holiday is

for the saloons and dance halls of a

village or city to make up a purse,

spend a few dollars on foot races, a

few fireworks and advertise a big cel-

ebration. They reckon to take in sev-

eral times the amount they expend.

But the manner in which Independ~

enee Day is generally observed is a

reproach, and the thoughtful farmer

naturally prefers to keep his boys in

the hay or corn field rather than take

them to mingle with the average

Fourth of July crowds.



The little city of Montrose, in west-

ern Colorado, held a celebration last

year which at once appealed to men

with red blood in their veins and ov-

ercame the usually objectionable fea-

tures. The Grange had just invaded

the county with four organizations,

and being progressive societies every

one of the four, when asked to take

an active part in the celebration, did

so. Moreover the whole celebration

was planned with a view to attract-

ing the interest of the rural dwellers

more than previously. Believing that

participation was the surest way of

invoking the deepest interest, farm-

ers were called upon to take an ac-

tive part in the program.



With this idea in View the commit-

tee went ahead on an entirely new

line. There were four prizes, aggre-

gating $50, for grange floats. Each

of the granges went into this with

vim and the results were surely start-

ling. Riverside Grange won the first

prize, having a float showing the steps

in the manufacture of an ice cream

cone. A real live Jersey cow graced

the float, being milked by a milkmaid,

while there was a separator, churn,

ice cream freezer, etc.,.in operation.

Ice cream cones were given out free

and the float was the center of at-

traction for the boys and girls.



Spring Creek float showed a pro-

gressive farm scene, with modern

house, spacious barns, granaries, with

alfalfa, grain, fruit trees loaded with

fruit, and every detail of an up-to-

date farm worked out, even to two

autos speeding up the driveway be-

fore the house, from which floated the

Stars and Stripes.



Montrose Grange had a typical farm

scene, with farmers pitching hay, all

sorts of live stock and produce scat-

tered over the wagon. ,



' Mencken Grange had a float com-

posed of two wagons drawn by ’six_

horses. The}, float was made up of

emblems‘oi’ the Order_andwwa,s accu-





Farmer’s Fourth.

F. WILCOX.





pied by the officers at their respective

stations, a veritable lodge room scene.



While the float contest was open to

all organizations and lodges, three

prizes were won by granges. This

was surely more pleasing to the large

farming contingent present than to

have all the prizes gobbled up by

town people.



The prizes for novelty and commer-

cial floats were of smaller amounts

than those won by the granges. Be-

sides, there were four prizes aggre-

gating $32.50 for the largest and best

representation from the country

granges which added a great deal to

the interest of the farmers. They

were further concerned in prizes for

the best farm outfit; for the best four-

horse rig; best farm team, wagon and

harness; best driving team and out-

fit; best four-mule team; best team of

mules, wagon and harness; best cou-

ple on horseback under 15 and over

15 years of age.



In addition there were the usual

street sports, foot races and such.



Members of the various granges fol-

lowed their floats in the parade, eith.

er on horseback or in variously dec-

orated autos.





Just how much such a program con-





tributes to the permanency of our in-

stitutions of government cannot be

measured, but the possibilities are so

hopeful, and the need so great, that

men ought not to hesitate to encour-

age a like spirit in every community.





NATHANIEL HAWTHORNE.





 





BY AVA E. LAU'I‘ENSCHLAGER.





Nathaniel Hawthorne, said by Low-

ell to be the greatest imaginative gen-

ius since Shakespeare, was born in

Salem, Mass, July 4, 1804.



His mother was a woman of re-

markable beauty and extreme sensi-

bility. Her husband’s death so af-

fected her that for thirty years she

lived in absolute seclusion, taking her

meals in her own room. This had a

great influence on the son’s career.

Shut out in a measure from the

world, he became shy and diffident, a.

dreamer and a lover of solitude. His

appearance and personal traits,

though, were remarkable. He_ was

tall, strongly built, athletic and grace-

ful, had a. handsome face, regular clas-

sic features, and a fine, glowing eye,

from which shone the light of genius.

In spite of his shyness, he was Win-

ning and graceful in his manners, and

in England he became quite a social

favorite. He was of a gentle, sensi-

tive and aflectionate disposition.



Prepared for college at Salem, he

entered Bowdoin, where he graduated

in 1825. His college life was unevent-

ful. In general scholarship he did not

rank high, yet be early acquired dis-

tinction as a master of English com-

position.



In 1846 he was made surveyor in

the custom house in Salem at a sal-

ary of twelve hundred dollars a year.

This position he held for three years,

after which he resumed his literary

work.



In 1853, he was nominated and con-

firmed as consul at Liverpool. Seven

years late, June, 1860, he again re—

turned to his own home. In May,





1864, he started for a trip to the

White Mountains with his friend, ex-

President Pierce. At the Pemigewas-

set House, at Plymouth, New Hamp-

shire, on the 18th of May, he passed

away. Thus ended the life of one of

the greatest writers the country has

ever produced.





ON INDEPENDENCE DAY.





 





BY IRMA '1'. SOPEB.

The “Glorious Fourth” has come again

With drum beats loud and clear

And soldiers old and soldiers young

Are gathered far and near.





The bonny flag is hoisted high—-

A cheer rings through the air——

The morning mist still clings to

earth——

The sky is blue and fair.





Hark, what’s the cry?

crowd

Stand by a singer’s side,

Join in a chorus, loud and clear,

It echoes far and wide.





A group of children march along,

Their footsteps never lag.



And as we Watch, they march around

And form into a flag.





The tiny ”crackers” hiss and burst,

And while the brass bands’ blare,

The children long for evening time—



The colored rockets’ glare.





In town a banquet gay is held,

And “Coming-Home” of men,

When school mates old and friends of

yore

Are gathering in again.





Ah! could my tale but ended-be

And leave them free and glad.



But when the evening comes ’twiil find

Full many a home that’s sad.





For not content are they with these

Sane methods to rejoice,



But many think to celebrate

They’ll hear the “giant’s” voice.





Or shoot [a “safe” revdlver

Which loaded proves to be,

Or watch a sizzling lighted fuse



To celebrate their glee.





In many homes the morning’s dawned

So fresh and bright and clear,



Where, when the sober evening comes



’Twill find them sad and drear.





And mothers, then, will weep in vain

For sight they can’t restore,

And the father’s sigh as they think to

hear .

A crutch beat evermore.





And here a bandaged head is seen——

A sleeve without an arm,



When modrning dawned, these maimed



sai



“I don’t see what’s the harm.”



Oh, parents, as you read these lines

On Independence Day,



Be sure you use your judgment true

And guide the youngsters’ play.





For you, in wide experience,

Can bar the dangerous toy,



And keep in all their youthful charm

Your precious girl and boy.





Those men of old dreamed not of this

When liberty was rung—-



’Twas more a day to be glad and free

And praiseful songs be sung.





For flowers bright to strew the paths,

And thankful prayers be said,

And flags unfurled and waved and

cheered

The blue—the white—the red.





So make a firm resolve this day,

You’ll help to keep it bright,



That all may still as happy be

When comes the silent night.





A—RAZOR SNAP.





A good imported German Razor at

35 cents sounds impossible, but while

the present supply lasts The Michi-

gan Farmer makes this remarkable

oifer.



The razors are made “of the best

German steel, five-eighth-inch blade,

and black handle. We will not say

just what these razors ordinarily re-

tail at, as prices on razors vary with

each dealer, but we have seen razors

no better sold at $1.25 and $1.50.



Every man who shaves ought to

have at least three razors as it is a

proven fact that giving a razor a rest

is beneficial to it, and here is your

opportunity to get a, supply at very

little cost.



So, only while our present supply

lasts the price is 35 cents each, post-

paid, or a half dozen at $1.70, post-





paid. .Send orders to. The Michigan

Farmer, Detroit, Mich—Adv





A gathered ‘





i





 





ll-—il





 





Juggestions ’ '





for the Dairy





The cream separator can be kept

thoroughly sweet and clean b a wash

of Borax and water. Add a ta lespoon—

ful of Borax to a. quart of water.





 





 





 





The churn is kept free from that

stale odor if washed with Borax and

, water. To each uart or water add a

a tablespoonful of orax.





The cow's udder is kept in a clean.

healthy and smooth condition by wash-

‘ ing it with Borax and water.





The milk pail is kept free from stale-

ness. sliminess and stickiness if it is

washed with Borax and water. One

tablespoonful to a. quart of water.





I



Milk pans are quickly cleaned and

rid of all greasy “feel” when washed

with Borax and water. Use one table-

spoonful of Borax to a. quart of water.





Keep the dairy buckets clean with

orax. '





. iQVlULEIEéE





w...- “-





u





 





l





   

   

   

 

 





 





Carries Cleanliness Into the Home





Used "with Soap Wherever Soap is Used

For Sale by All Grocers and Druggisis





In convenient 10c, 15c and 50c packages.

If your retailer does not supply you prompt-

ly, your choice of a 10c. 15c or 50c package

will be mailed to you by Parcels Post,

delivery charges paid, on receipt of the

regular retail price.



The Pacific Coast Borax Co.

1561 McCormick Bldg., Chicago. Ill.





   





 





 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 





URN‘IT. RE

BookTof - Over,

1000 Bar ains

SentAF, E E





This BOOK OF A THOUSAND

FURNITURE BARGAINS for

economical home furnishing and

mfort: Latest styles. Finest





Mission Carved, and Upholstered

urmture. Long experience.

mense business selling to mil-

ions. “ Money-back guarantee.

ick service. See all 1000

urniture Bargains in our FUR-

E BOOK sent FREE.

rite now for Book No. GS— ! l





OITGOMEIY WARD & GOMPMW

ew York Chicago Kansas City





 





 





Try Before You Buy





A post card request will bring this

sweeper to you—charges prepaid.





g Test it in your own home. If you

( W like it. show it to your neighbors.





’ J: Sell two at $7.50 each and get. your

Original ”Dust Vac"

\ Combination Sweeper FREE





Well built. essaV to operate and guaran-

teed to please. his combination swoe -

or and vacuum cleaner cuts disagreeéib e





   

 





 





house work in half. Ask for desori tive

circular. Fully illustrates “Dust '





 





80‘

Wanted everywhere





‘ Sweepers. on

A —Liherai commissions.

.3,st Till MCI mum on.

.3 mg; Adrain, Michigan.





U-NEED-IT OUTFIT





Hot water for all purposes. Requires no

water pressure nor plumbing expense. "City"

‘ convenience in farm and

suburban homes. Steel bath

tubs. heavily enameled. $5.40

and up. Ropid water heater. .

ULS. Direct from our

factory. Send postal for

descriptive circular.





WM. 1. smm 00.. summer W-

pnsr Fir KILLER





 

 

 

   





N





(-





 





 





 





placed anywhere, e.-

tnote and till: all

ma. Neat. clean. or-

namental. convenient.

cheap. Zone All

season. Made of

metal. can’t spill or tip

over; will not soil or

injure anythine.

elective.

Sold by More or

o eon: prepare lot 31.





Will Pay Relic“: Ila- uWonan $12.50





tail-tribe: ll!) :Rfilmpsgk es Per med Blonx

L. ano 06'0"“ . uni 'rnm't’uwrii 31.533;
Mrs. Gay—“AntyDrudgeJ’m

just delighted with Fels-Nap-

tha Soap. My washing is all

done without a bit of steam

or smell, and it’s such acom-

fort to know I’ve gotten rid

of the sickening odor of boil-





ing clothes. I use it for

_ John’s flannels, too. It leaves

them so soft and white,”





Anty Drudge—“My dear,you

are the third who has said

that to me this morning. I’m

certainly glad I told you

about Fels-Naptha Soap.”





You Used to have

to boil your clothes

to get them clean,

but nowadays pro-

gressive women all

over the country use

Fels-Naptha Soap.

Their clothes are

clean and their work

is done in half the

time it used to take.





Fels-Napthaworks

best in cool orluke-

warm water, with-

out hard rubbing or

boiling. It is especi-

ally good for wool-

ens because hard

rubbing ruins them,

and Fels-Naptha

does away with all

hard rubbing.





Buy it by the carton or box and g

follow directions on the 'Red and

Green Wrapper.





Fels 6: Co., Philadelphia.





) lElS-NAPIHA





 





 





 





   





 





THE MICHIGAN'FARMER





JULY 4, 1914.





 





Th ough tless





F man’s inhumanity to man has



made countless thousands mourn,



I wonder how many more thou-

sands have been made to mourn by

woman’s inhumanity to woman? Not

that women ever mean to be inhuman

to one another. Far from it. They

are either thoughtless or laboring un-

der a'false idea of justice, according

as the inhumanity takes form.





”In—the matter of dress alone, how

many countless thousands of perfectly

good, perfectly intelligent, horribly

sensitive women have been made to

suffer by the slights of well-inten-

tioned, but thoughtless and cruel sis-

ters? Looking feminity over, doesn’t

it seem that there are but two class-

es, those who would rival the lilies of

the field in their attire, and those who

prefer to “feed the lilies of their

soul”.by slighting attire and spending

the money for more deserving things.

And the outward lilies outnumber the

soul lilies three to one.



What there is about clothes that

makes such an appeal to women, none

of us can tell. But when friend hus-

band goes to an “affair” and we have

to stay at home with the children,

isn’t the first‘query he gets, “What

did the women have on?” There may

have been a prominent speaker pres-

ent, but we leave questions regarding

his speech until we have found out, if

we can, just what each one of our





 





 





 





dearest friends wore. Usually we can’t,

for what man ever knows what a.

woman’s gown is like, except to say

it was some kind of shiny stuff, blue,

or pink or some color?



Most of us have the bad habit, too,

of “sizing folks up" by their clothes.

Let a new woman come into the com-

munity and we look her over critically

as to style before we think about soul.

If she wears smart clothes, we are

anxious to meet her at once, possibly

for herself but more probably so we

can get a closer look at her dress. If

she is plainly, though neatly garbed,

we decide we’ll call sometime, and

then straightway forget to make the

call until she is taken ill, or dies, or

moves away from our unfriendly

neighborhood.



How much better, if instead of look-

ing at clothes, We looked first at fea-

tures, searched the eyes, the mouth,

the chin, the brow for telltale hints of

character. There would be fewer sud-

den friendships and subsequent bitter

quarrels if we studied faces more and

clothes less.



Of course, to a certain extent, we

are right in estimatingpeople by their

attire. A person who is slovenly in

matters of dress, who wears soiled

linen, down at the heel and unpolished

shoes, frayed out skirts and torn

waists is more than likely to have

similar slovenly habits of mind. Neat-~

ness of dress is a pretty good sign of

neatness in living, and we make no

mistake in looking for that. But when

we go farther and demand style, we

are getting into the realm of hu-

manity.



A woman, who is by no means a

snob, had the lesson taught her pretty

sharply a few weeks ago. She board-

ed a street car, and glancing down the

aisle saw but two vacant seats. In

one sat a plainly dressed woman,

wearing a last year’s hat. Further

down was a very smartly gowned

dame, who simply radiated fashion,

part of it the 1915 brand. The new-

comer walked past the quiet little





 





 





woman, and dropped with a satisfied





.\_





Inhumanity.





smile beside the fashion plate. What

was her dismay, in stealing an up-

ward glance,-to see that her seat-mate

was a notorious pickpocket whose pic-

tures had been in every paper and

who had just finished a jail sentence.

Glancing back, she saw that the wom-

an she had slighted was a well-known

woman writer who she had been try-

ing for weeks to meet. Then and

there one humbled woman decided

never again to judge by outward ap-

pearance.



Many a sensitive, but superior,

woman is living a lonely life today,

because something about her dress

makes her neighbors think she is

“queer.” If some one of them could

be brave enough to overlook the dress

and look into the soul, she might find

there her best friend, and bring a

new and shining light into the com-

munity life. Most of us have so little

money to spend on clothes and some

of us don’t know how to spend that

little to the best advantage. Why,

then, make clothes the standard by

which We measure our friends? More

often than not, want of clothes is a

surer indication of real worth.



DEBORAH.





HINTS FOR THE JELLY MAKER.





 





BY ELLA E. ROCKVVOOD.





Old and experienced housewives

sometimes fall short of complete suc-

cess, and find the jelly they have so

carefully prepared is more or less of

a disappointment. That just-right con-

dition which all recognize in the quiv-

ering translucent mass, seemingly ev-

er on the verge of falling into shape-

lessness, yet retaining its molded form

as it stands upon the crystal or china

plate which holds it, is naturally much

to be desired. And it is a pardonable

pride in her handiwork which impels

each of us to strive to put into the

common round and trivialtask our

very best endeavor.



There are certain principles in jelly

making, as in other things, which

should be observed. One is to avoid

over—ripe fruit. A far nicer product

results from that which is, of the

two, immature.



Acid fruits make a firmer jelly than

others. Ripe peaches, for example,

produces a soft jelly, while those

which are yet hard make a firm arti-

cle. Currants are frequently disap-

pointing, although as a rule one of

the most satisfactory fruits for jelly,

because left to becOme too ripe.



It is immaterial whether the juice

is removed from the fruit before it is

cooked or afterward” Good results

follow either method, other things be-

ing equal. If first cooked, only suffi-

cient water to barely cover it should

be used. Draining is preferable to





squeezing, since the pulp interferes





with the clearness of the jelly.



