1982 MONTCALM FARM RESEARCH REPORT MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION IN COOPERATION WITH THE MICHIGAN POTATO INDUSTRY COMMISSION THE MICHIGAN POTATO INDUSTRY COMMISSION To Michigan Potato Growers and Shippers: This Potato Research Report is the result of the research that was carried on by Michigan State University at the Montcalm Research Farm, Entrican, Michigan as well as other potato research projects conducted during 1982. The continued research on Michigan potatoes is a direct result of the monies that growers and shippers have paid into the Michigan Potato Industry Commission. Only through this support can the Potato Industry in Michigan continue with similar research in the future. Thank you. SincereIy, R. H. Kaschyk Executive Director RHK:kk enclosure THE MICHIGAN POTATO INDUSTRY COMMISSION • 500 N. HOMER STREET • LANSING, MICHIGAN 48912 • (517) 373-3783 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Research personnel working at the Montcalm Branch Experiment Station have received considerable assistance in various ways. The Michigan Potato Industry Commission has granted substantial research dollars to support many of the projects included in this report. A special thanks is given to the MPIC, private companies, and government agencies who have made this research possible. Many contributions in the way of fertilizers, chemicals, seed, equipment, technical assistance, personal services and monetary grants were also received and are hereby gratefully acknowledged. Contributions of Russet Burbank seed and the processing of samples for bruise determinations were provided by Ore-Ida Foods, Inc. and we gratefully acknowledge their continued support of MSU potato research. Recognition is also given to Mr. Theron Comden for his dedicated cooperation and assistance in many of the day-to-day operations. Special acknowledgement is also given to Mr. Art Wells, and Dr. Norm Thompson, both of who retired from MSU at the end of 1982. Art and Norm have a long history of working with MSU and the Michigan potato industry. They both will leave a real void in our MSU potato research team. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION, WEATHER AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT .......................... 1 1982 POTATO VARIETY EVALUATIONS R.W. Chase, N.R. Thompson, R.B. Kitchen .............................. 5 1982 UPPER PENINSULA POTATO VARIETY EVALUATIONS R. Leep, R. Chase, C. Kahl............................................ 16 CONSERVATION TILLAGE IN POTATO PRODUCTION MANAGEMENT R.W. Chase, R.B. Kitchen, H. Mulders, W. Schauer, L. Sampson ........ 18 FOLIAR INSECTICIDE EVALUATION ON POTATOES A. L. Wells............................................................. 20 ETIOLOGY OF COMMON & DEEP PITTED SCAB R. Hammerschmidt, M.E. McLeod........................................ 25 WEED CONTROL IN POTATOES W. Meggitt, R. Leep, R. Chase, G. Powell, R. Kitchen, C. Kahl ........ 30 INFLUENCE OF MOCAP 6EC ON THE CONTROL OF PRATYLENCHUS PENETRANS (ROOT­ LESION NEMATODE) IN MICHIGAN POTATO (VARIETY SUPERIOR) PRODUCTION G.W. Bird............................................................ 37 INFLUENCE OF NON-FUMIGANT NEMATICIDES ON THE CONTROL OF PRATYLENCHUS PENETRANS (ROOT-LESION NEMATODE) IN MICHIGAN POTATO (VARIETY SUPERIOR) PRODUCTION G.W. Bird............................................................ 39 1982 POTATO SURVEY REPORT G.W. Bird............................................................ 41 IRRIGATION MANAGEMENT FOR POTATOES M.L. Vitosh, T. Louden, D. Warncke................................... 49 BIOLOGY & CONTROL STRATEGIES FOR INSECT PESTS OF POTATOES E. Grafius, M.A. Otto................................................ 52 THE INFLUENCE OF SELECTED PRODUCTION MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON POTATO YIELD, QUALITY AND NUTRITION M.L. Vitosh, G.W. Bird, R. Hammerschmidt, R.W. Chase, E. Grafius and M. Otto.......................................................... 58 THE 1981 MSU INTEGRATED POTATO PROJECT B. F. Cargill, R.L. Ledebuhr, H.S. Potter.............................. 67 ALCOHOL PRODUCTION FROM POTATO PROCESSING WASTES J.N. Cash, R.D. Huang, D.R. Heldman.................................. 81 ALCOHOL PRODUCTION FROM POTATO PROCESSING WASTES C. A. Reddy...................... 84 CORN HYBRIDS, PLANT POPULATIONS AND IRRIGATION E.C. Rossman, K. Dysinger............................................ 88 BIOLOGICAL NITROGEN FIXATION (BNF) EXPERIMENT M.W. Adams, J.D. Kelly, A. Ghaderi, C. Samper .......... ........ 94 EARLY GENERATION CRANBERRY & KIDNEY BEAN POPULATION J.D. Kelly, M.W. Adams, A. Ghaderi, A.W. Saettler, J. Taylor.......... 100 EXPERIMENT 2218. CRANBERRY AND KIDNEY BEAN VARIETY TRIAL M.W. Adams, J.D. Kelly, A. Ghaderi, A.W. Saettler, J. Taylor .......... 101 CRANBERRY BEAN OBSERVATION TRIAL J.D. Kelly, M.W. Adams, A. Ghaderi, J. Taylor, A.W. Saettler .......... 103 1982 POTATO RESEARCH REPORT R.W. Chase, Coordinator Dept. Crop & Soil Sciences INTRODUCTION The Montcalm Branch Experiment Station was established in 1967. This report marks the completion of 16 years of studies at this facility. This report is designed to summarize all of the research conducted at the Montcalm Research Farm during 1982 plus the potato research conducted at other locations. Much of the data herein reported represents projects in various stages of progress, so results and interpretations may not be final. RESULTS PRESENTED HERE SHOULD BE TREATED AS A PROGRESS REPORT ONLY as data from repeated trials are necessary before definite conclusions and recommendations can be made. WEATHER Tables 1 and 2 summarize the fifteen year temperature and rainfall data recorded at the Research Farm. Temperatures during 1982 were generally cooler than the 15 year average, particularly in June, August and September. Rain- fall was approximately two inches above average and was reasonably well spaced throughout the growing season with monthly totals, except for August, above normal. The irrigation system was also modified with solid set sprinklers spaced 30' X 30' to provide more uniform coverage. Irrigation applications of approximately one inch each were made 9 times on July 5, 8, 14, 24, Aug. 2, 9, 16, 20, and 24. Overall yields and quality were the best which have been obtained at the Research Farm and it may be the combination of cooler temper- atures, above average rainfall and improved irrigation coverage which con- tributed to these favorable yield results. SOIL TESTS Soil test results for the general plot area were: pH 6.2 P 445 K 216 Ca 960 Mg 203 FERTILIZERS USED Except for the specific fertility studies where the fertilizers are specified in the report, the following fertilizers were used on the potato plot area: previous crop - corn plow down banded at planting sidedress at hilling 46-0-0 0-0-60 20-10-10 200 lbs/A 500 lbs/A 150 lbs/A Table 1. The 15 year summary of average maximum and minimum temperatures during the growing season at the Montcalm Research Farm. Apri Apri Ma May Jun Jun Jul Augus Augus Septembe Septembe Year l Max l Min y Max Min e Max e Min y Max July Min t Max t Min r Max r Min 6-month average Max 6-mont h averag e Min 37 35 35 31 30 36 36 28 35 37 31 33 31 35 61 56 54 53 47 54 57 48 58 62 50 50 49 56 53 28 7246 7044 8053 7648 41 43 47 39 47 42 41 48 41 47 45 44 42 39 80 80 80 82 79 79 81 80 81 85 81 82 81 77 62 67 65 65 70 63 62 73 63 80 67 66 69 64 53 50 55 56 50 58 52 56 57 50 50 55 50 50 55 59 60 55 57 60 57 57 58 61 56 57 58 51 81 82 80 80 76 80 77 79 80 77 82 77 81 78 58 74 56 73 57 70 53 73 69 57 60 73 56 68 58 65 53 70 52 70 57 75 55 76 70 58 53 67 66 50 49 51 54 49 48 45 44 46 53 52 47 49 47 44 7044 73 74 73 76 73 74 70 70 71 75 72 71 71 69 50 49 45 48 48 51 48 49 48 50 49 49 48 46 74 70 72 81 72 77 73 75 79 76 78 74 73 73 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 197. 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 15-yr. avg. 54 33 67 43 74 52 81 57 79 55 71 49 72 48 Table 2. The 15 year summary of precipitation (inches per month) recorded during the growing season at the Montcalm Research Farm. Year April May 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 15-yr. avg. 2.84 3.33 2.42 1.59 1.35 3.25 4.07 1.81 3.27 1.65 2.34 2.58 3.53 4.19 1.43 2.64 4.90 3.65 4.09 0.93 1.96 3.91 4.83 2.05 4.03 0.46 1.35 1.68 1.65 3.52 3.53 2.84 June 3.74 6.18 4.62 1.50 2.51 4.34 4.69 4.98 4.22 1.66 2.55 3.77 4.37 3.44 5.69 3.88 July 1.23 2.63 3.67 1.22 3.83 2.36 2.39 2.71 1.50 2.39 1.89 1.09 2.64 1.23 5.53 2.42 August September Total 1.31 1.79 6.54 2.67 7.28 3.94 6.18 11.25 1.44 2.61 5.90 3.69 3.21 3.48 1.96 4.22 3.30 0.58 7.18 4.00 2.60 1.33 1.81 3.07 1.40 8.62 2.77 0.04 6.59 3.82 3.24 3.36 17.32 18.16 28.52 11.91 19.53 19.13 23.97 25.87 15.86 17.39 16.80 12.85 21.99 19.68 21.38 19.36 HERBICIDES Early preemergence alachlor (Lasso) at 2 1/2 lbs/A followed by a delayed preemergence application of metribuzin (Sencor) at 1/2 Ib/A. DISEASE AND INSECT CONTROL Temik was applied at planting at 3 lbs/A. The foliar fungicide program was initiated on June 26 with Brevo. Insecticides used were Thiodan, Monitor and Pydrin. On September 18, Diquat at 1 pint/A plus X77 at 8 ounces per 100 gal was applied as a topkiller. Introduction New Varieties into Michigan R.W. Chase, R.B. Kitchen, N.R. Thompson, R. Hammerschmidt, Dennis Greenman Some 22 named varieties, 14 selections from the MSU potato breeding program, 11 selections from the USDA-Beltsville program and 6 miscellaneous numbered selections were planted at the W.J. Lennard Farm in Levering. Ten varieties have originated from the virus free program of Dr. Bud Wright at British Columbia and these include Jemseg, Yukon Gold, Superior, Ontario, Katahdin, Atlantic, Denali, Onaway, Snowchip and Russet Burbank. Prior to the field planting, mother plants of Denali, Atlantic, Onaway, Jemseg, Katahdin, Russet Burbank and Snowchip were greenhouse grown and tested for PVX, PVY and PVST and all were found to be free of these viruses. Cuttings of the tested mother plants were made and small seed tubers were produced and stored. Timing of the greenhouse tuber production was too late to allow any field planting in 1982. The procedure however did allow for a random testing of these seed stocks and also to establish a mechanism for the processing of mother plants, stem cuttings and subsequent tuber production. This procedure could serve as a model for developing an ongoing virus testing and stem cutting program as a part of the Michigan seed certification program. All of the introduction selections were included in yield test plots as outlined in the Variety Evaluation report. Yield and performance data obtained from such plantings are used to determine the continuation of the selections in the program. Each selection was also planted in a replicated plot to assess their relative susceptibility to scab. These evaluations plus a determination of their ability to suberize and their susceptibility to Fusariun dry rot were conducted by Dr. Hammerschmidt. These data will add considerably to the total variety introduction and evaluation program. Requests of seed by seed growers of B8971-2 , (GoldRus), Onaway, Chipbelle Atlantic, Jemseg, Rideau, Snowchip and Yukon Gold were distributed for 1982 plantings. A significant expansion of the variety evaluation and introduction pro- gram will be initiated in 1983. Some 65 selections from the USDA-Beltsville program consisting of both whites and russets will be screened for adaptability to Michigan. The most promising selections will then be added to the new seed introduction program. A similar program was initiated in 1982 for selections from the USDA-Aberdeen program in cooperation with Ore-Ida Foods. 1982 POTATO VARIETY EVALUATIONS R.W. Chase, N.R. Thompson, R.B. Kitchen Department of Crop and Soil Sciences A. DATES OF HARVEST The 1982 dates-of-harvest study was conducted at the Montcalm Research Farm. Three complete plantings of all varieties were made on May 3 in replicated plots 10 feet X 34 inches. Plant spacings were 12 inches. Harvests of each planting were made August 9, August 30 and September 22, respectively. The previous crop was corn and 250 lbs/A of 0-0-60 were plowed down, 500 lbs/A of 20-10-10 were applied with the planter and two sidedress applications of 46-0-0 at 160 lbs/A each were applied in June prior to hilling. Aldicarb (Temik 15G) was applied at 20 lbs/A at planting. Alachlor (Lasso) was applied at early pre-emergence at 3 lbs/A and metribuzin (Sencor) at 1/2 lb/A at delayed pre-emergence. The plots were irrigated and a foliar insecticide and fungicide were applied as needed. Results: Table 1 summarizes the yields, specific gravity and chipping quality of the several varieties evaluated at each harvest. Yields were above the average of previous years which reflects a very desirable growing season and a new and more uniform sprinkler irrigation system. Average yields and specific gravity increased with the later harvests however certain varieties reached their optimum yields before the third harvest. Table 2 summarizes the internal defects and percent size distribution of each variety. Generally speaking, the incidence of internal defects, except for vascular discolorations, was very minimal. Brown center was noted in six varieties and hollow heart in only two seedlings. The vascular discolorations were only slight and would not be considered severe enough to be of any economic concern. The percent size distribution data was taken from the third harvest and provides evidence as to the potential concern for oversized tuber development. Varieties which produced a high percentage of tubers over 3 1/4 inch would likely perform better at a closer spacing than the 12 inch spacing used in these trials. Varieties with a high percentage of tubers over 3 1/4 inch were G 670-11, Atlantic, Shepody, Rideau, Monona, Katahdin and Lemhi. Table 2 also summarizes the determinations of bruise susceptability. Approximately twenty five pound samples of each variety were collected from the August 29 and September 22 harvests. The samples were held for at least one week and were then processed by the Ore-Ida Foods, Inc. inspection line. Tubers with and without black spot damage were counted and the percent bruise-free was then determined. Although black spot damage may occur on any tuber it is oftentimes most prevelent on the large tubers and the stem end is usually the most vulnerable. Overall the bruise damage was greater from the third harvest as compared to the second harvest. Lower pulp temperatures in late September may have contributed to this reaction. The relative values of one variety compared to another is still valid inasmuch as all samples were handled in the same manner. Variety Observations: Onaway included as a reference variety. Yielded well above average. Crystal high yield of bright tubers. Appears susceptible to scab, particularly pitted scab which can be severe. An elongated potato which matures in mid-August. Would not suggest as a storage potato but could fit as a table- stock variety to follow Onaway for marketing out of the field. Rosa a recent golden nematode resistant vareity released by New York. Medium-late maturity and tubers have red splashes on skin. Reported to have early blight resistance however, early blight was observed in foliage. Appears suitable for chipping. Lemhi performed exceptionally well in 1982 with very high yields and good tuber