EEP UP On News Interesting to Farmers Through the Farm News Vol. XVI, No. 12 SATURDAY, DECEMBER 3,1938 Farm ureau Come a Lon Behind SCHOOL PLIGHT Michigan State Farm Bureau Annual Fou ders A the TOLD BY at 19th Wheel SPEAKERS The Idea Set in Motion Nearl)" Twent With J. F. Yaeger, Newton of Farm Bureau and Director of Membership Ago Has Become a Powerful Farm roup Relations Taylor of State Explain With Many Servic S 0 Farmer Tuition Trouble LEADERS At Fremont, Nov. 19, Farm Bureau Twenty years ago next February 4 group of 17 Prizes for outstanding membership members, school officers and teach- Michigan farmers met at the Michigan Agricultural oIl g work in 1938 were awarded at the re- ers of Mason, Oceana and Newaygo cem annual convention of Farm Bur- counties heard Clair Taylor, head of to found the Michigan State Farm Bureau. eau delegates ,this year to Wash- the finance division of the state de- inety-two of them came from 57 'County Farm Bur- tenaw and Missaukee counties and to partment of public instruction, and IMr. Frank Kleinschmidt of Waah- eaus. The others from other counties. Forty-two of the R. Wayne Newton, Farm Bureau leg- tenaw Co. Washtenaw Co. won the islative advisor, tell why the recent County Farm Bureaus were able to agree on a con titution prize for the county in the "over 300 cut in state aid to local schools is and by-laws for the new organization. It was chri ten d the members class" which made the high- working a great hardship on rural Michigan State Farm Bureau. est percentage of its 1938 quota. Michigan. It threatens the whole Washtenaw made 112 per cent of its system by which the state pays the The purpose of the State Farm Bureau wa to provid membership quota. The prize among high school tuition for children liv- ..ways and means for concerted action on agricultural prob- smaller membership counties went to ing in primary school districts. Sim- Missaukee county. Honorable men- lems.•• The delegates elected officers and an executive com- ilar meetings were held at Scottville, tion went to Berrien, ,Saginaw, Kala- November 17, and at Hart, Nov. 18. mittee charged with financing and carrying on the work of mazoo and HiBsdale counties. Mr. Taylor said that state aid al- the state organization. Then the delegates went home, laving Mr. Kleinschmidt won the prize for lowances are calculated under the algning the largest number of mem- behind them a new farm organization, and on which wa present law. Newton and Taylor bers on a purely volunteer basis. He agreed that a budget cut which takes View of the annual meeting of the Michigan State Farm Bureau at the Union Memorial building, Michigan without funds. lJ)ersuaded 43 -farmers to join the or- into consideration the total amount of State College, Friday morning, November 11. Delegate standing at extreme left has the floor. • ganization during 1938. Honorable primary school aid as well as the And in 1938 mention went to 1MI'.Jesse Treiber of $28,000,000 additional voted by the Tuscola county who signed 32 memo bel'S. Neither of these men received legislature, works a hardship on rural. and small-town school districts. I Why They Wrote the Re-elected November 10 and 11, 1938, the Michigan State Farm Bureau board of delegates met in annual meeting ... for th a cent of money for their time or ex- penses. New Aid Cut 40% This is true, they said, because the Res 0IUt-Ions as Th ey Did I 19th time. They met at the Michigan State College, in the FIGURES whole reduction falls on the legis- +--------------- Union Memorial building, within a few hundred yard of the It is said that figures don't lie, but lative aid, so that an apparent cut of Farm Bureau Policy Makers This is a healthy sign, and one first organization meeting room in February of 1919. In that liars will figure. A case at hand 6% per cent on the total state aid . which the delegates approved in lay- November of 1938 the delegates met to review the work of a in proof of this statement seems to becomes 40 per cent when applied to Try to JOin the Issues ing down policies to be followed in million dollar corporation. Ten thousand Farm Bureau fam- be the propaganda spread about be- high school tuition and the equaliza- With the Facts the coming year. fore election regarding the AAA and tion fund for small, impoverished 2. Farm Bureau Membership ilies in Michigan built it ... and they own it, lock, tock and reciprocal t Tad e high schools. Meanwhile~ large weal- By R. WAYNE NEWTON This resolution is almost word for barrel. agreements p r 0- thy districts, drawing heavily on prim- Farm Bureau Legislative Oounse; word the same that was adopted by gram. Both 'Pr~ ary money are less seriously affected, One hundred and seventy-three men attended the 