The juice should be boiled, prefer-

ably in a broad, shallow enameled

pan, for several minutes before ad-

ding equal measure of sugar, but the

allotted amount should be determined

before the cooking begins. Boiling a

small quantity at a time ensures bet-

ter‘results. Twenty minutes at most

should bring it to the desired point.

Take out a little in a" cold dish from

time to time, to ascertain when this

is reached. Overboiling is ruinous.

If at the end of 20 minutes there are

no signs of jellying, but a syrupy con-

dition only when cool, something, is





 





wrong. “Doctoring” it at this stage

by the addition of more sugar lor fur-

ther boiling, rarely has the desired re-

sult. If there are green apples to be

obtained it sometimes works like a

charm to cook a few of them, drain

off the juice and add it to the syrup.



Sound fruit, not over-ripe, an equal

weight of sugar and juice and 10 to

20 minutes’ boiling in a shallow ves-

sel, should result in a firm, finely

colored jelly. If there is failure, par-

tial or complete, there is a reason

for it.





THE VALUE OF “COSY NOOKS”

AROUND THE FARM YARD.





 





BY A. s. CODY.



There would not be so many lonely,

neglected mounds in country grave-

yards with tender inscriptions “sacred

to the memory” of farmers’ wives en-

graved upon the headstones above

them if the women lying in those

mounds, when living, had understood

that a little more rest and recreation

were all that they needed to prolong

their useful lives.



Just as seemingly unimportant

marks scattered among the words of

writer or printer make those words

easier to read and understand, so lit-

tle bits of rest make life’s work eas-

ier and more intelligible.



The farmer’s wife, especially, is in

need of frequent rests for she rises

early and goes to bed late. While,

with system and energy, she may be

able to perform the routine work of

the day and leave a fair margin of it

for resting, still there are so many

outside calls upon her time that she

seldom gets it. There is nothing

more tempting than a rustic seat

placed under a tree near the kitchen

door. There she will pause when she

returns from field or garden with veg-

etables or fruit and, while preparing

them for the table will be gaining

sips of health from the sweet out-

door air, instead of inhaling the stif-

ling atmosphere of the kitchen.



If there is no tree (and I have of-

ten been. surprised at the lack of

them around farm houses), a few

poles set in the ground and fastened

together at the top, like an Indian

Wigwam, with an old chair beneath

them, will be a pleasant resting spot

when quick growing vines, such as

morning glory, moon-flower, or just

field bean-vines are massed around

the poles. A couple of hop vines look

beautiful and cover the Wigwam

quickly, but they are apt to scratch

one’s face with their rough shoots.



If it can be purchased cheap enough

a lounge hammock is an ideal thing

to have hanging either on the back

porch or- in the yard. Now I know

most farmers’ wives will think that

this is a sign of an idle or lazy wom-

an. But there is no place like a flat

hammock for giving a pair of tired

feet a rest.

theoretic farm woman for thirty years,

but have helped side by side with my

husband in field and garden, to plant,

hoe, gather and market the fruit of

our labor and cantestify that I, found

my hammock the very best invest-

ment for “first aid to aching body and

restless nerves ” that anyone can

make.



I made my hammock out of the

staves of a flour barrel and a couple

of pieces of thick wire. Then I fitted

it with a pad made from an old bed

quilt and had a couple of cushions on

it and I am sure the rest that I ob-

tained by means of it saved me many

a day’s illness.





I have not been a mere\





 





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JULY 4. 1914.





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WWlWlfllllfllg





Farmers? Clubs s





Wmlwmmmmiummmmmmmu

OFFICERS OF THE STATE A880-

CIATION OF FARMERSl CLUBS.





President—Jae. N. McBride, Burton.



Vice-president—J. F. Rieman, Flint.



Secretary-Treasurer—Mrs. C. P.

Johnson, Metamora.



Corresponding Secretary—Mrs. J. S.

Brown, Howell.



Directors—Wm. T. Hill, Carson City;

Jerry Spaulding, Belding; R. J. Robb,

Mason; Joseph Harmon, Battle Creek;





lllllllllll





llllllllllllllllllllllllllll .





r





 





‘C. B. Scully, Almont; C. T. Hamline,





Alma.

"Address all communications relative





to the organization of new Clubs to'





Mrs. C. P. Johnson, Metamora, Mich.





 





FARMERS' cLuss IN MARYLAND.





 





BY A COUNTRY PABSON.



Maryland has a large number of

Farmers’ Clubs. The oldest is the

famous Club organized at Sandy

Spring, Montgomery county, in 1844.

This Club is still active audit has

never found it necessary to amend its

unique constitution, which had only

one paragraph reading: “We adopt

for our government no rules other

than those which govern gentlemen

in good society, with the single ex-

ception that it shall be the duty and

privilege of each member to criticize

freely any arrangements on the farm

of a member at whose house the Club

is meeting.”



The second oldest Club in the state

is the Deer Creek Farmers’ Club, of

Harford county. These Farmers’ Clubs

usually ke a neighborhood name.





Thus we ave Rich Neck, Junior Gun-

powder, FallSton, Forest Hill and

Chaptico Farmers’ Clubs. They vary





in character and work, just as ‘neigh-

borhoods vary; The Deer Creek Club,

I am told, is composed of agricultur-

ists rather than farmers, taking that

word in its accepted sense as mean-

ing men who make money in the city

and spend it in the country. It has

considerable influence in the larger

public affairs of the state. The Ha-

man oyster planting law was publicly

launched upon its eventful career in

a meeting of this Club.



IOne of the most successful Farm-

ers’ Clubs in the state is the Rich

Neck Club, of Queen Anne’s county.

Rich Neck is a section of the county

of about twelve square miles. It was

formerly the center of the peach«

growing section. As peaches went out

of orchard after orchard, being de-

stroyed by the “yellows," the Rich

Neck people were stranded. They had

raised no tobacco for fifty years. They

then placed their dependence upon

corn and wheat, baling and selling

their straw in Baltimore. They also

raised tomatoes for the cahning fac-

tories. With the destruction of the

peach orchards, and the depletion of

soil fertility through this method Of

farming, land values went down until

nobody could explain 'why this section

could ever be called Rich Neck.



The Farmers’ Club was then organ-

ized about seven years ago. Like

most of them, it limited its member-

ship to 15 farmers’ households. It

meets at the homes of its members

and the member entertaining the Club

has the privilege of inviting as many

guests as he pleases, so that the usual

attendance is about 70 persons. The

editors of the local papers and the

local ministers have a standing invi-

tation to all meetings. By thus frank-

ly recognizing the right of each mem-

ber who entertains the Club to invite

any of his friends or acquaintances,

this Club, despite its limited member-

ship, has preserved a fine spirit of

democracy which some of these or-

ganizations have altogether lost.

From April to December the Rich

Neck Club meets at 2:30 and has a

session after the evening meal. From





wDecember to March ltmeetsat 10:30.

a‘. m., and adjourns early in the after-

" noon ‘so-"that everybody can reach





' home" before dark.





‘THE MICHIGAN FARMER





Speakers of prominence in agricul-

tural science are invited to address

thesemeetings. The formal program

has certain set features, the most

unique of which is the written report

of an investigating committee, which

before the meeting visits the member

entertaining the Club and “criticizes

freely any arrangements on his farm.”

If his house needs paint, or his colts

have the mange; if his fruit trees

need pruning or spraying, if his front

yard needs a walk or a few flowers;





if the sanitary conditions surrounding,





his house and barns need improve-

ment, he is sure to hear of it. This

feature at one time threatened to dis-

rupt the Club, but the thought that no

man need ever fear open, honest,

sympathetic criticism, especially when

he is given every opportunity to de-

fend himself, saved the situation. The

practice has proved most helpful

To be continued).





CLUB DISCUSSlONS.





 





Will Hold no July Meeting—The

June. meeting of the Ingham County

Farmers’ Club was held at Pleasant

Hill Farm, home of Mr. and Mrs. J.

S. Coy. The weather was fine, the at-

tendance good, and everybody had a

good time. Following the opening ex-

ercises, “The High Cost of Living”

was discussed by Rev. Maxwell, who

said the present high cost of living

was caused by selfishness, greed and

pride, and that there would be less of

these if there was more teaching of

love and righteousness. In discussion

others stated the subject as “The

Cost of High Living,” for which peo-

ple are themselves largely respons1ble,

while the cheapness of gold and oth-

er economic reasons were advanced

by still other speakers. J. H. Thafer

gave a talk on New Mexico, which

was both interesting and instructive,

and was so much appreciated by his

hearers that he was presented with a

bouquet of pink roses by the ladies.

The Club will hold no meeting in July.

The August meeting will be held at

Walnut Grove, with Mrs. Luck Jen-

nings—Cor. Sec.





ElllllllllllllllllllllllIlllllillllllllllllll|llllllllIlllllllllllIlllllllllllllllllflllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllMilli

é Grange. g

EllllllllIllllllllllllllllllllll|llllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll|llllIlllllllllllllllllllllllHE





Our Motto—“The farmer is of more

consequence than the farm, and should

be first improved.”





 





JULY MEETINGS.





 





State Lecturer’s Suggestions for Sec-





ond Meeting.

Song.

Prayer, “A prayer of the out-of-

doors.”





Poem relating to grass or grain,

read or recited. - .



Seed improvement by selection of

heads. Discussion.



Reading or recitation.



Sweet clover—a new applicant for

favor, a talk with samples and pic-

tures.



Song.



Michigan seed law, passed in 1913.



Alfalfa on every farm.



Exhibit of heavy grain heads.



Ceres assists lecturer in this pro-

gram.





TRl-COUNTY GRANGE RALLY A

BIG SUCCESS.





 





 





One of the most successful Grange

celebrations held in Michigan took

place at Charlotte fair grounds, Sat-

urday, June 13, when Barry, Eaton,

and Calhoun county Granges and their

friends, united in a grand rally.



The weather was ideal, and about

4,000 busy farmers, with their fam-

ilies, took advantage of the holiday,

and added to the success of the oc-

casion by their enthusiastic apprecia-

tion and applause.



At 11:00 o’clock a fine parade, two

miles long, of about 25 gaily and ap-

propriately decorated floats, autos in

festive attire, and horseback riders,

led by a chief marshal and a real

farmer band, formed and marched to

the fair grounds.



.The band was ,1er glass. Creek,

Barry county, and added much to’ the

gayety of the occasion, with its well-

played martial airs. The floats, which





were drawn by four or six-horse

teams, displayed originality and ar-

tistic thought and preparation. Some

represented emigrant Wagons equip—

ped with household goods, which were

common at the time represented.’0th-

ers showed the early Jesuit explorers

and Indians. Others showed the farm-

ing and housekeeping utensils of the

early days, while in contrast others

showed the machinery and labor-sav-

ing devices of the present day. Some

were symbolic of the sentiment of the

Order and were dedicated to Flora,

Pomona, Ceres, and the Horn of

Plenty.



Much credit is due the people of

Eaton county for this fine demonstra—

tion of their loyal and enthusiastic

Grange spirit, which makes such an

undertaking a success. The business

men of Charlotte are also due credit

for the assistance they gave to the

Granges in preparing the parade.



After the picnic dinner came the

program, the educational feature of

the day, which was no less a success

than the big parade'of the morning.



Mr. P. M. Vester, Master of Barry

County Pomona, in a pleasing man-

ner presided. He first introduced N.

P. Hull, who in his usual tactful and

humorous way, opened the program

by congratulating those having the

affair in charge, upon the excellence

of the parade and the general ar—

rangements.



In response came State Master

Ketcham, who is always enthusiastic

and entertaining. Mr. Ketcham said

he was proud of the splendid showing

made by the Granges Of the three

counties, and was glad to see so many

present to enjoy the occasion, which

is a demonstration of what can be

done when the right spirit permeates

the membership.



Several excellent numbers were es-

pecially well rendered by the Stanley

Orchestra, Of Calhoun county.



Mrs. Vivian Moore and Mr. John

woodworth, both of Battle Creek, de-

lighted the audience, each with two

entertaining readings. Mr. W’OOdworth

is nearly eighty years Old and for 41

years has been a Granger. He is a

general favorite in all Grange festiv-

ities, and is always willing to respond

when called upon. His appropriate

selection was “The Old Dinner Bell

Down on the Farm.”



The great event of the day was the

appearance on the program of Hon.

Charles M. Gardner, of Westfield, Mas-

sachusetts, High Priest of the Degree

of Demeter, whose influence is reach-

ing far among our Grange people

through the columns of his paper, the

National Grange Monthly, of which he

is managing editor. His subject was

“The Grange as an Investment.”



Mr. Gardner is a natural orator,

with the grace and polish of the schol-

ar and the true gentleman. He com-

plimented the committee whose splen-

did work had made the occasion so

great a success, and expressed a grat-

ification in the enthusiastic and pro-

gressive spirit displayed in the whole

affair. His thoughts and ideals were

high, and with emphasis he pointed

out the power which the people ‘of the

Grange might wield for the good Of

themselves and the improvement of

their surroundings.



Every farmer present could go home

with an inspiration to be a better

man and a determination to do more

for his family, his home, and his

country, after having heard the in-

spiring words of so strong a cham-

pion of his calling—Mrs. Laura A.

Minges.





Hadley Grange keeps a bulletin

of black cambric neatly tacked across

the rear wall and on this pins letters

regarding contracts and samples of

twine, paint, etc.



Ann Arbor Grange devoted most of

one meeting to the Torrens System of





Land Transfers, with, Prof. John R.





Rood, author of the series of‘artic‘les

upon this subject which appeared in

the Michigan «Farmer recently.





13—13





 





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Hustlerslake Notice





HE MICHIGAN FARMER has

an opening for a few hustlers

to solicit subscriptions. An



easy selling proposition is given to

the solicitor and an extralarge com-

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I'm living quarters. Write Osment, 17 1.8L Louis. 0.
THE MICHIGAN FARMER





JULY 4, 1914.





 





14—14

gIllllllIIIIIIIIllIIIIIIIIIIIIIIllIIIIIIIIIIIIllllIIIllll|llIIIIIIIIIIIHIIHHIIIIIIHIIIIIIIHIIIIIIIHIIIIHAIIIIIIHJIE 3

Markets.

Elli”IIIIIII”Ill”!“I“”III”IIIIIIllIIIIIIll”IIIllIII"II-lIll"llIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII”IIllllllllmll'llflllllllfi





GRAINS AND SEEDS.





June 30, 1914.



Wheat—The market is on the de-

cline. Quotations have suffered a

3%c cut since a week ago. The enor-

mous crop being produced in this

country is the single bearish factor

that is overcoming a long list of bul-

lish excuses for higher values. In

the southern district of the winter

wheat belt, threshing continues under

favorable conditions, and the grain is

being marketed immediately. The ap’

pearance of this wheat on the market

and the uinterrupted development of

'the plant in the northern states and

Canada makes it impossible for the

bulls to hold prices steady. On the

other hand, the visible supply for this

country decreased about four million

bushels. Russia reports damage in

the southwestern provinces from hot

winds and there is a large decrease in

the amount of wheat going abroad,

while foreign buyers seem anxious for

the grain. A year ago No. 2 red wheat

was quoted at $10214 per bushel. Quo-

tations for the past week are:





 





No. 2 No. 1

Red. White. Sept.

Wednesday . . .. . .881,§ , 88 81%.

Thursday . . . . .87 1,5 87 81%,

Friday .......... 86% 86 80%,

Saturday . . ...... 863,; 86%, 801/2

Monday ......... 86% 861/; 80

Tuesday . . . . .8614 85%, 79%

Chicago, (June 30) .——No. 2 red

Wheat 80% @820 per bushel; July

777/8c; Sept., 7714c

Corn—Because of the generally





favorable weather conditions and the

bearish trend of the wheat market,

corn values have declined. The new

crop now appears to be making up for

the lateness of planting, thus improv-

ing the outlook for a normal yield.

Europe is buying American corn and

Argentine has ceased to be the bear-

ish factor it was in the trade here.

A year ago No. 3 corn was quoted at

611/40 per bushel. Quotations are as





follows:

. No. 2 No. 2

Mixed. Yellow.

Wednesday ......... 721/2 74

Thursday 72 73%

Friday .. ....... 71 72%

Saturday ..... 711/2 73

Monday ....... 71% 73

Tuesday . . .......... 7114 72%

Chicago, (June 30) .»-No. 2 corn





69@71%c; July 68c; Sept., 6614c.

Oats—Cool weather .has benefited

the oat crop, which, with the IOWer

values for wheat and corn has com-

pelled traders to reduce quotations.

In a number of places, however, the

crop is so short that ideal conditions

cannot overcome the damage done by

'lack of moisture. A year ago stan-

dard oats were selling at 44%0 per





bushel. Quotations for the past week

are:

No. 3

Standard. White.

Wednesoay . . . . ..... 42 41%

Thursday 42 411/),

Friday . . . . ......... 41 . 401/;

Saturday . . . . ....... 41 401,5

Monday . . . ......... 401/5 40

Tuesday . ........... 39% 39

Chicago, (June 30) .——No. 3 white





37%@38%c; July 37%c; Sept., 360.



Rye—This cereal is steady. No. 2

is quoted at 660 per bushel.



Beans.—Market is easy; prices

are So lower. Quotations: Immediate

and prompt shipment at $1.85; July

$1.90 per bu. Chicago reports quiet

trade. Pea beans, hand-picked, choice

are lower at $2.15@2.20; common $1.95

@2; red kidneys, choice $3.20@3.25.