type. Internal defects were minimal however in previous years hollow heart has been a serious problem. It also is very susceptible to black spot injury as evidenced by the low percentage of bruise free tubers. Specific gravity was very high but did decrease between the second and third harvest. Atlantic yields were above average with high specific gravity and excellent chip quality. The bruising data suggests it to be susceptible to black spot injury. Shepody a recent release from New Brunswick, Canada. A long, smooth, white tuber which seems suitable for frozen processing. Yields were well above average with higher specific gravity than Russet Burbank. Appears med-late in maturity and specific gravity did decrease with delayed harvest. Bruise susceptibility was comparable to Russet Burbank. Katahdin included as a reference variety with exceptionally good yields. C-13 a selection from the Campbell Soup Company which is an early maturing, attractive round white variety. It has good specific gravity arid does chip out of the field. B7805-1 an early maturing round white selection from the USDA-Beltsville. Yields have been below Onaway, however specific gravity and chip quality is slightly better. Russet Burbank produced excellent yields and specific gravity. Appeared to set heavier than normal and tuber type was very good with a much lower percentage of off type tubers. B7154-10 an oblong, early maturing USDA-Beltsville selection. Lower specific gravity than Onaway but does chip out of the field. Chipbelle an oblong variety recently released from USDA-Beltsville. Exceptionally high specific gravity with excellent chip quality. Yields above average, however it may have some susceptibility to blackspot damage. CA027 is a late maturing selection from Maine. Yields have been well above average at the late harvests and specific gravity is high and very good chip quality out of the field. Appeared to have some resistance to blackspot damage. Yukon Gold a Canadian released golden flesh potato being marketed as "Michigan Golden Bake". Maturity is medium early and it does chip satisfactorily out of the field. Appears to have some resistance to blackspot however it does have some susceptibility to pitted scab. Eyes have a characteristic pink color. Monona included as a check variety. Rideau a smooth, round red variety released from Canada. Medium late maturity and a tendency to oversized tubers. Good red skin color and appears to have scab tolerance. Jemseg an early maturing, oblong white skin variety which appears to have a small set, however tubers do size early. Yields were below average and were not comparable with Onaway. MS402-1 an MSU seedling which is being discontinued. Early maturity however yields have not been consistently at or above average. It also appeared very susceptible to blackspot at the late harvest. Superior included as a check variety. B8972-1 has recently been named GoldRus and is a USDA-Beltsville release. Yields at the Research Farm have been low due to inadequate tuber sizing as evidenced by the high percentage of under 2 inch potatoes. Maturity is medium early and tubers have a light golden russet skin. B8934-4, B8943-4 & B8833-6 are russets which have recently been deleted from the USDA-Beltsville program. G670-11 is a high yielding round white selection from the University of Guelph in Ontario. Tubers have a light netting and a very high percentage of large tubers. It had a high percentage of tubers with blackspot and this may be related to the high percentage of large tubers. Specific gravity was very high. Snowchip is a release from Alaska. It has a high yield potential, however it did have considerable blackspot damage. B. OBSERVATION TRIALS Five new selections from the USDA-Beltsville potato breeding program were evaluated in a 10 hill observation plot at the Montcalm Research Farm. These data are summarized as follows: empty table cell B9540-29 B9540-53 B9540-55 B9540-62 B4553-6 cwt/A Total 424 377 431 439 470 cwt/A No. 1 362 262 393 385 408 Specific Gravity 1.079 1.075 1.064 1.073 1.069 Chip Score 2.0 1.5 2.0 2.0 3.0 After Cooking Darkening 0 hr. 1.0 1.5 1.0 1.5 1.0 After Cooking Darkening 1 hr. 1.5 1.5 1.5 3.0 1.0 After Cooking Darkening 24 hr. 2.0 2.0 1.5 3.5 1.5 Table 1. YIELD, SPECIFIC GRAVITY AND CHIP QUALITY OF SEVERAL POTATO VARIETIES HARVESTED AT 3 DIFFERENT DATES IN 1982. 1st Aug. 9, (98 days) cwt/A Total 1st Aug. 9, (98 days) cwt/A U.S. No. 1 1st Aug. 9, (98 days) S. G. Aug. 30, (119 days) cwt/A Aug. 30, (119 days)cwt/A Aug. 30, (119 days)S.G. Chip* 1st Aug. 9, (98 days) Score Total U.S. No. 1 Sept. 22, (142 days) cwt/A Chip* Aug. 30, (119 days) Score Total Sept. 22, (142 days) cwt/A U.S. No. 1 Sept. 22, (142 days) S. G. 1.073 1.078 1.079 1.088 1.093 1.087 1.077 1.083 1.078 1.089 1.069 1.102 1.096 1.084 1.073 1.086 1.078 1.070 1.076 1.080 1.079 1.078 1.077 1.097 1.091 Chip* Sept. 22, (142 days) Score 3.5 2.5 1.5 2.0 1.0 1.5 2.0 1.5 2.5 1.5 1.0 1.0 1.5 1.5 1.5 2.0 2.0 1.5 1.0 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 2.0 1.0 1.082 empty table cell 568 583 524 614 491 521 587 424 451 425 368 445 542 398 339 442 339 303 351 237 280 243 222 668 573 437 Variety Onaway Crystal Rosa Lemhi Atlantic Shepody Katahdin C-13 B7805-1 R. Burbank B7154-10 Chipbelle CAO27 Yukon Gold Monona Rideau Jemseg 402-1 Superior B8972-1 B8934-4 B8943-4 B8833-6 G670-11 Snowchip 541 535 500 488 485 470 455 451 444 437 406 395 390 384 383 350 350 344 325 314 310 308 265 510 473 446 434 440 445 415 434 427 379 371 354 346 363 354 325 321 298 281 229 258 250 206 1.071 1.074 1.081 1.085 1.095 1.088 1.076 1.080 1.077 1.084 1.066 1.099 1.086 1.082 1.070 1.076 1.072 1.067 1.072 1.076 1.074 1.077 1.075 empty table cell empty table cell 3.0 2.0 1.0 1.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 1.5 2.0 2.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.5 1.0 2.5 2.0 1.0 1.5 1.5 1.0 3.0 2.0 empty table cell empty table cell 553 645 619 656 544 579 581 451 504 590 414 485 484 377 400 502 360 330 373 319 337 288 279 empty table cell empty table cell 531 574 557 591 505 548 544 430 460 494 377 444 444 360 379 471 330 299 339 251 296 246 240 1.071 1.077 1.083 1.093 1.095 1.092 1.078 1.079 1.075 1.086 1.067 1.101 1.091 1.085 1.072 1.082 1.073 1.068 1.074 1.078 1.076 1.075 1.076 empty table cell empty table cell 3.0 1.5 1.0 1.5 1.0 1.5 1.5 1.0 2.0 1.5 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.5 1.0 2.0 2.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.0 591 641 590 682 519 594 630 482 494 530 425 502 582 433 380 471 376 333 393 314 339 310 299 empty table cell700 empty table cell625 empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell Average 405 363 1.078 empty table cell464 422 1.080 empty table cell489 *Based on 1-5 scale: 1=lightest, 5=darkest Table 2. INTERNAL DEFECTS, PERCENT SIZE DISTRIBUTION AND BRUISING DAMAGE OF SEVERAL POTATO VARIETIES. empty table cell Internal Defects* Vas . Dis. Internal Defects* InternalNecrosis Internal Defects* hollow heart Percent Size Distribution Pick outs Percent Size Distribution under 2" Percent Size Distribution over 3 1/4 Percent Size Distribution 2"-3 1/4 Percent of Tubers** Bruise Percent of Tubers** Bruise 0 2 0 2 1 3 0 0 3 7 1 0 1 1 3 0 0 0 1 0 4 2 3 1 0 4 7 11 8 5 10 7 12 6 13 12 11 6 7 8 6 10 9 11 25 14 19 23 4 8 10 5 7 22 26 24 22 13 15 5 4 6 13 15 22 23 8 5 3 6 16 0 0 34 12 86 86 82 68 68 63 71 75 76 75 83 83 80 77 67 71 82 86 85 69 66 79 74 61 80 FreeAug. 29 81.8 87.0 85.3 70.0 55.6 81.8 69.1 93.3 75.0 82.2 90.6 69.2 95.7 84.8 77.6 75.8 82.1 90.2 93.2 76.9 81.3 82.4 77.3 --- FreeSept. 22 73.1 68.6 65.0 46.3 60.4 64.6 55.6 48.8 47.2 58.0 70.7 29.2 76.7 78.4 64.4 60.5 68.2 18.5 72.9 81.8 66.7 89.3 65.5 24.4 36.0 59.6 2sl Onaway Crystal 2sl 2sl Rosa 3sl Lemhi 1sl Atlantic 6sl Shepody 3sl Katahdin 1sl C-13 2sl B7805-1 3sl R. Burbank 0 B7154-10 6sl Chipbelle 10sl CA027 Yukon Gold 4sl 3sl Monona 1sl Rideau 10 Jemseg 0 402-1 0 Superior 0 B8972-1 2sl B8934-4 0 B8943-4 0 B8833-6 G670-11 0 Snowchip 3sl empty table cell 0 1b.c. 0 0 0 2b.c. 1b.c. 2b.c. 3b.c. 0 ' 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 0 empty table cell 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2b.c. empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell — empty table cell80.8 b.c. = brown center sl = slight * 25 tubers sampled from September 22 harvest ** samples collected from August 29 and September 22 harvests Table 2A. The Chip Score and After Cooking Darkening of Several Potato Varieties After Three Months Storage at 53 F.1 After Cooking Darkening After Cooking Darkening 24 hrs. After Cooking Darkening empty table cell Chip Score2 Onaway Crystal Rosa Lemhi Atlantic Shepody Katahdin C-13 B-7805-1 R. Burbank B7154-10 Chipbelle CAO27 Yukon Gold Monona Rideau Jemseg 402-1 Superior B8972-1 B8934-4 B8943-4 B8833-6 G670-11 Snowchip 4.5 2.0 1.5 2.0 1.5 2.5 2.5 2.0 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.5 1.5 2.5 1.0 2.5 3.0 2.0 2.0 1.5 2.0 4.0 3.5 2.0 2.5 0 hrs. 1.0 1.0 1.5 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.5 1.0 1.0 1.5 1.5 1.0 1.0 1.5 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.5 1 hr. 3.0 1.5 3.0 1.5 1.0 1.0 1.5 1.0 2.0 1.0 1.0 1.5 1.5 1.0 1.5 3.0 1.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 2.0 Remarks dark over all empty table cell very dark stem end some sloughing some sloughing some sloughing empty table cell empty table cell dark stem end empty table cell empty table cell some sloughing some sloughing empty table cell empty table cell very dark stem ends discolored stem end dark stem ends dark over all dark over all empty table cell empty table cell very white some sloughing some sloughing 3.0 1.5 3.5 1.5 1.5 1.0 2.0 1.0 3.0 1.0 1.0 2.0 1.5 1.0 1.5 3.0 1.5 3.0 2.5 3.0 1.5 1.0 1.0 1.0 2.5 1 Tests conducted December 6, 1982. 2 l-5 scale; 1=lightest; 5=darkest and not acceptable. C. SEEDLING EVALUATION Twelve seedlings from the MSU potato breeding program were planted May 3 in replicated plots and harvested on two dates, August 25 and September 29. Samples were collected to determine bruise susceptibility, after cooking darkening and chip quality. Results: Yields, size distribution and specific gravity are summarized in Table 3. Overall there was no substantial yield increase between the two harvest dates suggesting that these selections are predominately in the medium-late category. The greatest change between the 2 harvest dates is shown in the percentage of tubers over 3 1/4”. Table 4 summarizes the bruising, internal defects and cooking quality of these selections. Onaway and Altantic were included as reference varieties and both yielded above the overall average and both increased substantially between the first and second harvests in the percentage of tubers over 3 1/4”. 83 700- was the highest yielder on both harvest dates. Culinary quality was acceptable for both chips and aftercooking darkening. Tuber confirmation was acceptable, however some shatter bruise was noted on the September harvest. 701-22 produced average yields and very high specific gravity. It pro- duced a high percentage of tubers over 3 1/4”. It had no internal defects and culinary quality was good. Tuber type was very good at both harvests, except for a trace of growth cracks. 80 702- produced average yields of uniformly sized tubers. Culinary quality was very good with no after cooking darkening. There was some brown center noted and tuber quality was average with a medium-deep eye. 702-91 was a very high yielder. Internal defects were minimal, chip quality was acceptable however, there was a darkening of the tubers after boiling as the tubers cooled. Tuber type was rated as poor at both harvests with some pointed and pear shapped. 704-3 yielded well below average and has been discarded. 704-10 produced good yields of fairly uniform tubers and a high specific gravity. Internal defects were minimal and cooking quality was good. 704-17 had high yields and a very high percentage of tubers over 3 1/4”. Tuber type was rated as poor, deep eyed and rough. It was also rated as susceptible to scab. 714-10 produced average yields. Chip quality was not acceptable after 3 months storage. Tuber conformation was acceptable at both harvests. 716-15 produced average yields with very high specific gravity. It appeared tolerant to black spot injury and chip and boiling quality was very good. Tuber type was acceptable. 718-6 had a high specific gravity and is the only selection which showed an increased yield on the second harvest. It had the highest percentage of tubers over 3 1/4” and tuber type was considered acceptable. Cooking quality was also acceptable. 718-11 and 719-38 are being discarded because of low yields. Table 3. Yield, Size Distribution and Specific Gravity of Several MSU Seedlings at Two Harvest Dates, 1982. Cultivar * Flesh Color cwt/A cwt/A Total No. 1 Pick Outs Under 2” Over 3 1/4” 2-3 1/4” Percent Size Distribution Percent Size Distribution Percent Size Distribution Percent Size Distribution Specific Gravity cwt/A Total cwt/A No. 1 Percent Size Distribution Pick Outs Percent Size Distribution Under 2” Percent Size Distribution Percent Size Distribution Over 3 1/4" 2-3 1/4" Specific Gravity 480 479 576 451 462 574 393 490 502 457 463 499 329 359 465 477 404 513 427 431 490 324 427 468 390 412 462 270 318 413 Onaway Atlantic 700-83 701-22 702-80 702-91 704-3 704-10 704-17 714-10 716-15 718-6 718-11 719-38 w w w w w w y w w y w o/w y w AVERAGE empty table cell * w = white y = yellow o/w = offwhite 2 6 1 0 0 5 0 0 1 0 2 2 2 0 5 9 10 5 7 9 17 12 6 15 9 6 16 11 empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell 19 14 12 22 6 8 0 1 35 5 3 30 7 5 74 71 77 73 87 78 83 87 58 80 86 62 75 84 1.068 1.095 1.082 1.096 1.080 1.084 1.075 1.090 1.087 1.084 1.099 1.091 1.085 1.082 empty table cell 1.0856 479 510 585 473 475 526 393 479 504 459 493 568 393 355 478 428 448 522 430 445 439 314 435 479 390 445 545 327 325 427 3 4 0 0 0 7 0 0 1 1 0 1 6 0 8 8 10 9 6 10 19 9 4 14 9 3 11 8 35 36 17 34 12 13 8 9 49 11 18 59 16 8 54 52 73 57 82 70 73 82 46 74 73 37 67 84 1.068 1.093 1.079 1.091 1.078 1.080 1.074 1.085 1.082 1.077 1.095 1.093 1.085 1.080 empty table cell 1.0829 Table 4. The Bruising, Internal Defects and Culinary Quality of Several MSU Seedlings. empty table cell Internal Defects (2) Internal Necrosis Internal Defects (2) Hollow Heart Culinary Quality Chip Score At Harvest Culinary Quality Chip Score Dec. 13 (3) Culinary Quality After Cooking Darkening empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell Percent of Tubers(1) Bruise Free empty table cell Onaway Atlantic 700-83 701-22 702-80 702-91 empty table cell 704-3 704-10 704-17 714-10 716-15 718-6 718-11 719-38 81.8 55.6 81.8 75.4 75.8 82.9 —— 86.5 75.0 84.4 87.2 83.0 —— —— Internal Defects (2) Vascular 7 sl 0 0 0 0 2 sl 1 sev 0 2 sl 1 sl 0 2 sl 0 2 sl 2 sl 3.5 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 empty table cellempty table cell 2.0 2.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0 7 BC 2 BC 0 3 BC 0 0 0 0 2 JE 2 BC 1 BC 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Culinary Culinary Quality After Cooking Darkening (3) 0 hr. 1.0 1.0 1.5 1.0 1.0 1.5 —— 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 (3) 1 hr. 1.5 1.5 1.5 2.0 1.0 3.0 empty table cell — 1.