UNDER THE OAKS

 
 
 
  
 
 
   
  
  

‘COMMEMORATING THE FIFTIETH ANNIVERSARY OF THE FOUND-
ING OF THE REPUBLICAN PARTY, AT JACKSON, MICHIGAN,
JULY 6, 1854; COMPRISING A HISTORY OF THE
PARTY IN MICHIGAN: THE PROCEEDINGS OF
THE ANNIVERSARY CELEBRATION, AND.
PORTRAITS OF LEADING MICH-
IGAN REPUBLICANS.

EDITED BY
WILLIAM STOCKING

DETROIT, MICHIGAN:
PUBLISHED BY THE DETROIT TRIBUNE
1904

  

   
  

have been more Peinyoriats than that Michigan poe
i fescivernicy of the format
the oaks of Jackson, Sh
id, vd here that form

ention was aa held aon Tay,

ced mnths earlie
Free Soi 4 Whigs who distiked to break their old party
it ee! Pet tact and the exercise of the highest patriot-

at have passed since then, the party thu:

Rieiles senator from M higan, h:

wo rons, eed = controlled every legi
ry of has encouraged by wise legislation the

It has promoted

 

Bins ese achievements it has ae the purpose of the pub-
forth in eet form. A eo ave bee meee
the services ir. Wm. i
n to be styled ie Deaton a the *Repuisin Party of Mi Ee
nt of the fiftieth anniversary e: » July 6, 1904, was furnished
lication Committee of the General Committee which had ch arge of
lings, and the whole has been accepted by the General Committee
cial history and record.
text is supplemented by many portraits of men who have taken up
In fact the portraiture
work, showing the lineaments
Petieriative men who are prominently before the people.

   
 

66192

OCT 2 6 1918

 
 

been more appropriate than that Michigan should
‘manner, the fiftieth anniversary of the formation of
y. For it was in this state, under the oaks of Jackson, that

‘state convention was held, and here that form was first
sentiment in the north against the further extension of

day to this, Michigan Republicans have been leaders in
ich have made the record of the party a glorious one.
first Republican state convention was not held until July 6,

ee Soilers and Whigs who disliked to break their old party
[required great tact and the exercise of the highest patriot-

ing. A single

‘bad among its seven members two who were afterwards

‘state, and two who were United States senators. Altogether in
embership, there were six who were afterwards governor of the
‘States senators, two supreme court justices, about twenty
‘many others who were prominent in other walks of public life.
years that have passed since then, the party thus formed has
States senator from Michigan, has clected its candidates for
exceptions, and has controlled every legislature save one. Its

of the state, It has encouraged by wise legislation the

created and fostered eleemosynary institutions that are famous
the country.
of these achievements it has been the purpose of the pub-
forth in succinct form. For this work they have been fortunate
the services of Mr. Wm. Stocking, whose previous writings fairly
n to be styled the “Historian of the Republican Party of Michigan.”
of the fiftieth anniversary exercises, July 6, 1904, was furnished
iblication Committee of the General Committee which had charge of
and the whole has been accepted by the General Committee
cial history and record.
text is supplemented by many portraits of men who have taken up
‘work, and brought it down to the present day. In fact the portraiture
any the most valuable feature of the work, showing the lineaments
ntative men who are prominently before the people.

  

   

 

 

6616

oot 2 9 1918

  
 
  
 

 

 

nano Na

Free Se team Lanonas LSurngcnicr Cantons or Some or tHe Distixce
A Strseany or THe CLatwe Mane Resracrse re N

Wao Fic je Move
na ov fas Bares

 

v.
SoHE FIRST REPUBLICAN CAM

 

AIGN.

 
 

Japeiiy Averreo—THe

 

Is

Se Os Wembgee” tae Deas Has erin Coreen ea Cal
puct a Vicoxous Camraics—THe Last Great Erronts oF Genes ss— Wann Fics
IN THE ConcREssionaL DisticrsSX Sweseinc Reruntican Victory, tHe Fins or 4 Lone

Societe Recrme ra or te Gusexwarortat Vorts of Micucan rioat Tar Tot
ie Reeves or Rerwascew Sexsoes_ one Teracrzaava. rw -Condiass Tig
Baier 1854 IN Orage Stare
VI.
STATE AND. PRESIDE!
Tate Cantatans maou 2856 10 sso, In
Mex CITING,
Her

 

IAL ELECTIONS,

 

“Lusive—Many Victories axp ONLY Ose Extine Dereat
AMPAIGN OF 1856—MICHIGAN’S Dera a
ona Tropitone am: 068 =e na

   

Bsr sias

mie teiiscafen, ‘oe Macusca’s Taponranes Paar THE a
aaa oriien Acsinps Bones Bates 1878
eee

 

 

 

uxG CANVASS OF 1884—A Poacutan Camano
HE ous Bacon oF 1850—Lost Gaovwn Recovman i 182A Review
or Resvurs tx tue Last Doc

 

vil
MICHIGAN REPUBLICAN SENATORS,

A Rives tut Stsavois, Escrio rank 187 70 1909_Ax Unenorcoe
Bes avers.

   

sst0N oF REPUB

 

Recent Senavontat, FLAcrions,

 

THE FIFTIETH ANNIVERSARY,

 

Inatexse Crowns Garner mAnoenss of Cuamuit Tass, 'Donsei--Weorul
Ine Mavor Toon—Restosse ny Goveanon Di oemeaare rc GES Aus som Ty
J. O'Briex—Rew or THE Fons anny or rie Pasry ax Twciben or Tos His

   

RIN REMINISCENCES OF THD
<Recetaxs i Senaroc Bons“ Aseress

 

renerARY JOHN Hay—REMARKS oF Stes
s—Seacit ny Sraaven Jose G. Canvon—Rewans wr Srvaton

cas
ae Pied Mi Wad

 

 

  
  
    
   
   
     
  
   
  
 

Cuaprer IV.
THE FIRST REPUBLICAN CONVENTION.

The Famous Gathering “Under the Oaks” at Jackson—The Result of Long Negotiations and

 

of Claims Respecting the Naming of the
‘The organization of the Republican party in Michigan is sometimes referred to
ntaneous movement, and upon its surface it had something of that appear-
But in reality h

 
 

hardly a political movement in the Country was ever more care
Say or skilfully worked up in advance. In the Proceeds themselves care also was
teken to preserve a fair balance between the Free Soil and Whig parties. In the or-
ization, for instance, the Temporary Chairman was a he Soiler. Isaac P. Chris-
taney had been proposed for Permanent nt Charman but as he also was a Free Soiler
‘ig was substituted instead. It was taken for granted that Hovey K. Clarke, a

 

zealous Free a and one of the most zealous workers in behalf of the Fusion

 

id be retained on the ticket as Attorney General. But the ticket, up to that point
1d rath I prepoaderance of Free Soler, and this a ict had something to do with
sc: Jacob M. Howard, a Whig, was substituted for Mr, Clarke.

ig,

he wide circulation of the call, and the _ to representative men of both
{parties to attend and aid in giving direction to the proceedings resulted in an unex-
a large gathering, the number present being aly estimated at from 3,000
It was an unwieldy body, too large to conveniently transact business in a
ectary manner, and containing people of many discordant views. There were
hi te the old o

 

    

atios sible, and
Bi bad been evoking fo oe to encore the slandooment ofall old Sheik
and the formation of a new here were Free Soilers who distrusted the
Whigs, and Free Soilers who thad confidence in the general agreement of the Whig
ty with their own views, There were Anti-Nebraska Democrats, who were still

 

“4 UNDER THE OAKS AT JACKSON

   
 
   
  
   
 
    
   
  
  
 
 
  
   
  
  

in accord with their old party on every question except that of slavery. And there
were tem]

 

ice men, who wished to have the Maine Law given a prominent place
in the campaign.
But upon

 

P point all were agree, hostility to the further extension of slavery
over territory up to that time free,
thi

   
 

ements of views were not obtrusively
mittes

 

tim
apparent, for the work was aay ion s which were large and well
sclec

     

Convention met in the C
Levi Baxter, of Jonesville

as Temporary Secretary.
Mic!

and organized with the appoint of
h 58

 

    

an, nan of
the family “hich tae since attained
but joined the Free Soilers in 1848, it was elected t
Senate he

  

bination of the two parties.) While in the port
to Jonesville, by securing legislation whieh deffected itis "Michigan Souther rica
from its original line through that village.| Chairman Baxter appointed the follow=

ing Committee of two from each Congressional distriet on permanent organization:
Samuel Barstow, of Wayne; H. Van Cleek, of Washtenaw ; = P. Christianey, of
Monroe; G. W. utchard, col Hillsdale; Lovell Moore, of Kent; James W. Hill, o
rd, of Oakland ; Newell Avery, of St Gai

entirely inadequate to the accommodation of she assembled

    

Calhoun; Henry W. Car
As the hall

an edioniniah 4 was had to an oak grove on the outskirts of the village, where
platform was hastily a The scene, as the crowd noe toward a grove was
back as the eye could reach was a procession of men,

woods, situ:

 

 

 

occ with pat
ison has since covered this vitione spot a buildings, the High School

 

ing a portion of it.
Wk the assembly at the grove were waiting for the report of the Committee
ches. were made by Rev. Alanson St. Clair, Rev.

of, Haven, of Mies University. The coon

sete the foloving — and their report 1 rt
President—Da Walbridge, bes Kee

lo C. an, of Lenawee; Col. Oliver Johnson, ol
Medea Rudolph Diefenbeck, of ue homas Curtis, of Oakland; Chas, T.
Gorham, of Calhoun; Pliny Power, of Wayne; Emanuel Mann, of Washtenaw; Chas,
Draper, of Oakland; George Winslow, of Kalamazoo; Norman Little, of Saginaw;
John McKinney, of Van Buren; W. W. Murphy, of Hillsdale,
*  Secretaries—Jeremiah Van Rensselaer and James F. Conover, of Wayne; Geo
A. Fitch, of Kalamazoo; Chas. M, Croswell, of Lenawee; J. W. Sanborn, of St
Clair; J. B. Wheaton, of Hillsdale.