Cloverseed.—Prime spot $8.10; Oc-

tober and December $8.50; prime al-

sike $10. -



Alfalfa Seed.——Prime spot $8.35 per

bushel. .



Timothy Seed.—-Pr1me spot $2.60 per

bushel.





 





FLOUR AND FEEDS.





 





Flour.—Jobbing lots in one-eighth

paper sacks are selling on the Detroit

market per 196 lbs. as follows. Best

patent $5.30; second $4.90; straight

$4.50; spring patent $5.10; rye flour

$4.40 per bbl.



Feed.——In 100-lb. sacks, jobbing lots

are: Bran $25; standard middlings

$28; fine middlings $30; coarse mid-

dlings $31; cracked corn $32; corn

and oat chop $28.50. per ton. _

* Hay.——Prices down 50c. Carlots on

track at Detroit are: No. 1 timothy

$16.50@17; standard $15.50@16;

2, $15@15.50; light mixed $15.50@16;

No. 1 mixed $13@13.50; No. 1 clover

$13@13.50.



New York—Market easy and steady.

No. 1 timothy $21@21.50; No. 3 to No.

2, $16.50@20. . .



Chicago—Market is steady. Chome

timothy quoted at $17@17.50 per ton;





‘0





No. b





m1».1 ,31‘,’ 51.4-5°@1.5'5d35 No.‘ 2, $12.50



Straw—Steady. Rye $8@8.50; oat

straw. $7@7.50; wheat straw $7@7.50

per ton.





DAIRY AND POULTRY PRODUCTS.





 





Butter.—Market steady, with prices

unchanged. Extra creamery 2656c

per lb; firsts 25%0; dairy 18c; pack-

ing stock 160.



Chicago—Market is firm, with last

week’s prices well maintained. Extra

creamery 261/60; extra firsts 25@

25%0; firsts 22%@24c; seconds 20@

21%0; packing stock 17%@18c.



Elgin.—Market is firm at 26%c per

1b., which is 1c lower than last week.



New York.—~The market is steady.

Prices are slightly lower. Creamery

extras 271/4@271/§c; firsts 241/2@

26%0; seconds 22@24c; packing stock

18%c.



Eggs.——Market is active, with fresh

stock selling at 18%0 per dozen.



Chicago—Market is steady with

prices unchanged, except for poor lots

which are weak. Miscellaneous lots,

cases included 16@18c per dozen; or-

dinary firsts 16%@17c; firsts 17%@

18140. -



New York—Market steady. Prices

unchanged. Fresh gathered extras 23

@25c; firsts 22@221/éc per dozen.



Poultry.—Market is firm with little

change in prices. Broilers are slight-

ly lower. Live—Broilers 25@27c per

lb; hens 14@16c.



Chicago—The market is firm, the

demand and the supply both being

good. Fowls are higher. Quotations

on live are: Fowls 15%0; spring

chickens, 11/2@2 lbs. weight 24@25c;

spring ducks, 3@5 lbs., 16@18c.





FRUITS AND VEGETABLES.





 





Strawberries—Market steady with

the demand good. Michigan 16-qt.

cases quoted at $1@1.25. At Chicago

the market for good quality fruit holds

firm. Prices for Michigan berries

range from $1.25@1.75, depending on





quality.



Other Fruits.—Gooseberries $1@

1.10 per 16-qt. case; currants $2@3

per case; cherries, sour $1@1.10 per

16-qt. case;' sweet $1.25. Chicago——

Michigan cherries, 16 qts., sour $1@

1.15; black, sweet $1@2; gooseberries

16 qts., Michigan 75c; currants, 16

qts., Michigan $1.25@1.50.





GRAND RAPIDS.





 





Heavy rains during the past week

were bad for fruit and produce. The

strawberry season in this section is

over, the few cases in sight Monday

selling at $2.25 each. Cherries have

rotted badly, with prospects that the

later sorts will be scarce and high.

First home—grown new potatoes are in

and are bringing around $2 per bu.

Home raspberries are about due and

prospects point to a large crop. The

egg market continues at 18@181/20;

dairy butter 200; chickens, live

weight, are worth 12c; broilers 200;

wheat is off to 850; with other grains

steady.





 





WOOL.





In spite of the fact that this is the

season of heavy primary receipts,

wool continues to advance with the

outlook very promising for sellers.

Last week the sales in Boston were

two and a half million pounds greater

than for the week before, and nearly

seven times as large as for the cor-

responding period of 1913. In the

fleece states farmers are being paid

from 22@25c per pound and it is

probable that those who hold their

wool will secure better prices than

are now offered. The foreign market

is keeping pace with the advance on

this side. The prices for Michigan

wool at Boston range from 23@27c

per pound.





DETROIT EASTERN MARKET.





 





 





The variety of offerings is small.

Some cherries were selling around

120 per quart. Lettuce is plentiful.

with common kind down to 10@15c

per basket, and head at 35@500; eggs

25c per dozen; loose hay $16@18 per

on.





THE LIVE STOCK MARKETS.





Buffalo.



June 29, 1914.



(Special Report of Dunning & Stev-

ens, New York Central Stock



Yards, Buffalo, N. Y) .

Receipts of stock here today as fol-

lows: Cattle 140 cars; hogs 80 d. d.;

shegp and lambs 15 d. d.; calves 1300





 





ea .

With 140 cars of cattle on our mar-

ket'here today, the dry-fed and strict-

ly fat cattle of all descriptions, qual-

ity considered, sold strong with last

week, and in some instances 10c per

cwt.’ higher. The grass and half-fat

cattle sold dull and draggy from start

to finish. The grassy and slippery





cattle sold'very irregularly, and from

barely steady with last week to 15@

200 IOWer. We would advise our ship-

pers to be very careful about ship-

ping grass cattle, especially the bony

and halffat kind, as we think they

are bound to sell.considerably lower

in the near future. At the close of

the market about everything was sold,

but as the day advanced the prices

on the common cattle were even

lower.



Our receipts of hogs here today were

lighter than we have had for some

Mondays past, and with strong de-

mand from packers, trade opened ac—

tive and prices generally 20@25c high-

er than Saturday. All weights of

good quality sold at 9c generally.

Some ordinary heavy weight hogs

quotable as low as $8.60@8.75; 'roughs

$7.25@7.50; stags $6@7. Late mar-

ket was rather dull and with prices

comparatively high, looks very much

like a slightly lower market the bal-

ance of the week.



The market was active today on

lambs and sheep. Prices steady with

the close of last week. Choice handy

lambs selling mostly at $9.25@9.50.

We look for steady prices last of

week, with moderate receipts.



We quote: Spring lambs $9.25@

9.50; cull to fair. $6.50@9.25; year-

lings $8@8.50; bucks $3.50@4; handy

ewes $5.50@5.75; heavy ewes $4.25@

4.35; wethers $6.25@6.75; cull sheep

$3@4; veals,‘choice to extra, $10.75@

11; fair to good $8.50@10.50; heavy

calves $5.50@7.





 





Chicago.

June 29, 1914.

Cattle. Hogs. Sheep.

Receipts today..16,000 36,000 24,000

Same day 1913..18,611 39,405 22,695

Last week ..... 37,045 127,151 76,724

Same wk 1913...39,960 142,407 62,923



Another meager Monday supply of

cattle failed to start up any early en-

thusiastic buying, and at a rather late

hour little was done except in fat

butcher cattle, which looked some-

what higher. Commission firms were

calling steers strong to a dime higher

on a guess. Hogs were up 5c, with

sales at $8@8.50 and strong-weight

prime pigs selling up to $8.25. Hogs

marketed last week averaged 238 lbs.

There was a good run of lambs, in-

cluding quite a showing of springs

from Idaho and Oregon sheep. City

butchers bought a few cars of prime

native spring lambs early at $9.50,

but packers held back, bidding only

$9 for choice lots, and trade was late

in opening in earnest.



Cattle sold 10@15c better last week,

with a better demand.and very mod-

erate offerings, recent liberal rains

over most of the country having put

a sudden stop to the previous market-

ing of stock prematurely from dry

districts. The offerings were very

small of the stocker and feeder class-

es of cattle, and there was also a lim-

ited supply of about everything in-

cluded in the beef cattle class. Beef

steers sold largely at $8.15@9.15, the

best class of heavy beeves going at

$9.15@9.40 and a common to fair

class of grassy, light steers at $7.40@

8.40. A medium class of steers

brought $8.45@8.70, and a good class

sold at $8.75@9.10, with desirable lit-

tle yearlings going at $8.65@9.30 for

good to fancy, and sales all the way

down to $7.75@8.25 for ordinary _to

fair yearling steers and heifers le-

ed. Butchering cows and heifers were

free sellers at $5@8.90, but weakness

prevailed in grassy lots, which Were

lower, while prime heifers ruled high-

er. Cutters sold at $4.40@5, canners

at $3.35@4.35 and bulls at $5@7.75.

Stockers and feeders had a moderate

demand, with sales at $5.90@8.15.

Much the best demand was for stock

steer calves, the better class going at

$7.95@8.15. There was a limited

trade in stock cows and heifers at

$5.25@7.15, these cattle, as well as

stock and feeder steers, selling far

below prices current several weeks

ago. Demand for stockers comes

mainly from Illinois, Indiana and

Michigan. Calves sold during the

week at an extreme range of $5@10.25

per 100 lbs. for coarse heavy to prime

light vealers. Milkers and sprlngers

had to possess quality to attract the

attention of dairymen from different

states, sales being on the basis of $60





@95 per head, but hardly any were‘





offered prime enough to sell around

the top figures. Other cows went to

killers at low prices.



Hogs sold last week at the highest

prices recorded in many weeks, with

a good demand and customary reac-

tions from the top figures. On difler-

ent days considerable numbers of





grassy hogs showed up, and buyers





discriminated against these, insisting

upon liberal discounts from prices

paid readily for choice consignments.

Medium and heavy shipping hogs top-

ped the market, with prime light hogs

going slightly below the highest fig-

ures. Hot weather on some days re-

sulted in a good many dead'hogs be-

ing taken from arriving trains. Re-

cent receipts averaged in weight 237





lbs. For the last week of June last

year the average was 242 lbs. Con-

sumption of fresh pork is good for





the summer period, when it is usual,





to see'a” falling off, and 'cash‘sales of

cured hog meats are good, consider-

ing the high prices. There is a mark-

ed- hog shortage in- the country, but a

good pig crop is reported in most sec-

tions. Top for hogs last week was

$8.50, closing prices ruling at $7.90@

8.45 for poor to prime,.with both light

and heavy lots at the top, while pigs

brought $6.50@8.15. Prices were about

the same as a week earlier.



While it was not possible last week

to maintain full recent prices for

choice spring lambs, fed lambs and

sheep, yet prices looked high when

compared with most former years,

and reactions took place after de-

clines. Wethers arrived from Oregon

and fair numbers of ewes and fed

lambs showed up, but most of the re-

ceipts consisted of spring lambs. The

first shipment of Idaho springs ar-

rived, comprising 1,539 head, averag-

ing 65 lbs., and they brought $9.35.

The first shipmenta year ago brought

$7.25. After the best spring lambs had

sold at $9.35 there was a sudden boom

that lifted them to $9.65, with sales

all the way down to $6.50@8.75 for

the commoner lots. Fed lambs sold

at the close at $6@8.25, wethers at

$5.75@6.25, ewes at $2.50@5.10 and

bucks at $3@4. Oregon wethers

brought $6.15.



Horses were marketed so moder-

ately last week that sellers were able





‘ as a rule to dispose of them without





making further reductions in prices.

Wagoners had a fair outlet at $210@

250 for desirable animals, and draft-

ers sold at $240@275, with a prime

class scarce and largely nominal at

280@300 and over. Horses offered

sold largely below $200, with a cheap

class of drivers salable at $75@125.

The general demand was moderate,

and shippers were the best customers.





 





CROP AND MARKET NOTES.





 





(Continued from page 17).

fine condition. A great many potatoes

are grown here, but no corn grown.

Small fruits are abundant. Special

attention is given to spraying or-

chards. The strawberry season is ov-

er, and the crop was a very successful

one. Butter 30@35c; eggs 30c; hens

live 16@18c; dressed pork 10@14c;

hay $12@18 per ton.

Kansas. '



Finney 00., June 20.—-There is

a large acreage of wheat nearly ready

to harvest. The record for wheat will

be broken in this county this year;

there has been plenty of rain and the

spring crops are looking fine. Agreat

deal of maize being raised this year.

Alfalfa is a fine crop; the prospect

for fruit is good; our wild grass (buf-

falo grass) is extra good. Eggs 17c;

butter and cream 200 per lb; hens

110; squabs 100 each; hogs 7%0.



Dickinson '00., June 22.—Harvest

is in full blast. Wheat the heaviest

in years; recent heavy rains made

some of the wheat go down in low

fields. Oats a heavy crop and nearly

all cut; corn in fine condition; some

damage done to alfalfa by the army

of worms; early fruit of good quality.

Most of the grain was cut with bind-

ers on account of being so tall. Stack-

ing will go on right away; no thresh-

ing done yet. Potatoes ready to use.



Missouri.



Barton Co., June 20.——Wheat all in

the shock; some threshed, yielding

20 to 25 bushels; worth 700; oats are

partly cut. Dry weather has hurt

oats and tame hay crops; army worms

did some damage to tame hay and

corn; very few chinch bugs here this

year. Corn in good conditon and will

make a good yield if we get plenty of

rain from now on. Potatoes are only

a fair crop. Gardeners are also need-

ing rain badly.



Ohio.





Madison 00., June 20,—The harvest

is now on. Wheat fine crop; oats

very poor; rye a fair crop; potatoes

will be almost a failure on account of

drouth; the price has advanced to

$1.50 per bu. Pastures are very poor,

also meadows. We are having a few

light showers but will not benefit

much, except corn, which is growing

nicely. Wheat 77c; oats 380; rye 60c;

corn 65c.



Crawford Co., June 23.—-All growing

crops suffered by the dry spell which

we had up to June 22, then we had

a fine rain; some corn in low fields

had been damaged by light frost. The

usual acreage of corn had been plant-

ed; corn, oats and potatoes are back-

ward; some potatoes to plant yet; not

much spraying done after blossoming;

wool has all gone to market; the first

clipped wool was sold for 18@200;

prices increased and the late clipped

wool brought from 23@25c; hay mak-

ing has begun and the crop is not as

promising as it had been expected.





Much hay is going to market. Mixed "





h_ay.$11; timothy $13; wheat ‘85c; eats

37c; corn 68c; hogs $7.60; veal calves

80; butter 1761200. * ‘ ' j





 





 





 





 





”
m 4.. mi.





. j~j»'"-"*-‘j~'vT'Hts,'ls:fTHE"I;:A.ST"£QtTlQN.I





.‘ The first edition is~sentto~those who .

have not expressed a desire for the

latest, markets. Thelate market edi-

tion will be sent on request at any

time. -

DETROIT LIVE STOCK MARKETS.





' Thursday's Market. .

July 2, 1914.

Cattle.





- Receipts'1’31-0. Market‘steady. Best

dry-fed steers, $8.50@9; best handy-

weight butcher steers. $8@8.50; mixed

steers and heifers $7._50@8; handy

light butchers $6.75@7.50; light‘butch-

ers:‘$6.50@6.75; best 'oows. $6@6.50;

butcher coWs , $5.25@5.75; common.

Cows ‘$4.50@5; canners $3@4.25; best

heavy bulls $6.75@7; bologna bulls

$6@6.25; stock bulls $5@5.50; feeders

$6.75@7.75; stockers $6.25@7; milk-

ers and springers $40@75.



‘ Bishop, ‘B. & H. sold Bre‘snahan 14

stockers av 550 at $6.10, 7 do av 525

at $6.10; to Sullivan P. Co. 1 cow wgh

970 at $5.75, 1 do wgh 840 at $5, 5

butchers av 950 at $5.75, 1 bull wgh

1230 at $6.50, 3 cows av 1063 at $5.75,

1 heifer wgh 700 at $6.75, 1 cow wgh

1070 at $6, 8 steers av 1060 at $7.75;

to Bresnahan 4 cows av 950 at $5, 3

do av 860 at $5; to Parker, W. '& Co.

2 do av 960 at $4.75, 2 bulls av 1055

at $6.25; to Schumaker 16 steers av

862 at $7.35; to Sullivan P. Co.

cows av 1103 at $6; to Hammond, S.

'& Co. 2 do av 1040 at $6, 1 bull wgh

1430 at'$6.50; to Parker, W.‘ &' Co. 3

cows av 1153 at $6.25, 4 steers av 875

at. $7.50; to Jersey 32 stockers av 509-

at $7; to Frutchey 26 steers av 960 at

$8.121,§, 13 stockers av 51-4 at $6; to

Newton B. Co. 2 cows av 1185 at

$6.20, 12 steers av 985 at $7.85, 2 bulls

av 1215 at-$6.65; to Mason B. Co. 2

heifers av 635 at $5.50; to Parker, W.