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 2.0 Quality After Cooking Darkening (3) 24 hr. 2.0 1.5 1.5 2.0 1.0 3.0 empty table cell —— 1.0 3.5 2.0 1.0 2.0 —— —— —— —— —— —— 3.5 1.5 2.0 1.5 1.5 1.5 ——— 2.0 2.5 4.0 1.5 1.5 —— —— (1) Approximately 25 lb sample collected from August 25 harvest(2) 25 tubers sampled from August 25 harvest. sl = slight; sev = severe; BC = brown center; JE = jelly end rot (3) Samples stored at 53°F since harvest D. OVERSTATE POTATO VARIETY DEMONSTRATIONS Overstate potato variety demonstrations were located at 6 locations in 1982. Two locations were established in Bay County in order to evaluate the early fresh market selections separately from the later maturing chipping varieties. Yields, specific gravity, planting and harvest dates are pre­ sented in Table 1. At all locations, except in Monroe. County, the seed was cut and planted with the cooperators equipment in order to incorporate the commercial handling component. The varieties for which there was only one location were included as reference or check varieties. Yields: Generally speaking, yields were judged to be very good. As one would normally expect some varieties did better at some locations than others and this relates to the fact that most varieties respond differently to different management. Some selections, such as Jemseg, B7805-1 and Chipbelle did not consistently have good stands which seemed to be related to herbicides. Specific gravity: Atlantic, Belchip, Chipbelle and Denali continue to have the highest dry matter. CA027, which is a later maturing, high yielding round-white also produced a med-high specific gravity. Internal defects: Several tubers of each variety were cut at each location. Hollow heart was not a serious problem in any variety at any location. Atlantic did have hollow heart at 3 locations however it was less than 6% in the sample examined. Internal and/or heat necrosis was noted at only the Monroe location and it was most severe in Pioneer and Atlantic. There was no internal and/or heat necrosis at any other location. A trace of brown center was noted at Presque Isle in Michimac and CA027 and at Monroe in Atlantic, Rosa and Jemseg. The brown center disorder is considered as the preliminary step in hollow heart development. Vascular discoloration appears to be the most common disorder noted, however the severe cases were limited. It was noted on Belchip, CA027, B7805-1 and Denali. Chip quality: Chips were made from each variety at each location. Varieties which repeatedly produced the most desirable chips were Monona, Chipbelle, Atlantic, Belchip, Denali and Rosa. Jemseg and CA027 were also good but were slightly darker than the better varieties. General comments: Scab seemed to be more apparent this year than in previous years and at the plot location in Presque Isle County it was very severe. The varieties there which exhibited the greatest tolerance were Rideau and Ontario followed by Atlantic. The other varieties had a heavy infestation and would have presented a grade problem. At other locations Denali and Rosa were the two which most frequently showed scab infestations. Jemseg is an early maturing variety which seems to have a small set however it does size well. It performed the best at the Bay and Monroe County locations with 15% of the yield with tubers over 3 1/4" at Bay and 40% over 3 1/4" at Monroe. Some growth crack was noted on Jemseg at two locations but this was not severe. TABLE 5. The yield and specific gravity of several potato varieties planted as county demonstrations. Monroe County COOPERATOR: W.J. Lennard & Sons U.S. No. 1 cwt/A Monroe County COOPERATOR: W.J. Lennard & Sons Specific Gravity Allegan County COOPERATOR: Pete Collier U.S. No. 1 cwt/A Allegan County COOPERATOR: Pete Collier Specific Gravity Presque Isle Co. COOPERATOR: Leroy & Louis Woloszyk U.S. No. 1 cwt/A Presque Isle Co. COOPERATOR: Leroy & Louis Woloszyk Specific Gravity Washtenaw County COOPERATOR: DuRussel Farms U.S. No. 1 cwt/A Washtenaw County COOPERATOR: Bay County COOPERATOR: Gordon Corrion U.S. No. 1 cwt/A Bay County COOPERATOR: Gordon Corrion Specific Gravity Variety Average Variety Average 381 388 — — 357 302 — 293 358 — — 468 331 264 — 309 — — — — — 345 1.089 1.069 — — — — 208 291 317 — 317 — 1.071 1.059 — 1.068 1.076 510 — 356 —— 356 406 — — — — 345 1.082 1.076 1.059 — 1.067 — — — — — —— —— 1.074 — 1.072 1.068 —— 1.100 — 1.080 — 1.079 — 1.075 — 1.074 1.039 — — — — — 1.080 — May 12May 12 Sept. 17 Sept. 17 May 18 May 18 Oct. 4 Oct. 4 1.094 1.086 1.072 — 1.096 — 1.079 1.086 1.088 1.094 — 1.080 — — — — 1.082 1.077 1.088 1.085 369 287 336 — 310 — 242 276 404 365 — 466 — — — — — — 370 387 344 346 May 19May 19 Oct. 7 Oct. 7 — 243 331 406 285 — 303 — 223 — 305 — — — — — DuRussel Farms Specific Gravity — 1.075 1.074 1.074 1.093 — 1.071 — 1.079 — 1.072 — — — 413 1.084 — — — — — — 314 — — 1.078 May 25May 25 Oct. 12Oct. 12 Bay County COOPERATOR: Henry Maiders U.S. No. 1 cwt/A Bay County COOPERATOR: Henry Maiders Specific Gravity Variety — — 1.072 1.067 1.076 Atlantic — Jemseg 305 402-1 391 Crystal 302 —— Chipbelle 294 B7154-10 218 B7805-1 398 C-13 — CA027 — Denali — Rosa — Rideau — Monona — Belchip — B8972-1 347 Yukon Gold 350 Onaway — Ontario —— Michimac — Russette 326 Average Planting Date Harvest Date * single observation only — — 1.072 Apr. 21 Apr. 21 July 30 July 30 1.065 1.067 1.078 — — —— — — — 1.078 1.070 — — 1.082 — — — 1.090 — — — — 1.085 1.084 — 1.065 1.087 — — — — — — 1.082 300 — — — 265 — — — — 397 387 — 355 423 — — — — — — 354 May 13May 13 Oct. 15 Oct. 15 350 286 337 354 307 298 270 322 374 381 379 398 325 414 309 347 350 370 387 344 1.088 1.075 1.070 1.075 1.094 1.062 1.074 1.077 1.080 1.090 1.078 1.078 1.066 1.086 1.067* 1.078* 1.070* 1.082* 1.077* 1.088* empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell 1982 UPPER PENINSULA POTATO VARIETY EVALUATIONS Richard Leep, Richard Chase, and Cliff Kahl A date-of-harvest study was conducted on the Trepanier Farm in the Upper Peninsula in 1982. Two complete plantings were made for all varieties with the exception of A72685-2, which was eval- uated in the second harvest date. All plots were planted on May 24, 1982 in replicated plots 20 feet by 34 inches. Plant spacings were 12 inches. Harvests of each planting were on August 30 and October 4, respectively. The previous crop was barley which was seeded to mammoth red clover. The soil type was an Iron River loam which tested P=467, K=392, Mg=203, Ca=1813, and pH=5.9. A total of N-P2O5-K2O-Mg (74-0-93-16) pounds of fertilizer was plowed down and (67-87-90-16) pounds applied in the row at planting. Temik 15G was applied at a rate of 20 lb/A at planting. Lorox was applied delayed preemergence at 1 1/2 lbs/A. Fungicides were applied through- out the season as needed. The results of each harvest are reported in Table 1. Most of the varieties resulted in increased yields with the later date of harvest. The following varieties did not differ significantly in yield with the later harvest and specific gravity decreased slightly: B8833-6, B8943-4, BelRus and GoldRus. Those varieties could be considered as having early marketable yields. Internal defects are noted in Table 1. Table 1. The yield and specific gravity of several potato varieties harvested on two different dates in the Upper Peninsula - 1982. AUGUST 30 AUGUST 30 OCTOBER 4 OCTOBER 4 % NO. 1 OCTOBER 4 CWT/A 532 518 493 436 518 435 209 401 269 273 405 268 412 419 450 386 228 514 398 % NO. 1 91.1 91.5 92.4 93 94 90.2 95 81.5 86.9 87.6 89 89 93.8 97 92.2 81 87.4 88.2 90 % OVER 10 OZ. 1.7 3.7 9.1 5.6 2.5 6.2 8.4 5.7 5.9 3.9 9.6 5.2 4.6 2.0 12.3 36.4 7.7 9.5 7.8 OCTOBER 4 SPECIFIC GRAVITY 1.098 1.073 1.074 1.099 1.096 1.080 1.0763 1.080 1.0873 1.0722 1.079 1 1.078 1.099 1.0821 1.070 1.071 1.073 2 1.082 1.082 VARIETY NO. 1 90.8 94.3 93.0 86.9 91.4 94.6 86.2 77.4 89.4 89.7 87.8 93.9 90.8 88.5 95.0 95.8 87.7 AUGUST 30 TOTAL CWT/A 433 403 387 390 362 312 333 358 303 300 304 277 273 253 221 192 163 NO. 1 CWT/A 393 380 360 339 331 295 287 277 271 269 267 260 248 224 210 184 143 AUGUST 30 SPECIFIC GRAVITY 1.085 1.073 1.075 1.089 1.090 1.076 1.079 3 1.076 1.089 3 1.074 2 1.082 1 1.080 1.073 3 1.079 1 1.069 1.075 1.075 2 OCTOBER 4 TOTAL CWT/A 584 566 534 468 551 482 220 492 308 312 454 301 439 430 488 477 261 empty table cell583 442 Atlantic Superior MS402-1 Chipbelle Denali A69657-4 B8833-6* Russet Burbank B8943-4 B8972-1 (GoldRus) Lemhi BelRus A68599-1 Russette Rideau Shepody B8934-4 A72685-2 Average 1 Severe Hollow Heart 2 Moderate Hollow Heart 3 Little Hollow Heart *Deer damage caused some yield reduction on October 4 harvest. empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell 1.079 310 279 91.2 CONSERVATION TILLAGE IN POTATO PRODUCTION MANAGEMENT R.W. Chase, R.B. Kitchen, Henry Mulders, Warren Schauer (EAA) and Lynn Sampson (SCS) This study has been conducted for two years at the farm of Henry Mulders of Munger. As a means of reducing wind erosion damage, which frequently occurs soon after planting and before the potatoes have fully emerged, the concept of a reduced tillage program was initiated. The objective has been to establish a winter cover crop which would provide sufficient residue and to then plant the potatoes with a minimum of spring tillage leaving the cover crop residue to prevent wind erosion. The winter cover crops of oats, spring barley and winter rye were planted September 14, 1981. The plot area was plowed and disked prior to planting of the cover crops. The growth of any of the cover crops was poor and very little residue was present at planting time. One half of the field was plowed and prepared for planting the conventional way on April 19, 1982. The entire area was planted on April 21 with the growers cut and treated Onaway seed. The field received 400 Ibs/A of 4-10-32 plow down and 1000 lbs/A of 9-18-18-2Mn-2Zn in the planter. Aldicarb (Temik) was applied at 3 lbs/A with the planter. The no-tillage area was planted with the MSU two-row Lockwood planter using sweeps in place of the opening disks. After planting the no-tillage area, the sweeps were removed and the opening disks were re-attached for planting the conventionally tilled area. Comparisons were also made in both plantings between conventional seed covering with and without a zero pressure press wheel. Soil temperatures of the no tilled area at 8 inch and 4 inch depths were 44° and 48° F, respectively and in the area prepared conventionally, they were 40° and 44° F, respectively. The area which received no spring tillage was 4° warmer than the tilled soil. About one week following planting the plots planted to rye were divided and treated with either paraquat at 1 1/2 pints/A + X77 at 8 ounces/100 gallons or glyphosate (Roundup) at 1 1/2 quarts/A. Both treatments provided satisfactory control of the rye. The spring tilled area was dragged off after planting and linuron (Lorox) was applied pre-emergence. In the no-tillage area, their was no drag-off and the linuron was applied pre-emergence. Both areas were hilled in early June. Results Plant emergence and stands were substantially better in the area prepared and planted conventionally. Although the exact reason is unknown, it may be that the depth of seed piece placement and the depth of the sweep in relation to the planting shoe in the no-till area may have been factors. The effect of this difference is shown in the yields in Table 1. The yields from the conventional planting were over 100 cwt/A greater than the no-till area. Table 1. The yields of Onaway potatoes grown on two tillage systems (Cwt/A) empty table cell No-Tillage No-Tillage______ No press wheel Press wheel 284 barley 244 oats 278 rye 268 Average *plot area deleted 238 224 * 231 375 354 387 372 338 324 337 333 Conventional tional Conven Press wheel No press wheel Average 308 286 334 empty table cell In terms of the difference between the individual cover crops, rye produced the best results whereas oats produced the lowest yields. Oats and spring barley were selected because they would winter-kill and there would be no need for any chemical or tillage control in the spring. The rate of growth of any winter cover crop would be dependant on the fall weather however a severe early freeze would be very harmful to oats or spring barley whereas rye would continue to grow. Also of interest is the apparent difference between the use of a press wheel. In both the no-till and conventional area the yields obtained from the plots where the press wheel was used were greater. Earlier emergence was also noted on these plots. It was these responses which suggested that the difference in stands may have been influenced by the depth of planting and the resulting seed-soil contact. An attempt to evaluate these factors will be the objectives of the 1983 study. Foliar Insecticide Evaluation on Potatoes Arthur L. Wells, Dept. of Entomology Twenty-two insecticide treatments including foliar and soil systemic materials were evaluated against the foliar insect complex on potatoes in 1982. The plots consisted of paired 50 foot rows randomized in three repli- cations using Russet Burbank variety of seed. At the time of planting on May 6, the rows to be treated with the systemics were left open so band applications could be made in the seed furrow before covering. Space for one row was left between each plot to allow access to the plots for spraying and sampling. Recommended fertilizer, herbicide, fungicide and irrigation programs were followed during the study. A CO2 sprayer with 3 nozzles per row delivering 70 gallons per acre at 75 psi was used to apply the foliar insecticides. Applications were made on July 1, 13, 23, August 3 and 13. The foliar insects were sampled with an insect net on July 13, 23 and August 3 prior to the insecticide applica- tion on the corresponding days. The plots were rated on August 18 for apparent differences in insect control and plot damage. These data are presented in Tables 1-3. A vine killer was applied in early September and the plots were harvested on September 13. The potato yields, size distribu- tion and specific gravity from the plots are presented in Table 4. Results The principal foliar insect in the evaluation plots was the Colorado Potato Beetle. Since this insect has become of increased importance in the Eastern United States most candidate insecticides have been selected and developed for their control. Most of the foliar materials especially the synthetic pyrethroids and Monitor were effective in controling the beetles. The insect growth regulator materials, Bay Sir 8514 and Larvadex reduced the larval counts more than the adults due to the mode of action of the materials. The soil systemics continued to show their all around effective- ness for this use on potatoes. By recording the adult and larval count separately the life cycle and periods of activity can be determined to help time sprays. The other insects were in such low population pressure that the evaluation of the materials were inconclusive. The plot ratings (Table 3) also gave a good check on beetle control between the new materials. The systemics and the treatments receiving Monitor provided the best protection of the plots and the highest tuber yields. There appeared to be no major effect on the grade size or specific gravity of the tuber samples from the plots. It is important that the new materials be evaluated against all of the major insect pests on potatoes to determine their specificity in overall control programs. Table 1. Potato flea beetle and potato leafhoppers control in the spray plots * Material & Rate/A Foliar Applications Pay Off 0.04 lb