     

  

 

   
    
   
    
  
   
 
 
 
 
  
 
  
  
   
    
   
    
  

TABLE oF CONTENTS

 

L

SLAVE POW

 

1 AwrrSuavery Sentient 1x MiciicaN—History oF THE
oviso—Trs Accerraxce ny THE Barwecenens of New York, axo Irs Devistate
Micmicas Pourrics—Leavins ayn Finest Successes oF tHe Fee Destocrsey—

G Serwexs Acansr rie Courvouses—Tine. Parsieniae. Carsten or 1852

IL

THE KANSAS-NEBRASKA CONTROVERSY.

 

op Kansas ap Neneaska—Revrat or Tie Mis

Senators Axo REx

 

fonanie MicHiGaN CoxveNtions oF Tar YEAR

lass Mesrine 1 Deteorr—Sioxtricast Pao

Fist Ixpicaions oF THe Hore oF Untren

TxvaLwamue Work axn Presoxat Skercnes of Micmicas Wa Eorroxs Wo
LTyrenesten 1; re Movrates,

1.

LEADING UP TO THE GREAT CONVENTION,

THe Missover Comaomise Acirarioy 1x tHe Lowe Hovse oF Coxcress—Fivat
oF THE Kansas-Nepeaska Acr—Rineine Cats, ror 4 Mass Conventios, WHICH

 

The Ricut Haxp oF Fenowsiie Extexnen 1 Oriee Ayre
Wonkens—Movestenr [iirtaTen For 4 GENERAL Mass Convention —A  Ivseie

@ Cats axp aw Istwense Nusnee or Sicnatores—Disaceeeine Eueweyrs Geapuatty

WV.
THE FIRST REPUBLICAN CONVENTION,
p Fancous Gareninc “Uxvex He Oaks” ar Jycxsow rie Resvit or Lowe Neoorrarions
“aNd PLANNINGPN TENSE TuxoNG oF Extavsiasnie Crnizexs—Tie Business Most-
Transacren ny Weit-Seurcren Contstrrtees—Tue Prarrorst ONE of THE Antssr Pour=
eat Doce ents oF 1H Penton —Tix Pere Deavoceavte:‘Trexer Wirnnaaw

  

Axp Par oF
Wrue axo

Tue CAMPaloNS Row 1856 20 1902, TNcuUsive—Many VicroRtEs,

A Review oF rie Sewatoarat, Elections koa 1857 20 190

Oncasizavioy oF tHe Strwese Couwt ax Irs Pxesest

Inense Crowns Garner ar JAckso7

Fee Sou. Eprrors avo Leannes-LSuasequent Cannens of Soa oF tue Disrivevisnen Mex
Wao Ficuren 1 1He Movement—A. Svaraky of rite Clans Mane Restecrine He Nae
ING oF THE Panty,

 

v.
SHE FIRST REPUBLICAN CAMPAIGN.

Last oF tHe Oxo Wine Party—Tne Dewockats Hou 9 Serumusss Coxvexvion, nvr Cox-
uct « Vioogous Casrarcy—Tae Last Gueat Ervoars or General Cass—Wara Fonts
AN THE Concnessionat, DistarctsShA Sweserne Rervmican Victory, rae Furst or a Lone
Successiox—RECAPITULATION oF THE GuveNaToRtAL Vores or Miciiean reo Taar Tie
yo TaisWTne Roster oF Rervniicay Senators Axo Reekesentarives 1 Coxcness—THe.
Execrions of 1854 1 Oantex Srares

 

 

VL

STATE AND PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS,

   

so Oxty One Extine Derear
—Masioutes of rae Exerrixe Campaicy oF 1836—Miciiaan’s Disanpoisratest 1 1860—
Hex Extuvsiasnie Sceroer or Livco. 1 1864, aND oF Grant IN 18658—Tue Lisaat Rie
Pomacax Fiasco oF 1872—Micuican’s Taporraxt Part 1 THE CAMPAIGN OF 1876—A
Henorc Sraccans Acarsst FINANCIAL Heesy 1 1878—Tie Camalcn oF 1880 ax THE Re=
verse oF 1882—Tue Smiwux¢ Canvass oF 1884—A PresivenrraL Caxoinate oF Hee Owy
ry I888—THe Disastaovs Euecrioy oF 180—Losr Grouxn Recovere x 1892—A. Review
op Resvirs 1s THe Last Decave

       

 

 

vil
MICHIGAN REPUBLICAN SENATORS.

  

Aw Untnoxey Succession oF Remon
cay SeNavoss—Artearr 10 Bear tHe Caucus NowiNek 1 18%2—Tue Close. sx Exerr
ano Contest ty 1871—LNcients oF Cuanoian’s Derkar 1x 1875—Sexator Cunnistiacr’s
Furcriox, Pourica, Views axv Svuskvext Revikemext—THe Close Cosrest Between
Ouak D. Concer ano Jous J. Bacury 1x 1881—Brerex Wanraxe Wacko Against Fensy
ano Euecion oF Thomas W. Panstee 18 1883—Goon Narewen RIALay 1 1887—Rest agi
anu UNawinirty at THE Tua: Elecrions oF SNator McMiiAN—Orwee INCIDENTS oF
Recent Sexatortat ELections,

     

 

   

 

 

VIL
MICHIGAN. SPRIN

 

LECTION

Form —Tae Cover Downe re Tews
nENCY OF THE “IuLusreoLs Four" Ins High StaNoine Astoxe THe Svpakate JupictaL
Boorrs or THe Countay—Decisions Mave Acarxsr THE Porviak CLasor—Tne Boaro oF
Revers or tae Stare University Maur Eizcrive—Tiwe soe Caoosive Justices ano Re
GeNts—A Nuatnee or Now-Pasrisan Seana Etecioxs—Tux Fusiox Arremer iy 1879—
Fuast Success oF tHe Orrosiriox 16 1883—Derear oF Junce Cooey 1N 1885—Ovrossion
Success Revearen 1x 1891—INeiwents oF Orman Juviciat. asp Recs

 

  

 

 

 

y BLEcrions,
1x.
THE FIFTIETH ANNIVERSARY,

 

—Anmess oF CHAIRMAN Janes O'DowneLt—Wetcome
ay Mavox Tooo—Resroxse ny Governor Biiss—Anoeesses ny Cuas. A. Bhai axn THowas:
J. O'Baiex—Reanytscences or THe Forarion oF THE Paxry ax INciney7s oF Irs Hrsroxy
REMARKS oF SexaToR BuRwOWS—ADORESS BY Secaetaky Jouy Hay—ReManks or Senatox”
Cuas. W. Fatnanks—Sweccn ay Srearen Josten G, CANNON—REMARKS BY SENATOR
‘Axo Fren M, WARNER

 

 

 

 

THE FIRST REPUBLICAN CONVENTION a

   

  

‘ing in captures made in war, or the subjection of the debtor as the slav

 

Er be redin or the forcible seiztite and sale of children by their parents or set
kin, and whather it be viewed in this Country as a “necessary evil” of
se, we find it to be, like imprisonment for debt, but a relic of barbarism as alla

 

 

Beetcment of “wakes the tnd of the Sate Hviting the atiao of external ee
and a ceaseless cause of internal apprehension and alarm. Such are the lesson

taught om me “only by the histories af ener commonwealths, but by that of our own

eer

 

 

, That the history of the formation of the Constitution, and particularly
Br: cractnens of the ordinance of July 13. 1787. prohibiting slavery north of the
Ohio abundantly shows it to have been the purpose of our fathers not to. promote

and

 

nut to prevent the spread of slavery. And, we, reverencing their memories,

Ecrishing oe Republican faith as our richest inheritance, which we vow, at what:
ever expense, to defend, thus oily procinim onr determination to oppose by all the
powerful and heorable mans ino rt, all attempts, a

 

exten
\¥, oF to admit new Stave

 

Coun’
does not now exist by po

 

Resouven, That the Consitetion of the United States gives to Congress full and
complete power for the municipal government of the Saar thereof, a power which
from its nature cannot be either alienated or abdicat -
territory an ne lute political independence, whi Ly
exercise of this power necessarily looks te the formation of States to be admitted
Jnion; and on the question whether they shall be a ve

 

 

 

fee

 

      

 

ni questio
States Congress has a right to
the principles of liberty and the interests of the whole
tion is one of the gravest in portance te the free St ates, inasmich
itself creates an equality in the apportionsnent of Rep presentativs,
riment of the free and to the advantage of # States
te the interests of ihe i a (but whi cs we are told t
tin Ye treated with - indifference), is one
rae, which we hold it the dt ity of Congress in every instance
termine in unequivocal language, and in a manmer to prevent the spread of
and the pa of such ncaa zepresentation, In short, we an that she
a party to the new bargain, and is entitled to have a voice and influence
Prtine its rm And in view of fe ambitious designs of the Slave Power, we
rd the the party who owt forego t this right, as untrue to the honor and
interest of the North and unworthy of its suppor
>, That the repeal of the Mts Compromiae contained in the re-
s Nebraska and Kansas, thus ad-
St by law, equal in onal the
Se history of the country, and one which
hist engage’ the earnest and serious attention of every Northen man, “And as North
em freemen, independent of all former party ties, we here hold this measure up to
the public ex the following reason:
‘That it is a ls eee from the policy of the fathers of the Republic in re-
gard to slavery, and a wanton and dangerous frustration of their purposes and their
0