& Co. 2 cows av 810 at $4, 3 heifers

av 460 at $5, 3 do av 707 at $7; to

Mason B. Co. 4 do av 732 at $7; to

Austin 9. stockers av 491 at $6.10; to

Frutchey 25 feeders av 838 at $7.75;

to Bresnahan 14 stockers av 464 at

$6; to Schumaker 12 feeders av 862

at $7.25; to Parker, W. & Co. 31

steers av 850 at $7.75, 2 cows av 975

at $4.50; to Sullivan P. Co. 14 steers

av 856 at $7.75:



. Haley & M. sold Smith 4 stockers

av 585 at $6.15, 2 do av 475 at $6; to

Applebaum 2 cows av 1075 at $5.10;

to Breitenbeck 7 steers av 890 at

$7.50, 2 cows av 875 at $5.40, 3 do av

1070 at $5.90; to Mason B. Co. 2 bulls

av 1315 at $6.65, 3 steers av 850 at

$7.75; to Newton Co. 4 cows av

1015 at $5.90, 1 do wgh 1060 at $5.50.

1 steer wgh 830 at $7; to Rehfuss 7





 





” stockers av 593 at $6.80; to Rattkow-





sky 4 cows av 1105 at $5.75; to Schu-

man 2 steers av 875 at $7.75, 2 do av

930 at $8.



Spicer & B. sold Findlay 2 stockers

av 565 at $6.50; to Sullivan P. Co.

bull wgh 1360 at $6.35, 4 do av 1115

at $6.25; to Bresnahan 2 cows av

1100 at $5.15; to Rehfuss 2 stockers

av 690 at $7; to Kull 1 cow wgh 1020

at $6.25, 1 steer wgh 620 at $6.75, 4

do av 867 at $7.65; to Smith 3 stock-

ers av 343 at $5.75, 3 do av 483 at

$5.50, 6 do av 480 at $5.25; to Sulli-

van P. Co. 3 cows av 1003 at $6, 8 do

av 1047 at $6; to Watts 12 feeders av

818 at $7; to Breitenbeck 19 butchers





THE MICHIGAN FARM'ER





*,Frlda,Y’3fMarkets* : ' s '

- .. ..‘.June 26,1914.





, Cattle.



Receipts this week 973; last week

1436; market. steady. Best drysfed

steers $8.25@8.75; best handy weight

butcher steers $8@8.50; mixed steers

and heifers $7.50@8; handy” light

butchers $6.75@7.50; light butchers

$6.50@7.25; best cows $6@6.50; butch-

er cows $5.25@5.75; common cows

$4.50@5; canners $3@4.25; best

heavy bulls $6.25@7; bologna bulls

$6@6.25; stock bulls $5@5.50; feeders

$6.75@7.50; stockers $6.25@7; milk-

ers and springers $35@70.



. Veal Calves.



Receipts this week 1030; last week

1116; market steady. Best $10@10.50;

others $8@9.50.



. Sheep and Lambs.



Receipts this week 1743; last week

1106: market steady. Best lambs $9

@950; fair do $8.75@9; light to com-

mon lambs $6.50@7.50; yearlings $7.50

@8; fair to good sheep $4.50@5;

heavy sheep $4; culls and common

$3@3.50.





Hogs.

Receipts this week 7192; last week





7926; market 50 higher; pigs $8.30;

others $8.40.





LIVE STOCK~ NEWS.





 





The cattle shortage in the country

is indicated by the fact that the com-

bined receipts in the six leading mar-

kets for the first five months of the

year amounted to only 2,347,000 head.

being 265,000 less than for the same

period last year. This falling off was

p‘artly offset by the importations of

Argentine beef, which were equal to

82,750 cattle. Of late especial anima-

tion has been seen in the stocker

trade Whenever any decline in prices

took place, for there has been a strong

desire among farmers to utilize their

luxuriant grass by placing cattle on

their pastures, but in many instances

intending buyers have failed to make

purchases because of the high prices

current at a time when prime finished

beeves were selling lower than a few

weeks ago.



Dairy-bred cows are reaching the

Chicago market in large numbers and

are proving bad sellers.



Receipts are making a good showing,

and there has been a steady gain in

weight, late arrivals averaging 237

lbs. For the first week of June last

year the average was 244 lbs. Prime

light and medium weight shipping

hogs are selling at the top prices

daily, with prime heavy shipping go-

ing within five to 100 of the top, and

coarse heavy packing begs lowest of

all, as usual. Consumption of provis-

ions is curtailed by their dearness,

but the Chicago holdings are decreas-

ing in volume, having aggregated on





1 the first day of June 107,997,276 lbs.,





comparing with 115,190,895 lbs. :9.

month ago, and 108,783,521 lbs. ayear

ago. Late in the week prime heavy

shipping hogs sold highest of all, with

the top $8.35, or 5c above the best

light lots. Coarse heavy packing hogs

brought $7.90@8, and pigs sold at

$6.75@7.85. A week

brought $7.75@8.10.

Horses had to be very desirable to

sell well last week, and even then,

there was little call for farm work-





earlier hogs





av 750 at $6623” Cales $35 quite good 1geldings selling at

. ' , 1 . Chunks so fair y on a basis

Recelpts 943‘ Market Steady' 39313 of $185@210 for the lighter weights,





$10@10.75; others $8@9.50.



Spicer & R. sold Thompson Bros.

6 av 145 at $10.75, 2 av 195 at $8.50,

6 av 155 at $11, 12 av 150 at $10.60;

to Parker, W. & Co. 2 av 135 at $10.25,

2 av 160 at $9, 20 av 135 at $10.50; to

Rattkowsky 12 av 160 at $10.50, 11

av 150 at $9.75; to Goose 7 av 145 at

$8.50; to Kull 14 av 160 at $10.25; to

Shapero 3 av 155 at $10.50; to Apple-

baum 8 av 160 at $7.50; to Goose 27

av 155 at $10.25.



. Sheep and Lambs.



Receipts 1520. Light sheep strong;

other grades steady. Best lambs $9;

fair lambs $7.5L.)8.50; light to com-

mon lambs $6@7; yearlings $7.50;

fair to good sheep $4.75@5.50; culls

and common $2.50@3.50; heavy sheep





4.

$ Haley & M. sold Newton B. Co. 13

lambs av 60 at $8, 37 do av 75 at

$8.75; to Thompson Bros. 11 mixed av

67 at $5.50, 7 sheep av 95 at $4, 9

lambs av 55 at $8, 16 do av 63 at

$8.75; to Mich. B. Co. 82 do av 65-at

$8.75, 18 wool lambs av 100 at $7, 15

sheep av 125 at $4.



Roe Com. Co. sold Sullivan P. Co.

10 sheep av 116 at $4; to Mich. B. Co.

30 lambs av 55 at $8.50, 10 do av 83

at $8.50, 15 sheepI av 150 at $4.





ogs.



Receipts 4672. None sold up to

noon; prospects strong at Wednes-

day’s prices, or $8.40@8.45.



Bisho , B. & H. sold Hammond, S.

& Co. E500 av 190 at $8.45, 250 av

200 'at $8.50. -



,Roe Com. Co. sold Sullivan P. Co.

350 av 190 at $8.45.



Spicer & R. sold Parker, W. & Co.

310 av 190 at $8.45. .



Haley & M.'sold same 450 av 190





. at $8.45.





with better and heavier ones bringing

$225@250. Few of the prime heavy

drafters showed up, these being quot-

ed at $275@300. The best sale of the

week Was that of a pair ,of fancy

heavy chestnuts at $650.



Late reports from Montana are that

there is a scarcity of both cattle and

sheep on the ranges. Jas. V. Merrion,

who returned to Chicago recently

form a visit to Montana, said: “I do

not believe there will be a third as

many aged sheep marketed from Mon-

tana this year as last. There are only

a few of the big sheepmen left, nearly

all of them having been crowded out

by settlers. The lamb crop is excel-

lent, figured on a percentage basis,

but away below former years because

of ewe shortage. Grass is fine, and

there is a world of feed, heavy rains

having fallen throughout that region,

following a big snow storm several

weeks ago.”



Packing firms have been bringing

in.liberal supplies of spring lambs

consigned to them direct from Louis-

ville, and this movement takes in

quite a substantial share of the Chi-

cago receipts, but fat springs offered

on the market were bought readily at

high prices. Weighty live muttons

fared badly as usual in hot weather,

and inferior grassy stock sold unsat-

isfactorily. Late reports are that the

southern spring lamb crop is a very

short one. The close of the week saw

spring lambs going at‘ $7@9.75 per

100 lbs., while clipped flocks sold as

follows: Lambs $6@8.75; wethers

$.5.50@6_.35; ewes $3.50@5.50, bucks

$3.75@4.25; but few ewes went over

$5.25. Springs advanced during the

week 15@250‘ and most clipped lambs

35@50c. . .





 





 

 

 

 

 

 





 





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It’s the only economical way

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consistent with the use of

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Eclipse Engine pumps for

each pint of gasoline used.





Do You Want Catalog No. JBGOI.





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Manufacturers of Oil Engines, Pumps, Ele;tric Motors. Windmills and Other Machinery





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With An Awful Appetite





-that‘s the way one owner describes the “Silberzahn.” This same owner says:

,‘ “If I had to buy a. dozen ensilage cutters every one Would be a Silberzahn."

' Hundreds of other owners say substantially the same thing. It's strong,

powerful, safe, econOmical—that's why the





Light Running 5 i1 befldfi n Emilage Cutter





‘ has been rightly called "the King of Ensilage Cutters. "

Has a throat and a blower that simply can't clog, pos-





Wis. I 7"





 





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ii iii .

tins,





   





 





woons nnos. SILO ‘

MFG. CO" State Agents.

Dept. A. Lanslng. Mich.





 

 





 





HVE Let us handle your

PflUlTRY, poultry , fruits, farm pro-

BROILERS, ducts. Our 25 years in

FRUITS. the same store assures

POTATOES, your satisfactory results.

ONWNS. CHAS. W. RUDD & SOI-

ETC. Detroit, Michigan.





 





Ship your Hay In Pittsburgh anolo

Danlul Moflaflroy Sons Company

Pittsburgh. Pa.

RsL—nny bank or Mercantile Agency.





' W C ' l _

linggs. Ful|er & 00.. D3213?” $3313.“? 5.2323.





potatoes. poultry and rabbits. Quick returns.





FARMERS—We are paying good premium above

the ("halal Detroit. Market for new-

laid e gs shipped direct to us by express. Write us

for in ormatlon. It will pay you. American Butter

& Cheese Co. 31-33 Griswold Stu Detroit. Mich.





 





 





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e4 , very attractive prices. Returns

‘VV- day of arrival. Refer to Dunn‘s. Brndstrsct's.



Zenith Butter & Egg 00.. 855-69 Greenwich St... N. Y.





 





BOUGHT-Bears. Foxes, Minis. Ducks, Guineas.

and all kinds of birds and animals.

William J. Mackensen. Box 334, Yardley, Penna.





BINDER TWINE. 313.3%. €33??th asst-





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WIIITE confirms rows-writ:





Cedar Fence Posts. 7 ft. 8 ft. and 10 ft. len hs.

Special attention given to former club orders. rite

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FIRMS IND um um

run SALE on EXCHANGE





FARMS, 000D. CHEAP, PROFITABLE.





UNUSUAL OPPORTUNITIES NOW.

State Board of Agriculture. Dover. Delaware.





FOR SALE FARM and Fruit Lands. also largo

tracts for stock grazing and

ranch purposes. Clay loam soil, lime rock subsoil,

near market and railroad. Address R. MITCHELL.

Agent for Thad B. Preston. Onawsy. Michigan.





MICHIGAN FARMING LANDS





Near Saginaw and Bay City. in Gladwln and Midland

Counties. Low prices: Easy terms: Clear title. Write

for maps and particulars. STAFFELD BROTHERS,

15 Merrill Building. Saginaw. (W. 8.). Michigan.





FARM BARGAIN





Only $1,000 cash required. Balance and terms to suit.

Buys 100 acre im roved farm. Desirable location and

surroundings. est business farm ever ofl'ered. Must

sell. Don't wait. Write owner: photo's etc.



T. C. 34 Coxnmerclal Avo., Binghaniton. N. Y.





 





 





 





 





 





 





——l4-room house: 2 barns. 30x50 and $150:

330 Acres 60 cow stalls. included 46 choice cows.

10 heifers, 3 food horses. all farm tools. Big money

maker. only 12.000. $4,000 cash. balance at 5%, lon

time. Catalogue No. 1026. HALL'S 1mm}

AGENCY. Owego. T1038. 00., New York.





CASH FOR YOUR FARM





I bring buyers and sellers to other, Write me if

$0“ wantto buy. sellDr trade. stablished 1881. Frank

. Cleveland. 948 Adams Express Building.. Chicago.





The Michigan Farmer One Year

The “W “Wk (3"""“) WWW One Year





‘ Both for only $l.20.





The New York World comes to you three times

each week thus giving you practically a New

York daily. The New York World is unexcelleo

as a. newspaper and will keep you posted on thd

news of the world. Send all orders to .



THE MICHIGAN FARMER. Detroit. Mich.
16—416





 





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T H EM 1’C9Hi G'A'N ' F‘Ai R“MtE"R '0





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Farm Commerce.

1%





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Does Big Farming Hurt the Little Farmer?





HE fields, orchards, huge vege-

table sheds and cold storage

plant of the big fruit and truck



farm presented a wonderful panorama.

Motor trucks and teams were hauling

huge loads of vegetables to the ship-

ping station and storage house. Long,

open sheds were filled with crates,

boxes and barrels, awaiting the bar-

vest of the truck and fruit crops.

More than a hundred Italian laborers

were busy in the fields and sheds

gathering, grading and packing vege-

tables into boxes, crates and bags.

The long straight rows of onions, let-

tuce and celery afforded a striking

contrast to the little farms across the

road. It was a big farm incorporated

and run for profit.



Many of the Little Farms were Ill-



kept.



The most of the little farms were

divided into small fields, the fence

rows were grown up to weeds, briars

and bushes, apparently the owners

were making a meagre living. One of

these farms supported six poor dairy

cows, an old team, three hogs and a

flock of fowls. The old orchard had

been allowed to grow up to weeds and

brush, the fences were run down, the

buildings dilapidated; it was but a

remnant of a once prosperous farm.

It was still occupied by the old farmer

and his faithful wife; the children had

grown up and gone to the city and

engaged in other lines of business.

The old farm had furnished the money

necessary to give-the children good

educations; but after they were left

alone the old man and his wife lost

interest in farming except to keep the

old home until nature gently whispers

that their life’s work is done.



An Exception.



On the farthest corner, directly op-

posite the storage plant is a well-kept

little farm. It is owned by an indus-

trious young man who gave up a good

position, on account of failing health,

and moved into the country. -On-a

neat bulletin board the writer was

attracted by the announcement that

among the things for sale were musk-

melons, apples, grapes, cottage cheese,

Rhode Island Red cockerels, and pigs.



One’s first impression of the little

farm was that it could not compete

successfully with the big farm across

the road. A view of the small fields,

the wide variety of products and the

small fruit plantation was perplexing.

From the road one could see five

acres of apples, two acres of pears

and plums, two acres of grapes, one

acre of currant and raspberries and

two' acres of strawberries. On the op-

posite side of the buildings several

acres were utilized for truck crops

and general farming. Back of the

fruit and truck area was from 20 to 25

acres of newly cleared stump land

which served for meadow and pas-

ture. The entire farm consisted of

less than 40 acres. Outside of the fruit

area it supported five good cows, four

brood sows, a work team and about

200 fowls. As I drove up to the side

of the house I was met by an alert,

keen-eyed woman. In addition to her

household duties she found time to

look after poultry and attend to the

selling of the small things produced

on the farm.



Not Competitors at All.



, As a refined, business woman and

helper, you could not help liking Mrs.

Smith. She is a courteous, patient,

understanding woman, with a pleasant

smile, a quick sense of the customer’s

personality, and the most delightful

sale-making urbanity. Before I had

really determined what I wanted she

had sold me a peck of delicious ap-

ples, a basket of grapes and several

muskmelons.





“How do you find the business of

selling direct to the local consumers ?”

I asked Mrs. Smith as she handed me

my change.



“We make a good living," she re-

plied. “We have not become wealthy.”



“I have been visiting your competi-'

tor across the road,” I said. “It is one

of the most wonderful farms I have

ever visited.” ' '



“He is no competitor,” said Mrs.

Smith. “He is one of our regular cus-

tomers. He depends upon our farm

for nearly all of his fruit, vegetables,

cream, eggs and dressed fowls.”



I began to understand. It had

struck me as curious how this little

farm, growing fruit and vegetables,

could be made to pay so close to the

big farm, apparently duplicating so

many of its products. On its face it

seemed absurd. The big farm could

produce crops more cheaply. It could

reach the big markets with carload

lots of produce. It could make more

efficient use of employed labor. It

appeared to have every advantage.

One would imagine that the little

farms would disappear, but these lit-

tle farms do not disappear. They

soon adapt themselves to the changed

environment. The more I thought it

over, the more I became convinced

that the little farm has many advan-

tages.



The little farm takes care of the

trade that is too small to be supplied

by the big farm. It supplies a trade

which the big farm'would not be in-

terested‘in supplying. ’ It', is the bush-

el,1peck, dozen and pound sales that

make fup"'the business cf.these little

farms. The small cities and villages

depend largely upon the products of

these little farms. Thousands of these

little farms are‘ shipping produce di-

rect to hotels, groceries and private

customers in the large cities.



Big Farms Supply*Gen'era| Markets.



In one sense Mrs. Smith was right

when .she .; said that the big farm

across the road was not a competitor.