Pay Off 0.08 lb Foliar Applications Pydrin 0.1 lb Foliar Applications Foliar Applications Ammo 0.05 lb Pounce 0.10 lb Foliar Applications Ambush 0.10 lb Foliar Applications FCR 1272 0.04 lb Foliar Applications Bay Sir W 0.50 lb Foliar Applications Bay Sir W 0.25 lb Foliar Applications + Monitor .50 lb Bay Sir F 0.50 lb Foliar Applications Bay Sir F 0.25 lb Foliar Applications + Monitor 0.50 lb Monitor 0.75 lb Foliar Applications SN-72129 0.05 lb Foliar Applications SN-72129 0.05 lb Foliar Applications + Monitor 0.50 lb Larvadex 0.50 lb Foliar Applications Larvadex 1.0 lb Foliar Applications Soil Systemics Vydate 2.0 lb Counter 24 oz/th Soil Systemics BASF 263 3 lb Soil Systemics Temik 3 lb Soil Systemics Untreated — Soil Systemics Soil Systemics Untreated — Insects per 30 sweepsPotato Flea Bettle Aug. 3 Insects per 30 sweepsPotato Flea Bettle July 23 Insects per 30 sweepsPotato Flea Bettle July 13 Insects per 30 sweepsPotato Flea Bettle Total Insects per 30 sweeps Potato Leafhoppers July 13 Insects per 30 sweepsPotato Leafhoppers July 23 Insects per 30 sweepsPotato Leafhoppers Aug. 3 Insects per 30 sweepsPotato Leafhoppers Total 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 16 33 19 3 4 17 16 16 19 39 4 21 12 5 11 1 4 2 23 14 0 11 16 38 19 13 17 11 141 61 62 38 12 85 34 37 75 14 3 6 21 77 41 20 32 71 38 16 21 28 157 77 81 77 16 106 46 42 86 15 7 8 44 91 41 0 2 4 0 5 0 0 7 12 11 5 0 0 0 3 6 5 2 1 1 0 2 0 0 4 4 0 3 0 12 14 3 9 4 12 20 2 17 18 4 1 6 2 1 0 0 2 1 0 0 1 6 10 7 10 3 3 4 4 0 1 3 4 1 1 12 0 2 10 5 5 3 1 25 36 21 24 7 15 24 9 23 24 9 6 8 3 15 *Refer to Table 4 for formulations used in the trial. Table 2. Colorado potato beetle control in the spray plots Material & Rate/A* Foliar Pay Off 0.04 lb Pay Off 0.08 Foliar Pydrin 0.10 Foliar Ammo 0.05 Foliar Pounce 0.10 Foliar Ambush 0.10 Foliar FCR 1272 0.04 Foliar Bay Sir W 0.50 Foliar Bay Sir W 0.25 Foliar Bay Sir F 0.50 Foliar Bay Sir F 0.25 Foliar Foliar Monitor 0.75 SN-72129 0.05 Foliar SN-72129 0.05 Foliar Larvadex 0.50 Foliar Larvadex 1.0 Foliar + Monitor 0.50 4- Monitor 0.50 + Monitor 0.50 Soil Systemics Vydate 2 lb Counter 24 oz/th Soil Systemics BASF 263 3 lb Soil Systemics Temik 3 lb Soil Systemics Untreated — Soil Systemics Untreated — Soil Systemics Total of each form. Totals Percent of Total Insects per 30 Sweeps July 13 Insects per 30 Sweeps 23 July Ad La Insects per 30 Sweeps July 13 La Insects per 30 Sweeps July 23 Ad Insects per 30 SweepsAugust 3 Ad Insects per 30 SweepsAugust 3 La Total Total Insects Insects Ad La 0 0 2 1 0 2 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 77 27 21 42 70 149 31 37 9 7 4 121 128 82 122 56 26 32 21 0 125 82 49 33 29 9 69 77 14 80 27 53 14 36 33 11 116 29 13 10 3 2 101 119 12 25 3 15 9 91 14 9 0 5 0 7 3 12 39 5 6 4 8 0 2 33 71 72 66 54 81 75 63 75 22 44 19 55 53 36 80 47 58 24 26 24 74 50 15 50 49 14 33 24 45 4 9 0 4 49 13 13 17 8 24 7 6 2 7 15 120 105 97 64 150 154 77 156 49 97 34 91 86 47 196 77 71 24 29 26 176 169 104 102 73 71 112 264 90 50 18 12 8 177 144 107 178 69 56 43 35 2 134 130 9 1269 12781278 1% 99% 927 302 12291229 75% 25% 1169 408 2095 1979 74% 26% 51% 49% 1577 1577 40744074 *Refer to Table 4 for formulations used in the trial. Table 3. Predators and parasite populations in the spray plots and plot rating on August 18 nearing maturity * Material & Rate/A Foliar Applications Pay Off 0.04 lb Pay Off 0.08 lb Foliar Applications Pydrin 0.10 lb Foliar Applications Ammo 0.05 lb Foliar Applications Pounce 0.10 lb Foliar Applications Ambush 0.10 lb Foliar Applications FOR 1272 0.04 lb Foliar Applications Bay Sir W 0.50 lb Foliar Applications Bay Sir W 0.25 lb Foliar Applications + Monitor 0.50 lb Bay Sir F 0.50 Foliar Applications Bay Sir F 0.25 lb Foliar Applications + Monitor 0.50 lb Monitor 0.75 lb Foliar Applications SN-72129 0.05 lb Foliar Applications SN-72129 0.05 lb Foliar Applications + Monitor 0.50 lb Larvadex 0.50 lb Foliar Applications Larvadex 1.0 lb Foliar Applications Soil Systemics Vydate 2 lb Counter 24 oz/th Soil Systemics BASF 263 3 lb Soil Systemics Temik 3 lb Soil Systemics Untreated — Soil Systemics Untreated — Soil Systemics July 13 July 23 Aug. 3 Total Plot Rating ** 2 1 1 3 1 2 2 5 1 4 3 0 7 2 2 1 7 2 2 2 5 3 2 2 3 2 1 0 1 1 1 6 2 0 2 1 4 1 3 1 1 4 2 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 2 1 1 0 0 0 4 3 4 6 2 2 3 7 3 11 5 0 9 4 6 3 12 4 4 6 7 3 4.3 4.0 4.3 4.0 4.7 4.7 4.0 5.0 3.3 4.3 3.3 4.0 4.3 3.3 4.3 4.3 2.0 4.3 3.3 2.3 5.0 5.0 *Refer to Table 4 for formulations used in the trial. **Plot ratings made on August 18 for apparent insect damage: 1—no apparent insect damage, plots thrifty to 5—most of plants dead or nearly mature. Table 4. Yields and specific gravity of tubers from the spray plots Rate (ai) per A Yield per A Percent by Percent by Grade Size Percent by Grade Grade SizeB's A's Size 10oz Percent by Grade Size Off Type Specific Gravity Material and Formulation Foliar Applications Pay Off 2.5EC Pay Off 2.5EC Foliar Applications Pydrin 2.4EC Foliar Applications Ammo 2.5EC Foliar Applications Pounce 3.2EC Foliar Applications Ambush 2OEC Foliar Applications FCR 1272 240EC Foliar Applications Bay SIR8514 25WP Foliar Applications Bay SIR8514 25WP Foliar Applications Bay SIR 8514 4F Foliar Applications Bay SIR 8514 4F Foliar Applications + Monitor 4L Monitor 4L Foliar Applications SN-72129 50WP Foliar Applications SN-72129 50WP Foliar Applications + Monitor 4L Larvadex 5SC Foliar Applications Larvadex 5SC Foliar Applications 4-Monitor 4L 0.04 lb 0.08 0.10 0.05 0.10 0.10 0.04 0.50 0.25 +0.50 0.50 0.25 +0.50 0.75 0.05 0.05 +0.50 0.50 1.00 377 cwt 392 404 399 386 373 402 339 407 364 413 401 355 409 317 351 362 369 433 470 350 280 17% 18 16 15 19 19 16 22 15 18 16 16 19 16 24 21 18 19 13 11 19 31 76% 76 76 76 73 75 76 71 75 73 73 73 73 77 70 72 73 73 76 78 76 65 3% 1 6 4 3 2 4 1 4 3 6 6 4 4 2 2 1 3 5 5 1 1 4% 5 3 5 5 4 4 6 6 6 5 5 4 3 4 5 8 5 6 6 4 3 1.087 1.086 1.090 1.088 1.087 1.086 1.087 1.085 1.093 1.087 1.085 1.090 1.085 1.086 1.083 1.087 1.088 1.085 1.087 1.088 1.087 1.079 Soil Systemics Vydate 2L Counter 15G Soil Systemics BASF 263 20G Soil Systemics Temik 15G Soil Systemics Soil Systemics Untreated Soil Systemics Untreated 24oz/1000 ft 2.0 3 lb 3 lb — — Etiology of Common & Deep Pitted Scab R. Hammerschmidt and M. E. McLeod Department of Botany and Plant Pathology In the present investigation of potato scab in Michigan we are particularly interested in determining: 1) the cause(s) of deep-pitted scab, stem and stolon cankering and aerial tuber production; and 2) determining why these disorders are increasing in prevalence. The filamentous bacterium Streptomyces scabies has classically been considered the pathogen causing common and pitted potato scab, cut some recent investigators have isolated other Streptomyces species from scabby potatoes. However, other organisms also play a role. For example, Rhizoctonia solani has been suggested to be the causative agent for the condition known as russet scab and has also been shown to cause tuber pitting. In addition, both Rhizoctonia and Streptomyces have been shown to cause stem and stolon cankers and aerial tuber formation under certain conditions. Therefore, as a prelude to further studies, we have isolated a number of organisms from potato scabs and done some partial characterizations of these isolates. We have investigated several systems that might serve as bioassays for pathogenicity of isolates and we have begun preliminary expeirments with stem cankers caused by scab organisms and Rhizoctonia. METHODS Isolations of Streptomyces: Tubers were washed in running water and a block containing the lesion was cut from the tuber and surface sterilized in 10% Clorox. Tissue from beneath the lesion was ground in physiological saline and plated at several dilutions on chitin agar and water agar. Bacteria in the actinomycete group, which includes Streptomyces, form distinctive colonies on these media. After four to seven days incubation, actinomycete colonies were transferred to potato dextrose agar and fresh water agar. Characteristics observed for each isolate were colony morphology, spore chain morphology, colors of substrate mass and aerial mycelia, and production of diffusing pigments on potato dextrose agar. Each isolate was also tested for pigment production on autoclaved potato disks. Isolates were stored on potato dextrose agar slants at 4°C. Isolations of other organisms: Although some fungal isolates were obtained from the actinomycete isolation plates, the majority came from sections across lesions which were placed on water agar and on potato dextrose agar acidified with lactic acid, which inhibits bacterial growth. Debris from deep pits was plated on water agar and on both acidified and unacidified potato dextrose agar. Sclerotia from tuber surfaces were grown out on acidified potato dextrose agar. An attempt was made to identify as many fungal isolates obtained from scab sections and pit debris as possible. Fungal isolates were stored on potato dextrose agar slants at 4°C. Attempts to find a bioassay for pathogenicity of actinomycete and Rhizoctonia isolates: Potato sprouts were grown from surface-sterilized seed pieces in vermicu- lite in a dark cabinet. Apical segments of sprouts were excised and laid on water agar plates. For tests with Rhizoctonia, four mm plugs cut from potato dextrose agar cultures of the isolate were placed next to or on the sprout. For tests with actinomycete isolates, the test plate was inoculated with the isolate prior to the addition of the excised sprout tip. Small tubers (diameter one cm and less) produced at the base of the same sprouts used in the above experiments were excised (leaving a short length of stolon attached where possible) and placed on potato dextrose agar and water agar plates. Four mm plugs from actinomycete cultures were placed against tubers. Some tubers were wounded and the plug placed against the wound. Some seed pieces with small tubers still attached were replanted with the tuber exposed and suspensions of an actinomycete isolate were dropped on both wounded and unwounded tubers. Researchers at Washington State University have used sugar beet seedlings as an assay of pathogenicity of isolates from potato scabs. Several modifica­ tions of their technique were tried. Sugar beet seeds were surface sterilized and placed in large test tubes on several cm of either water agar or Czapek’s agar with a plug from a potato dextrose agar culture of an actinomycete isolate. Seeds were also placed on plates of these media that had been inoculated with actinomycete isolates just prior to the addition of seeds. Seeds that had been germinated in damp germination paper were placed on water agar plates containing cultures of isoltes which were already sporulating. Stem cankers: In a preliminary investigation of the cuase of stem cankers, seed pieces cut from diseased tubers of six varieties of potatoes and having on their surfaces various combinations of scab and Rhizoctonia sclerotia were planted in the greenhouse in steam sterilized soil. Three to four weeks after planting, the young plants were unpotted and examined for stem and stolon cankers. RESULTS Isolations of Streptomyces: To date we have isolated approximately eighty actinomycetes from scabby potato tubers from four counties. Many of these may prove to be identical upon further characterization. Although there is considerable variation among the isolates, the majority have tan to brown substrate masses, produce a grey aerial mass when mature, have a spiraling spore chain, and produce a dark pigment. Isolation of other organisms: Rhizoctonia was fequently isolated from potato scabs. Other fungi associ- ated with pitted scabs include several species of Fusarium, an Alternaria sp., Colletotrichum atramentarium, Botrytis cinerea, Trichoderma sp., and Doratomyces microsporus. Pathogenicity assays: In tests with excised potato sprout tips and Rhizoctonia some isolates pro- duced cankers while some produced only sclerotia, which did not seem to damage the sprout tissue. Tests with potato sprouts and actinomycete isolates were inconclusive and will be repeated using slightly different techniques. The tests with small tubers weer not successful because of a high degree of fungal contamination. These will also be tried again. Pathogenicity of actinomycete isolates to sugar beet seedlings was evidenced in all variations of technique by varying degrees of necrosis of the radicle and in some cases of the entire shoot. Germination was also reduced. The reliability of this assay will be further investigated by repeated experi­ ments and by comparison with results on potato and with results on sugar beets grown in soil. Stem cankers: Although the experiment with diseased seed pieces planted in the greenhouse is ongoing, first observations of the growing stems revealed formation of stem cankers on several plants. This suggests that seed borne inoculum may contrib­ ute to the development of disease symptoms. We are currently determining the relative contribution of actinomycetes and Rhizoctonia in the development of these symptoms. REPRESENTATIVE ACTINOMYCETE ISOLATES FROM SCABBY POTATOES Source Isolate Crystal pitted scab Crystal pitted scab Monona pitted scab Monona surface scab Atlantic pitted scab 88943-4 pitted scab B8972-1 (GoldRus) pitted scab Denali surface scab Denali surface scab Monona pitted scab Onaway pitted scab Onaway raised scab Onaway surface scab Pioneer surface scab #33 #43C M15 M24 Atl-R/P4 B8943-4-P2 B8972-1-P1 Den-S1 Den-S7 Mon-P2 On-P5 On-R3 On-S1 Pio-S2 Colony size and shape on PDA Color of substrate mass; color of mature aerial mass. Pigment on PDA Pigment on potato Spiral spore chain Pathogenicity tests 1 not pathogenic 2 mildly pathogenic 3 markedly pathogenic large, conical Small, convex large, conical large, conical large, conical large, conical large, conical small, convex large, conical large, conical large, conical large, conical large, conical large, conical tan-yellow; light grey bright yellow; dark grey very dark brown; light grey tan-yellow; light grey tan-yellow; light grey tan-yellow; light grey tan-yellow; light grey bright yellow; dark grey bright yellow; light grey tan-yellow; light grey tan-yellow; light grey pale yellow; light grey tan-yellow; light grey tan-yellow light grey + - + + + + + - - - yellow - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - + + + + + + - + + + + + + 3 on sugar beet 2 on potato sprout 2 on sugar beet 2 on sugar beet 3 on sugar beet 3 on sugar beet 3 on sugar beet 2 on sugar beet 2 on sugar beet 1 on sugar beet empty table cell 2 on sugar beet 1 on sugar beet 3 on sugar beet 3 on sugar beet 3 on sugar beet 2 on sugar beet Source Isolate Russet Burbank surface scab Russet Burbank surface scab RB-S1 RB-S4 Rosa pitted scab Russette raised scab 702-80 pitted scab 700-83 surface scab 702-80 pitted scab Sebago raised scab Sebago raised scab Sebago raised scab Sebago raised scab Sebago pitted scab Sebago small surface scab Rosa-R/P3 Russ-R2 36-P1 700-83-S2 702-80-P1 Seb-R3 Seb-R6 Seb-R8 Seb-R9 Seb-P4 Seb-T1 Colony size and shape on PDA small, convex large, conical large, conical large, conical large, conical large, conical large, conical small, convex large, conical large, conical large, conical large, conical small, convex Color of substrate mass; color of mature aerial mass. yellow-green; dark grey tan-yellow; light grey yellow; light grey tan-yellow; light grey tan-yellow; light grey pale tan-yellow; light grey pale tan; light grey yellow; dark grey yellow-green; dark grey tan-yellow; light grey light tan; light grey light tan; light grey yellow-green; dark grey - - Pigment on PDA Pigment on potato Spiral spore chain Pathogenicity tests 1 not pathogenic 2 mildly pathogenic 3 markedly pathogenic - + + + + + + - + + - - + + + + + + + + - + + - - + + + + + + - + + 1 on sugar beet empty table cell 2 on sugar beet 3 on sugar beet 2 on sugar beet 1 on sugar beet 3 on sugar beet empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell + - - empty table cell Weed Control in Potatoes William Meggitt, Richard Leep, Richard Chase, Gary Powell and Richard Kitchen Department of Crop and Soil Sciences Clifford Kahl Dickinson County Extension Director Herbicide treatments for control of annual weeds are shown in the table. 