 

        

 

3

 

  

 

 

pes
That it actually admits and was intended to admit slavery into said Territories,
and thus (to use the words applied by Judge Tucker, of Virginia, to the fathers of

8 UNDER THE OAKS AT JACKSON

“sows the seeds of an evil which like leprosy hath descended

wit ei apeaated saucer, vsing thelein of the tatberr cpon

‘That it was sprung upon the country stealthily and by

ity, thon Aietion! ant witout previous clacansion, thes

publican Gevernment, w heh requires all legisla-
e

that commonwealth) *

   
 

 

se

of blica

ad sence of th

an open and vied breach of faith, as

mn the North am South in the settlement of the Missouri question in
restored. a Compromise bind-

 

 

 

    

contracted betwee
1820, by which the tranquility of the two sections wa
pon all honorable men.
“That it is also an open violation of the oe of 1850, by which, fog
sake of peace, and to calm the distempered impulse of certain enemies of the Union
and at the South, the North accepted and acquicoved in the odious “Fugitive Slave

That it is also an undisguised 3 ema contempt of the pledge given to the
coat ie the present a nt pa their National Conver
“agitate the subject of s th oF out of Congress,” being the same Convention
which nominated Yeankin Prose . faa iakioosiaee

‘That it is greatly es, and to the territories themselves,
tending to ean the por nian a ‘to nee the iiapfovetiea of the country by
ans of free labor, and to discourage foreign immigrants resorting thither for their
mes.

 

Law” of St ty

  

 

me
hom:
That one of its principal alma is to give to the Slave States such a decided and
a ictical preponderance = . the measures of government as shall reduce the North,
with all her industt and enterpris:, to be the mere province of a few slave
hoting gare he Sontteb0 & cuiiton tee shameful to he contemplated.
ypenly «d by its Southern friends, it is intende 2 as an entering
wets to the stl fie “gna of the slave power by the a the
territories, curses ie “‘lep
ED, on the cing measure :
covision substituted for it, prohibiting slavery in said territori

   

 

Which we have alluded ought to be re-
itories, and

   
 

LYE
ps and a
each of

to us as North-
ites es

 

"rust "rt after this gross breach of faith and wanton afi

hold ourselves absolved from all. “compromises,
‘ae ‘Constiction for the protection of slavery ae Svea that

protection and immunity for ow , and among ie

Or THE FUGITIV AVE T awe and an act to abol-

“olumbia.

 

 

     

re
, by

  

Res
holders on. fie frontier of said tet
violence, beg settlement of ae country by non-slavel a
Be of cheer persevere in the right, remember the Republican motto, “THE
NORTH witb YOU?
1g all differences with regard to politi-
.¢ imminent danger that Kansas
pr ceee Renee
cific, we will act

 

 

Resouven, That postponing and suspen

cal economy or eanisigetee policy, in view of th
7 Rice will be grasped by slavery, ae ate mal
ter tween the free states of the a lantic ai
ca i shia lly in unison to ave rep val this i cleanse wrong and shame,
f the races of battling for the first pasables of re-

and

 

 

 

publican otter fad against the schemes of aristocracy the most revolting an

 

 

 

THE FIRST REPUBLICAN CONVENTION 49

Bpercssive with Rey the earth ever cursed, or man debased, 7 will co-oper-
be ki REPUBLICANS until the’ contest be termina
we earnestly recommend the calling ofa fee sda of

States, aad eh of the Slaveholding States, or portions thereof, as may
desire to be there represented, with a view to the adoption of other more extended
and effectual measures in resistance to the encroachments of slavery; and that a
committee of five persons be appointed to correspond and co-operate with our
3 in pre, states on the subject.
‘That in relation to _the domestic afairs of the State we urg
esi atniuisvaton of the government and a more rigid accountability ‘or ‘te
BE cers, a speedy payinent of ie balance of the publie debt, and the lesse
of the amount of taxation, a careful preservation ofthe Primary School and Uni,
versity Funds, and their diligent application to the gr reat objects for which they were
created, and also further legislation to prevent the unnecessary or imprudent sale of
the lands belonging to the St

ResoLvep, ‘That in our opinion the commercial wants require the enactment of a
general eae law, which, while it shall s ae investment and encourage the
enterprise of stockholders, shall also guard a tect the rights of the public and
of me cecals, a that the preparation of such a measure requires the first talents
of the S

   
     
  
   
  
 
    
  
  

 

  

     

Hf these resolutions are mild, one can imagine what Mr. Blair's pronouncement
must Be been.

in accordance with the thoroughly democratic character of the assembly a
— ypted “That the electors here present from each senatorial iste ‘be
requested to meet together, select delegates equal in number to the representati
in each district, who, w ates selected, shall constitute the committee of delegates, with
jower to nominate candidates for the State officers, to be reported to this Conven-
tion for ratification or rejection.” In some of the districts the whole number of
three were not appointed, but the Committe as finally constituted numbered 88, 4
sizeable convention in itself. It was composed as follow
1. Horace Hallock, L. L. i Jacob M. Howard.

S.A. Baker, George D. Hill, John Owen,

Penniman,

 

es ower, Edward Simmons.
EP Ios Charles Cogswell, Thomas Curtis
Clark, D. D. Sloat

  

   

‘urn
Beaman, M. c
ES. ell, R. B. ae John Patehin.
1. MA Me agi J.G. Mott,

13. Simeon French, D. Boughton, Chas. 7. Gorham.
14, Charles Holmes, Nathan Pierce, Samuel S. Lacy.
15. E, Walter, Levi Baxter, W. W. Marphy

  

50 UNDER THE OAKS AT JACKSON

   

16. James M. Turner, J. B. Tompkins, H. G. Hurd.
17. HL. T. Steele, F. W. May, A. R. Metcalf.

18, Joseph Harper, John Woes, E. P, Slisbee.
19. Samuel Hyde, A. H. Mor

20. Job R. _Kelogs é ‘i ees “John McKim

a FW.

 

orge Winslow, Nathan a Thomas.
22, sen Seay H. H. Hateh, Peter Doo:
ai il.

24. es Ephraim Prince, Wm. H. Stu:
25. ard Strickland, Wm. Utley, Albert Willams.
26. Whines one David » M. Bae, E, Rumery.

iingham, H . W. Cur

 

 

  

27.
28 ing a Draper.

29. C. A. Shaw.

3°. L. Bingham.

31. J. W. Sanborn, Newel 1 Aver

‘The duty of this committee was a delicate one. It was almost certain that its

report would be accepted by the Convention, so that upon its shoulders really reste
the whole responsibility of naming the ticket. It was desirable not only to have
ticket that was intrinsically song but one that should recognize all three of the par~
and Anti-N Democrats, Imme-

 

ties to the afliliation, Whigs, Soilers
diately upon the adoption of the "peti the committee : sixteen from the

<alamazoo convention withdrew the whole Free Soil ticket, but it was quite gener-
able that Kinsley S. Bingham should continue to be is candi

  

that Hovey K. Clarke, who Tad bees one SF the, sande in promoters of the
Fusion, would be renominated for Attorney General. But when this office was reach-
hy sprung a se ¢ on the Committee by making a few earnest and

in named for the place “that eminent lawyer and

 

ed W. W. Murpl
enthusiastic remarks, and
statesman, honest Jake Howaré mn
in spite of the Protests 0 of Mr. Howard, the triking ability with which he conduct
ill-paid office for three successive terms had much to do with
eal advancement. The ticket finally agreed upon by the Com-

BE

3

ation was then made by acclamation

 

 
  

i follows
Governor—Kingsley S. — of Livingston.
Lieutenant Governor—George A. Coz, of Branch.

Secretary of State—John "McKinney, of Van Buren,
State Treasurer—Silas M, Holm Vay
Attorney General—Jacob M.
Auditor General—Whitney Jones, of Ingham,
of State Land Office—Seymour b. Treadwell, of Jackson.
Superintendent of Public Instruction—Ira Mayhew, of Monroe.

  

 

 

‘THE FIRST REPUBLICAN CONVENTION aL

Members of the State Board of Education—John R. Kellogg, of Allegan, and
Hiram L. Miller, of Saginaw.

Immediately after the appointment of the Nominating Committee in ee after-
noon the meeting adjourned to reassemble in Bronson’s Hall at 8:30 o'clock. At

 

 

   

that time speeches were made by Austin Blair, Hovey K. Clarke, Isaac P. Glan
Dr. Curtis and Mr. Steele, and the following State Central Committee was appointed

Samuel P. Mead, Sammel Barstow, Wm. R. Noyes and Pliny Power, :
George W. Lee, of Livin, ton Fernando C. Beaman, of Lenawe hale Meta.
tyre, of Washtenaw; Isaac P. Christiancy, of Monroe; John McKinney. of Van
Buren. A committee was s appointed, consisting of Samuel Barstow, U. Tracy
Howe, Hovey K. Clarke and Buckminster Wight, to solicit by coaches | th

co-operation of other states in the movement.