In another sense she was wrong. The

big, commercialized farm is depended





.upon to supply the general demands





of the large city markets, and ma

measure itcontrols the prices of the

various fruit and vegetable products;

The big farm, though it does not ab-

solutely destroy the little‘farm, does

limit its possibilities. It restricts its

range. It lessens its territory. It in-

creases its operating expenses by cut-

ting down the cost of production

through the use of expensive labor-

saving machines. It raises wages a

little by offering employment to the

men who work on the little farms.

Charles Smith must have spraying ma-

chinery, buy a potato digger, and he

must pay his hired hand higher wages

than he did a few years ago. On the

other hand, the big farm cannot suc-

cessfully cater to the home markets

and bother with the private family,

hotel and local grocery trade.

Not Impossible to Retain Help.



William, who is 20 years of age,

works nine or ten hours on the farm

and helps with the chores. He has

practically no free time to himself. He

helps with the chores Sunday morn-

ing but has every other Sunday after-

noon and evening off. The Italian

hands across the road work only ten

hours and have every evening and

Sunday off every week.



Nevertheless, William stays with

the Smith family for a wide variety

of reasons. In the first place he feels

at home, he has good board and a

clean room to sleep in, he earns $25

a month, which is as much as he

would have left after paying his board

and working on the big farm. ‘In the

second place, though the hours are





long, the work is pleasant, and there

are long evenings when he can read

and study. So long as he does his

duty he is his own boss.



The man with knowledge, capital

and stick-to-it-iv-e-ness can develop a

small farm that will pay good profits.

Private families, restaurants, hotels,

groceries and fruit dealers in medium-





.sized cities and villages are looking





about for choice products and there

is an increasing demand for highly

specialized products in which prices

are themselves an attraction. We are

beginning to develop an enormous de-

mand for luxuries, for something dif-

ferent, not only of fruits and vegeta-

bles, but of poultry products, meats

and other things produced on the

farm; and it demands that these pro«

ducts be served luxuriously. There

is growing up right in the vicinity of

these big farms a heavy demand for

choice products that will appeal to a

very, select trade. And some of these

little farm owners are beginning to

study how they can meet this demand

and reach the trade in the most di-

rect way.

The Products Are Select.



It is the quality and selectiveness

of their products that permits so many

little farms to prosper in the vicini-

ties of the big commercialized farms.

They survive because their owners

adapt their products to changing con-

ditions. The skillful little farm owner

will advance through specializing in

quality products; others will simply

exist. The big farm is not likely to

destroy' the profits of the little farm

that is rightly managed. It will, how-

ever, reduce many of the owners of

little farms to the level of an unskill—

ed laborer who prefers to work 12 or

14 hours a day as his own boss, rath-

er 'than 10 hours a day under an ex-

acting foreman.



A Desirable Plan but a Difficult One

to Work.



Agricultural experts tell us that co-

operation is the salvation of the little

farmer, and point out how western

fruit and apple growers, and such

highly specialized sections as Mon-

mouth, New Jersey, Aroostook, Maine,

and Chautauqua, New York, have suc-

ceeded~in producing uniform products

and working out efficient systems of

co-operative marketing. These men,

however, have not explained how the

little farmers that produce some milk,

some potatoes, some apples, some

wheat, some meat and some hay can

be organized under an efficient sys-

tem of Co-operative marketing. It is

far easier to store apples, potatoes

and wheat, or to look after trainload

shipments of fruit and vegetables than

it is to provide storage houses and





1.111.114.1914.” '





systems of gathering, grading,1pack-

ing and marketing so many Tvaried

products 1



After a careful study and investi-

gation of the problem of fitting 00- op-

eration to these little farms, I am

convinced that it must be accomplish-

ed through little local associations,

with a bigger, stronger, centralized

exchange in a large city ‘on the mar-

ket to sell the produce shipped in.

this way the central exchange would

serve as a clearing house “for that

district, and each little. assOciation

would be put on an equal footing With

the big commercialized farms. The

little farms would then be able to ob-

tain recognization in the larger mar—

kets of the country and .w‘hile the

owners of the little farms would not

be lifted to the cheerful heights of

prosperity, they would be in a posi-

tion to divert their shipments of pro-

duce to other markets, instead of

dumping them on an already over-

loaded (me.



How the Commission Houses Do It.



For example, in one large city the

commission houses have formed a

sort of a dealers’ exchange. This year

cauliflower was a drug on this partic-

ular market, but these firms bought

everything in sight at extremely low

prices, reloaded it into cars and ship-

ped it to New York, Philadelphia and

Boston, where they obtained high

prices. One of the commission firms

operating thrOugh this exChange Clean-

ed up more than $25, 000 in two weeks’

time. If the' producers in proximity

to this 'city market had formed. little

associations and a big central ex-

change on this city marketJhey could

have saved this $25,000, and held up

the prices on their home market. This

is but one example where an organi-

zation would greatly benefit the little

farmers who ship and haul their pro~

duce to a large city market.



Such an organization having little

local associations working in harmony

with a bigger, central exchange would

be a big project, far bigger than cit~

rus leagues and apple unions, but it

is one of the things we have to solve

before We can better conditions of

marketing. It is going to take time

to fit co-operation to little farms that

produce a wide variety of products,

but we are at the beginning of an inv

dustrial revolution that will overcome

every obstacle. Until We have a sys-

tem of co-operative marketing adapted

to present conditions, the little farm

must live on the crumbs that fall

from the, table of the big commercial-

ized farm, or produce products of

such high quality that the big farm

cannot compete with them in the qual-

ity market. W. MILTON KELLY.





mmmmmmmmmmmmwmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm

The Sherman Anti-Trust Act 8: Co-operative Associations.





NE of the most promising move-

ments at present in the agri-

cultural world, according to a



recognized student of our marketing

systems, is the effort to market farm

products in a co-operative way. The

objects of such organizations include

the standardizing of grades and con-

tainers, proper inspection, the com-

bining of shipments into full carloads

to save freight charges, and the es-

tablishing of a distributing and mar-

keting system. This movement in no

way contemplates any “restraint of

trade," but on the other hand seeks

to do away with a form of restraint

of trade that grows out of the pres-

ent expensive and wasteful plan of

marketing through numerous specu-

lators, brokers and other intermediary

agents. Many of this class add prac-

tically nothing to the value of the

products, but take a heavy toll from

the ultimate consumer. The consum-

er feels that he pays too much and

the farmer knows that his share of

the consumer’s dollar is too small.



High retail prices retard consump-

tion.



Low, wholesale prices discourage

production.





With both classes dissatisfied, we

have a most distressing form of “re-

straint of trade,” which we are too

slow to recognize. The commercial

world seems to take the position that

farm crops were produced to be sold

and manipulated for speculation, rath-

er than to be used. Legislation is

constantly being asked for, that is

based upon this false conception, viz.:

that market manipulation is of great-





er national importance than produca





tion and consumption.





The present discussion in Congress,‘





over the Sherman anti-trust act, has





developed {the idea that this generally}





very Wise law stands directly in the

way of the farmers’ co-operative move-

ment, unless it is properly ”amended,

or more reasonably interpreted. _

Farmers do Not Want Favoritism.

Some national and state legislators

have tried to exempt farm and labor

organizations from the application of

anti-trust legislation. Not only would

such an exemption be. both unfair

and, we believe, unconstitutional, but

the farmers do not ask for or desire

any show of favoritism. All they ask

is a square deal. If their cooperative

marketing associations are, in prac-
Jaw-wise » ..





 





 





 





 





 





5,qu 4. 3914., ,





tice, contrary to public policy and are,





in fact, operated in. restraint of any _-





legitimate trade, then these co-oper-

ative associations should be put out

of business.



In the present Congress an amend-

ment (H. R. 15657, Sec. 7) 'to the

Sherman anti-trust law is being urg-

ed, which proposes to exempt from

the provisions of the law:





“fraternal, labor, consumers,

agricultural or horticultural or- -

ganizations, orders or associa-





tions instituted 'for the purposes



of mutual help, and not having



capital stock or conducted for



profit,” etc



As previously

many reasons





stated, there are

why no exceptions





' should be made and certain classes he





thus favored.

Co-operative Organizations Need

CapHaL



But this proposed amendment, as

worded, would only exempt farmers’

organizations “not having capital

stock.” Most of our present day as-

sociations are non-profit in their na-

ture, but most marketing organiza-

tions require office equipment, ware-

houses and more or less other real

and personal property. Without any

capital, an association would be fore-

ed to supply their needs by renting

and borrowing on the personal re-

sponsibility of the officers or mem-

bers. This is not desirable.



It can be shown that a co-operative

association encourages the production

of better crops. It grades and packs

these crops more honestly, eliminates

waste in handling and shipping, dis-

tributes the products more evenly and

markets them more directly. The re-

sult is that the consumer gets a bet-

ter product for the same, or a lower

price, While the farmer gets more for

his labor. Then where is there any

“restraint of trade” and who has any

real right to complain of such an or-

ganization.



A Community Benefit.



To illustrate this point, consider the

California Fruit Growers’ Exchange.

This is the strongest farmers’ market-

ing organization in this country. This

year it is handling oranges and lem-





ons to the amount of about $25,000,000.





and by its very efficient methods it

is furnishing this nation with citrus

fruits cheaper than ever before and

for much less than when the growers

tried to market their fruit individu<

ally. Both the growers and eaters of

the fruit have been the gainers. A

strict interpretation of the Sherman

anti-trust law might put that and oth-

er similarly formed marketing asso-

ciations out of business, to the injury

of the consumers and the financial

ruin of the growers.



The remedy seems to lie in modify-

ing the Sherman law so as to permit

co-operation in all lines of business,

where such co—operation is conducted

for the public welfare. To pass upon

and decide whether any proposed bus.

iness plan or organization is legal or

illegal, it might be necessary to es-

tablish an interstate trade commis-

sion, as recommended by President

Wilson. ”



In a recent address, President Van

Hise, of the niversity of Wisconsin,

approved this plan and stated that

among the benefits to be thus secured

would be:



1. The efficiency which goes with

industrial magnitude will be secur-

able, and the resultant profits may be

fairly distributed between the produc-

er and consumer.



2. The farmers’ co-operative move

ments will become lawful.



3. Labor organizations will be free

to co-operate in all legitimate ways.



To leave the Sherman anti-trust law

as it is will be to put an end to co-

operative progress and cause more

financial loss than it can ever hope to

save by juggling with monopolistic

corporations.





 





Knowledge of supply and demand is

the best preparation for marketing, ,,





‘ A





   





THEQMLCTHIGAN. FARMER





PRICE OF STORAGE BUTTER.





 





After the. severe experience which

commission men had with storage but-





‘ter last winter, I anticipated that the





price of storage butter this season

would «be much lower than it has been

for years. Then, too, the flurry about

the importation of foreign butter af-

fected the market and I anticipated

also that this would cut some figure

in the price of storage butter this sea-

son. As a matter of fact, I expressed

an opinion that much butter would go

into storage this season at around 20

to 22 cents, but it seems that I knew

nothing about it. The ,bulk of the but-

ter this year is. geing into storage at

around 26 and 27 cents.



These market problems are prob-

lems that the wisest do not solve. I

talked with a number of commission

men who thought practically as I did,

that butter would go into storage

much cheaper this year than it had

for years, and many of the most con-

servative commission men think now

that butter is going in too high. Yet

they are compelled to pay the price,

that is, they think they are compelled

to pay the price. Every one of them

is afraid that the other fellow is going

to get all of the choicest grades of

butter and it is the choicest grades

that they want for storage.



It is found from experience that

there is no use in putting low grade

butter into storage, it doesn’t keep so

well and when it comes out it doesn’t

sell well. If you put extras in storage

it comes out next winter in good con-

dition and there is a market for it. If

you put seconds and low grade butter

into storage, when it comes out it has

to compete with seconds then, and it

is not a simple matter to make money

out of storing this grade of butter, so

this grade of butter in the storage

season is simply shoved aside, as it

were, and consumed at the time while

the extras and gilt-edge butter .goes

into storage.



Now each commission man is afraid

that if he doesn’t pay the price the

other fellow is going to get the pick

of the butter, and he is going to, be

in shape next winter to make some-

thing off from it, so he is compelled

to bid up just as high as he dare go

in order to get his share of butter

that will grade extra, to put into cold

storage. Well, this is a mighty good

thing for the dairyman. If it wasn’t

for the competition in buying storage

butter, the dairyman would not re-

ceive anywhere near as much for his

product. COLON C. LILLIE.





lllllIHl|l|llllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllIlllllllllll|lll|lllllllllllllllllIllllllllllllllIllIilllllllllllllllllIllllllll





Crop and Market Notes.





Michigan.



Ottawa Co., June 17.-—The usual

acreage of corn has been planted, but

it is very small on account of late

planting. Potato planting is now fin-

ished. As meadows are principally

timothy, haying will be a little late.

Fruit prospects. are fair where plenty

of spraying has been done. Wheat is

maturing fast, and will soon be ready

to cut. W001 220; eggs 17c; butter

250; wheat 88c; potatoes 750.



Shiawassee Co., June 16.—~The usu-

al amount of corn was planted, and

is looking good. Oats are doing well,

but need rain badly. Wheat and rye

will be a fair crop. Old meadows are

poor, but the new meadows are good,

and haying will be early this year.

There are many beans to sow yet, as

farmers are waiting for rain. There

was a good crop of strawberries this

year, which brought $1.75 per bushel.

Beans $1.85; wheat 90c; oats 36c; but-

ter 20c; eggs 180; hay $11. Quite a

number of barns are being built, and

are being rushed to be ready before

haying.



Kalkaska Co., June 18.—The recent

rains and warm weather have brought

crops forward rapidly. Ninety per

cent potatoes planted, and early pota-

toes ready. to cultivate. Beans are up

nicely. Cutworms have. injured the

corn to some extent, making replant—

ing necessary. Cultivating is now in

order. Wheat and rye are about nor-

mal; clover is commencing to bloom,

but will be rather short on account

of late spring. Alfalfa is ready to cut.

Oats are. looking good. Pastures have

beengood. Worms were very bad on

fruit trees, in some cases denuding





'most of it is looking fine.





them of leaves, and no doubt damag-

ing the fruit. Old potatoes are all

sold, bringing the grower on an aver

age of 500; butter—fat 25c; eggs 150;

spring pigs are scarce.



Lapeer Co., June 21.—The ground is

very dry, and everything needs a good

rain, especially oats, of which there

is an unusually large acreage. There

is the usual acreage of corn, but a

large acreage of potatoes. Quite a

heavy frost on June 19 damaged the

beans, potatoes. corn and clover.‘ The

hay crop averages light. Pastures are

injured by the drouth. There are no

peaches, and few plums and cherries,

and a short crop of apples, as they

are dropping off badly. Very little, if

any, late spraying was done. Pota-

toes 550; eggs 18c; butter 18c per lb;

wool 20c.



Livingston Co., June 17.——On ac-

count of the extremely hot, dry weath-

er, the hay will be very short. Wheat

is looking the best in years. A larger

acreage of corn than usual has been

planted, owing to the large number

of silos that are being erected, and

the stand of corn is exceptionally uni-

form. New seeding looks good, but is

in need of rain. Beans are now being

planted, with the usual acreage.



New Jersey.



Morris Co., June 17.—There was

about the usual amount of cats and

corn planted, and both crops are do-

ing fine. Winter wheat is poor; win-

ter rye good. Prospects are good for

peaches and plums, but apples will be

a light crop. Very little spraying was

done after blossoming. Pigs and

calves are scarce; pigs six weeks old

bring $8 a pair; cows fresh and good





$60@80; eggs 23c; butter 300; corn

$20 per ton.

- Pennsylvania.

Lancaster Co., June 18.—The usual





amount of corn and more potatoes

than usual have been planted. Corn

has come up very irregularly on ac-

count of extremely dry weather. The

grass crop will be short. The early

cherry crop was good and late ones

promise well. Apples will be a light

crop, but there are prospects ofmany

peaches. Little spraying was done af-

ter blossoming. Eggs 18c; butter 300.





I0.



Hancock Co., June 16.—The usual

amount of corn and potatoes were

planted, and early potatoes look good;

corn is a good stand and is growing

very rapidly. The first crop of alfalfa

has been cut, and some hay is also

being cut, but will be a short crop.

Wheat and rye will make a good crop,

but oats will be short. There was not

much spraying done after blossoming;

however, fruit prospects are good.

Wool 220; wheat 87c; corn $1 per

cwt; potatoes 75c; oats 39c; eggs 7c;

butter 200.



Harrison Co., June 15.—Harvest is

almost here, with fine wheat and hay.

Oats look good. The first cutting of

alfalfa was good, and is in the barns

in fine shape. About the usual

amount of potatoes were planted, and

they are up and looking good. Con-

siderable spraying was done, and fruit

of all kinds will be very plentiful.

There are no cattle or hogs ready for

market yet. Young chickens and tur-

keys are doing fine. Wool is nearly





all sold at 24@27c; butter 24c; eggs

18c; butter-fat 26l/20.

Medina Co., June 20.—Hay and oats





show the effects of the past three

weeks’ drouth. More than the usual

acreage of corn was planted and is

doing well. Prospects for fruit are

good. Wool 24c; butter

26c; wheat 900;



Warren Co., June 16.—The average

acreage of corn was planted, and a

good stand is reported in the early

planting. Early planted potatoes were

damaged somewhat by the drouth, but

the crop generally promises well. The

first cutting of alfalfa is over. and a

good yield is reported. Meadows were

cut back by drouth; many are now

cutting clover. rFruit prospects are

above the average, owing to more

spraying than heretofore. Corn 800

per bu; wheat 920; oats 50c; hogs

$8; cream 24-: per lb; country butter

180; eggs 15c.