1. The major weed species present were redroot pigweed, common lambsquarter and barnyardgrass. All soil applied herbicides either preplant incorporated (EPTAM) or preemergence provided excellent (97-100%) control of all weeds. Plots that were weed-free at time of early billing (treatments 31-34) and sprayed pre- emergence remained weed-free throughout the season. Any early weeds were covered by the early hilling and then herbicides killed weeds as they germinated. There was no further cultivation after early hilling so no additional was brought up and put in a position for germination as happens when the hilling is carried out later in season after potatoes are 8 inches or greater tall. Postemergence herbicides for control of barnyardgrass gave excellent control in combination with sencor/lexone for broadleaved weeds. The postemergence grass herbicides offer an excellent approach to complete control of barnyardgrass without potato injury. None of the treatments in this study produced any injury on the potatoes. Oil concentrates was added to the postemergence grass herbicides to increase absorption and effectiveness. Potato yields were quite variable and showed no significant reduction. Research in the Upper Peninsula on herbicides for control of annual grasses, broadleaved weeds and quackgrass are presented in Table II. The major weed species present were barnyardgrass, common lambsquarters, redroot pigweed, and quackgrass. Treatments 1 and 3-7 provided good control of quackgrass (80 to 95%) and excellent control of annual weeds (90 to 100%). The pre-plow dalapon treatment resulted in only 55% quackgrass control. A split application of the postemergence herbicides increased quackgrass control slightly compared to a single application. Delayed preemergence treatments of sencor/lexone and lorox provided excellent annual broadleave control. Early preemergence treatment with the above herbicides resulted in poor weed control. Postemergence treatments of sencor/lexone resulted in excellent broadleaved weed control. Soil applied herbicides, Dual, Lasso, and Prowl, gave good barnyardgrass control when applied with a delayed preemergence treatment of lexone/sencor or lorox. The only exception to this was the combination of prowl-lorox. The soil applied grass herbicides ranged in overall barnyardgrass control as follows from best to least control dual>lasso> prowl. Plots 23-25 were applied preemergence after early hilling. No further culti- vation was done after spraying. These treatments resulted in barnyardgrass control from 65% with the prowl-lexone/sencor treatment to 100% with the dual-lexone/sencor treatment. Potato yields were variable, however, treatments which resulted in poor weed control of grasses or broadleaved weeds were generally lower in yield than those treatments with good control. Table I. Weed Control in Potatoes, Montcalm County, Michigan 1982 Date Planted: Variety: Row Spacing: Plot Size: No. of Replications: Incorporation Equipment: Spri May 6, 1982 Russett Burbanks 34" 102" x 50' 3 ngtoot h Drag x 2 Date Treated: PPI - 5/6/82 Pre - 5/8/82 Delayed Pre - 5/21/82 POST - 6/28/82 Date Rated: Soil Texture: Organic Matter: Soil pH: 6/18/82 Loamy Sand 2.0% 6.2 Potatoes - 20", 5% flowering *Treatments 31-34 hilled prior to preemergence treatments. Weeds Present: Redroot pigweed, Common lambsquarters, Barnyardgrass Trt. No. Treatment Lasso + Lexone/Sencor (Pre) Lasso + Lexone/Sencor (Pre) Dual + Lexone/Sencor (Pre) Dual + Lexone/Sencor (Pre) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. S-734 (Pre) + [Lexone/Sencor (D. Pre)] 1 + [1/2] 10.0 10.0 Rate lbs/A 2 + 1/2 1/2 + 1/2 2 + 1/2 1/2 + 1/2 Lasso (Pre) + [Lexone/Sencor (D. Pre)] 2 + [1/2] Dual (Pre) + [Lexone/Sencor (D. Pre)] 2 + [1/2] Prowl + Lexone/Sencor (Pre) Prowl + Lexone/Sencor (Pre) 3/4 + 1/2 1 + 1/2 Prowl (Pre) + [Lexone/Sencor (D. Pre)] 3/4 + [1/2] S-734 (Pre) + [Lexone/Sencor (D. Pre)] 1/2 + [1/2] S-734 (Pre) + [Lexone/Sencor (D. Pre)] 3/4 + [1/2] Rrpw 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 Colq Bygr Injury Yield cwt/A 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 9.7 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 403 392 379 370 355 350 391 362 350 374 345 334 Weed Control in Potatoes, Montcalm County, Michigan 1982 (continued) Trt. No. Treatment S-734 + Lexone/Sencor (Pre.) Lexone/Sencor (0. Pre) + [Poast + OC (POST)] Lexone/Sencor (D. Pre) + [Poast + OC (POST)] Rate lbs/A 3/4 + 1/2 1/4 + [1/8 + 1 qt] 1/4 + [1/4 + 1 qt] 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. Lexone/Sencor (D. Pre) + [Poast + OC (POST)] 1/4 + [1/2 + 1 qt] Lexone/Sencor (D. Pre) + [Fusilade + OC (POST)] Lexone/Sencor (D. Pre) + [Fusilade + OC (POST)] Lexone/Sencor (D. Pre) + [DOWCO 453 + OC (POST)] 1/4 + [1/4 + 1 qt] 1/4 + [3/8 + 1 qt] 1/4 + [1/8 + 1 qt] Lexone/Sencor (D. Pre) + [DOWCO 453 + OC (POST)] 1/4 + [1/4 + 1 qt] Lexone/Sencor (D. Pre) + [CGA 82725 + OC (POST)] 1/4 + [1/4 + 1 qt] Lexone/Sencor (D. Pre) + [Lexone/Sencor + Poast + OC (POST)] 1/4 + [1/4 +1/4+1 qt] No Treatment - Eptam (PPI) + [Lexone/Sencor (D. Pre)] 4 + [1/2] Eptam + Prowl (PPI) Eptam + Prowl (PPI) 3 + 1 4 + 1 Colq Bygr Injury 10.0 10.0 Rrpw 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 0 10.0 10.0 9.7 0 10.0 10.0 9.0 0 10.0 10.0 9.7 Yield cwt/A 355 338 336 340 343 410 339 344 310 333 237 395 385 344 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Table 1. feed Control in Potatoes, Montcalm County, Michigan 1982 continued) Trt. No. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. Treatment Eptam + Extender (PPI) + [Lexone/ Sencor (D. Pre)] Rate Ibs/A 3 + [1/2] S-734 (PPI) + [Lexone/Sencor (D. Pre)] 1/2 + [1/2] S-734 (PPI) + [Lexone/Sencor (D. Pre)] 3/4 + [1/2] S-734 (PPI) + [Lexone/Sencor (D. Pre)] 1 + [1/2] Lasso + Lexone/Sencor * Lasso + Lexone/Sencor * Dual + Lexone/Sencor * Dual + Lexone/Sencor * Dual + Lexone/Sencor (Pre) S-734 + Lexone/Sencor (Pre) Prowl + Lexone/Sencor (Pre) 2 + 1/2 2 1/2 + 1/2 2 + 1/2 2 1/2 + 1/2 1 1/2 + 1/2 1 + 1/2 1 + 1/2 Rrpw Colq Bygr Injury Yield cwt/A 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 381 343 402 379 356 394 373 301 324 327 381 Table II - POTATO YIELD AND WEED CONTROL RATINGS IN THE UPPER PENINSULA - 1982 TOTAL CWT/A NO. 1 CWT/A % NO. 1 % OVER 10 OZ. Weed Control1 BG Weed Control1 PW Weed Control1 LQ Weed Control1 QG 210 66 1.6 9.5 10 208 79.8 1.5 84.8 8.2 5.5 8.5 66.9 4.6 8 291 218 171 63.8 11.6 8.5 10 213 195 255 73.2 2. 7 65.9 3.0 78.2 3.1 208 83.9 4 211 68.9 3.3 248 81.3 4.3 9 9.5 0 0 0 0 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 9.5 10 9.5 10 9 10 10 10 10 8 8 10 10 9.5 10 10 10 TREATMENT 1. Roundup + Lasso + Sencor (PPI) (Pre) (Delay Pre) 2. Dalapon + Lasso + Sencor (PPI) (Pre) (Delay Pre) 3. Eptam + Sencor (PPI) (Delay Pre) 4. Poast + Sencor (Post) (Delay Pre) 5. Poast + Sencor (Sp Post) (Delay Pre) 6. Fusilade + Sencor (Post) (Delay Pre) 7. Fusilade + Sencor (Sp Post) (Delay Pre) 8. Lasso + Sencor (Pre) (Delay Pre) 9. Lasso + Lorox (Pre) (Delay Pre) 10. Dual + Sencor (Pre) (Delay Pre) RATE LB/A 1.5 + 2 + .5 10 + 2 + .5 6 + .5 .5 + .5 .25/.25 + .5 .5 + .5 .25/.25 + .5 2 + .5 2 + 1 2 + .5 318 261 343 326 268 291 296 326 248 306 305 11. Dual + Lorox (Pre) (Delay Pre) 1QG = Quackgrass, BG = Barnyard Grass, PW = Pigweed, LQ = Lambsquarter. 2 + 1 Table II. (continued) TREATMENT 12. Prowl + Sencor (Pre) (Delay Pre) 13. Prowl + Lorox (Pre) (Delay Pre) 14. Lasso + Sencor (Pre) (Pre) 15. Lasso + Lorox (Pre) (Pre) 16. Dual + Sencor (Pre) (Pre) 17. Dual + Lorox (Pre) (Pre) 18. Prowl + Sencor (Pre) (Pre) 19. Prowl + Lorox (Pre) (Pre) (Pre) (Pre) 20. Lasso + Sencor + Sencor (Post) 21. Dual + Sencor + Sencor (Post) 22. Prowl + Sencor + Sencor (Post) (Pre) (Pre) (Pre) (Pre) RATE LB/A .75 + .5 TOTAL CWT/A 274 NO. 1 CWT/A 190 % NO. 1 69.3 % OVER 10 OZ. 1.5 CONTROL WEED WEED CONTROL WEED CONTROL BG QG 0 8.5 PW 10 .75 + 1 2 + .5 2 + 1 2 + .5 2 + 1 .75 + .5 .75 + 1 2 + .5 + .25 2 + .5 + .25 .75 + .5 + .25 140 233 193 256 173 145 231 250 343 204 105 182 148 192 94 99 173 190 269 164 75 78.1 76.7 75 54.3 68. 3 74.9 76 78.4 80.4 0 0 0 3.1 1.7 0 0 1.6 6.4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3.5 3 WEED CONTROLLQ 10 10 9 8.5 9.5 9.5 8 7.5 8 5 5.5 6.5 8.5 8 5.5 6 3.5 5 6.5 5 5.5 9 7 3.5 10 10 10 9 10 10 10 Table II. (continued) 23. Lasso + Sencor (After E. Hilling) 24. Dual + Sencor (After E. Hilling) 25. Prowl + Sencor (After E. Hilling). 2 + .5 2 + .5 .75 + .5 280 332 244 211 284 175 75.3 0 85.5 2. 1 71. 7 2.5 0 0 0 8.5 10 9.5 10 6.5 9 8 10 10 Date Planted: June 3, 1982 Variety: Russet Burbank Row Spacing: 36” Plot Size: 108” x 50' No. of Replications: 3 Incorporation Equipment: Finishing disc IX Date Treated: PrePlow - 5/17/82 PPI - 6/3/82 Delayed Pre & Early Hilling - 6/10/82 Post Post - 7/7/82 - 7/13/82 Date Rated: 7/16/82 Soil Texture: Sandy loam INFLUENCE OF MOCAP 6EC ON THE CONTROL OF PRATYLENCHUS PENETRANS (ROOT-LESION NEMATODE) IN MICHIGAN POTATO (VARIETY SUPERIOR) PRODUCTION G. W. BIRD DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY Mocap 6EC was evaluated for control of the root-lesion nematode (Pratylenchus penetrans) associated with potato (variety Superior) production at the Michigan State University Montacam Potato Research Farm in Entrican, Michigan in 1982. A randomized design was used with four-row plots. Two rows of each plot were treated with the nematicide and two served as non-treated controls. The rows were 34 inches apart and 50 feet in length. Each treatment was replicated three times. Temik 15G was included as a standard nematicide. The treatments were made on May 28, 1982. Temik was applied at-planting in the fertilizer furrow. Mocap 6EC was applied immediately before planting on a broadcast basis and incorporated. There were no significant (P=0.05) differences among the P. penetrans population densities associated with the experimental units at the time of planting. The plots were maintained throughout the growing season under commecial fertilizer, irrigation, and disease and insect management procedures. Nematode samples were taken immediately before treatment, at mid-season and at harvest. The tubers were harvested on September 7, 1982. Both Mocap 6EC and Temik 15G provided excellent control of P. penetrans (see attached Table). Population densities on July 15, 1982 were significantly lower in the plots treated with the non-fumigant nematicides compared to the non-treated controls. All of the treatments resulted in significantly increased total tuber yields. Under these experimental conditions, however, Temik did not significantly increase the weight of US No. 1 tubers. The rate and method of application of Mocab 6EC appears to be very important in obtaining control of P. penetrans. The results obtained in 1982 were similar to those of 1981. Prior to 1981 the Michigan State University nematology research with Mocap had been done using the procedures commercially used for Temik application. Under these conditions nematode control was poor and tuber yields were not increased. Influence of three nematicides on potato (cv Superior) yield and root-lesion nematode (Pratylenchus pentrans) control. Treatment P. penetrans per 3 100 cm soil (5/28/82) P. penetrans per 1.0 g root (7/15/82) Tuber yield (cwt) Tuber yield (cwt) Tuber yield (cwt) A B Jumbo Tuber yield (cwt) Total Non-treated control Mocap 6EC(6.01b a.i./A) Mocap 6EC(9.01b a.l./A) Temik 15G(3.01b a.i./A) 16a 6a 6a 12a 47a 5b Ob 4b 177a 206b 205b 193ab 11a 12a 13a 11a 7a 8a 8a 13a 195a 226b 226b 217b 1Column means followed by the same letter are not significantly different (P=0.05) according to the Student-Newman-Kuels Multiple Range Test. INFLUENCE OF NON-FUMIGANT NEMATICIDES ON THE CONTROL OF PRATYLENCHUS PENETRANS (ROOT-LESION NEMATODE) IN MICHIGAN PORATO (VARIETY SUPERIOR) PRODUCTION G. W. Bird DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY Temik 15G, Oxamyl 10G, Vydate 2L and Mocap 10G were evaluated for control of the root-lesion nematode (Pratylenchus penetrans) associated with potato (variety Superior) production at the Michigan State University Montcalm Potato Research Farm in Entrican, Michigan in 1982. A complete randomized block design was used with five replications of each treatment. Seed pieces were planted May, 10, 1982 in rows 34 inches apart and 50 feet in length. Each experimental unit consisted of a four-row plot. The nematicides were applied in-furrow at planting or on a broadcast basis and incorporated immediately before planting. A total of eight treatments were included in the test. Commercial fertilizer, irrigation and insect and disease procedures were used throughout the growing season. Nematode samples were taken before treatment, at mid-season and at harvest. The tubers were harvested on September 7, 1982. All of the nematicide treatment resulted in significantly (P=0.05) greater yields than the non-treated control (see attached Table). There was a similar increase in the productivity of US No. 1 tubers. Temik 15G and the high rate of Oxamyl 10G resulted in an increase in the productivity of oversize tubers. There were no significant differences in the population densities of P. penetrans among the plots at the time of treatment and planting. All of the nematicide treatments significantly reduced the number of P. penetrans recovered from potato root tissue on July 15, 1982. The treatments had no influence on tuber specific gravity. All of the non-fumigant nematicides evaluated in this trial provided excellent nematode control and resulted in improved potato tuber yields. The method of application and rate of nematicide used were very important factors. In many previous nematicide trials with Mocap, Vydate and Oxamyl the results have not been as good as those obtained with Temik. It is now possible to use each of these materials in a specifc manner that will provide similar nematode control and yield response. Influence of non-fumigant nematicides on the control of Pratylenchus penetrans and yield of Solarum tuberosum (cv Superior) Treatment, formulation, lbs a.i. per acre and method of application Yield (cwt/A) Yield (cwt/A) Total A Yield (cwt/A) B Yield (cwt/A) Jumbo P. Penetrans per 100 cm3 soil (5/10/82) Temik 15G, 3.0 (in-furrow) Oxamyl 10G, 4.0 (in-furrow) Oxamyl 10G, 6.0 (broadcast) Vydate 2L, 6.0 (broadcast) Mocap 10G, 6.0 (broadcast) Mocap 10G, 9.0 (broadcast) Mocap 10G,12.0 (broadcast) Non-treated control 231b1 229b 285d 252bcd 242bc 257bcd 272cd 185a 205b 206b 254c 227bc 219bc 235bc 249c 163a 18a 18a 20a 19a 18a 19a 18a 19a 9b 5ab 9b 7ab 4ab 4ab 5ab 3a 14a 10a 5a 16a 17a 17a 13a 7a P. penetrans per 1.0g root (7/15/82) 3a 8a la 10a 2a 0a 0a 94b Specific gravity 1.0716a 1.0732a 1.0736a 1.0760a 1.0758a 1.0742a 1.0756a 1.0758a 1Column means followed by the same letter are not significantly (P=0.05) different according to the Student-Newman- Kuels Multiple Range Test. 1982 Potato Survey Report G. W. Bird Department of Entomology Michigan State University A nematode surevey of Michigan potato production was conducted in 1982. The objective of the study to determine the impact of Temik on potato production in Michigan from 1975-1982 in relation to the long-term potential of this product as a nematicide-insecticide. The procedure and sites used in the survey were similar to those of the survey sponsored by the Michigan potato Industry commission in 1975. The data were used to conduct a nematode crop loss-benefit assessment analysis of Michigan potato production. The 1982 survey consisted of 96 sites in fifteen different potato grow- ing regions (Table 1). Each site represented five acres. Approximately 1.2% of the 1982 Michigan potato acreage was surveyed for plant parasitic nematodes. In most cases it was possible to sample the same locations as surveyed in 1975. The number of sites per acre surveyed depended on the all potato acreage of the region. Eighty-nine percent of the sites in the 1982 survey were treated with at-planting systemic nematicides-insecticides (Table 2). This was an increase of 4% compared with 1975. Five different materials were used for pre-plant or at-planting nematode and insect control. Temik 15G was by far the most common. Temik use increased 18% between 1975 and 1982. The use of DiSyston decreased 26%. There was in increase in the use of Furadan. Vorlex and Thimet remained constant. The nematicide-insecticide useage pattern varied among the regions (Table 3). Seveteen potato varies were grown in the sites sampled in the nematode survey. Eight varieties represented 69% of the acreage (Table 4). Superior, Onaway, Russet Burbank and Monona were the most commonly grown varieties. Between 1975 and 1982 there was a decrease in the use of Norchip. The variety Atlantic was encountered in 2% of the acreage surveyed in 1982. There appeared to be an increase in the diversity of potato cultivars grown in Michigan between 1975 and 1982. Thirty-one different types of crop rotations were identified in the 1982 nematode survey. Potatoes were grown on a continuous basis in 21% of the sites. Forty-four percent of the locations were in a 2-year rotation, and 30% of the sites were in a three-year or longer rotation (Table 5). There were numerous minor variations in the rotation systems used. In general they included small grains, corn, beans and various legumes (Table 6). The root-lesion nematode was recovered from 92% of the sites sampled in the 1982 nematode survey (Table 7). This was a slight increase over 1975. Root-knot nematodes were recovered from 66 and 42% of the sites surveyed in 1975 and 1982, respectively. There was extensive variation in root-lesion nematode occurrence among the various regions (Table 8). In general, however, there was excellent correlation between the 1975 and 1982 survey results. As with the 1975 survey, nematode control with both Temik and Vorlex was observed from an anlysis of the survey data. Relatively high nematode population densities were associated with the Furadan, DiSyston, and sites not receiving an at-planting insecticide-nematicide treatment (Table 9). Using an initial root-lesion nematode population density pathogenicity threshold of 100 nematodes per 100 cm3 of soil, and a predisposition agent threshold of 10 per 100 cm3 of soil, this nematode was estimated to be a pathogen in 18% of the sites sampled and a predisposition agent in 71% of the sites (Table 10). Compared with 1975, this was a slight decrease in the role of this nematode as a pathogen, and an increase in its role as a predisposition agent. The survey data made it possible to conduct a comprehensive crop loss- benefit analysis associated with the root-lesion nematode in Michigan potato production. The potential estimated loss was 18%; however, the actual estimated loss was only 4% (Table 11) . Nematicide treatments cost a total of $1,256,000. Approximately 37% of this was unnecessary. Management of the root-lesion nematode resulted in an 11% benefit to Michigan potato producers. Only 56% of the sites were properly managed for control of the root-lesion nematode. Twenty-nine percent of the sites were treated with the nematicide when it was not needed. Fifteen percent of the sites required additional nematode management. Although research data are not available for a comprehensive analysis of the root-knot nematode associated with Michigan potato production, population information about this nematode was recorded throughout the survey. There appeared to be a slight increase in the average root-knot nematode population density associated with Michigan potato production (Table 12). At this time, the Columbia root-knot nematode has not been found in Michigan. Table 1. Michigan potato producing regions by estimated acreage and number of fields sampled during the 1975 and 1982 nematode surveys. Estimated potato acreage and regions Over 5,000 acres Montcalm-Kent-Mecosta-Gratiot-Ionia Region Bay-Arenac-Saginaw-Tuscola Region Over 5,000 acres 1,000-5,000 acres Monroe-Lenawee Region Jackson-Calhoun-Eaton-Ingham Region 1,000-5,000 acres Allegan County 1,000-5,000 acres 1,000-5,000 acres Antrim County Presque Isle-Alpena Region 1,000-5,000 acres Iron-Dickinson Region 1,000-5,000 acres Less than 1,000 acres Van Buren County s Lapeer County Less than 1,000 acre s Manistee County Less than 1,000 acre s Emmet County Less than 1,000 acre s Delta-Marquette Region Less than 1,000 acre s Houghton County Less than 1,000 acre 1 Sites sampled 1975 sampled1 Sites 1982 39 36 9 9 12 10 10 10 5 3 3 3 6 10 17 13 8 5 7 6 6 8 3 0 3 3 5 4 1Each field represented 5 acres. Circa 2% of the Michigan potato acreage was included in the survey in 1975 and 1.2% in 1982. Table 2. At-planting nematicide-insecticide use in potato production in Michigan in 1975 and 1982.1 Acreage treated (%) treated (%) Acreage 1982 Chemical At-planting systemic nematicides-insecticides Temik DiSyston Vorlex Furadan Thimet Non-treated 1975 85 46 35 2 1 1 15 89 64 9 3 12 3 11 1Based on a survey of circa 2% of the potato acreage in 1975 and 1.2% in 1982. Table 3. At-planting systemic nematicide-insecticide use pattern in Michigan in 1982. 1 Areas Montcalm (14) Presque Isle (6) Van Buren (3) Manistee (3) Emmet (5) Delta (8) Monroe (6) Antrim (7) Allegan (13) Bay (4) Houghton (4) Dickinson (4) Iron (4) Luce (4) Jackson (5) Pesticide use (%) Temik Pesticide use (%) Vorlex Pesticide use (%) Pesticide use (%) Pesticide use (%) Thimet Furadan DiSyston Pesticide use (%) No Systemic 100 33 0 0 100 0 100 83 14 62 0 100 75 100 100 21 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 0 42 0 50 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 50 0 25 0 0 0 17 0 0 0 0 0 17 42 38 0 0 0 0 0 1Each field represented 5 acres. Circa 2% of the Michigan potato acreage was included in the survey in 1975 and 1.2% in 1982. Table 4. Michigan potato varieties on farms surveyed for nematodes in 1975 and 1982. Variety Superior Katahdin Onaway Russet Burbank Atlantic Norchip Monona Sabago Other Occurence (%) 1975 Occurence (%) 1982 12 7 13 13 0 19 10 6 22 11 7 16 13 2 5 13 2 31 lEach field represented 5 acres. Circa 2% of the Michigan potato acreage was included in the survey in 1975 and 1.2% in 1982. 2 17 varieties grown. Table 5. Rotations and crops encountered in the 1975 and 1982 Michigan potato nematode surveys. Rotation type Continuous potatoes Potatoes for 2 years Potatoes every other year Potatoes Less than every other year Unknown Number of systems used 17 (varieties) 1 14 (rotations) 16 (rotations) empty table cell Occurrece (%) Occurrece (%) 1975 1982 27 5 48 9 11 21 1 44 30 4 Table 6. Michigan potato production system rotation identified in the 1982 nematicide survey. System Occurrence (%) Continuous potatoes Two-year rotation Small grains Corn Beans Small grain-legume mixtures Other Three-year rotations Fallow/small grain or legume Small grain/legume Small grain or corn Four-year or more rotations Hay Corn Small Grain Beans Unknown 21 44 16 15 4 Table 7. Root-lesion and root-knot nematodes recovered during the 1975 and 1982 Michigan potato nematode surveys. Nematode Root-lesion (Pratylcnchus spp.) Root-knot (Meloidogyne spp.) 88 66 Number per 100 cm3 soil1 Number per 100 cm3 soil1 1975 1982 92 42 1 Based on an analysis of ca 2 and 1.2% of Michigan potato acreage in 1975 and 1982, respectively. Table 8. Occurrence of Pratylenchus (root-lesion nematode) in Michigan potato production. Area Montcalm Bay Allegan Antrim Dickinson-Iron Monroe Presque Isle Delta Emmet Houghton Jackson Luce Manistee Van Buren Tota1 Nematodes per 100 cm3 soil 1975 Nematodes per 100 cm3 soil 1982 11 214 26 106 142 4 33 101 17 30 18 - 525 12 88 36 25 23 113 72 27 53 367 3 37 2 34 875 136 92 Table 9. Root—lesion and root-knot nematodes in relation to nematicides- insecticides used in Michigan potato production. Treatment (Sites surveyed) Total (86) Temik (57) Vorlex (3) Furadan (11) Thimet (3) DiSyston (8) No treatment (7) Nematodes per 100cm Root-lesion Nematodes per 100cm3 soil1 3 soil1 Root-knot 92 35 0 294 38 237 95 42 36 0 32 4 75 89 1 Mid-season sampling of five area portions of potato fields. Table 10. Estimated impact of the root-lesion nematode on Michigan potato production. Area Montcalm Bay Allegan Antrim Dickinson-Iron Monroe Presque Isle Delta Emmet Houghton Jackson Luce Manis tee Van Buren Total Root-lesion nematode problem sites (%)1 Pathoge n 1975 Root-lesion nematode problem sites (%)1 Pathoge n 1982 Root-lesion nematode problem sites (%)1 Predisposition agent 1975 Root-lesion nematode problem sites (%)1Predisposition agent 1982 0 8 8 80 70 0 10 67 0 100 11 - 100 0 23 14 8 0 33 13 0 33 60 0 0 0 25 100 33 18 49 42 75 100 70 10 70 100 100 100 44 - 100 60 60 79 54 71 83 50 75 100 100 0 100 0 75 100 100 71 1 Analysis based on a pathogenicity threshold of P = 100 Pratylenchus per 100 cm3 soil and a predisposition agent threshold of P1 = 10 Pratylenchus per 100 cm3 soil. Table 11. Influence of the root-lesion nematode on Michigan potato production in 1982. Loss-Benefit Analysis Estimated potential loss 1982 Unnecessary treatment cost Loss-Benefit Analysis 1982 Crop loss estimate Loss-Benefit Analysis 1982 Treatment cost Loss-Benefit Analysis 1982 Total cost Loss-Benefit Analysis Management system benefit Loss-Benefit Analysis Management System Analysis $7,838,400 464,000 1,870,000 1,256,000 3,126,000 $4,712,400 Sites properly managed Sites over-treated Management System Analysis Sites needing additional management Management System Analysis 56% 29% 15% (18%) (37%) ( A%) ( 3%) ( 7%) (11%) empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell Table 12. Occurrence of Meloidogyne (root-knot nematode) in Michigan potato production. Area Montcalm Bay Allegan Antrim Dickinson-Iron Montroe Presque Isle Delta Emmet Houghton Jackson Luce Manist Van Buren Total Nematodes per 100 cm3 soil Nematodes per 100 cm3 soil 1975 1982 6 48 99 3 88 64 82 114 0 0 109 8 0 0 42 0 7 26 621 175 17 161 22 4 18 0 - 0 1 66 Irrigation Management for Potatoes M.L. Vitosh, T. Louden and D. Warncke by This project consisted of three separate studies (1) irrigation scheduling on growers farms; (2) measurement of evapotranspiration for potatoes and (3) an evaluation of methods of measuring soil moisture and irrigation scheduling for potatoes grown on organic soils. These studies will be presented individually in the order presented above. ON-FARM IRRIGATION SCHEDULING An irrigation scheduling program was set up on 13 sites in Montcalm County and one in Berrien County. In addition, tensiometers were provided for several growers in Cass, Otsego and Dickinson Counties. The irrigation scheduling program in Montcalm and Berrien Counties was implemented through the pest management scouting program. The other locations were assisted through the County Extension Service Offices. At each of the locations 4-6 tensiometers were installed at 12 and 18 inch depths during June prior to irrigation. Pest scouts were instructed to visit the field twice a week to make tensiometer readings and leave a record of the soil moisture content, the current estimate of daily crop water use and an estimate of how soon irrigation would be required if rain did not occur. At seasons end an evaluation form was given to each cooperator to evaluate the program. RESULTS Results varied from being highly successful to being of little value where the information provided to the irrigator was not used. Most cooperators rated the program as good, although some did not understand how the information was calculated or how to use it. Most cooperators indicated that they did not always use the information provided but did use it some of the time. All cooperators felt that irrigation scheduling was very important to their operation and deserved the attention and time necessary to make the readings and to do the calculations. One of the most surprising comments of the survey was that several irrigators did not understand how to use tensiometers to schedule irrigation water. This comment may have been made because there were some problems at several locations with the proper functioning of the tensiometers. Early in the season most tensiometers functioned very good but as the season progressed, more and more failures occurred. One possible reason for this is that as the soil dries out, it does not rewet uniformly around the poreous ceramic tip with added rainfall or irrigation. The only solution at this point is to reestablish the tensiometers after the soil has been thoroughly rewetted. In some locations this was done, however there were other locations where it was not done due to lack of time and competition for reporting other pest information. All cooperators indicated an interest in an educational program concerning the benefits and "How to's" of irrigation scheduling for potatoes. This will be a continuing effort for my Extension activities. A summary of each location's irrigation and soil moisture record was not attempted because accurate data was not always on rainfall, amount of irrigation water applied, date or time of application with respect to date and time of tensiometer readings. Getting accurate information to be able to use the water balance approach to irrigation scheduling is crucial to this procedure. Because many irrigators do not have good records of this information or are not willing to take the time to get it, some method of measuring soil moisture is the next best alternative. The use of tensiometers for determining when to irrigate are excellent if they can be kept in proper functioning order throughout the season. From a general review of the tensiometer charts and soil moisture calculations many growers are overly concerned about keeping the soil wet. As a result, some are wasting water and leaching nitrogen below the root zone. At several locations, tensiometers rarely get above 20 centibars. My research would indicate no advantage of keeping the soil that wet. If soil moisture is maintained below 50 centibars, one can expect optimum yields and better control of leaching. Such a practice should improve the nitrogen and water use efficiency, possibly lowering the