 

The papers of 50 years ago gave disappointingly meager reports of conventions,
especially of the speeches. The report of the proceedings of this momentous gath-
ering furnished by the Detroit Democrat was prepared by Mr. Conover, one of the
secretaries of the Convention, and may be considered as in some sense official. It
barely gave the names of the speakers, without even an abstract of their remarks
and closed its account as follows

‘The announcement ee . names 2 the candidates was received with vociferous
applause. The tict to give
ful complet

 

Hon. K.

the Conventior

guished favor which placed o name, unsolicited by him, in the paramount position
it occupies as first on the ficket.| The business of the Convention being n ud

BF adjourned sine die, and roa eted Gres
and harmonious and effective action may well s
ings of a similar character.

 

asa model for future gather-

Editorially the Democrat said the next da)

 

y: “We never saw in any delibera-
tive body so strong’a desire for harmony manifested. Every member of the Conven-
tion seemed to have come there resolved upon conciliation and tranquil action, There
was scarcely a dissenting voice from the action resolvedtpon.” The paper then
referred to the large vote by which the nominations were made and continued:
Thi Caren has performed a most ‘important ie for ae State, Asthere
can be Beet the Convention nothing of isan or tim rac
so its action mu st command the onfdence of all real lovers of eecdery avid te
ence in the State. Tt comatl strictly a the people, and it was controlled
by the people, and its action reflects their sentiments. The platform is specific, bol
end uncompromising, and not ae received the most cordial seprcral of the Conven-
Bos, at will command universal resp i

 

  

 

 

rect, , emanati
from such a Convention, we cannot be unsuccessful. It will i 1¢ confidence
eernen in tie State, fe, not by its saline only, but by the purely republican

 

    

ly ic:
a selected, We ate confident that the people who nominated
mphantly elected

ae

in
Bill see that

 

52 UNDER THE OAKS AT JACKSON

The Detroit a of course, armored the blatform an i supported the ticket
h hopefulness and enthusiasm. They were but the fruition of the plant for which
Editor Warren had helped sow the Bie and which he had most "sid watered
and cultivated. He had been maligned and personally abused by the rival Whig oF
an for the part he had taken in the movement, an i was inven grat
Hi Bid. the teal il iat Ws fad wichad or hoped
B. Turner, of the Grand Rapids Eagle, was one wit the secretaries of the Con-
vention, was touched with the contagion of its enthusiasm, and in his paper reflected
its spirit.
c.

 

 

 

. DeLand, of the Jackson citizen, had done a good deal of the racial work
of arranging for the Convention and conciliating the opposition, He felt a natural
pride in the result and entered with zeal upon the campaign. He gave in te Danes
added “Th

 

  

by the ct, a

resentatives be id ever been honest enough to carry them out except Kinsle: ng.
red the crowd, the shout of approbation ran through
oe shad previously existed as to who should be the

 

ham, a of ahaa fire
the vast Cea,
man, that doubt w emov'

Among the wig editors ie heartily supported the movement, though less eon-
spicuous in it than those already mentioned, was Rufus Hosmer, one of the most not-

 

his lifetime was done during the next two years, which included the Fremont cam-
paign of 1856.

In its ae the Convention was a most remarkable one. There has never
nother gat
erwatds attained di

st a

at which were assembled so many men who ait.

 

inctio official or business life. It was a time of great
ind_excitement, based upon an issue that had both a moral and economic
ring. It naturally called out the strong men of the State, young ed old, and the
events that followed within the next decade gave them unusual opportunities.

mong those who signe

inte

 

all, or are known to have been at the Convention,
were five who afterwards became United States Senators, and one other who was
sopsintcd to that honorable position, but who declined the honor.

During 22 out of the next 28 years the gubernatorial chair of Michigan was occt-

 

 

THE FIRST REPUBLICAN CONVENTION 58

pied by men who were present at the Convention, two others had in previous cam-

paigns received as from the old parties, and one afterwards received the
onion nomination, but was defeated.

ie signers to tI he call or attendants at the Convention were fourteen

men, and probably more, who, before or after that time, were

 

 

muished jurists, besides a large number ign
ministers, and a host who afterwards i minor State offices, or who served in one
both branches of the Legislatur
‘The conspicuous figure in tne Convention was Jacob M. Howard, the firs
Whig Congressman from Michigan, elected in 1840; author of the first Republican ola
form ever promulgated; Attorney General from 1835 to 1861; United States Senator
from 1862 to 1871; noted in the Senate as a_ grea lawyer, and sole
author of the Thirteenth Amendment to the Consttuton co ae United States, which,
as his most fitting memorial, is inscribed on his tombstone in Elmwood cemetery.
Cl

 

 

 

 

\e most conspicuous Free Soiler in the convention was Isaac hristiancy,

Fis hat dose mien: chan anyone che to brag bis-own-pany: Wa tix cmad fos will

iation with the Whigs. He was the Free Soil candidate for Governor in 1852, Jus-
1875, United S

ited States Senator 1875 till 1879,

 

tice of the one < Court from 1858 till
apy

The man who was more ste any one "jee in the thoughts of members of the

Kingsley S. Bingham, Member of Congress from 1847 to. 1851;
Governor irom 1855 to 1859, a United States Senator from 1859 to 1861. He
Mied. in the latter year, lamented by all, the best-loved public man of his generation

 

a
g
a

 

Zacharish Chandler, though destined to a a ‘eater prominence in National affairs
than any of the others was then rather fresh in polities. Though prominent in De~
troit business and social circles, he was never a candidate for office until 1851, when
he accepted the WI tie nomination for Mayor, and organi ed such a fast campaign that
he beat, by a good majority, Gen. Jol Williams, who had held the office six
terms, and who was considered invincible. Mr, Chandler accepted the Whig nomi-
nation for Governor in 1852, was 800 votes ahead of the candidate of his own party
i es on the State ticket.
He was United States Senator from 1857 to 1875 and again in 1879, and was Secre-
tary 7 the Interior during the last part of lent Grant's term.
fifth of the United States Senators in the Convention, was Henry P. Bald-
win, bing first became known in polities by his efficient and useful work as Chairman

 

   

 

   

of the Finance Committee of the State Senate during the first two years of the
war. He was Governor irom Jena, 1869, to 1873, and was appointed United
pate Seater upon the death of Senator Chandler in 1879. Fernando C, Beaman

received this appointment, bat ater holding it under advi

Fie the honor.
‘Those named comprised the list of United States Senators. The Governors who

took part in this movement were, in the order of their term of service, Kinsley

 

ement for a few days,

 

  

  

  

 

UNDER THE OAKS AT JACKSON

 

ot

John J. Bagley and Chas,

Wisner, Austin Blair, Henry P, Baldw nm
ating committee at this
fed.

Bingham, Moses
M. Croswell. James M. Turner, who was on the no1
Convention, was the Republican eandidate for Governor in en it was defeated

i H. Emmons, for

   

 

 

‘The eminent jurists, aside from Mr. Chri
distinguished Judge of the ye Sa Cirle Cour, and the venera-

Supreme Court from 1827 to
aid and encouragement to the new

many years a
ble Henry Chipman, who was a Judge of th
2, and who now, at the age of 70, came to gi

nent

 

 

 

foreign ministers, aside from Mr. Christiancy, were Chas. ‘T. Gorham and
Ww. ston a
ie Members of Congress, whose names appear in connection with the Conven-
tl terms of 2 were: Jacob M. Howan, March 4, 1 Kins-
ey S. Bingham, 1847-~ . Penniman, 1851-3; V
David S. Walbridge, ae "Hea Waldron, fk 9; me t

    

   

   

Fernando C, Beaman, 1861-71; astin Blai

. Stoughton, 1869-73; and “Stickland, "1603 a1; Bowes w

George Willard, 1873 Williams -7; Allen Potter, 1875-7; Henry W.

Lord, 1881-3; 7 se H. Tc, 1883. n G, Stout,
qT

   

     

z
z
BG
&
g

"s statement, made in a letter to tne

follow: the honor of having named

always claimed, and now y
Soo

    

and christened the party the
jointly to Jacob M. Howard, Horace Greele; al himse
te ‘Tribune, the ong

 

   

began to advocate, through the columns of th

   

ponents of slavery into a single party, Horace Greta voluntarily opened a corre-
spondence with him in regard to the movement, in w ich he frankly communicated
his views and gave him many valuable eieeetas as to the best course to be pur-
sued. This correspondence was necessarily very short, as it began and ended in

 

June, it being only five weeks from the repeal of the Carmi, May 30, t
r y or two before it was to

Jackson Convention. In. his last letter, received on
assemble, Mr. Greeley suggested to him Republican. This mde the writer’s cor
ial approval, he gave Mr. Greeley’s letter containing the suggestions to Mr, How:
ard on’ the day of the Convention after he had been appointed Chairman of the
Committee on Resolutions, and advised its adoption, and this was done.”

 

  

Jacob M. Howard's recollection of the matter was thus stated by him: After
the call for the Convention he drew up a series of ae which he thought
suitable for adoption but left a blank for the name of the new party. Meantime Mr.
Warren had some correspondence with Horace Greeley on the subject of the Con
vention, and Mr. Greeley forwarded a set of resolutions, not knowing that Mr.
Howard was engaged in the same work, and suggested the name Democratic-Repub-
on Mr, Howard's resolutions were reported by the committe

 

hiean, At the Convent

of which he was chairman. The matter of name came before the Convention in the

 

   

THE FIRST REPUBLICAN CONVENTION 55

  

rm of a motion to insert the one proposed by Mr. Greeley. Mr. Howard moved to
Errend by striking out the word Dentocratie, and his motion was adopted,
. DeLand, in a ictat ts the Datace Teiune'of Oc 24, said: “The

Me sassing the patty belonge to Zephaniah Bc Kuight, thea salto of the Pon

tiac Gazette. He proposed it at the February conference a advtctal t steadily. He

was one of the Committee on Platform at the Jackson Convention, and moved its

adoption by that committee, and it was decided favorably by a vote of eleven for
Union.