1919 A most important event at each an- the pre-convention gathering of coun- grams were en- as the cut could not reduce primary ty and community Farm Bureau of- meeting. In 1938 nearly 600 men and women of the Farm nual meeting of the State Farm Bur- dorsed at the re- fund distributions under our State eau is the adoption of resolutions by ficers at Lansing. As the business Bureau came to represent 10,000 member families and 139 cent State Farm Constitution. agencies of the organization continue (Bureau con v e n- Mr. Newton said that the fund out the board of delegates. For this ac- affiliated farmers' co-operative ass ns, and seven commodity t tion determines the course of action to grow, it is natural that the member- tion. of which high school tuition ~or rural ship should want a clear pronounce- marketing exchanges affiliated with the Farm Bureau. to be p ued during the following I,t has come to pupils is paid properly belongs to the ment as to which comes first, the my attention that rural areas, as it is made up of sums year. Founders Present Any delegate has the right to pre- interests of membership, 01 the bus- Import, figures of withheld from small schools under sent a resolution to the resolutions iness. The resoluti n confirms the Among those at the 1938 annual meeting, we saw a 1932 and 19:1; were the state-aid formula, although aim- long standing general policy, that number who helped organize the State Farm Bureau nearly committee, or from the floor. Most res- compared in pro- ilar amounts are paid to large cities the interests of the membership are ,paganda spread by directly; on the basis of their school olutions, however, are sent in advance 20 years ago. There was Ben van Lente of Ottawa county, either by county and community paramount: those antagonistic to the program. census. George Wheeler of Isabella county, O. R. Gale of Oceana The figures were cited to show the I great increases in importations were accompanied and I High Schools Say No! The reduction in state aids threat- with such state- ens the standard of service being Farm Bureaus, or by individual mem- bers. They are studied by the resolu- tions committee in advance of the of more general arrival of other delegates. 3. Membership Credits Perhaps no question is the source misunderstanding James J. Jak ay, Berrien county fruit grower of Benton Hal bor, and pre ident of the Michigan State Farm county, James Harris of Grand Traverse county, and C rl E. Buskirk and Waldo Phillips of Van Buren county. Perhaps ments as "the farmer's raw deal", rendered by rural high schools, New- among members than that of member- there were others. Many of those present at the first meeting ship credits. Bureau ince. 'ov mber of 1935 was "The American farmer has been sold ton declared. The tuition cut, if con- re-elec ed for hi fourth consecutive are still active in Farm Bureau affairs. down the river," etc. tinued, will force many high schools The practice of paying a credit upon term by the 11 w board of dire tors Then and Now .---------------- Now, what I'd like to have our op- to exclude the graduates of nearby ALL purchases of Farm Bureau com- In 1918 the State Farm Bureau com- however, are closely co-ordinated and OV• 11. He has been honored by the ponents explain is !Why they choose rural primary districts. Under the modities is only a few years old. • T pleted the business of its organization unified into one complete arm Bur- the import flgures ' of 1932? It was law, as it stands, there is no way to Starting about 1930, membership cre- :\1ichiO'an State College and the i\-e t- ern Michigan Horticultural ociety for meeting in one day. In 1938 at the e.au p:ogram through the close rela- the year of great tarm surpluses and charge back a deficiency of state tui- dits were allowed only on certain pur 19th annual meeting, the Michigan tlonshlp of the person.nel of the three very Iow farm prices in the U. S. AI· tion aid, either to parents or to the chases, such as Farm Bureau Brand his accomplishments in fruit growing. .:\11'. Jakway is a member of the State State Farm Bureau required three boa:ds and by operating all three or- 80, one of the smallest import years sending districts, without incurring ferttlizers and feeds. days' of meetings with evening ses- gamzations under one general man- on record, and for these reasons. further penalties in the form of re- This was because the earning-s 011 Board of Agriculture, which is the governing body of the .I:chigan tate ions to accomodate the proceedings ag':Tm;nt. Surpluses were gone ana farm prices duced state aid. the general sale of these items per- of the Michigan State Farm Bureau e c?mmon stock of Farm Bur- were up to good levels. It was profit- Mr. Newton