amount of nitrogen fertilizer required and improve the net return per acre. MEASUREMENT OF TRANSPIRATION During the summer of 1982, a team in the Agricultural Engineering Department, consisting of Eric Harmsen, Gary Peterson, Graduate Assistants; George E. Merva, Professor; and Ted Loudon, Associate Professor were involved in the development of a portable plastic chamber for directly measuring evapotranspiration in the field. The chamber is a metal framed box with a film plastic cover and a top which opens and closes. Dimensions in the box are 4' x 4' x 5' high. Within the chamber paired termisters measure wet and dry bulb temperature many times over a short measurement interval. In use, the chamber is lowered down over selected plants in the field using a boom structure mounted on the three point hitch of a tractor. The chamber is lowered with the top open so that the air profile in the crop canopy and just above it is not disturbed as the chamber is put in place. Ninety-six values of wet and dry bulb temperature are logged over 36 second period of time into a small computer mounted on the tractor. This process allows us to determine the rate of vapor density increase within the chamber over the short measurement interval. With this chamber we can directly compare evapotranspiration rates for different varieties, different management schemes, or different crops under the same environ- mental conditions. Measurements made approximately once an hour can be summed over the day to determine the total daily evapotranspiration. Measurements were made over potatoes on the MSU farm for several days this summer. In addition, the chamber was used at the Montcalm Research Farm potato field day on August 18, 1982. We believe this method has great potential for future use. We are still in the process of analyzing data and determining whether our first runs this year actually yielded useful data. Several ideas have been generated for improving both the chamber and the instrumentation used. IRRIGATION SCHEDULING FOR ORGANIC SOILS Potatoes were grown at the Muck Experimental Farm for purposes of evaluating methods of irrigation scheduling. Tensiometers were installed and water evaporation was measured with the use of a 30 gallon plastic pail. Evaporation of water from the plastic pail was assumed to be equivalent to the evapotranspiration (crop water use) of potatoes. A plastic pail was also installed at the Jim Shoemaker farm in Allegan County. RESULTS Tensiometers were found to be in general unsatisfactory on organic soils. Water is held at such low tension that tensiometers did not respond sufficiently to changes in soil moisture so that they could be used reliably for determining when to irrigate. The plastic pail for estimating crop water use tends to over- estimate crop water use. More work is needed on this method to determine the appropriate correction factor. Meanwhile irrigation management for organic soils lack the state of the art that has been developed for mineral soils. Experience is still the best teacher. Climatilogical methods of estimating evapotranspiration of potatoes grown on organic soils still needs to be evaluated. The use of the neutron electron probe for measuring soil moisture was considered but determined unuseable on organic soils because of the large amount of hydrogen ions associated with the organic matter. Biology & Control Strategies for Insect Pests of Potatoes E. Grafius and M.A. Otto Department of Entomology Research in 1982 emphasized: 1. Evaluation of insecticide resistance in Colorado po- tato beetles in Michigan and 2. Assessment of control strat- egies and aphid economic thresholds Colorado Potato Beetle Insecticide Resistance Trials were conducted on field collected or laboratory reared beetles from 5 locations, including fields where resistance was suspected and fields representing other regions in the state. Beetles were treated with technical grade parathion or Temik, dissolved in absolute alcohol and diluted with acetone. Treatments were applied directly to the abdomen of each beetle with a micro-syringe. 40 adults per dose were used in most of the trials. After treatment, beetles were kept in the laboratory, fed untreated potato leaves, and checked for survival daily for five days. Results clearly indicate difference in susceptibility to parathion and Temik. Monroe field 1 beetles (suspected resistant) commonly survived doses of parathion that were 100 x the dose that killed all beetles from Montcalm Co. or Imlay City (Table 1). Results with Temik were less dramatic, but still showed decreased susceptibility of the Monroe field 1 beetles. The dosages required to kill 50% or 90% of the population (LD50 or LD90) were calculated for accurate comparisons between the beetle populations. LD50 values for parathion were 100 x greater for Monroe field 1 beetles than other populations and LD90's were 500 x or more greater (Table 2). Temik LD50 and LD90 values were 3-7 x greater for the Monroe field 1 beetles Table 3). The results clearly indicate that beetles from Monroe field 1 are much less susceptible, apparently to the point where field control is difficult. Future studies will evaluate other insecticides and will include beetles from Antrim Co., probably highly susceptible. Resistance problems on the East Coast, especially Long Island, are extreme. Michigan is apparently heading in the same direction. How- ever, we can deal with this problem if we act now to: 1) 2) 3) identify problem beetle populations initiate strong educational programs toward chemical management begin investigation of biological control as a possible aid to chemical control programs Assessment of Control Strategies Insect Pest Management and Insecticide Resistance Managemnt are both based on using insecticides only when needed. Growers need to gain more confidence in their ability to assess insect populations and to use this information to protect their potatoes from economic losses due to insects. Thus, this demonstration was designed. One range of potatoes at the Montcalm Experimental Farm was used, to get fairly large areas per treatment. Treatment consisted of: the varieties Onaway and Russet Burbank; Temik and Furadan; and two different foliar insecticide schedules (Table 4). These treatments were designed to create a range of insect populations at different potato growth stages. Insect population levels were assessed by the Montcalm County Integrated Pest Management scouts, using their normal sampling procedures. Foliar treatment schedule 1, attempted to keep insects from being a problem. Foliar schedule 2 allowed insect populations to rise above MSU action threshold recommendations. Aphids, primarily green peach, were the only insects to rise above the action threshold. Their numbers varied widely between treatments (Table 5). However, there were no significant yield differences between treatments, despite the fact that aphid numbers rose to 606/100 leaves (more than 20 times the action threshold) in one treatment. This demonstrates the inherently conservative nature of our action threshold recommendations. In the 1980's in Michigan, Colorado potato beetle insecticide resistance management is going to become increasingly important. Slowing the rate of resistance development will be a primary concern. A key to this will be using insecticides only when needed to reduce the selection pressure on the population. Table 1. Mortality of Colorado potato beetles treated with parathion or Temik, 48 hours after treatment. empty table cell Dose (µl/beetle) % Mortality (48 hrs.) % Mortality (48 hrs.) % Mortality (48 hrs.) Monroe Co. % Mortality (48 hrs.) Field 1 Field 2 Monroe Co. East Lansing Mont- calm Co. % Mortality (48 hrs.) Imlay City Parathion Parathion Parathion Parathion Parathion .001 .01 . 1 1.0 10.0 Temik Temik Temik Temik Temik 1 10 30 50 70 — 0 38 67 100 0 55 88 98 100 18 40 92 - - 20 65 100 100 100 8 88 100 - - 35 93 98 100 - - 100 100 100 - - - - - - — 100 100 100 - - - - - - Table 2. 50 and 90% lethal dose values lor Colorado potato beetles treated with parathion (µl active ingredient per beetle). empty table cell 50% Parathion Topical LD (ul/beetle) Parathion Topical LD (ul/beetle) 90% Monroe Co. Field 1 Field 2 Monroe Co. East Lansing Montcalm Co. Imlay City 0.33 0.003 0.003 5.27 0.01 0.01 <<0.01 <<0.01 <<0.01 <<0.01 Table 3. 50 and 90% lethal dose values for Colorado potato beetles treated with Temik (µl active ingredient per beetle). empty table cell Monroe Co. Field 1 Field 2 Monroe Co. East Lansing 50% Topical LD ( TEMIK µg/beetle) TEMIK Topical LD ( µg/beetle) 90% 8.4 2.0 1.4 26.0 1 1.1 8.1 Table 4. Foliar Insecticide Treatments Treatment 1 2 1 1 2 2 Date 7/9 7/28 8/4 7/9 8/4 8/11 Chemical and Rate lbs AI/A Thiodan Monitor Pydrin Thiodan Pydrin Monitor 1.0 .75 .1 1.0 .1 .75 Table 5. Effects of Selected Treatments on Peak Aphid Populations and Yield Variety Systemic1 Foliar2 Peak Aphid Population 3 (#/100 leaves) and date Onaway Onaway Onaway Onaway Temik Temik Furadan Furadan Russet Burbank Temik Russet Burbank Russet Burbank Temik Furadan Russet Burbank Furadan 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 0 76 28 156 0 6 39 606 July 30 July 30 Aug. 135 Aug. 6 July 23 Aug. 6 1. Rate of application 3 lbs A.I. per acre 2. See Table 4 for spray schedule 3. Action threshold estimated to be 30/100 leaves 4. 100 lbs/50 ft - 307.5 cwt/acre 5. Very late - most vines were dead or dying Yield (lbs/50 ft + S.E.)4 A 118.2 115.3 120. 1 119.7 81.3 87.7 75.5 81.0 Yield (lbs/50 ft + S.E.)4 SE Yield (lbs/50 ft + S.E.)4 Over 2.0 3.1 1.8 2.6 2.4 4.0 3.0 2.9 9.9 13.3 15.6 17.5 20.4 20.3 20.0 21 .2 Yield (lbs/50 ft + S.E.)4 SE 1.6 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.3 2.3 2.0 1.3 Yield (lbs/50 ft + S.E.)4 A+O 128.1 127.7 120. 1 119.7 101 .8 108.1 95.6 102.3 Yield (lbs/50 ft + S.E.)4 SE 3.1 4.0 3.0 3.1 2.4 3.7 2.8 2.1 THE INFLUENCE OF SELECTED PRODUCTION MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON POTATO YIELD, QUALITY AND NUTRITION M.L. Vitosh, G.W. Bird, R. Hammerschmidt, R.W. Chase, E. Grafius and M. Otto Departments of Crop and Soil Sciences, Entomology, and Botany-Plant Pathology The objective of the 1982 study was to optimize the inputs necessary for maximum tuber yield and excellent quality. From 1977 to 1980 a series of experiments were conducted to examine various nutrient-nematicide inter- actions. The 1981 and 1982 experiments are a culmination of this infor- mation plus an additional component, crop rotation. Superior, Russet Burbank, Atlantic and Denali varieties were evaluated in corn and alfalfa rotations. METHODS In the spring of 1980 and again in 1981 one range of corn and one range of alfalfa were planted side by side. The alfalfa was cut periodically and the top growth was left for soil organic matter accumulation. The corn was harvested for grain and the stalks left in the field. Both plots were plowed the last week of April, 1982. The plots that required fumigation received 10 gallons of Vorlex per acre chiseled in at an eight-inch depth on April 26th. All other plots received the same tillage but no Vorlex was added. Treatment applications and planting were completed on May 10th. Each plot consisted of four rows 50 feet long having 34 inch row width and 8 to 12 inches between seed pieces. Russet Burbank was evaluated using a 2 by 3 factorial design with 5 replications. Atlantic and Denali received only the highest rate of nitrogen (225 Ib/A). Temik 15G at 3.0 lb active ingredient per acre was applied at planting, in a band beside the seed furrow. Fertilizer was banded two inches to the side and below the seed pieces. All plots received 150 lbs IGO per acre and 150 lbs P205 per acre. There were two nitrogen treatments, 75 and 225 lb N per acre; All plots received 75 lbs N at planting but the high N (225 lb N/A) plots received two sidedressings of 75 lbs N per acre. The nitrogen form was urea. Soil tests were obtained from random samples in both ranges prior to planting. Plant nutrient composition was determined on potato petioles sampled on June 22. RESULTS All plots were vine killed on September 18 and harvested on September 23 and 24. The yield data are shown in tables 1 and 2. Tubers were graded on the harvestor into four categories, off-type, over size, under size and U.S. No. 1's. The U.S. No. 1 category includes all tubers greater than two inches in diameter having no signs of rot. The undersize category includes all tubers under two inches in diameter. The over size category for the Russet Burbank variety includes all tubers weighing 10 ounces or more. For the other varieties over size tubers were those tubers greater than 3 1/4 inches in diameter. Off-type tubers are representative of knobby tubers found in the Russet Burbank variety only. The maximum yield of U.S. No. 1 tubers for each variety was obtained with the highest level of the treatments (225 lb N/A and Temik and Vorlex). Yield increases due to Vorlex were largest in the alfalfa rotation. Although small yield increases were observed for Vorlex in the corn rotation, the differences were not statistically significant (P = .05). Temik increased the yield of U.S. No. 1 tubers over the check (no nematicide) in nearly all comparisons at both nitrogen levels and in both rotations. Temik significantly reduced the amount of small Russet Burbank tubers at the low nitrogen rate while having little or no affect on small tuber yield at the higher nitrogen rate. Both higher nitrogen level and Temik increased the yield of large tubers. Vorlex increased the yield of large Atlantic tubers only in the alfalfa rotation otherwise Vorlex had little affect on large tuber size. Off-type tubers observed only in the Russet Burbank variety were significantly affected by the nitrogen and nematicide treatments. The specific gravity of Atlantic and Denali tubers was significantly higher than Russet Burbank. Nutrient Composition of Potato Petioles The nutrient composition of potato petioles samples on June 23 are shown in tables 3 and 4. Nitrate nitrogen levels were below the normal sufficiency levels at the time of sampling however the amount found in the potato petioles was directly related to the rate of nitrogen fertilizer application. Slightly higher nitrate levels were observed in the alfalfa rotation, particularly at the low rate of nitrogen fertilizer (75 lb N/A). We cannot explain the below normal NO3 -nitrogen values found in 1982. All other nutrients determined were found to be within the sufficiency ranges. Phosphorus values appeared to be higher than in previous years. The higher rate of nitrogen also decreased the phosphate levels present. Vorlex as in previous years tended to decrease the level of manganese found in potato petioles in both rotations and four both varieties. The lowest levels of manganese however were still well above the critical level of 30 parts per million (ppm). Other nutrients which were found to be significantly affected by the treatments were calcium, magnesium, zinc, iron and boron but the differences were not consistent for similar comparisons in both rotations or within each nitrogen level and can only be explained as usual variation. Root-lesion Nematode Control Excellent root-lesion nematode (Pratylenchus penetrans) control was obtained with both Temik 15G and the Temik plus vorlex treatment (Tables 8-9). As in previous trials, Temik provided season-long control of the root-lesion nematode following both the corn and alfalfa rotations. The response to nematode control was observed for both Russet Burbank and Atlantic and with Russet Burbank at both nitrogen levels. Denali yields were high and nematode control appeared to be good. In a number of cases the highest population densities were associated with the low nitrogen treatment. Initial nematode population densities were greater after alfalfa than following corn. FOLIAR DISEASE RATINGS Observations on the development of foliar disease symptoms (primarily early blight) were made during the growing season. Early blight was chosen for these observations since general health of the plant is known to be related to disease severity and the fact the farm was under high early blight pressure the previous year. In general, high nitrogen combined with temik or temik + Vorlex gave the best protection against the develop­ ment of early blight. Wilt and early dying were observed throughout the plot. However, no major visual differences were observed within or among the treatments. No late blight was observed in the plots and only a few plants exhibited botrytis blight. Treatment Check Temik Temik + Vorlex Check Temik Temik + Vorlex Check Temik Temik + Vorlex Temik + Vorlex N 75 75 75 225 225 225 225 225 225 225 EARLY BLIGHT RATINGS Variety 7/14 Disease Ratings1 Disease Ratings 1 Disease Ratings1 8/18 7/28 Disease Ratings 18/25 RB RB RB RB RB RB AT AT AT DE 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 1.8 2.2 0.8 0.8 0.2 2.0 1.6 1.4 0.2 4.0 2.2 2.8 1.4 1.2 0.4 3.6 2.6 2.4 0.4 4.0 3.2 3.4 2.0 2.0 0.6 4.0 3.0 3.0 0.6 1Rated on a scale of 0-4, based on per cent leaf coverage by lesions. 