The associates of George A. Fitch in the local movements of that period claim
that about the time of the Kalamazoo Cou ‘eting, which was held March
11, @ compact was made in writing between leading "ee Soilers and Liberal WI higs
for an independent rma om division of the local nominations; that the
name “Rep plea was give 1e party in the compact, and that Mr. Fitch re-
tained a copy of this paper fee many years. There is no means of verifying or dis-

 

ating these statements.

‘These are the Michigan claims, but a very strong one comes from Wiscons‘n.
At the time of the Convention which nominated Scott for the Presidency in 1852,
Alvin E. Bovay, a resident of the little town of Ripon, in that State, predicted to
Horace Greeley ae nomination of Scott and his seen defeat at the polls,

and said also that the Whigs would never rally again as a National party. Greeley

declared that ai Seott would not only be Saas Pianpeaoey elected,

when Bovay went on to say _ in his opinion, the Whig party had outlived its use-
it

 

was gone; that its issues no longer commanded the attention
7 is defeat to th coe

 

that afte
ization and its issues, would disappear,
whose banner would be “Exclusion of a from the territories.” In answer to a
question from Greeley, Mr. Bovay said that he would call the new party Republican
for the following reasons:
Because political parties should have significant names, and this is. signifi-
cant i os thing which we wish to symbolize—Res publica—the common weal.
ie name should be single, not double, like Free-Soil, Free-Democrat, Lib-

 

erty. eG, ete
It should be flexible, that is, capable of being used as either noun or adjec-
tive, and of ready use in its application: to a party or to an individual.

It was used by the party of Jefferson in its best and purest days, when it
was really the friend and not the enemy of the human race, and it has left a hallowed

 

memory behind it.
5. It is a cherished name with our foreign population of every nationalty.
They al “theses Republicans Republicaines, Republikaner, Republicanos, or by
of it in all European countries, and this name meets them here

 

some
like oi & an

On the 20th of March, 1854, a public meeting was held at
a series, and i formal vote the town committees of the Whig tua ne Soil parties

 

mn, the second of

56 UNDER THE OAKS AT JACKSON

ly dissolved, and a new committee was aopamted consisting of three

, one ler and one Democrat. At this meeting Mr. Bovay said the new
party should in Pp obably would take the name Repu er though he advised
against such a christening at that time, and by such a small body of men. Mr. Bovay
had already opened correspondence with Mr, Greeley, urging that the Tribune propose
the name Republican for the new anti-s slavery party that might be formed, but it
was not until June 24 that Greeley complied with his Feast

Finally, MeLaughin's Life of Lew’ says: “In May, immediately after
the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska bill, some Shinty Congressmen at Washington
met and aaa the formation of the ‘Republican’ party. By that time the name

 

were formal

   

was in the air.”
he truth of the matter seems to be that Me Bovay suggested the name to Gree-
ley, Greeley to Warren, and Warren passed it along to Jacob M. Howard. It is un-

doubtedly also true that the same name had suggested itself to others. It was “in
the air,” but the dee Convention of July 6 was the first to give it an abiding place
in a party nltior
Ithough ” Greeley is credited with having recommended the name Repub-
lican to the n Convention, he did not himself especially faney it, and in his Al-
manac, which, ‘by fe y, changed its name the next year from
Tribune Almanac, he did not mention the formation of ‘the Republican party among
the important political events of the year 1854, although he devoted two pages to the
organization and achievements of the ephemeral Know-Nothing organization.
an interesting iact also that in the general break-up of parties in the elec-
tions of 1854 the opposition to the Democracy called themselves Republicans in only
seven states. Of these, five were the states that were carved out of the Northwest
erritory, which had been dedicated to perpetual freedom by the ordinance of 1787,
and the sixth was Towa, immediately adjoining that leroy: ‘The seventh was
Maine, which, after applying for admission to the 1820, was kept dancing
attendance on Congress until Missouri also could be amited der the Compro-
mise, whose abrogation occasioned all the excitement at this time.

     

 

 

  

  
  
  
 
 
   
  
  
  
  
 
 
    
      
  
    

Cuaprer V.

 

THE FIRST REPUBLICAN CAMPAIGN.
ie pen Threatens Disastrous Results, But the Evil is Happily Averted—The Last of
ld Whig Party—The Democrats Had a Sv Cosa vention, But Conduct a Vigorous
ie. The Last Great Efforts of General Cass—Warm Fights in the Congressional
Districts—A Sweeping Republican Victory, the First of a Long Succession—Resume of the
Gubernatorial Vote in Dae from that Day to This—T of Republican Senators
and Representatives in Co the Election of 1854 in one Sue

 

 

‘Amidst the general rejoicing at the result of the Jackson Convention there was:
‘oe, one note of discord. The Detroit Advertiser of June 26 had said

other clan wil be found 2 call for a Convention Ea a People of Michi
ty to assemble on the sixth of July next “to take such
est to concentrate the popular tentiment of this ‘State
Or the slave power ig the signatures published
of numerous Free

    

Sine answer only seems clear to ou mind, vi
Convention, or in default thereof, acquiesce in and support
It i

 

to covaperate, unless

E Whigs! Those of you we sie wie tare engaged in this movement, no
ter from what motive, or with what end in view, see to it that your real views
and ardent wishes are truly and props sa represented and out at the Jackson
See to it that the efforts of designing men and intriguing politicians are

0 sil through your supineness, to defeat the only object contemplated by you
F Roned th

 

 

  

F paper continued to print the call; and on the sixth of July printed nearly

 

38 UNDER THE OAKS AT JACKSON

four double columns of the names which had been attached to it. On the fourth it
also had this editorial appeal
indications now are oe the Convention will be largely attended and that
be represented. We believe that in a multitude of coun-

 

every part of the will
sel there is safety, om we shall expect nothing but beneficial results from the action
of the meeting. If such men Attend a8 We expect i
will prevail "The path, ee Puraued is so simple and plain, that
heated Patian would be willing to travel out of i, There is

e are all united,

    

we an ich Mie convention was ca
which all If they are eontented with that there wil ben no bast. We
ie the Convent righ

0 act as to commend itself favorabl bly to
it will, and that 7 crowning eats «
lasting good to the people of Michi higan.

But things did not go to suit it a

repudiation of the action at Jackson:

 
 

tly comprehend its interests aed i
\e citizens of the
shors ‘willbe the means of reat and

 

 

the Convention, and on the 8th it gave this

 

We publish to-day the proceedings and an account of the Jackson Convention.
Previous to its meeting we called upon Whigs to attend it. We looked to their in-
- as the only means to promote the interests of the people,

sufficient number of Whigs would be present to
re influence. All these signs were

Free Soilers and fe Whigs who desire to break up th
the Bree Democrats a they ce They went into the meeti

in the field; they procured the adop ust such planks as
nomination of Kinsley S “tina was a foregone
What a mockery!

fa

 

a8

:

£
ae

 

   
 

of Kins
their committee withdrew their nominations
ai ames of four of the Free Soil

    

the name Republican" as a permanent organization, with
br reskin up the Whig party. Under these Circumstances
suppor
*

   

dorse the proceedings of the Convention and y
but we do not believe the great body of ee pal Avany:raie we shall oppose un-
compromisingly, with whatever ability we e ticket wih i deen thus
nominated, and we call upon all good and true W vhige to do the sam

 

‘This editorial was the incentive to a movement for calling a convention of Old
Line W nies ‘and putting a separate ticket in the field, a course which, at one time
Under its influence many of the Whigs held
reular was issued, addressed to the
“We, the undersigned, more than
the men of the Whig party, and
e such action as is necessary to
tion and preserve the in-
a call for a Whig state

 

 

threatened very serious consequences.
off from the new movement, and in Augt
Whig State Convention in the following worting
ever impressed with the responsibility resting upon
entertaining & high sense of their cbligatone to tak
advance the principles, and strengthen the organ
f that pars roy request that you will
an early day, for the purpose of securing these important!
State chet 00 be supported by the peorle of Mal

ust a

 

 
 

 

 

 
 

tegrity of
convention, to be
objects, and of resenting a Whig
igan at the next State election.”

  

THE FIRST REPUBLICAN CAMPAIG 39

‘The State come comes consisted of Wm. A. Howard, Wm. Burnt F.

‘ooks and George M. Dewey. They were all in sympathy

pul i lican party movement, but the petition, which was Giraud in every

county, was so numer realy Y signed that they could not ignore it, The call was finally
issued in August, and wa :

    

2
”

Y ate tation of candidates for Governor,
Lieutenant-Governor, Secret tary 9 . eral, Treasurer, Commissioner of
the Land Office, Attorney-Geni of Pubic Instruction, one mem-
ber of the State Board 7 Eton for the full term, and to il vacancy occasioned
w the death of Hon. Isaac E. Crary, and for the transaction of such otf

as may come beforé tbe held = “Wetnests the 4th day of October next, at
the Court House in the Village of Marshall. The sev

be represented by delegates in ‘ate = titer “Of the Representatives to. which
they are respectively entitled lature of this State. Full delegations from
all the counties are requested.