Ashtabula Co., June 16.—Corn is all

planted, and is a fine stand. There

are still some late potatoes to be

planted. Oats are showing the effects

of the dry Weather. Meadows are

looking fine, and prospects are for a

bumper crop of hay. Strawberries are

quite plentiful at 6@80 per quart.

There will not be much fruit here.

Grapes are contracted for at $45 per

ton. There is not much stock chang-

ing hands. Eggs 18c; butter 15@200;

hogs, dressed 11%0; baled hay, de—

livered $12.50@13.75; beef, dressed

8@10c; milk $1.15 per cwt.



Clermont Co., June 18.—About the

usual acreage of corn was planted and

More po-

tatoes than usual have been planted,

and promise a fair crop. The acreage

of tobacco is larger than last year,

and is looking fine. Rye and oats are

looking fine. The first crop of alfalfa

has been cut, with a good yield, and

good .prospects for a fair second crop.

A great many farmers have been





17-17





spraying their orchards, and the pros-

pects for the fruit crop are fair. But-

ter 18@23c; eggs 16c.



Guernsey Co., June 15.+‘Wheat is

fine, but the drouth hasl’cut oats and

meadows. Hay will be short and thick

on the ground. Corn is backward ow-

ing to the late planting, and potatoes

are also late. More spraying was

done this year than usual. There will

be a good crop of cherries and apples.

The mines have not been in operation

since April, and there are 3000 idle

men in the Guernsey valley. Wool.

unwashed 25c; washed 30c; pigs $5@

6 per pair.



Illinois.



Marion Co., June 16.——The usual

acreage of corn and potatoes were

planted. There will be a considerable

amount of peas and millet sown.

Wheat has been cut and is fair. Oats

are a complete failure, as it did not

get high enough to mow for feed.

Meadows and pastures are poor. The

apple crop is light; peaches and pears

are fair. More spraying is being done.

Wool 22%c; eggs 16c; butter 15@22c;

cattle $4@‘6; lambs $6.



Wisconsin.



Pierce Co., June 16.—All spring

work was considerably delayed'by ex-

cessive rains. Grass of all kinds,

small grains and late planted corn are

growing faster and with a more heal-

thy color than for years. Spraying is

nearly over. All the wool clip is be-

ing “pooled” as there are several

associations in this county, and all

stock is sold through these organiza

tions. Supplies are bought by the

carload and divided. There is about

the same amount of corn planted as

last year. This county is well adap-

ted to dairying, and is prosperous.

Only blood stock is approved and 100

head of cattle were recently imported

from Europe. Wheat 80c; oats 320;

barley 450; corn 600; timothy $1.50

per cwt; wool 22c; potatoes 60@650;

dairy butter 200; creamery 300; eggs

16c; hogs $7.25; veal calves 6%@7c;

sheep $3.50; lambs $5.50@6; hens

100; springs 160.



Polk Co., June 19.—There is a large

er acreage of corn planted than in

former years, and about the usual

amount of potatoes and beets. All

grain crops never looked better. Hay-

ing will begin in about ten days, and

will be a heavy crop. Farmers are

busy cultivating corn. The fruit crop

is not very promising. Eggs 160; but-

ter 290; small pigs $2 each.



Iowa.



Osceola Co., June 10.—The crop out-

look was never brighter than this

season. Farmers are almost through

cultivating corn for the first time, and

the stand is excellent; a larger

acreage was planted than last year.

Clover is beginning to bloom. Pas-

tures are doing well. Fruit trees

blossomed full; no spraying is done.

Local prices: Eggs 16c; butter-fat

24c; chickens 10c; corn 600; wheat

85c; barley 480; hogs $7.50.



Nebraska.



Wayne Co., June 12.——There is a

larger corn crop than usual, on ac-

count of some winter wheat being de-

stroyed by a wind storm, necessitat-

ing the planting of wheat fields to

corn. Moisture conditions are ideal,

and all crops are making a rapid

growth. The fruit crop is good, and

meadows are. excellent.‘



Todd Co., June l4.-—A large acreage

of corn was planted, but very little

small grain sown. All crops look prom-

ising, and there is quite a bit of feed

on the prairie everywhere. The fruit

trees that have been planted out are

growing well; no spraying has been

done. Wheat 700; oats 45c; corn 56c;

rye 45c; butter 20c; eggs 15c.



West Central Otoe Co., June 15.———

We are h'Ving plenty of moisture,

and the ground is thoroughly soaked.

Pastures and meadows are doing fine.

The first crop of alfalfa has been cut,

and the second crop is coming on

nicely. A large acreage of corn was

planted, and is doing fine. most of it

being cultivated for the second time.

Potatoes are doing well, and some are

large enough for use. Wheat was

damaged considerably by Hessian fly;

cats are heading out. Fruit prospects

are bright, and cherries are ripening

now. Very little spraying was done

after blossoming. Eggs 15c; butter

200: cream 200 per lb; com 710;

wheat 800; oats 40c.



Colorado.



South Weld Co., June 14.—There are

large quantities of potatoes grown

here, and the crop is doing well. Pas«

tures and meadows are fine. There

are many thousands of acres of cab-

bage, tomatoes and peas grown, and

all look fine, as the moisture condi-

tions have been excellent. Winter rye

and wheat are all headed, and spring

wheat and oats are good. Farmers

are irrigating small grain and garden

truck, and there is plenty of water in

reservoirs and river. Eggs 17c; but-

ter 30c; butter-fat 32c.



Washington. '



'Klickltat Co., June 12.———The weath-

er is ideal, and spring crops are in



(Continued on page 15).
123—418 ,





 





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Michigan Livestock Insurance to.

capllal Stock—$100,000. Surplus—$100,000.

Home Office—Charlotte, Michigan.





Only Home 00., in Michigan.





COLON C. LILLIE President.

H. J. WELLS, Secretary-Treasurer.





 





 





 





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COSTS AND PROFITS IN FRUIT

GROWING.





 





BY FLOYD w. ROBISON.



One of the most commendable signs

is the tendency on the part of farmers

to inquire into the costs and profits

of their various farming operations.

There is no more reason why a farm-

er should ignore the cost items and

expenses of his business than there is

that the business man in any other

line of operation should be oblivious

to the actual expenses of his business.

If farmers generally knew more about

the actual costs of the production of

the various commodities which they

raise it would lead, we believe, to a

more intelligent marketing of pro-

ducts, better profits, and greater sat-

isfaction in farming as a business.



Some time ago we attempted to

analyze the market milk situation,

showing the real expenses of the bus-

iness and indicating to the dairymen

what it would be necessary to sell

their product for to secure satisfac-

tory profits. There have been since

then one or two other articles bearing

on the cost of production in other

lines and we can think of no informa-

tion which is of greater value to the

producer than information of this

kind.



Dr. U. P. Hedrick, horticulturist for

the New York Agricultural Experi-

ment Station, at Geneva, has had pub-

lished a bulletin dealing with the

costs and profits from an apple or-

chard which was under close observa-

tion by the Geneva station. The facts

recorded and the arguments present-

ed are so logical and conclusive that





 





we decided to present them for the

consideration of our readers.



The bulletin itself is No. 376, pub-

lished by the Department of Agricul-

ture, and may be, had upon applica~

tion to the Experiment Station at

Geneva, N. Y.



The orchard under consideration is

known as the Auchter orchard situat-

ed a few miles west of Rochester, N.

Y., in which the Geneva station has

been experimenting on the effect of

sod mulch and tillage, during the past

ten years. It was a typical western

New York orchard and at the begin-

ning of the experiment was entirely

stocked with Baldwin trees 27 years

old. Of course, these same trees are

now 37 years old.



The annual yield of fruit during the

ten years past, beginning with 1904,

is as follows:





valuation, as will be readily seen, and

yet probably it may be considered

high by many farmers. An acre of

Baldwin trees 27 years old, in good

condition is, we think, worth $500.

With interest at five per cent the first

item of expense, therefore, becomes

$25 a year, the interest on the origi-

nal investment.



Next is the taxes, which, of course,

is a very variable proposition. Dr.

Hedrick sets aside $1.50 per acre per

year for taxes, which is probably am-

ple. Next comes depreciation of out-

fit which he places with reason at 20





per cent. Then comes the cost of

tillage per acre, at $7.39. This in-

cludes plowing the ground in the





spring, harrowing it, rolling it, and

cultivating it on an average of seven

times per season. Likewise the labor

of putting in the cover crop, but not

the cost of the seeds for the cover

crop. The cost of the seed per acre

is estimated at $2.74. To this is ad-

ded the cost of pruning, which was

$3.56 per acre; then for the 27 trees

to the acre the cost was therefore

13.1 per cents per tree. The cost of

spraying was $11.28 per acre or 41.8

cents per tree. The spray con-

sisted of Bordeaux mixture, arsenate

of lime and lime-sulphur, and arsenate

of lead. Spraying was conducted

three times per season for the first

five years and twice per season for

the second five years. The expense

of suprvision was $30 per acre, or

$1.10 per tree.



Figuring these various costs to the

barrel of apples based on the average

production, we have the following cost

sheet for a barrel of apples:





Interest on investment, per bbl..$0.21

Taxes, per bbl .012





ooooooooooooooooo





Tillage, per bbl ................ .063

Pruning, per bbl ......... .03

Spraying, per bbl”. ........ .096

Cover crop, per bbl ............ .023

Supervision, per bbl ........... .25

Harvest expense, (picking, sort-



ing, packing, hauling) ........ .244



Total, per bbl. ............. .93





To this may be added the cost of

the barrel, or 36 cents, making a total

cost of production per barrel of $1.29.



The above cost, $1.29 per barrel is,

as will be seen, for an orchard kept in

first-class condition, with pretty fairly

good allowances for the various cost

items. The returns of this orchard

Were as follows:



What the Crop Brought.



For all barreled stock .sold, the av-

erage price received was $2.60. For

culls and drops, which were used for





 





Per Tree.



Year. Barreled Culls and Total

apples drops yield



, bbl. bbl. bbl

1904 ....2.45 2.13 4.58

1905 ....1.42 .74 2.16

1906 . . . .2.67 1.44 4.11

1907 ....2.41 .88 3.29

1908 .. . .4.18 1.41 5.59

1909 .. . .2.37 1.64 4.01

1910 ....1.92 .69 2.61

1911 ....3.41 2.19 5.60

1912 ....3.86 1.70 5.56

1913 ....4.41 1.02 5.43

Totals. .29.10 13.84 42.94

10-yr. av. 2.91 1.38 4.29





 





 





Per Acre.



Barreled Culls and Total

apples drops yield

bbl. bbl. bbl.

66.53 58.08 124.61

38.59 20.12 58.71

72.69 39.12 111.81

65.53 23.79 89.32

113.85 38.25 152.10

64.63 44.57 109.20

52.21 18.80 71.01

92.84 59.60 152.44

105.05 46.17 151.22

120.00 27.62 147.62

791.92 376.12 1,168.04

79.19 37.61 116.80





 





The handling of this orchard was

above that of the average because it

was well taken care of and most or-

chards are not taken care' of, but as

the cost of labor, etc., has been con-

sidered in these items, the net pro-

ceeds show really what any farmer

should be able to do with his orchard,

provided he gives it the care which

it should have.



The Cost of Production.



To arrive at the cost of production

the first item, therefore, is to ascer-

tain the value per acre for the in-

vestment in the orchard. Dr. Hedrick

places this value at $500 per acre, and

figures the interest on this investment





 





at five per cent. This is not a, high





evaporated apple stock and for cider,

72 cents per barrel was received. As

shown in the compilation above, the

average yield of the orchard for ten

years was 79.2 bbls. of barreled apple

stock, and 37.6 bbls. of culls and

drops. A simple calculation based on

the above tabulations will show that

the culls and drops were sold at a.

loss, but that the barreled apple stock

sold enough above cost to make a.

very satisfactory'margin of profit. The

net profit per acre for the ten years

under observation was $95.65. To this

is added the $25 interest on the in-

vestment'which has been allowed for

in the cost sheet. and we have $120.60

net, or a little better 'than 24 percent





JULY" 4, 191,4.





on the original investment of $500 as

the annual ten-year dividend from the

orchard.



We can do no better then, in sum-

ming up these remarks on this bulle-





tin, than to quote the general state-





ments of Dr. Hedricx.

The Summary Quoted.



“In closing,

ments must be made:



“The. first of these is that the pan

has not been skimmed in the Auchter

orchard work and the milk that is left

is equally as good as that which was

taken. This orchard, barring acci-

dents, will do as well, or rather bet-

ter, during the next 20 years than it

has in the past ten.



“Secondly, as good or better divi-

dends are coming from many New

York apple orchards similarly situat-

ed and similarly cared for. The fig-

ures given are a fair average for 8.

Baldwin orchard in its fourth decade.

The cost of production is, if anything,

high since the state cannot do work

as cheaply as an individual. The ex-

tra. cost, if such there be, has been

offset however, by the skill and effi-

ciency with which Mr. Auchter, in

direct charge of the work, has man-

aged every detail.



“Third, the profits of this orchard

are probably many times as great as

those from the average plantation in

New York. Indeed, if the financial

history of every apple tree in New

York could be written it would be

found that the total cost of all quite

equals the receipts from all—in other

words, many areolosing and few are

winning. This is the history of finan-

cial endeavors in all industries.”





COST OF PASTEURIZING MILK.





 





According to tests made by the De-

partment of Agriculture, the average

cost of pasteurizing milk with a prop-

erly designed and properly operated

plant, is $00313 a gallon, and of cream

$00634 a gallon. These tests also

showed that the “flash” process, by

which milk is raised to a tempera-

ture of 165 degrees F. and kept there

for a moment only, is more expensive

than the “holder” process, in which

milk is maintained for 30 minutes at

a temperature of 135 to 145 degrees.



It was found that many milk plants

and creameries do not attempt to

make any use of the heat in the ex-

haust steam from their engines and

auxiliaries. This heat would be sufli-

cient, in many cases, for all the pas-

teurizing done in the plants, 'if it were

properly utilized instead of being per-

mitted to go to waste. Another com-

mon source of waste was found to be

the faulty arrangement of apparatus

and leaky piping. The loss from

these causes may run as high as 30

per cent of all the heat required. In

considering the cost of pasteurizing,

the investigators estimated the life of

the necessary apparatus at only four

years, because the entire equipment

must be taken apart after each opera.-

tion in order to clean it.





 





BOOK NOTICE.





 





' On account of the high cost of liv-

1ng, gardening is increasing in popu-

larity as an advocation for men in all

lines of work. Too often our know1~

edge of gardening is limited to the

directions on the seed package, and

we would appreciate our garden work

more if we got a better understand-

lng 'of 1ts principles. Therefore “The

Begmner’s Garden Book,” by“ Allen

French, is a useful book, for it deals

w1th all features of garden work and

IS valuable to the experienced as well

as beginners. It can be recommended

to those who wish a practical garden

book, and also for school purposes.

Published by Macmillan Co., New

York. Price $1.





 





CATALOG NOTICE.





The Holt Mfg. 00., Peoria, Ill., send

an illustrated folder giving informa-

tion about Caterpillar tractors made

m a variety of sizes suited to all kinds

of farm and other work to which the

tractor is adapted. MentionMichigan

farmer when writing for this litera-

ure. ' I





 





1





 





several general state- 7





I
r as .m c s IGAN :EA. RM Es





19—19 _ ‘





 





   





myr’ .4. 1191;. . l :‘l ,

9—! J I W '*‘““-“"“’ IIIIII "N IllIIImIIIIIIIIlE to Etiflé 101nm thl'ee times a. month H V ' . ‘ , —I HAVE A NICE LOT OF

E m" ' '" H '- .nd..... colt w... g... wet!» narrows "0‘3““ was 9.5.:- ofifs ssssseesrar

E‘ Mare Passes Urine too Often—I awedSV'Ile Michigan, . ‘ ot Depot. Nash Michigan.





 





‘ Veterinary.





W.





Vlllllllllllllll Illllllll





 





CONDUCT .

Dropsy—Rheumatism.—Have a colt

seven weeks cld that is stiff in all

four legs; when down is unable to get

up without help; sucks fairly well,

but the mother has a swelling-under

belly and is worked part of. the time.

C. W. D., Marine City, Mich—Give

your mare a tablespoon-ml of powder-

ed nitrate of potash at a dose in feed

or water two or three times a day.

Also give colt 5 grs. of sodium salicy-

late at a dose three times a day.

joints are swollen, apply alcohol twice

a day. You should have treated navel

of colt. .



Roarer——Heaves.——I bought a horse

this spring; three days later he _be.

gan to heave and cough and seeming-

ly choke; besides, he made quite _a

noise through nostrils. This horse is

only eight years old, a good worker,

and I would like to give him some-

thing that will relieve him. W. L., Jr.,

Allenville, Mich—Feed no clover or

musty, badly cured fodder and he

should be fed. a good quality of food;

grain and grass is the best summer

food. Give 1 dr. of ground nux vom-

ica. 1 dr. powdered lobelia and 1/; oz.

of Fowler’s solution at a dose in damp

feed three times a day. Kindly un-

derstand that he should not be fed

much bulky food and he should be

exercised every day.