challenged the legality mitted a patronage dividend. College. on ov. 10-11, the Farm Bureau in- eau Servlces, Inc., is o~ned by 139 able to import agricultural commodi- of the cuts, particularly on tuition and At that time it was recognized that urance agents convention and the lo~al .co-operative associations and the ties, so we had t-he highest import equalization. He predicted that rec- a general membership credit would Best Spealcer Farm Bureau .Servtces stockholders . Michigan State Farm Bureau. These figures 'in many years. I wonder if tification of the aid law will be a . result in withholding part of the earn- s t oc kh 0 ld er organ i za ti ons di s t I'ib u t e ing made on feeds and fertilizers, for annual convention, . both on ov. 9; F arm B ureau merc h an di se an d mar- the fact that imports have fallen off major issue before the incoming Leg- example, from the purchases of those and the . Junior Farm Bureau annual k e t th e pro duce 0f F arm Bureau mem- considerably during 1938 could have islature, if the matter is not settled influenced those who had the Iitera- before that time in court. commodities, and the application of meeting, ov. 11. ~robably 1,200 per- bers and others in 68 counties of the these profits in credits on lines sons all told, came in to attend one or t t E h f th i ti ture printed and distributed to use Several hundred attended the eve- more of these meetings. s a e. ac 0.' ese organ za ons 1937 figures? I wonder why a low ning meetings at Scottv111e and Fre- where no profit might be earned. It . _ has been made eligfble to name a vote also meant that a lower rate of pay- Proceedings " hof the 'insurance . agents., mg d e 1ega t e t 0 th e annua I an d spec ia 1 import year was used such as 1932 mont. Local school officers praised instead of yea.rs just previous when the Farm Bureau for its stand in the ment would be made, as the earnings convention, . t e Farm Bureau Ser- . mee tlmgs 0f th e Mic hi gan St a t e F arm VIces stockholders, and the Junior B 11 t t it t k imports were much hlgher ? discussions which followed the formal on a few lines would be spread over the entire volume of membership pur- ,Farm Bureau will oe summarized in . ureau, as we as 0 V? e s s oc No, figures don't lie, BUT .... programs. . 1 ti 1 . thi diti f th in Farm Bureau Services meetings. chases of Farm Bureau brand sup- specia e ar IC es III IS e I Ion 0 e "Th common s t OCk 0 f th e F arm JUNIORS ----~------ F arm plies. ews. B F it Pdt C . One of the most encouraging trends in the Farm Bureau movement 18 the SChool Aid Fund C\d: Throughout the entire period since Michigan State Farm Bureau ureau The State Farm Bureau board of owned by the MIchigan State Farm ru r? uc s ompany IS interest of our young farm people. Brings Law Suit "tlembership credits have been in et- Bureau and delegates from 43. ?ounty Farm ,Bur. uingi organtsaitlons, the Oceana. Fruit three co-operative can- Although public interest was centered Graded school distrtct No.1, Lowell Make-up of Committee ~'"I .~ ·he amount distributed by the township, Kent county, has tiled suit The membership of the resolutions Fai., 3ureau to members has ex- eaus and 139 atfiltated f~rmers co- Growers Inc. at Hart the Fruit Co- on the adult meetings 'Of the Farm in the Ingham county court to chal- committee is suggested by the board ceeded the actual Farm Bureau whole- op ass'~s a~proved the year's work operativ~s Canning' Company at Bureau in the recent convention, the as detailed m the annual report by C0 1oma an d th e B ay Co-opera ti ve Can- tact that over 500 young people gath- lenge the authority of Gov. Murphy of directors usually on the recommen- sale profits on member business, yet . Executive Secretary and Treasurer, ne "e I t B Cit ered for the annual Junior Farm to reduce funds approprtate d to the dation of the president and secretary. the credits have never seemed of any CI k L B d 11 s, nc., a ay r. Bureau convention 18 not to 'be over- public schools by the legislature. The There are as a rule one or two board great amount to the average individ- ar ." ro s. Farm Bureau Activities suit asks the court to enjoin Dr. El- members on the committee, to insure ual farmer. This has been particular- In IhiS annual report, Mr. Brody re- 'Dhe Michigan State Farm Bureau looked. lit is true that the banquet liott, sup't of public instruction, from that the committee members will ly true in the present year, when the po:ted to the m~mb~rs that they have has the following departments: and dance in the evening were the built an organizatton whose assets •• ., . high :points of their meeting, yet 1,t abiding by the governor's orders to re- have full knowledge of previous rate of payment was