Sy

     

Convention for the nomi
c ,

 

     

 

‘This demand for a separate Whig Convention was viewed with great alarm by
the leaders of the new party. If any considerable portion of the Whig vote could
be diverted from the ticket already nominated it meant defeat. But by calling the
Convention at so late a date opportunity was given the Republicans to perfect their
organization and concentrate their forces. When the Convention finally met, attended
by about 200 delegates, it proved to be under the absolute control of that Portion of
the Whigs that favored union with the Republicans, Rufus Hosmer the
Detroit Enquirer, who had been appointed to fill a vacancy on the "Kaa sate
Central Committee, was made President of the Convention with Nathan Pierce of
Calhoun, Charles Yost of Washtenaw, D. C. Buckland of Oakland and Teadwand D.
Cone of Hillsdale as Vice-Presidents, Levi Bacon, Oakland and L. L, Jones of
Wayne were Secretaries.

‘The committee appointed to name a oe Central Committee reported a list which
included Joseph Warren, of Detroit, and ¢ jor the first showing
of hands, . motion was made to aie the name of E, N. Wilcox, and uj

ssion.

 

 

 

Jacksor
calling of local Republican Conventions throughout the State, but i in the end he was
retained.
f the Advertiser, subsequently moved that Mr. War-

 

Wales, proj

votes, that of Mr.
ee two others, all from Detroit. Mr, Wales then filed a protest against the action

1¢ Convention in choosing for its peace officer a man who he avowed
a . af the Republican State Central Committee” and for the other sins which it

   

already committed and for those which it was about
Bisset, it for “other action had or to be taken, which is not stri

   

ig precedents, Whig principles and Whig organization.
protest, Mr. Wales and his three followers withdrew from the Convention,

60 UNDER THE OAKS AT JACKSON

made, but a stirring
hig

 

Thenceforward all was harmonious. No nominations

 

w
address was prepared, referring to the glorious history and principles of the WI
party and to the need of concerted and united action in opposition to the spread of
slavery. This was drawn by James A, Van Dyke as Chairman of a Committee ap-
pointed for that purpose, and was yy the committee and by the President and
many other members of the Convention, inching Levi Bacon, Randolph Strickland,
Eugene Pringle, Robert I
Samuel G. Caskey, Isaac W. Ingersoll, Austin Blair, Byron G. Stout and M.
Naughton, As the last pronouncement of the Whig party in Michigan, and the last
declaration of Anti-Slavery principles in this campaign, it possesses great interest.
It spoke first of the attachment which its members had to the old Whig party and sai

d its counsels but prevailed and its voice been obeyed, instead of the harsh and

 

 

‘Toms, Joseph Warren, George Jerome, Henry
Mac

 

 

 

anes discord now rending the land, sounds of harmony and union alone would have
ard. Instead of the hot fe
pours its lava through her veins, the calm of peace would smooth ita front, and thd

er that now scorches our country’s brow, and

 

the pulse of friendship beat through its utmost limits,
‘The address then gave, at great length and with florid rhetoric, an account of
the gradual eneroachments of the slave power and continued

 

We do now declare that we regard slavery as an evil from every point of view,
debasing to free labor, antagonistic to free institutions, a barrier to high progress and
advancement, and a blot upon our country’s escutcheon.

Wejate walirably ‘oppose its extension over one inch of territory now free.

fe demand the repeal of so much of the Kansas and Nebraska Act as annuls
the Nis Compromise
leclare our opposition to the admission of another Slave

 

ate into the

 

Union.

We avow our solemn determination to exe! very constitutional right to
check the encroachments of slavery and to spread far and wide the blessings of
humanity and freedom.

We believe that the great aim of the Wi hig party has been the promotion of the
brosperity and glory of our beloved country. From this holy purpose nde: defeat
nor adverse fortune has ever been able to swerve it. It h: selfish 10 per-
form, no evel aagrandizement to accomplish, “And wv ie members have clung
with chiv. iesion to its principles and its existence, through its darkest hour,
no mere party pride can control its cource when the common good demands and
points out its action.

Love of country, lofty dod conch, bas been the allat at which i bas wah

 

 

 

 

  

 

      

     

shiped, ow at whose shrine ady to lay down mere selfish objects.
We belie sion has now pst oa for a display of patriotism. W
cantot, however, Psi from declaring that, now as ever, it woold have been
spiring to us, to Whig” upon our "ane and fight beneath its honor
folds. But at re crisis aa brecl all existing circumstances, we feel that we mu:

not consult our individeal preferences and personal wishes, but ask what course wil
most redound to the honor and welfar ‘ountry, and the advancement of

those ber just “and clevatel principles oe ‘which we believe otf party to be the
embod

 

"The issue is before us. ‘The vital problem must soon be solved, whether the

 

 

THE FIRST REPUBLICAN CAMPAIGN 6

spirit of Freedom shall light up the annals of our country and brighten the story of
mankind, or whether slavery shall be broad and spread to blight the hopes of human-
Be snl ae the pages of our history

are conse ct the path of duty is plain a us. We are called upon,
not : abandon hig flag, not to forsake a single pri ciple bt 7 a

a deep sacrifice a our country’s sake. We propose merely “fo abata

BG: sominations at this me, 30 that all the friends in tl noe eel-
ing alike on the absorbing isste now pending, may together and achieve a

  
 
   

i meh.
therefore, respectfully but earnestly appeal to the Whigs of Michigan to
hc

t unite, combine, develop and

   

nd true spirit on f
rset to the forget all minor differences, and ¢:

p 1 patriot oe} x “freemen, arousing at the trampet

rty, with a free sol Beneath ot feet, and freedom's banner .

f Li
trarching forward in sold, waited and Sevineile column to hatle ard to veto.
tion of the Convention was not satisfactory to some of the Whigs, and
this comment upon it

 

‘The act satis
the Advertiser, which represented the recaleitrants, had

‘Those who favor the lesion of the publican fee had the entire control and
pursued such a course as they deemed expesien 1 busi

 

 

 

" ich, we thi is no precedent to. sty fo it, The only feature which

characterized the ane as Whig and reserved it on the record from di
into a mere Republican sescting, was ¢ address which was prepared and de-
fivered by James A. Van Dyke, who’ came fora rd boldly and threw the weight of
his personal influence as well as his intellect in fe preserving the principles
and organization of the party. Tor mnot be re an this gen-
fleman and a few others, who labored most strenuously to check the course of the
readstrong, and bring about conciliation ai Had ee omadl bony foe
lowed by those who had the control of the everything would Save passed
off smoothly. As it is, there is cause for dissatisfaction which will produce its effect.
We vet hope that a fittle time ay heal the

whether our wi
lain. We ‘hil vane the eve

exerting “rater influenee we may have to for oa Whig principles and. Whig

measures, and to preserve the integrity of the Whig

  

i
an

 

Advertiser, with, however, but slight Blows « maintained its course con-

The
sistently to the end. Tt kept at the head of its columns the Wayne Cont Whig
nomi separate WI

entitled to Whig support. It continued to abuse Bingham ho
yd at the finish a merely to the Congressional elections as a ‘Waterloe Mcfeat
for the peat
ut Whigs oe held their last Stete Convention in Michigan. Joseph War-
sn was ai Chairman of the State Central Committee and, as. stich, was alone
authorized to call another Convention whenever he might deem it expedient. But a
10 body except a State Convention could depose him from the chairmanship and as

Cy UNDER THE OAKS AT JACKSON

  

he never saw fit to call a Conyention, he held the key to the situation, He sai
ve years later that he still carried the Whig party of Michigan in his

 

It is a noticeable fact that comparatively few of the papers which, in that cam-
t up i ce called it Republican, although the Convention formally
“ihe ticket was generally placed at the head of the editorial

columns without any party name attached or as the “Independent ticket.” The
Demeratic papers, on the other hand, incessantly thrust the name Republican for-
ward, apparently with the view of constantly reminding their Whig = that they
had lost not only their distinctive organization but even their nam ye Detroit
specially delighted in rubbing these facts into the tender pel of the

 

 

Hagel that name.

  

   

‘The Detroit organ of the Democracy, then owned and edited by Wilbur F.
Storey, adored General Cass, and had no particular liking for anyone else, hated

 

si
Joseph Warren and Rufus Hosmer, supported the Kansas-Nebraska Act, de-
tested all Anti-Slavery agitators. It sneered at the movement which culminated in
the Jackson Convention, belittled the Convention when it was

bitterly attacked the ticket. Two dys b before the Convention was held it commenced
an editorial with the statement, “We are a little curious t

‘fusion’ convention at Jackson,” but it never printed any portion

 

its news columns gave scant space to the proceedings of the Convention.
it denounced that gathering as “a body of unmitigated abolitionists and disunion-
ists,” and either ridiculed or abused the candidates, Kinsley S. Bingham and Jacob
M. Howard coming in for an rs ecially large share of its malicious attacks. Mr.
Howard it called “the mee fe and chi cf priest at the birth and oe ‘of the
Republican party” and Cee its “traveling agent.”

‘The call for the bes m0 tate Convention was issued July 26th, and was
signed by Alfred vale c OFh ynn, D. Munger, A. T. McReynolds, Talcott E.
I

 

 

 

 

Wing, A. L. Porter, Jacob Beeson, Frederick Mall farter. It contained no
reference to the rps of the party, nor to current politcal issues.