Rheumatism—~—Sprain.—I have a 7-

year-old mare that first went lame in

one hind leg, then in the other, and

one Vet. tells me it is rheumatism

and the other calls it sprained ankle.

Lately I drove her to town and she

became so lame that I had to leave

her over night. C. S., Omer, Mich.———

Give her 2 drs. sodium salicylate, 1

dr. powdered colchicuni and 1 dr. of

powdered nitrate of potash at a dose

in feed two or three times a day;

also apply equal parts turpentine,

aqua ammonia and raw linseed oil to

fetlock joints, if swollen, every day

or two.



Rheumatism—I have a pig four

weeks old that is rheumatic and does

not care to move around. J. S., St.

Clair, Mich.-Give pig 2 grs. sodium

salicylate and 3 grs. powdered nitrate

of potash at a dose three times a day.





Snuffles.—I have five young hogs

three months old that are troubled

with snuffles. A. M., Chassell, Mich.

——Giveaeach pig 1 drop fluid extract

belladonna at a dose two or three

times a day, and 2 grs. of powdered

sulphate iron.



Pigs Root Each Other.-—Can any

of the readers of the Michigan Farmer

tell me the cause of pigs rooting each

other? These pigs are fed liberally

on low-grade flour, middliugs, ground

Wheat, skim-milk, and have a clover

field to run in. H. W. B., West Branch,

Mich—Lack of exercise and feeding

an unbalanced ration are perhaps the

most common causes of rooting. Per-

haps the breed of hogs you have are

nervous and restive. _



Leucorrhea—Caked Udder.-—-On Ap-

ril 6 one of my two-year-old heifers

calved, but‘had to be assisted: since

then she has been troubled with leu-

corrhea. and one-quarter of udder is

caked. I applied fluid extract of poke

root and gave her saltpeter as rec-

ommended for a similar case in this

column. M. E T., Marshall, Mich.—

Give your cow 3. tablespoonful of hy-

po-sulphite of soda and apply one

part iodine and 15 parts lard to caked

udder three or four times a week. If

she still has vaginal discharge, dis-

solve 2 grs. sulphate of zinc in each

ounce of water that you inject her

with, and she should be treated daily.



Cow Does Not Come in Heat—I

have a cow that had an attack of com-

paction last winter, but recovered.

When she freshened she did not clean,

therefore our local Vet. removed af-

terbirth. Have not noticed her in heat

since she calved and I am anxious ,to

breed her. W. W., Coleman, Mich.—

Give her 1 dr. ground nux vomica, 3

grs. of phosphorous and 3 drs. of

ground capsicum at a dose in feed

twice a day. _ -



Cow Leaks Milk.——l have a cow that

commences to leak milk every after-

noon between two and three o’clock.

I would like to know how to prevent

it. W. S., Adrian, Mich—Milk her

three times a_ day. ,



Stifle Locking.——I have a two-year.

old colt that has a. queer affliction and

I am unable to figure out what ails

him. In the morning when let out of

stable, either one or both hind legs

seem to be stiff 1n hock and the toe

drags on ground then suddenly with a

jerk which is followed by a crack,

colt moves fairly well. The sire of

this colt had bog spavin. D. M.,

Weadock, Mich—The stifle cap par-

tially slips out of place, making it

impossible for leg to flex. Clip off

hair, and apply one part powdered

cantharides and six parts fresh lard





 





 





haVe a. ten-year-old mare that when

driven passes urine every time she is

stopped and frehuently her water is

tinged with blood. C. Q., Marion.





'Mich.——Mix together equal parts of

powdered nitrate of potash, bicarbo- '





nate soda and salt and give a dessert-

spoonful at a dose in feed night and

morning. A change of feed would

perhaps help her.



Chronic Cough.—-I have a horse

eight years old which has a cough,

some days it affects him more than

others; glands of throat are some

swollen. A. K. D., Shelbyville, Mich.

—-Mix 1 oz. of guaiacol in 15 ozs. of

raw linseed oil and give 1 oz. at a

dose three or four times a day. Apply

one part tincture iodine and three

parts camphorated oil to throat daily.



Nervousness.——Whenever I drive my

four-year-old mare she tosses her head

considerable, and our local Vet. is

unable to tell What causes it. When

the bridle is off she stands perfectly

quiet. G. L., Lamb, Mich—Her teeth

may hurt her when hit is in mouth

and she is being driven. A large

smooth bit that is long dropped low

in mouth, a nice fitting bridle and a

quiet driver is about all that can be

done for a case of this kind. If the

mouth is sore or tender, dissolve 1

oz. of borate of soda in a quart of wa-

terd and wash out month three times

a ay.





 





 





Registered Percherons.

BROOD MARES. FILLIES AND YOUNG

STALLIOlNS at prices that will surprise you.

L. C. HUNT & CO.. Eaton Rapids. Michigan.





Feeding Molasses





your pigs is guaranteed to increase your profits as

50 per cent. or rinse and full particulars, write





I’D

o F

lama: a council: Box 13, Liam. mag...





CASI Fill COWS'5.£3“°:§.i“°3dmi’°“cfi‘i





months. Address. Box 242, Detroit. Mic igan.

stein heifers. under





WAN I E D 2years old. Address.





C. E. WINTERS. Cressey. Michigan.





, BREEDERS’ DIRECTORY.

CATTLE.





Angus iiaiile For Sale





On account of other business requiring additional

time and capital, we Will sell half or entire interest

in30head registered Angus cattle. Bull calves for

three years sold at an aver e of $174.50. Will sell on

may terms to right. party. ome help harvedz alfalfa

an will any expenses here. and show you an opening

at $2000. per your. profits if you buy.





GEO. B. SMITH 6 CO.

Addison. Michigan.





ABERDEEN-ANGUS





HERD FOUNDED IN 1900.

Strains regresented consist of Trojan Ericas. Black-

birds and rides. only. Black Quality Ito. a hull of

rare individuality and merit. heads the herd.

WOODCOTE STOCK FARM. Ionia. Mich.



GUERNSEYS months old. Advanced registry



Dams. Sire Im . Golden Noble

Fifth. Herd tuberculin tested. Very igh class stock

at rock bottom prices. On farm of President Snyder





of the Michigan Agricultural College. Address.

E. P. NOBLE. Manager. R. F. D. No. 8. Lansing. Mich,





 





 





 





Ton registered Hoi-





 





 





 





 





 





 





Six' bull calves from 3 to 18





 





FIIII S‘LE—Z Reg. Guernsey bulls 2 and 4 years old

2 ball calves best breeding. Pedigree of!

Berkshire swine either





show. sex.

R. B. 10. Holland Michigan.





EBELS.





s rin





OH

2 six months old





HEREFORD BULL 118monthsold.





ALLEN 13308.. Paw Paw. Michigan.





 





 





e have for sale a number of pure Guernsey cows.

heifers and bulls. also Berkshire h .

VILLAGE FARM. Grass Lake. mmnn.

’ ——Ofler ’bull calves. choice A.

"hula 6"} R. O. breeding, $100. and up.

COLE BROTHERS COMPANY. Ypsilanti. Michigan.





HOLSTEINS 8: BERKSHIRES‘El‘éZ‘éa'llfi

priced reasonable. 8. B. REAVEY, Akron. Mich.



. d ' -

95 7 5 ff’fidfil’n "fii‘il? 33.2?in “232“ Eig‘fiii.





Hengerveld Lad and from A. R. . Dam.

BIVERVIEW FARM. R. No.8. Vassar. Mich.





THE THREE BEST llOlSTEIN CATTLE





Poland China Hogs and S. 0. White Leghorns.

FOREST SIDE STOCK FARM

M. H. Chamberlain Jr. Prop.. Romeo. Mich.





nolS'l‘ElN BULL—3 years old. nearly all white



With some small black 3 etc.

Both Slre and Dam have A. R. O. Daughters. an are

of the DeKol family: for rice photos and particulars

Address. NELSON JOH SON. East ’l‘awaa.Michigan.





OLSI‘EIN FBIESIAN CATTLE BBEEDERS of

hi h record cows. Young bulls at. farmers prices.

J NES & LUTZ. Oak Grove. Michigan.





H ISIBIIl3—u High Grade Holstein heifers from Heavy

0 I Milkers Also Registered Bull. Price for

the bunch 810“) F. O. B. J. c. BARR“. Goldwater. Itch.





ESPANORE FARM,

LANSING, MICH.





Register’d Hulsleins





Bull Calves $50 to 5200.

Answer. Bram m “enemas-

ADAM n'rnaousml. 30““ ’ Sup-L





loisieln tears I 2.... on ma 100 h... m...





Heifen. age 6 mo. to 2% yrs" lots

of 2:1“?! and in good condition. Also a fine selection

of I stared cows. Arthur Birkhols. New Buiidmlioh.





clubs HOLSTEIN Cow





Se bblood.3~ d.detofresheninle

my? . mania” ow‘iu. manna. "'





 





 





 





 





 





 





 





 





Breeder ofhlgh class





Registered Holsteins.

“Top-Notch” Hoieielns.





Choice bull calves from 2 to 8 mo. old. of fashion-

able breeding and from dams with oiiicial ‘ milk

and butter records for sale at reasonable prices.





MOPHERSON FARMS 00.. Howell. Mlehlflln.





A. ll. 0. llOlSTEIN CilWS Nil SALE.

6 very fine A. B. 0. cows. bred to J channa Concordia

Champion. and Duke OrmIb Pietertie DeKol. Price

$1860. Service bulls and b l calves. Kindly write

me just what you want.



L. E. CONNELL. Fayette. Ohio.





MICHIGAN HOME “I! lllllIIIE SCHOOL

APEEB. C





L MI HIGAN.

Breeder of High Grade Holstein Cattle. Lists and

prices upon application. .





 





Purebred Registered



HOLSTEIN GATT L E



l The Greatest Dairy Breed

Sand for FREE Illustrated Booklets

Holstein-Frieda. Auc..Box I“. BratiieboroNt.

JERSEY —Bull calves nearly ready for service.

Sired b Jacoba's Fairy Emanon 107111.



surrn c PARKER. Howell. chlgnn.





 





 





MAPLE Lane Register of Merit Jersey Herd—~Tu-

berculjn tested by .8. Government. Bull calves

from cows in R. of . test. Heifer calves whose dams,

grand-dams. and rest rand-dams are in the Register

of Merit. Iii IN OX. Allegan. Michigan.





' ' - tl h' .

2-year-old llllslcln Holler 3.22.5.3'031‘8. 32:19:31}

in Feb. 8300.delive you'd‘fia¥ more at auction.

Write for pedigree. HO ART . AY. Mason. Mich.





. OUR Choice registered Holstein heifer calves for

sale. 2 to 7 months old. IIO the bull calves.

M. W. SPBAGUE. Vermontvllle. Michigan.





The Jersey





The sire is'of vital importance.

’ Buy a thoroughbred jerse



bull and grade up. Wor



towards the 400-pounds-

oi-butter cow. it costs no

more to produce 400 lbs. of

butter With a good cow than

200 lbs. with a poor one.

Let us send you some Jersey facts.





AMERICAN JERSEY CATTLE CLUB

324 w. 23d St. New York





 





 





 





 





 





-A ' '

now IN SERVICE King‘s‘égiéfpiliifgoi‘igé}:





GREGORY & BORDE . Howell. Michigan.





HILL CREST JERSEYS.





I would sell two or three young cows. 00 e d

see them. A herd of Z) to choose from. m an

8. B. WATTLES. Troy. Michigan.





Lillie Farmstead Jerseys

(Tuberculin tested. Guaranteec. free from Tuber-

culosis.) Several good bulls and bull calves out of

good dairy cows for sale. No~ .females for sale at

present. Satisfaction uaranteed.



COLON C. LILY. . Ccaopel'IdIle. Mich.





 





 





 





Yearling and two-year-old. Eli ible

to register. RBIE‘Iendid breeding. rice





lomy lull:





 





right. Address LEWIS EY. Metamora. Mich

JERSEY —Buli calves bred for ioduc.

tion. Also cows and eifers.





Breakwater Farm. it. F. D. No. '1. Ann Arbor. Mich.





BUTTER BRED JEES‘ichffd‘m

CRYSTAL SPRING STOCK FARM.

Silver Creek. Allegan County. Michigan.





FOR “LE-+14 Pulled Durham &. Shorlhom Bulls





from 4 to 24 months old. 0. CABLSON. LeBoy. Mich.





 





 





shorthorn Bulls For Sale—One roan 3-yr-old weigh-

ing a'ton. Price AlsoBcalvesilmo. old, rom

good milking cows.‘ M. A. BRAY. Okemos. Mich.





 





o L c —'.i‘ake orders for firing OnoBmo. fine



0 - type Jersey B l. as reasonable.



N. H. Weber. Oaleew Farm. Royal Oak. Michigan.

Choice pigs. two to four mos. the long





0- I. c- bodied kind. One choice gilt bred for

August. ALVIN V. HATT. Grass Lake. Michigan.





0 I c —Sows bred for June furrow. We are

l I I also taking orders for spring pigs.

JOHN BERNEB A; SON. Grand Ledge. Mic .





o | c --Brod cows and spring gigs. large and growthy.

' a - . Pairs and trios. not a in. Write your wants.

GLENWOOD STOCK FARM. Zeeland. Mi 1:





c .

o l C —gilts bred for June and July furrow. Also

0 0 a pri lgs. Servioeable boars all sold.

“8. T’. ANDREWS. Dansville. Mich.





I pay express.

I All sold. Would be leased to book

0. 'l c S your order for s rlng ice.

0. J. THOMPSON. Rockfo . Mic igan.





O I C! ——Large boned.shipped_cn ap rovai.

0 o Swan‘s not akin. registers free.

J. W. no ELL. Elsie. Michigan.



’ —S rin igs. airs and trlos. not

00 0 C s alflmgfgom gtate fair winners.

AVONDALE STOCK FARM. Wayne. Michigan.





0 I C -—Boars six months old. spring pigs,

0 .0 I ilts. Satisfaction guaranteed.

A. B. GRA





AM. FLINT. MICHIGAN.

-—-May I have the pleas-

Oo I. C. SWine um of receiving your

order for a pair or trio. not akin of April

and May furrow. They are bred ri ht. Satisfaction

guaranteed. A. J. GORDEN. B. o. 2. Dorr. Mich.





DUROC JERSEY BOARS





Spring Pigs and Yearling





From Prize-Winning Stock

Special Prices for 30 Days.

Sale of Bred Saws August 4.

Write. or better still. come.





Brookwaler Farm, Ann Arbor, Mich, II.F.II. 7.





nUBOCJEBSEYS—Fall gilts of the large. heavy

boned type. bred for Augj and Se 1;. furrow. Also

spring pigs. not akin. F. J. rodt. R. . Monroe. Mich.





DURocs—A good growthy fall fig immuned

and bred for Angus arrow will

make you money. Give me your order now for

May shipment. Also fall boars ready for service.

KCPE KON FARM. Kindcrhook. Michigan.





0R SALE DUROC JERSEYS—College Boy 138557

farrowed Sept. 7. 1911. rifting pigs after June



1. 2914. J. H. BANGHAR . Lansing. Michigan.

Large.





DUROC Pics-1° we“ .....

growthy. and from big



litters. $10 to 815 each. registered in purchaser’s name.



We guarantee satisfaction. Kenwalii Farm, Swanton,0iiio.





 





 





 





anoy bred Duroc Jerseys—Boers d: Gilts of Spring &

summer furrow. Good individuals at reasonable

prices. John McN iooli. Station A. R4. Bay City. Mich.

now offer Duroc Jersey pigs





Konl'EL Slocx F‘HM of either sex at reasonable





prices. E. B. CORNELL. Howell. Michigan.





DUROC JERSEYS'Qfitiegfé‘Jlé’lfii‘éf





CAREY U. EDMONDS. Hastings. Michigan.





IIUll0C JERSEYS”S§’.’SL?.§.JiL‘" 33331” as 8‘





STAHLMAN.Cherry Lawn ram.u.2.s epherd.M'ichf





POLAND CHINAiESJl hsamwzn‘lfaafi





Prices right. W.J GELSHAW. Augusta. Mich.





China Boar; Sow: Brod, ill of III. Big Type.





A. WOOD & SON. Saline. Michigan.





MY OH MY!

What an Opportunity.





Starting May 1st. we are going to give to the farm-

ers and breeders an opportunity to get started right

in the breeding industry. We areOgomg to lve you

a chance to get hold of foundation stock t at. will



lve you a. nucleus for one of the finest and best



erds in your community. We are_ cingtoshow you

as we have others. that you Wll have greater

with our big type





 





Poland

L





 





of best Bates strains,

26yrs.aBreeder. Bulls

HUMMEL. Mason. Michigan.





lllllll » BBEII SHORIIIIIIINS





all acid. J. B.





1500 buys two cows three and f 1-8..

Sherman‘s one yearlin heifer and two cilia: six

month. A. A. PATTUL 0.Deckervllle.Michigan.





 





horthorns-Bulls and females. all ages. Tell just

what you want. Also 1’. C. Hogs. Oxford Sheep.

C. W. ('rum. Sec. Cent. Mich. Sher-then An’n..flcBrido-.Iich.





SHORTHORN CATTLE





W. W. KNAPP. Howell. Michigan.





SHEEP.





l'i‘ PAYS 1'0 Bur runs snap snnar

or PARSONS ”figfiggpin



I sell and adhip every.