reduced to one total $995,369.47 as of Aug. 31, 1938, Ad~lImstratlve (Including the sec- must be remembered tha-t 300 dele- duce the amount due the schools, The years' resolutions and the reasons per cent. busl retary s office, organization, account- school district charges that the gover- for them. The majority consists of It is quite understandable that a c 1ose 0 f th e F arm B.ureau usmess ing and treasury divisions) gates representing every section of nor has exceeded his legal powers in outstanding members, who have never member who received but one per y.ear. These ~sse.ts Illcl~de proper- "Membership Relations (including the lower peninsula met in the Sifter- cutting some $10,500,000 from the state served on the state board. They are cent on purchases of Farm Bureau ties, merchandise Ill~e~tOI'les and as- the membership work and Junior noon and outlined a fine program for sets of every descriptlon owned by Farm Bureau) ",building an organized rural commun- aid to schools. chosen to represent the various parts commodities would question a sys- Melvin B. McPherson of Lowell, ad- of the state. tem under which ann-member who the State Fa~m Bureau and the Farm "Publications Department (IMich. ity." The next morning, leaders of dressing the State Farm Bureau con- This year Mrs. Edith Wagar and belongs to a successful local co-op Bureau Servlces, Inc. igan Farm News, Advertising and every county in rwhich there is a Mrs. Esther Smalligan won first vention on the school aid question, Stanley M. Powell were the board may be receiving as high as 5 per Against .thes~ .assets the Farm Bur- Printing Service) Junior Farm Bureau, met and accept- place in the Farm Bureau women's said that the situation was a ready members. The other members were' cent in patronage dividends on his eau has llabihtIes in accounts paya- "Insurance Departm nt (Auto, Life, ed responsi0. Telephone, Lansing 21-271. Michigan. We people who live in the country Are richly, abundantly blessed. The air that we breathe is he purest, over 44,000 farm people. "Junior Farm Bureau - 3,000 young men and women. - The Brill hand -,- ana dian Trade peach , pears, apricots, fruit salad, grapefruit, pineapple, apple , fruit juices; dried fruits in- logan berries, The water we drink is the best, greemenls signed ov. 17, 193" and cluding apples, pear, peach , nee- .......... Editor and Business MaDager The fruits of the farm are the freshest "Michigan Farm .I. ews - 19,000 sulb· tarin s, raisins, prunes, and apricots; effective Jan. 1, 1n , are th mo t From orchard and garden and vine, o riber . cann d veget hie' including a. para- important of the 19 trade agreern nts SubscrIption 25 cents per year; 4 y for $1~ In advance. And I count not the least of our blessing "Auto, life and fire insurance policy- gus, we t corn, and beans. aI'S negotiated by the United tate. The The twelve-party telephone line. holders over 50,000. Cotton is bound on rr e list. To- British Empire and the Intted States " 04 Farm Bur au legislative min- bacco i assured of no increase ill the Vol. XVI SATURDAY, DECEMBER 3,1938 o. 12 Of course It's Man's sphere in the winter carryon about 40 per cent of all ute men and women. preferential rate in favor of Empire To work in the sheds and the stalls, world trade. The 'United Kingdom While Woman is generally handy "40,000 to 50,000 farm people re- ountries and consideration is to be normally buys about one-third of all Trouble May Be Brewing To answ r all telephone calls. ceiving merchandising service through our farm exports. xt to the nited given a reduction after Aug. 1942. So the bulk of advantage accuring I·a m But u ervl s' tockholder or- The Act of Parliment make manda- Published reports of the recent annual Municipal Kingdom, Canada has been our be t Is Marthy's more truly than mine, ganizations and branch . tory the present duty. cu tomer, lbuying normally about L agu conclave in Detroit indicate that trouble may be For she is a talker from 'way-back "750 mem l' of the three canning three-fifths of her imports from the Concessions Made by United States And a power on the telephone line. companie . brewing in the highway finance field. United tates. ~10 t of the concessions made by "Of course, these contacts are over- L ague speakers pointed out that although most high- These long party lines in the country In evaluating the Br iti 11 agreement the U. S. to th United Kingdom were Have custom peculiarly theirs, ' lapping including to a gl'eatel' or Ie and the revised anadian agreement on industrial commodttes. These re- way mileage is put on autos in cities, the bulk of the Sllb cribers who claim they don't listen degree til ~ame individ 1 but he iv is important to cousid r th m to- ductions