‘The Convention was held in the City Hall, Detroit, Setenber 14, with Anthony:
Ten Eyck o § Wayne in the chair. On the first ballot John S. Barry was 2 nominal

for Governor, receiving 120 votes, to 10 for Andrew Paes and 11 for Michael
shoemaker, Mr, Barry was ae the best vote-getter among the Democrats of
He had already held the office for which he was now again put forward
1850. He was a

his time.
three times, commencing Jan. 3, 1842, Jan. 1, 1844, and Jan. 7,

ative of Vermont, a farmer, prude! lent and economical in his admit
was called narrow, but that seemed to be what the people wanted after
banking and Internal antorea speculation of the period which preceded his first
administration. He w responsible more than any other one man for the restricityg
at the Constitution of 1850. The rest of the ticket was fairly strong in ils

 

ration
the wise

features
pettennel
he platform consisted of four resolutions, of which three related to State affairs,

  

THE FIRST REPUBLICAN CAMPAIGN 63

and the fourth resolved, “That the delegated Democracy of the State of Michigan

here affirm their continued support of the principles embraced in the resolutions

idopted by the Democratic National Convention which assembled in Baltimore in
iat th essional_non-int.

   

fervention in the domestic

legislation of the States an id Tersitries therein embodied, harmonizes with

 

the true
h the Democratic

spirit E our institutions, and it is the only platform upon which
party of the Union can maintain its nationality and its ascendancy and preserve the
Union.”

1¢ Baltimore platform of 1852, which was here reaffirmed, contained the

diaus, "The Democratic patty will resist all attempts at renewing in Congress or out

Of it the agitation of the slavery question under whatever shape or color the attempt
le.” the whole es

   

citement at this time was oc

the violation, in the most aggravating form, of this pledge, the Democrats were at a
advantage in the debates that followed.

From this time on the campaign was a very warm one, ‘The great Democratic
ichigan realized the fact that the result of this campaign meant political
General Cass had, for forty years, been the foremost citizen
f Michigan, He was Governor of the Territory for thirteen years, and contributed
more than anyone else to the advancement of its material interests. He had repre-
fate in the Cate Stat

 

 

   

Senate, had been a cabi
his party's Presidential candidate. But in the campaign of 1848 he had
given a somewhat halting utterance on the question of internal improvement

 

 

 

ject which was every year becoming of greater importance and he had failed to keep
up with the growing anti-slavery sentiment of the State. It was claimed for him that
he, and not Stephen A, Douglas, was the real distor oF ha

doctrine, a clai

 

Seater Sovereignty
n that did not help him in this emergeney. He was put forward in
this ene to address a i mass meetings. He made some ea appeals

 

 
 

me t spec t became apparent in the course of the campaign dha
tis pia star was alng before the rising lights of Jacob M. Howard and Zach-
ariah ce

fights in the Congressional siti attracted the most attention, In th
fe Devid Stuart, who was accounte the foremost political orators of the

     

made strong speeches in advoe:
nat, afterwards, under party pres-
sure, had Proved reéreant to his ions and to the people, and had voted

Pitted serine him was Wm. ¢
lar + Whig convention at rbor, Sept. 20,
ss convention at Detroit the same day. Howard was urged for the nomin:
dre-only whi the, Godt disuien sho could. 5

5 Joint discussions were arranged between them, at De-
3 xe ae Howell a ctively, and immense crowds gathered to
listen memorable Tt was in these that Mr Howard

   

fully exublsea his tens as one of the most effective campaign on in the

Northw

 

 

64 UNDER THE OAKS AT JACKSON

n the second district on the tenth of October the Whigs nominated Henry
Waldron, who also received the Republican nomination, Mr, Waldron was already
well known as a cay able business man, active in politics and a good talker. In the
third district the Republicans and Whigs waited on David S. W: abridge, of Kalam
nation from the latter party October 3. Mr. W: albridge
was one of the pioneers of Southwestern Michigan, where he had large business in-
islature

 

zoo, who received the nom

 

terests.. He had represented Kalamazoo in the lower house of the State
four terms and in the State Senate two, and was selected as a representative Whig.
Moses Wisner, afterwards n ted Septenber
20 as the Whig and Repubiean candidate in the fourth district Democratic
candidates were David Stuart in the first, David A. Noble in he a Samuel
Clark: in the third, and George W. Peck in the fourth, Two years before this the
Democrats had carried every Congressional district, the first by 737 majority, the
second by 657, the third by 76 and the i th by 1,798. In this election they lost
three of the districts, i yote being as follow
First eee . Howard, a Dev Stuart, 8,793; Howard's majority,
1 Henty w altro, 11,035, 1 . Noble, 8,113; Waldron’s major-
ee valbrid ee Samuel Clark, 10,178; Walbridge's
Taurlh Mois er 9,863, George W. Peck, 11,233. Peck’s ma-

jor, and a gallant soldier, was nomi

   

 

   

   

jority, 1.370.
Owing, partly, doubtless, to the pers
in spite of his personal popularity, tailed to poll the full Whig vote in the first
trict, and he did not fully make up this loss in the other parts of the State. The
fi

 

stent attacks of the Advertiser, Mr. Bingham,
i

n candidates for Congress was 43,660,
and for Governor Bingham 43.652. The aggregate Democratic vote for Congress~
man was 38,317 and for governor Barry 38.675. The net Republican majority on
ongressmen was 5, 403 and for Governor 4,977. The political status of the opposi-
tion members of the Leg’
whelming majority against the Democrats.

‘The sweeping character of this political revolution is best appreciated by a
comparison with the previous campaign in 1852, Then the Democrats gave their
taididates 81 38 plural
for Congress, 25 out of 32 members of t

p
aggregate vote for the Whig and Republic

 

slature was not very well defined, but there was an over:

 

   

 

y and 2,288 clear majority ‘They elected all four candidates
ate Senate, and 51 out of 72 in the

 

 

of the Democrats were not ready to acknowledge that their defeat was

 

occasioned by their attitude on the slavery question. ‘These, including their Detroit
organ, attributed it to the influence of the secret Know-Nothing order, and predicted

a speedy return of Democratic supremacy. But they were mistaken, the Know-
Nothing order faded away, but the Republican party continued triumphant. In the
half century that has passed since then the Democrats have elected only two Gover-
nors, and those by reason of Republican dissensions, ‘They have controlled only one
Legislature, and they gained the Senate of that by fraud. They have had no United
States Senator and they have elected only 43 out of 222 Congressmen,

 

 

 

 

THE FIRST REPUBLICAN CAMPAIGN 6
As a permanent record of Republican triumphs in Michigan, the following record
of the votes for Governor is worth preserving
1854.
vee + 43,652

    

Barry, Democ
te ajority for ‘Binghasn.

Forel S. Bingham, Republican.
Johi

   

ietes Guverenpeneuee AOTF

1856.

Frreley S. Bingham, Republican. -:

Alpheus Felch, Dem
Majority for Binghan,

     
 
    
 
  
  
  
  
  

1858.

Moses Wisner, Republican
Charles E. Stuart, Democrat.
Majority for Wisner.

Austin Blair, Republican. .
John S. Barry, Democrat.
Majority for Blair.

Austin Blair, Republican
Byron G. Stout, Democrat
Majority for Blair...

Henry H. Crapo, Republican...
Wm, M. Fenton, Democrat.
Majority for Crapo........

Henry H. Crapo, Republican
Alpheus S. Williams, Democrat
Majority for Crapo.

Henry P. Baldwin, Republican.
John Moore, Democrat.
Majority for Baldwin

 

Henry P._ Baldwin, Republican.
tock, Democrat

 
    

ry Fish, Prol es
"Drarality for Baldwin. .

 

1872,
in J. Bagley, Republi a
Bees ai, Democrat,
e lependent Democrat.

     

By Fish, ©
*Ploraity pe Bagley. .

66 UNDER THE OAKS AT JACKSON

1874.
John J. Bagley, Republican
Henry Chamberlain, Democrat.
Chas. K. Carpenter, Prot
Plurality for Bay eed ai

  
 
    
   
 
  
 
 
 
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
 
   

Charles M. Croswell Republican.

Wm. L. Webber, Democ

Levi Sparks, Greenback Ke
Plurality for Croswell

 

Chasis M. Croswell, Republican,
Orlando M, Barnes, Dei
aa “p, Smith, National
Watson Snyder, Prohibition.
Plurality for Croswell.

 

1. Jerome, Republican.
Pred Mt Halloway, Democrat
David Woodman, Greenback
Isaac Mekeever, Prohibition
Con uick, Am, Labor. .

"prality for Jerome...

  

Josiah W. Begole, Fusion.
David H. Jerome, Republics
Daniel P. Sagen ndorph, Prohibition,
Waldo May, National. .

Plurality for Begole.

Russell A. Alger, Repul
Joni W. Begole, Fusion
David Preston, Pro
Jesse M. Miller, Butler Greenback.
Plurality for Alger :

 

 

 

yrus G, Luce, Republican. = 181,474
Geo Yaple Democrat..-+++++ : : +174,042
. Pro iin stdin sens wees 25179

rae Lue - 7A?

 

is G. Luce, Republican

 
 
 
   
   
     
 
    
     
    
   
     
     
   
   
 
   
   
   
   
   
    
     
     
     
   
    

‘THE FIRST REPUBLICAN CAMPAIGN 67

Ein B. Winans, Democrat
ames M. Turner, Rent o
Azariah S. Pai penny
Eugene B iden, Trial
Plurality for Winans.

  

 

 

John T. Rich, Repub

a len B, Morse, De
mW, Ewing, People's Party.

yon Russell, Prohibition
Plurality for Rich.....

 

 

John T. Rich, Republi ican. .
Spencer O. Fisher, Democrat
Alva W. Nichols, Peoples Party
Albert M. Todd, Prokibiton oe
Plurality for

 

 

Hazen S. Pingree, Republican,
rat, People's and Free Silver

 
 

Pingree, Republican,

 

People’s “and Free Silver.