22%:Zssafifil

~ ~ . tWD. Write for club

, filt‘li‘df‘aiih‘ll?

£3:an ”“533





Rl





 





 





 





 





 





 





 





 





 





L.’ h —-Yearlln and ram lambs from Champion

'6': n flock of humb of Mich. Also select Bekr-

Elmhurst Stock Farm. Almont. Mich.





[1008.





' --A few extra Sept. Boats and bunch

ourocsawchn” of Gilts for 1st of April furrow.

M. T. STORY. Lowell, Mich.. Citizens Phone 55.





shire swine.





 





 





' —Reg. Bred Guts—Orders taken for

chc'hr “In“: spring pigs and Collie ups. Holstein

Bulls at Bargains. BAY B. PARHAM.





GIIESTEI UHITES‘I“:..’3".%.t{,¥°'.p‘.’.’.‘.’““° “n"





his.

MEADOW VIEW srocx FARM. noiianagnl’chigan.





rcnson. Mic .





 





9 —8pring pigs. get my price before

0, '0 C 5 you buy elsewhere. CLOVER

LEAF STOCK FARM. B. No. 1. Monroe. Michigan.





| —Gll bred f Se . farm .

largely ILLG: Mutanugiunsmayi’o





shi . Wi i shipc.o. d. They are extra good ones.

mlirvum's srocx man. a. No.1.Marlette.Mich.





March. A ril and May lgl: the hi

0. I. c: nowthy kind that alwayepmakes :





 





 





 





 





LIMUEL NICHOLS. 3.121). No. 2. Lawrence. lch.





 





POLAND CHINAS





than with any other breed. We want_to place at

least one ping]. or a pair in every community. to adver-

tise our he . We will give agency. if not already





taken. If interested. write for our plan and prices.

HILLCREST FARM. KALAMAZOO. MICE.





POLAND CHINA PIGS—From large Prolific stock.

Shorthorn Bull Calves. E gs‘Ul per15 from choice

Barred Rocks. ROBERT NE E. Pierson. Michigan.

F0“ s‘LE-A choice bunch of March and April boar



pigs. a few herd headers. Prices reasonable.

Satisfaction guaranteed. R. W. Mills. Saline. Mich.





UTLER'S Big Boned Prolific Poland Chinae. Grow



big. kee easy. mature early. ready for market at

6 months. by? ecause we've bred them that way

for more than 20 years. We have % big boned sows

for fall furrow. Buy one and make more money on

your hogs. You can't get an better at any rice.

P.C. History Free. J. C. BUT ER. Portland. ich.

30 Poland China. Fall Pigs—Good ones from immune



sows 810 and $15 each. while they last. Brod sow

sale Feb. 27th.send your name for catalog if you want to

buy Big Types with Quality. Wm. Waffle. Goldwater. Iiioii.





Mule Foot





faction guaranteed.





 





Bred sows. bred gilts and boar

pigs, not related. for sale. Satin

G. C. KREGLOW. Ada. Ohio





YORKSHIRE Swine—March dz Apr. pi a ready toship.

Pairs not akin. Colle ePrIncess an Cooks Bacon

. lichullenflrand Ledge.Mich.





foundation stock. Geo. S

' ' We have a nice bunch of May 1 s

lorI(SI'l|l'e SUI". now ready to wean. Write uspfgr

description and prices. Ostrander Bros" Morley.Mich.

Choice boars. gilts and





YORKSH I R Es weanlings. nightly





priced. GUY J. DOTY. R. 2. Monroe. Michigan.





YORKSHIRES





The large. long-bodied, prolific kind. Gilts bred for





July. August and September farrow. A choice lot of





spring pigs. pairs and trios.not akin. Prices reasonable





W. C. COOK. R. 42. Ada. Michigan.





Lillie Farmstead Yorkshires





So u gilts anglgllts bred Iif.»“2:111:3iinber gala-3w.

r n e n.

Sgtisf'acao': goofing. pa 0‘ no



COLON c. LILLIB. Cooper-ville. Mlchlggn.





 





 





When writing to advertisers please

mention The Michigan Farmer.
I





 





THE 'M‘I'CHIGfiN‘ liw‘ARMAEkl ‘





 





 





 





   

   





 

 





   





 





 





 





20. .29., . " ‘- «JULY'4,1~914.«

eqlfial plarts alcohol 33d hot water to will“, ’ , ' .

an e t ree times a ay. - _ .

Rheumatism—Inflamed Knee—Swol- ' - ale Hay: Big Pay!

len Tendons.———I have a six-year-old / . - . .

cow that shows symptoms of rheuma- \ 2%,?“ “9,033: “V“Wm

tism. She has been sore and stifi H 42-

since early part of March. The knee (v.

of my fiye-year~old horse is inflamed \ r ‘

and back tendons are swollen and ten- 2 "

der. L. D., Port Hope, Mich—«Give \ , .r" windrows

your cow a tablespognful of powdelred 5 918 098 E 5 - 5' ‘1‘}: F B k ll

nitrate of potash an a teaspoonfu o r" _ ‘ 011 1111,: "g, is no no to a

powdered colchicum at a dose twice a ’ 2-: ’ ’ . ’1’ e fl“ . $13333”; 3:11:53 i331:

gallons Polarme sold last year ,_. —~ so own: , another“ Make mom





day; also give her 2 drs. sodium sal-

icylate three times a day. Apply one

part turpentine, one part aqua am-

monia and three parts olive oil to

knee and back tendons every day or

two. -



Barren Heifer.—~I have a registered

Jersey heifer which comes in heat

every 10 to 14 days and fails to get

with calf. F. T., Springport, Mich.—

Give 40 drops of fluid extract stra—

monium and a teaspoonful of pow-

dered nitrate of potash at a dose

three times a day. Her getting with

calf is doubtful.



Cow Does Not Come in Heat.——I

have a cow that came fresh January

7, 1914, and has not been in heat

since. She is a good milker and so

far as I can tell, in good health. J.

C., Whitmore Lake, Mich—Give her

1 dr. ground nux vomica, 2 drs. of

ground capsicum and 3 grs of phos-

phorous at a dose two or three times

a day. The phosphorous should be

dissolved in a tablespoonful of olive

oil before it is given.



Wounded Teat.——My cow, while

stepping over low wire fence cut end

of teat; since then have milked her

through tube, but udder is now quite

inflamed and gargety. I applied one

part iodine and 20 parts lard. J.

S., Copemish, Mich-«Apply equal

parts powdered alum, oxide of zinc

and boracic acid to wound twice a

day. Unless you are painstaking in

the cleaning of milking tube, you will

infect udder; perhaps this is what

caused udder to swell and inflame.

Apply one part alcohol and two parts

warm water to udder twice a day.

Milk her out clean three times a day

and hand-rub udder gently two or

three times a day.



Sun Scald.—I have 20 pigs three

months old that have some kind of

skin diseases that appears to me like

sunburn. The skin back of ears and

on back cracks open, peels off and

leaves body raw. Whatever this trou-

ble is it causes itchiness and pigs rub

so much that the body is covered with

sores. R. G. S., Haslett, Mich.———Ap-

ply one part oxide of zinc and six

parts vaseline once or twice a day.

Keep your hogs in the shade when

sun is shining bright.



Congested Udder.——I have a cow

that came fresh June 7, cleaned all

right, but udder does not seem to

fill properly and I have thought bag a

little gargety. B. D., Newaygo, Mich.

——The udder should be gently hand—

rubbed two or three times a day and

give her a dessertspoonful powdered

nitrate of potash at a dose in feed

twice a day.



Paralysis of the Crop—For the past

30 days I have lost quite a few little

chickens who seem to tumble and fall

without showing any symptoms of

sickness. Up to a certain time the

appetite is fine. Mrs. M. J. C., North

Star, Mich—The fowls over—eat of

corn and wheat, causing paralysis of

the crop. Pour a small quantity of

sweet oil in the mouth and cause the

bird to swallow it, then manipulate

that portion of the crop nearest the

throat by careful pressure and squeez—

ing between the thumb and finger.

Suspend the bird head downward and

by manipulation and pressure, you

will perhaps be able to empty crop

through mouth. If its contents can-

not be removed in this way, cut crop

open, empty it, stitch it up and apply

one part iodoform and 19 parts bor-

acic acid to wound twice a day. Care-

ful feeding of easily digested food will

greatly assist in preventing this sick-

ness.



Chorea.~I have a hound pup seven

months old that is just getting over

distemper, but now he has a jerking

of head and hind legs, but does not

appear to suffer much pain. A. S. C.,

McCords, Mich—Give him one-sixtieth

of a grain of strychnine and 2 grs.

of potassium iodide at a dose in feed

two or three times a day. Also give

him five drops Fowler’s solution

twice a day.



Cow Does Not Come in Heat—I

have a young cow that came fresh

two months ago, since then she has

never been in heat and I would like

to know what to give her or do for

her to bring her in heat. R. M., Car-

sonville, Mich.-——A forced service will

sometimes bring on heat; also giving

1 dr. of ground nux vomica, 2 drs. of

ground capsicum and 1 oz. of ground

ginger, given at a dose in feed night

and morning will have a tendency to

produce heat. By giving ph0sphorous

and damiana in conjunction with

these drugs will assist; however, you

had better try the first prescription.





 





 





\\





 





\\\





a\,





 





 





1,536,232 gallons more than in 1912

These figures form indisputable evidence

of POLARINE’S lubricating efficiency.

For all makes and types of motor cars,

motor trucks, motorcycles and motor boats.

Maintains the correct lubricating body at

any motor speed or temperature. -





POLARINE remains liquid at zero. POLAR-

INE differs from all other motor oils. in that





it





perature.

‘ .1 STANDARD OIL COMPANY

Makers of lubricating Oils for Loading



5 . .





/

r:





 





 





 

 

 

 

 

 

 





 





FDICYION REDUCING MOTOR OIL





lubricates perfectly at extremes of tem-





(AN INDIANA CORPORATION)





an Industrial Works

tho World





[/9





(216)





 





 





 





 





 





 





 





 





 





Lei Phelps





P7 .

a ’1‘”...





Send His

Big Book of ’/

Buggies to



You—it’s





Mull Your Na





night.





 





 





 





 





‘95





I





 





 





 





 





 





, "I‘m-





of each kind. Catalog of Appleton Silo





Da ’ Ra Tes .

2 Years’ Guarantee \





‘\





 





 





 





I Can SYou $2501) to $40_





‘ and make you a. bug y that will wear like iron.

; —5pllt,‘ not sawed—t at’s one reason. Another reason is that





rowth Hickory

helps watches





Made of second





every Job through his big factory himself and knows it is of the quality to stand





ah





ing for Phelps and his big saving direct-from-fac-





tor





o





V





uggy of any kind, he will see it through the fac~

tory for you and save you money. Nearly





Phelps Split Hickory Buggies





and have saved big money. They sent for the





bi

al





splendid, big store put into a book and show you

t e secrets of fine bug y making and buggy





price. making. The boo

Fine Harness.





m





' me Today matter if you have already

made up our mind to buy somewhere else, get the book.

an education In buggy makin to on.

Address personally, .





The Ohio Carriage Mia. Co..





.r'





Filler -





H_“Who make: it?”—that is far more

important than any description. Thou-

sands have proved that “Made by Apple—



" ‘fton"means the best that can be built. Appleton

has a 40-year reputation for making farm machines right. Appleton Silo fillers are





guaranteed to do more and better work





with less power than any other silo filler





operating under equal conditions. Solid oak frame. braced, bolted and mortised;

_ _lmposslble to “pull out of line. Special high-grade tool-steel knives correctly spiraled to





‘v'





ard to test. Nearly 200,000 persons are boost-



plan of'doing business.

helps Wlll make you glad you wrote, if you

6 him a chance. And if you want a. special





200,000 People Now Have





book first. ‘ust as we want you to do. That’s

we ask 0 you. We want to show you s.





also shows bargains

A postal card will do. No





It will be

Don t miss this. Write to-





C. helps. President.

Station 32.





 





Columbus, Ohio





 





ppusros Silo





1

a.





s.- ‘sw‘





 





ICC lllo FILL" “I

- -:' 7““‘3—‘1:





 





 





~.’~:... {3"

.

. . ,

I o ‘

.

o





 





 





give clean. shearing cut. Outs ten lengths from tho 2% inches.

Tremendous capacity; throat on larger sizes takes whole bund-

, - les. One lever controls feed rolls and table. Independent belt

driven blower; speed adjustable to minimum use of power for

' any height silo. Positive. self-feed frictionless table; saves power

and labor. Lowdown. cut-under frame makes machine easy to

handle. Safety device positively prevents breakage. Four sizes.





— ~ Free: Book on Silo Building





Describes all types of silos: how they are built, and the advont

Fillers Corn Huskers. Gasoline Engines Linger:





Spreaders. Dom Shellers. etc.. also tree. Appleton Mfg. Col. 420Far¢o St. sac-mules». 1873





 





Please mention the Michigan Farmer when you

are writing to advertisers and vou will do us a favor.





 





H

HNY‘ PRESSBS

man-«:W z.





 

   





 





 





$300 clear profit every



’ " month baling hay for

growers in their district. “32 tons in 8

hours with a 8-man crew" writes C. W.

Brown. Merrill, Michigan. Plenty more bale

20 to 30tono daily. rain or shine. Ill Tomaso.





SANDWICH

Hay Presses





   

   

 

 





 

 





This mighty. solid steel MOTOR ILL!!! supplies

its own power from high gods, hopper cooled.

Gas En ne. 4 6. 8 or 10 H. . mounted on sa 0

truck. are Magneto. No break downs. n-

other exclusive feature—full wer delivered to

Press by heavy steel roller chain. Turns out_solid.

salable bales. No dangerous belts slip or

stretch in wet weather. No other baler has

the friction clutch on press, can start or sto



instanegSimplcself-feeder that stands hard crow -

ing. 6 make Horse and Belt power presses too.





Grasp Thls Golden Moment





and mail a postal for our famous "Tons Tell”

catalog that shows you in _actual figures the

money made with the n WlCh Press and how

you can pay for your press from your first year's

earnings. Sent lroo postpaid. Address today.

Sandwlch Mtg. Co.. 1 09 Oak $0.. Sondwloh,’lll.

Box 100. Cour-ell mono, la. Box IOOKanoao city. lo.





   

   

   

   

   

   

   

   

   

   

 

 

 





 





 





 





 





A guide to thesafest, most economical

Plumbing Supplies for the home. Prices

one-fifth to one-third less on standard

equipment. Complete outfits for entire

house equipment. also for kitchen and bath-

rooms at big money-savings. the new

things. _-Every item a bargain. A host of

accessories at_ the lowest prices. Sugges-

tions. Instructions. Complete information

about house plumbing. Why pay more

elsewhere when you can get finest quality,

workmanship and satisfaction here for a

greatfieal less ? Our large buying power

oes it. Send for FREE BIG COST CUT-

TING PLUMBING BOOK No. FS-w ll





MONTGOMERY WAR Ira COMPANY

Now York Chicago Kansas City





One day’s as. $15





0. Blume, Rush Hill, Mo., says he made

815.00 in one day with an ALLIGATOR.

This press has largest feed hole, more ef-

fective draft, rubs oil? green bark less than

the Perpetual, makes smooth, compact bale.

Guaranteed to do all catalog elalmo or no sale.





Write for free catalog andread com-

mon sense way of hay press





J. A. SPENCER

Dwight. Ill.





   

   

   

 

 





 





   





 





   

   

 





 

 





   

 

 





 





 

 

 





For Profits





Big capacity-low upkeep

cost—high speed with safety—

18 models —— motor. horse and

belt power. The





. , “King of Balers”

was

t:





_‘ . Light draft with or without

‘ / l ,l‘ H





   

 

 





 

 

   

 

 

 





engine or engine platform.



-. . _ Engine and press to-



(2!; ,1“; gether weigh 4250 lbs.



" ' ‘ 5" i Write today for catalog.





, o..1ll1 Hampshln St. Quincy. lll.

"Why Pay Two Prices For Fences!

I p: . is}; Ii





 

 





 





 





 





 

 

 

 





 





 





 





 





 





 





 





 





 





 





 





 





 





 





 





 





 





 





 





 





 





 





 





 





 





 





 





 





 





 





 





 





 





 





 





"3' . I

Buy direct from our factory. Hundreds of exclu-

sivestylesh Wire and Ornamental Iron uaran—

‘teeld‘ Feéicfis folii" evrtaiby Burpose; Gates. etc. '



or rec 3 oz, its r er and Earl Bu er’s Offer!

Ward l'onoo Mtg. 60.. to. Donn O Ozoatur. Ind.





 





h". Moo only $8.33. Close

48 in. Stock and Poultry

Ernggioa r32. Heagy 49 in.

c once a m . Ho

Fence 140 a rod. Barb Wire 01.40 a spool. 60 days' trial?

We not only load on prices but on quality so well. Our great

FREE (lawn provoo it. Write for it today. It II'OI you money.





 





The Mason Fence Co.. II! 68 Loesbur‘. 0.

' PUMP GRIND SAW #3: {,3





Wood Mills on Boat. Engmoa' are Sinplo

Food Sow

Fro-on. Stool uh





cannons- nu

non-n wnm'





Porkin th Ill &

EulooCo. £32.18”





186 Ian at.





 





Boomnss ‘