in 'our tart I'" are expected Humber of .people served by the dif- weight and gas taxes are spent on rural roads, leaving At times are just putting on airs. f r 11t activities does indicate the gether. For example, the concesslons ,,0 aid American farmers and other I n fact it is perfectly proper the very clear inference that something ought to be done made to the nited Kingdom in our consumers who purchase these prod- For eight worthy people, or nine, magnitud , vari ty and ope of our tariffs ·on textiles ai e expected by ucts, as most of the items are products about it. To hang on at once and ju t gossip op rations." . government e. perts to be more than which are protected by high duties. Like fun on the Old Party Line. AAA The present handling of highway finance in rural In their resolutions, the Farm Bur· offset by the gain in our textile ex- Among the items bought by farmers But once when a strawstack blew over ports resulting from the additional eith r directly or indirectly on which Michigan is a matter of great concern to the Farm Bur- And buried two critters, half grown, eau d legates recognized "that the concessions in Canadian tariffs on concessions are made are: paints and au, for it was the Farm Bureau which originally launch- I know they would both have been smothered, n Agr'l djustment Act has been textiles so that the net result of both varnishes; bone china, ea rthen ware could not have saved them alone, definitely Ibeneficial, but there are de- ed the movement by which auto and gas tax revenues But dinner bells rang along Hicks Street r cts in the regulations that act to agreements is expected to be a larger kitchen articles, glass table articles, ar so larg ly used to reduce local property taxes. And neighbors with pitchforks came flyin' total volume of sales for our textiles. metal window frames, pig iron and the di advantage of Hchigan farmers. And we had them out safe in an hour, The United Kingdom agreement 01 her iron and steel products, silver- There is little room for doubt that the cities have room 'I'hey should be corrected." All thanks to the Old Party Line. represents an important departure ware, gas engines, radios, hay forks, "The true 'Solution to the farm pro- for the complaint today that their local burden for streets blem lies in coupling control ot '1>1'0- from the policy of Empire trade pre- knives and cutlery, safety razors, One night I was yanked from my slumbers ferences inaugurated by the British and alleys remains too high. However, many townships duction with a better living for the pruning and sheep shears, rifles and By Marthy a-holt of my arm Empire in 1932 whereby products of shotguns, sewing machines, shovels, and counties have the same complaint. Even the State Saying, "S·sush .. It's the telephone, Hj r am , submerged classes of consumers, the the Brrttsh Dominions were given spades and other agricultural hand Five rings! It's the gen'r, I alarm!" recapture of foreign 'markets and the Highway D partment has felt the need of asking for sup- he beat me down tairs by a who ker development of industrial uses for lower pre-ferential duties or free entry 11001s,.tln containers, furniture, cer- pl mentary aid out of the general fund of the State. And met the emergency dire, into the United Kingdom while higher tain cotton manufactures, certain wool farm products." "Quick, Hiram, your pants. Get a move on. duties were levied on imports from manufactures linen articles, toilet The current need would seem to be for a thorough sur- Thtld Willis's house is on fire! Trade Treaties the United States and other countries. soap, toys, certain leather goods. Trade treaties with other nations to vey of our present road building and maintenance pro- It calls in the night for the doctor. stimulate our foreign trade and ex- This policy resulted in diverting trade In the case 9f wool manufactures, it gram, to determine first, what are the legitimate demands from .the U. . to Dominion countries. should .be noted that most 'Of the rates It forecasts the weather by day. ports of U. S. agr'I 'Product'S in par- British Agreement are compound rates, a specific - duty on these revenues. Such a survey should not be merely The latest of Buffalo's prices ticular dr w approval; with strong sup- Concessions to American Agriculture Are ours by the telephone way. port for the American Farm Bureau plus 'ad valorem duty. No reduction a justification by' road engineers of what they have done It serves us if dying or borning federation policy of fighting any Important concessions were obtained is made in the duty on raw wool and or plan to do, but should be a truly critical study by a If fortune be evil or fine, trade tr aty application that would on our