Plurality ‘or Pingree. .

oo T. Bliss, Republican.
". Maybury, Democrat.

 

 

 

 
 

Peop! sple's 8,
Henry Ulbricht, te Socialist Labor
Henry Ramsay, Socialist Democrat

Plurality for ‘alse

Aaron T. Bliss, Republican...
zo T, Durand, Democrat. a
Walter S. aaa Prohibition. .
Wm. a Walter, Socialist......-

Shep:

3
g

 

Phra for Bliss.

68 UNDER THE OAKS AT JACKSON

The roster of Republican Senators and Representatives in Congress from Michi
en includes all of the former elected since 1854 and four-fifths of the latter. In

ree Congresses only, the 48th, 49th and sad, have the Democrats had a majority of
the delegation in the Lower House, while in thirteen Congresses the delegation to the
House has been solidly Repebfcan Aside from the men elected to Congress as Re-
publicans, two men who took part in the movement for organizing that party after-
wards changed their poli er were = ted as Democrats, ‘They were Allen Potter
in the 44th Congress and Byron G. Stout in the 52d. The list of Republicans elected
to the two Houses with their terms of service has been as follows:

 

 

 

SENATORS,
Zachariah Chandler

 

Russell A. Alge

 

 

MEMBERS OF THE HOUSE.
‘hinty Fourth Congress, 1855-7—Wm A. Howard, David S. Wabridge, Hemy
Waldro:
Thirty Fifth, 1857-9—Wm. A. Howard, DeWitt C. Leach, David 8. Webride
Henry Waldrc
Thirty sh by 859.64—Wm A. Howard, Francis W. Kellogg, DeWitt C. Leach,
Henry Waldroi
‘Thirty Seventh, 1861-3—Fernando C. Beaman, Bradley F, Granger, Francis W.
Kellogg, Rowland . Trowbridge.
Thirty Bight, 1865—Fernando C. Beaman, Charles Upton, John W. Longyea
Francis W. Keloge John F. Driggs
, 1865-7—Fermando C. Beaman, Charles Upson, Joba W. Longyia
a TRow nd E. Trowbridge, John F. Driggs.
1867-9—Fernando C. Beaman, fee * Upson, Austin Blair, Thomas
w. Bors, ‘Rowland E Trowbridge, John F. Deg
Fort 1869-71—Fernando C, Beaman, Willan L Stoughton, Austin Blair,
Thomas W. ay, Omar D. Conger, Randolph Strickland
Forty Second, 1871-3— Avstin Blair, Henry Waldron, Wm. L. Stoughton, Omar
D. Conger, Thomas W. Fer

 

  

 

THE FIRST REPUBLICAN CAMPAIGN 69

  

orty Thind, 1873-5—Moses W. Field, Henry Waldron, George Willard Jatius
fe. ee, Wm. B. Williams, Josiah W. Begole, Nathan B, Bradly, Jay A
Forty-Fourth, 1875-7—Henry Waldron, George Willard, Wm. B. Williams, Omar
‘D, Congar, Nathan B. Bradley, fe A. Hubbell.
Forty Fifth, 1877-9—John W. Stone, Edwin Willitts, jem] 7 McGowan, Edwin
W. Keightly, Mark S. Brewer, Chartes C Ellsworth,
Forty Sixth, 187 ns. Newbery, Edwin Willits, "o H McGowan,
F oc Burrows, fen W. Stone, Mark S. Brewer, Omar D. Conger, Roswell G.
Horr, Jay A. Hubbell
Forty Seventh, 1881-3—Henry W. Lord, Edwin Willitts, Edward S. Lacey, Julius
C. Burrows, George W. Webber, Oliver L. Spaulding, Omar D. Conger, Roswell G.
Horr, Jay A, Hubbell,
Forty Eighth, 1883-3—Edward S. Lacey, Roswell G. Horr, Byron M, Cutcheon,
ee pat, 1885-7—James O'Donnell, Julius C, Burrows, Byron M, Cutcheon,
Seth C.
Fiftieth, ay: —Edward P. Allen, James o Doanal aie Burrows, Mark S.
Brewer, Byron M. Cuteheon, Seth C. Moffatt,
it -o1—Edward P. Allen, pe ‘open jas C, Burrows,
Chas. pelnep, Mark S. Brewer, Aaron T. Bliss, Byfon M. Cuteheon, Frank W.
Aisles, Samuel M. Stephenson,
Fifty Second, 1891-3—James O'Donnell, Julius C. Burrows, Samuel M. Stephen

   

 

 

 

Fifty Third, 1893-5—Julius C. Burrows, Henry F, Thomas, David D, Aitkin, Wm.
S.Linton, John W. Moon, John Avery, Samuel N-
Fifty Fourth, 1895-7—Joln ea fe oe 4 _ Gongs ‘sring, Jesus c ee
ry ‘si Aitkin, . Snover,
Linton, Roswell P. Bishop, Rema ‘0. crimp, John “hoe Some 1M Stephenson,
Fifty Fifth, 1897- ooh hn B. Corliss, George Spalding, Edward L. Hamilton,
Bie Alden Smith, Samuel W. Sith Horace G. Snover, Roswell P. Bishop, Rous
seat, 0. Cramp, Wiliam . Mesick, Carlos D, Shelden,
Fifty Ee 1899-1901—John B. Corliss, Henry C. Smith, Washington aay
Baward L. Haniton, Win, Allen ‘Swit, Samuel w. Sith, Edgar Weeks, Jos
i eseney, Roswell P. Bishop, Rousseatt O. Cru AMesiok, ‘Carlos
Shel

 

 

 

Fifty Seventh, 1g01-3—John B. Corliss, Henry C, Smith, Washington Gardner,
Edvard L. Hamilton, Win, Alden ‘Smith Samnel W. Smith, Fa r Weeks, Joseph,
W. Fordney, Roswell e Thon, Rousseau ©. Crump, Henry H. Archibald B.
Darragh, Carlos D.

Fifty Bighth, 1903-5
Hamilton, Wm. Alden Sim ‘Samuel W. Smith, Henry McMorran, Joseph W. Ford-

ney, Roswell P. Bishop, George A. Loud, Archibald B. Darragh, H. Olin Young.

 

 

les E. Townsend, Washington Gardner, Edward L.

‘A number of other States shared with Michigan the work and glory of bringing
the new party into existence, but in none other was the victory of that year more de-

0 UNDER THE OAKS AT JACKSON

  

 

cisive and in none other except Vermont has the cause of its triumphs been so unit
terrupte

‘Wisconsin was next after Michigan in holding its State convention and adopting
7 name « Rena Dblican, ‘The all was not issued till July 9, although a large number
aska mass meetings had been held before that time, having this end in
a convention was held at Madison, July 13, the invitation being extended
“all men opposed to the repeal of the Missouri Compromise and the extension of
tbe Slave Power.” No names were signed to the call and no name for any new party
dicated in it, but the Convention resolved “That we accept the issue forced upon
e Power, and in defense of freedom will co-operate and be known as
Republicans.” A State ticket was nominated and elected, and one of the first and
‘y was a Legislature which added Charles Durkee to the small

body of Free Soilers in the United States Senate.

 

 

 

   

  

 

 

On the same day, July 13, a mass convention was held in Vermont of persons “in
rp i the propagandists
of slavery.” Among the resolutions adopted was one closing ‘ith ce words: “We

va
et, which was elected under the name

 

On the same day also State conventions were held in Columbus, Ohio, and Indi
anapolis, Indiana, Both nominated tickets and entered upon successful campaigns
under the name Republican.

‘The Massachusetts Convention was held six days later, July 19, at Worcester. An
organization was effected and the name Republican adopted in the resolution “that in
co-operation with the friends of freedom in sister States, we hereby form the Repub-
lican party of Massachusetts.” But at that time the Know Nothing party was rela-
tively stronger in Massachusetts than in any other State, and this gathered to itself a
very large part of the voters who were opposed to” the Democracy. The name Re
Publican cut no figure in the election returns,

he disorganizing effect which the repeal of the Missouri Compromise had upon
the old parties and the chaotic condition of party organization generally are shown by:
owing titles of the tickets voted hat year, as given by Horace Greeley’s Whig

 

 

‘Maine—Republican, Rum, Whig, Democratic.
New Hampshire—Whig, Democratic, Free Soil
Vermont—Fusion, Democratic, Free Soil
Massachusetts—Whig, Know Nothing, Demoerati
Rhode Island—Whig and Maine Law, Democrati
Connecticut—Whig, Democratic, Temperance
New York—Fusion, Soft Democratic, Hard Democratic, Know Nothing.
New Jersey—Whig, Temperance, Nebraska.

ree Soil.

   

 

 

THE FIRST REPUBLICAN CAMPAIGN

Bee rie—WNe, Democratic.
laware—Ame |, Democratic.
BP cblicon, Nebr
Indiana—Republican, Naik:
Michigan—Republican, Nebraska,
ka.

Wisconsin—Republican, Democratic.
Towa—Repul ican, Nebraska,
Missouri—Whig, Bentonian, Anti-Bent
California—Whig, Oe Denvetat, Anti-Broderick Democrats
‘estern States, where Grete’ ‘Almanac spoke of the Nebraska party,
was really the straight Democratic pa
"Under whatever name elected the Congres who were opposed to the exten-
of ee co-operated in the House and were strong enough to choose Nathan-
P. Banks speaker. In less than two years these various divisions, incongruous in
Bi, but united in one main purpose, were consolidated into the National
Pian party, under the gallant leadership of John C, Fremont.