grain, lard, pork products, the compensatory duty for wool con- No wonder we folks in the country fresh and canned fruits, dried fruits, tent is maintained unchanged in the representative group. Set store by the Old Party Line! tend to reduce our farm prices. ripe olives, canned vegetables, honey, rates on 'Wool manufactures, Schools thus pro- Then, if present revenues will not meet bona fide de- The Michigan Farm Bureau gave pecans, fruit juices, cotton, and tobac- tecting the wool growing industry. mands, the only solution must be to follow the line sug- notice that it is going to fight drastic co. Concessions were also obtained on . Revised Canadian Agreement rice, corn, cornstarch, oatmeal, linseed gested by Farm Bureau delegates at the recent annual reduction in state aid to schools and cake and meal. This agreement supercedes the first for the ipayment of tuitton for rural Canadian agreement which has been meeting when they resolved that: pupils attending high school. The duty equivalent to about 6 cents in effect since January 1, 1936. The "If weight and gasoline tax revenues should prove in- The complete text of the resolu- per bushel on .Amertcan wheat is re- new agreement covers' articles Which tions is one page 5 of this edition of moved, thus restoring it to equal sufficient to finance an adequate highway program, we status with Canadian and Australian constitute the bulk of the trade be- the News. tween the United States and Canada. would not oppose an increase in the tax on gasoline Election of Officers wheat rwhose former preferential status Concessions to United States rather than to allow the return of property tax for high- Each year 8 directorshlps of the resulted in them gaining trade at our Among /the important concessions to expense in the United Kingdom mar- way purposes. t t State Farm Bureau board of 16 di- ket, the leading import market of the the United States is the complete re- rectors are acted upon by the board moval of -the special three per cent Municipal League officers will do well to recognize of delegates. Directors are elected world. import tax on all the long list of that the present need is for sober collective action, and for two year terms. The duty of 10 per cent on lard in articles on which Canada grants con- effect since 1932 is removed entirely. that farmers are equally concerned in finding a mutually This year three changes were made. The quota limitation on American cessions to the United States. :\1. B. McPherson of Lowell, Kent The ,principal new concessions on ati factory olution of difficulties which, today, extend county, and direct- hams is increased, witb the possibility American agricultural products were: far b yond the boundaries of cities. It is safe to predict or at large for 17 'Of further increases ; . and continued Further reductions in the rates on free entry is agreed to. Equitable that Farm Bureau co-operation will be easy to obtain years, and a for- .quotas and continued u.!Ie~ entry are lengthening fresh fruits and fresh vegetables; for this sort of an approach to the highway finance ques- mer president of the period f'or reduced the Farm Bureau, assured for chilled and frozen pork. rates "on oranges; furtqer reduction'S tion. was defeated ib y Other concessions are made on other in the duties on canned fruits and mis- Waldo E. Phillips pork products. (Continued on Page G.) Why T ey Wro e he of Decatur, Van Buren county. Mr. esolutions as They Did Phillips was first 'ContInued trom Ilage 1) sam velum of husin ss, It is true elected a director that some m mber now ar trading in 1921, and has with Farm Bureau-o vned I' tail stor- served many year or;- the board, He es, and th re is jUL tic in the demand \~:J~L.i.has served as prest- of thes m mbei for a share in both r tail and wholesal pI ofits. ~~!!!!~! dent of the Farm Burea I twice. It is impossible to dis riminate in IMr~. Pearl 'E. Myua of Lapeer coun- the dis trihution of credits, und r the ty, defeated Mrs. Edith '1\1. Wagar of pres nt plan 0 organization. v r, III ns are afoot to change thls now- ~::~~~~n,j?p::.... MI~~O~~~ .~".~~. sit uu tlon. This III ans a mol'. dir -t l' latlon- gar ·first as elect- r .",::~ ed director in 1921 ' ship bet J1 111 mb r nurchas sand and served 18 con- the Farm Bur au which must he ac- Executive Secretary Clark L. Brody discuss s his annual report with secuti ve years, an complish d in large part through in- dividual agre m nts Farm Bur au and the local co-ops whose support and assi tance hav between gone so far toward building our bus- iness d partments. Here, a always, it is to b expect- the the delegates representing . 139 farmers co-operative elevators :r....arm Bureau. 42 County Farm Bureau m mberships and