0 = no symptoms 1 = 1-10% coverage 2 = 11-20% coverage 3 = 21-40% coverage 4 = over 41% coverage Economics Compared with the 75 lb N non-treated control, net returns from the various management systems at five market values ranged from $116 to $1,096 per acre following corn, and $-85 to $1,222 per acre following alfalfa (Tables 5 and 6). The data illustrate the need for accurate information about the system and specific objectives prior to making management decisions. Projected returns were generally greater for Atlantic and Denali than for Russet Burbank. At the lower management levels the projected returns were generally greater with the corn rotation than for the alfalfa system (Table 7). The alfalfa system, however, was necessary for maximum returns. Table 1 Influence of nematicides and nitrogen on the tuber yield and specific gravity of three potato cultivars grown after rotation with corn. Treatment Yield Yield (cwt/A) Yield (cwt/A)Total (cwt/A) US #1 Under-size Yield (cwt/A) Over-size Yield (cwt/A) Off-type 75 lb N Russet Burbank Control 75 lb N Russet Burbank Temik Temik & Vorlex 75 lb N Russet Burbank 225 lb N Russet Burbank Control 225 lb NRusset Burbank Temik Temik & Vorlex 225 lb NRusset Burbank Atlantic Control Atlantic Temik Temik & Vorlex Atlantic Denali Temik & Vorlex LSD (P-0.05) 274 343 366 394 428 449 406 455 480 489 (32) 166a 231b 259b 287c 313d 315de 348d 360e 384f 382f (31) 99d 88c 80c 67b 63b 59b 30a 34a 33a 26a (9) 3a 8a 13ab 27bc 38cd 52de 28bc 61e 63ef 81f (18) 6a 16bc 14b 14b 24c 23cd _ - — — N.S. Specific Gravity 1.083a 1.083a 1.082a 1.082a 1.081a 1.083a 1.091b 1.092b 1.092b 1.095c (0.003) Influence of nematicides and nitrogen on the tuber yield and specific gravity of three potato cultivars grown after rotation with alfalfa. Table 2 Treatment Yield Yield Yield (cwt/A)Total (cwt/A) US #1 (cwt/A) Over-size Yield (cwt/A) Under-size Yield (cwt/A) Off-type 75 lb N Russet Burbank Control 75 lb N Russet Burbank Temik Temik & Vorlex 75 lb N Russet Burbank 225 lb N Russet Burbank Control 225 lb N Russet Burbank Temik Temik & Vorlex 225 lb N Russet Burbank Atlantic Control Atlantic Temik Temik & Vorlex Atlantic Denali Temik & Vorlex LSD (P-0.05) 293 318 391 347 405 448 375 432 514 529 (59) 193a 216ab 285cd 254bc 293cde 329e 326de 354e 393f 388f (57) la Sab 7ab 12ab 21bc 29cd 18bc 42d 85e 114f (17) 95f 76cde 82de 7lbcd 64b 66bc 31a 36a 37a 26a (11) - 4a 20bc 18f 10a 27c 24bc — — — (7) Specific Gravity 1.08lab 1.078a 1.082b 1.078a 1.081ab 1.080ab 1.090cd 1.092d 1.088e 1.091cd (0.004) Table 3. Effect of Temik, Vorlex and nitrogen on elemental composition of potato petioles of Russet Burbank, Atlantic and Denali varieties grown in the alfalfa rotation (sampled 6-22-82) Treatments Variety R. Burbank R. Burbank R. Burbank R. Burbank R. Burbank R. Burbank Atlantic Atlantic Atlantic Denali LSD (.05) N Rate lb/A 75 75 75 225 225 225 225 225 225 225 empty table cell empty table cell Sufficiency Levels empty table cell empty table cell Nematicide Check Temik Temik + Vorlex Check Temik Temik + Vorlex Check Temik Temik + Vorlex Temik + Vorlex Elemental CompositionNO3PPM 11,583 abc1 10,049 a 11,364 ab 14,224 cd 13,148 bcd 13,723 bc 14,654 d 12,785 abcd 14,113 bcd 13,677 bcd (2766) 16,000 20,000 Elemental Composition Elemental Composition Mg Elemental CompositionMn Elemental CompositionP% Elemental CompositionK% Ca% % PPM Elemental CompositionZnPPM Elemental Elemental CompositionFePPM Elemental CompositionBPPM .75 d .73 cd .75 d .64 ab .60 a .60 bc .67 abc .65 ab .66 abc .66 abc (.08) .18 - .22 10.9 10.3 10.7 11.7 10.7 10.7 11.0 11.1 11.0 10.8 (NS) .42 b .43 b .40 ab .50 c .44 b .40 ab .43 b .43 b .41 ab .37 a (.06) 6.0 - 9.0 .36 - .50 .24 ab .23 a .24 ab .32 c .28 bc .28 bc .26 ab .26 ab .27 ab .28 bc (.05) .17 - .22 157 d 133 abcd 126 abcd 133 ab 134 abcd 108 ab 142 cd 139 bcd 103 ab 121 abc (32) 30 - 200 Composition CuPPM 7 14 6 8 9 10 10 7 8 29 (NS) 190 bc 187 bc 180 bc 200 c 187 bc 200 b 154 ab 133 a 136 a 201 c (38) 7 - 30 30 + 45 a 50 ab 48 ab 48 a 55 abc 52 ab 56 bc 47 ab 52 ab 64 c (11) 30 - 100 24 bc 23 ab 24 b 22 a 23 ab 24 bc 25 c 25 c 24 bc 25 c (2) 14 - 40 1 Column mean followed by the same letter are not statistically different as determined by the Least Significant Difference Test (P = .05). Table 4. Effect of Temik, Vorlex and nitrogen on elemental composition of potato petioles of Russet Burbank, Atlantic and Denali varieties grown in the corn rotation (sampled 6-22-82). Treatments Variety R. Burbank R. Burbank R. Burbank R. Burbank R. Burbank R. Burbank Atlantic Atlantic Atlantic Denali LSD (.05) N Rate lb/A 75 75 75 225 225 225 225 225 225 225 Nematicide Elemental CompositionNO3PPM 9,208 a1 Check 8,116 a Temik 10,126 a Temik + Vorlex 13,491 b Check 13,911 b Temik 14,071 b Temik + Vorlex 13,833 b Check 14,349 b Temik 14,201 b Temik + Vorlex 13,114 b Temik + Vorlex empty table cell(2421) empty table cell16,000 - 22,000 empty table cell Sufficiency Levels empty table cell Elemental Composition Elemental Composition Mg Elemental CompositionMn Elemental CompositionP% Elemental Ca % % PPM Composition K % 10.9 10.9 10.9 10.9 10.9 10.9 10.7 10.8 10.9 10.6 (NS) .40 .40 .40 .42 .43 .38 .40 .41 .40 .44 (NS) 6.0 - 9.0 .36 - .50 .78 d .74 c .76 cd .69 b .66 ab .68 ab .69 b .68 ab .67 ab .65 a (.04) .18 - .22 .22 a .22 a .23 ab .23 ab .26 bc .25 ab .23 ab .24 ab .25 ab .29 c (.04) .17 - .22 251 d 215 cd 165 ab 174 abc 173 abc 149 ab 196 bc 173 abc 144 a 141 a (51) 30 - 200 Elemental CompositionZnPPM Elemental Composition Cu PPM Elemental CompositionFePPM Elemental CompositionBPPM 50 ab 51 ab 54 bc 46 a 51 ab 54 bc 53 bc 55 bc 59 c 54 bc (7). 30 - 100 174 bc 197 cde 214 de 178 bc 214 de 220 e 143 a 152 bc 155 b 167 bc (29) 30 + 10 9 10 8 11 10 8 8 8 9 (NS) 7 - 30 25 b 24 a 24 a 24 a 24 a 24 a 26 c 27 c 27 d 27 d (1) 14 - 40 1 Column means followed by the same letter are not statistically different as determined by the Least Significant Difference Test (P = .05). Table 3 Influence of three management systems on the economics associated with three potato cultivars grown after a corn rotation. Management System 75 lb N Russet Burbank Nontreated- Control Temik 15G 75 lb NRusset Burbank Temik & Vorlex 75 lb NRusset Burbank 225 lb N Russet Nontreated Control Temik 15G 225 lb NRusset Temik & Vorlex 225 lb NRusset Atlantic Nontreated Control Atlantic Temik 15G Temik & Vorlex Atlantic Denali Temik & Vorlex Net return at five market values Net return at five market values Net return at five market values ($) ($) 13.00 ($) 1 4.00 1 5.00 -- -- -- Net -- 167 116 326 418 331 362 469 414 451 236 208 446 582 506 494 650 630 666 305 300 566 746 681 626 831 836 881 return at five market values ($) 16.00 374 392 686 910 856 758 1,012 1,042 1,096 1 Based on net returns above the 75 lb N non-treated control (274 cst/A) less additional costs (Temik 15G = $40/A, Vorlex = $120/A, and 150 lb N = $34/A). Influence of three management systems on the economics associated with three potato cultivars grown after an alfalfa rotation. Table 6 Management system 75 lb N Russet Burbank Nontreated Control Temik 15G 75 lb NRusset Burbank Temik & Vorlex 75 lb NRusset Burbank 225 lb N Russet Burbank Nontreated Control Temik 15G 225 lb NRusset Burbank Temik & Vorlex 225 lb NRusset Burbank Atlantic Nontreated Control Temik 15G Atlantic Temik & Vorlex Atlantic Denali Temik & Vorlex Net return at five market Net return at five market values ($). Net return at five market values ($). Net return at five market values ($).13.00 1 4.00 1 5.00 values ($). 16.00 -- -- -- -- 35 -85 128 253 271 212 343 469 514 60 -60 182 362 426 294 482 690 750 85 -35 236 471 581 376 621 911 986 110 -10 290 580 736 458 760 1,132 1,222 1Based on net returns above the 75 lb N nontreated control (293 cwt/A) less addition­ al costs (Temik 15G = $40/A, Vorlex = $120/A, and 150 lb N = $34/A). Table 7 Economics of three potato managment systems following rotations with alfalfa and corn. Management System 75 Lb N Russet Burbank Nontreated Control Temik 15G 75 Lb NRusset Burbank Temik & Vorlex 75 Lb NRusset Burbank 225 lb N Russet Burbank Nontreated Control Temik 15G 225 lb NRusset Burbank Temik & Vorlex 225 lb NRusset Burbank Atlantic Nontreated Control Temik 15G Atlantic Temik & Vorlex Atlantic Denali Temik & Vorlex Net return at $5.00/cwt1 Net return at Corn $5.00/cwt1 Alfalfa -- 305 300 566 746 681 626 831 836 881 25 110 355 261 511 606 401 646 946 1,011 1Based on net returns above the 75 lb N nontreated control (274 cwt/A) following corn less additional costs (Temik 15G = $40/A, Vorlex = $120/A, 150 lb N = $34/A, alfalfa production = $ 20/A) and adjusted for $50/A profit from the rotation crop of corn. Table 8 Influence of nematicides and nitrogen on the control of Pratylechus penetrans associated with three potato cultivars folloving rotation with corn. P. penetrans/100 cm3 soil P. penetrans/100 cm3 soil 5/10/82 P. penetrans/100 cm3 soil 9/22/82 P. Pentrans per 1.0 g root and 100 cm3 soil (7/15/82) Treatment 75 lb N Russet Burbank Control 75 lb N Russet Burbank Temik Temik & Vorlex 75 lb N Russet Burbank 225 lb N Russet Burbank Control Temik 225 lb N Russet Burbank 225 lb N Russet Burbank Temik & Vorlex Atlantic Control Atlantic Temik Temik & Vorlex Atlantic Denali Temik & Vorlex 4/26/82 7a1 17a 13a 11a 24a 11a 23a 11a 13a 16a 6ab 16b 4ab 7ab 4ab 0a 5ab 14b 0a 0a 132b 31a 10a 104b 10a 0a 132b 19a 5a 6a 70c la 2a 36b la la 34b 2a la 0a 1 Column means followed by the same letter are not significantly different (P=0.05) according to the Student Newman duels Multiple Range Test. Table 9 Influence of nematicides and nitrogen on the control of Pratylenchus penetrans associated with their potato cultivars following rotation with alfalfa. Treatment P. pentrans per 100 cm3 soil 4/26/82 P. pentrans per 100 cm3 soil 5/10/82 P. pentrans per 100 cm3 soil 9/22/82 P. penetrans per 1.0 g root P. penetrans per 1.0 g root 5/10/82 7/15/82 75 lb N Russet Burbank Control 75 lb N Russet Burbank Temik Temik & Vorlex 75 lb N Russet Burbank 225 lb N Russet Burbank Control 225 lb N Russet Burbank Temik Temik & Vorlex 225 lb N Russet Burbank Atlantic Control Atlantic Temik Temik & Vorlex Atlantic Denali Temik & Vorlex 45a1 29a 62a 67a 54a 62a 51a 57a 66a 80a 16a 22a 8a 8a 4a 1la 12a 13a 7a 14a 268c 14a 8a 150b 13a 6a 237bc 12a 17a 2a empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell 50b 2a la 35b 2a 0a 37b 0a la la 1 Column nemas followed by the same letter are not significantly different (P=0.05) according to the Student Newman Kuets Multiple Range Test. THE 1981 MSU INTEGRATED POTATO PROJECT (STORAGE PHASE) B.F. Cargill, R.L. Ledebuhr and H.S. Potter. Department of Ag Engineering & Botany & Ptant Pathology, MSU The 1981 MSU Integrated Potato project at the MSU Montcalm Potato Research Station involved three varieties: Superior, Russet Burbank and Denali. These three varieties were grown following a corn rotation on one range and follow- ing an alfalfa rotation on a second range. Various production treatments were used as shown in Table 1. Table 1. Description of production treatments used on the ten treatments checked during the 1981 MSU Integrated Potato project at the Mont­ calm Potato Research farm were as follows: Treatment No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Variety Superior Superior Superior Superior Superior Superior Superior Superior Russet Burbank Denali Treatment N1 PK T V N1 PK T N1 PK V N1 PK N2 PK TV N2 PK T N2 PK V N2 PK N2 PK TV n2 TV *Code: N1 = 75 lbs N/A N2 = 225 lbs N/A P = 150 lbs P2O5/A K = 150 lbs K2 O/A T = Temik V = Vorlex *For detailed production practices including times and methods of application consult the 1981 Montcalm Potato Report published in 1982. The Superior and Denali potatoes were used for the storage project. These varieties were harvested with the MSU plot harvester on September 18, 1981. The Superior potatoes were stored in the MSU Food Science cubicles at 50°F until January 12, 1982 and then lowered to 45 F. The Denali potatoes were stored at 40, 45 and 50°F and 95% RH. Superior potato storage phase procedure. Superior potatoes for the storage phase were taken from treatments #5 and #6; treatment #5 received Temik and Vorlex whereas #6 received Vorlex only (Table 1). Thirty 25 lb bagged and tagged samples of treatments #5 and #6 were stored in the MSU Food Science cubicles (60 bags). After the suberization period at 60°F the potatoes were reduced in storage temperature 5° per week to 50°F. The storage cubicles were maintained at 50° and 95% RH until January 12, 1982. During this week the temperature was lowered to 45° to extend the storage life until May 1982. No sprout inhibitors are used in the MSU cubicles, therefore, the only control for sprouting is storage temperature. Representative bagged samples of Superior potatoes were removed from storage and examined for market quality and checked for weight loss at three intervals of storage (77, 138 and 246 days; approximately 2, 4, and 8 months). Discussion and results (Superior). Market Quality. Market quality and storability are influenced by the extent of mechanical handling and storage environment. Mechanical handling (prestorage bruising) wounds the potatoes and influences soft and dry rots in storage. Sixty lots of Superior potatoes were tagged and bagged with very minimal handling other than harvesting with the MSU plot harvester. Market quality was determined after storage by an examination of individual tubers by a plant pathologist (Dr. H.S. Potter). The potato tubers were divided into two catagories of market quality: good (marketable) and bad (not accept­ able). The tubers in the bad catagory were divided into eight catagories, Table 2. Table 2. Non-marketable tubers were divided into four levels of dry rot and four levels of soft rot*1. Dry Rot: 0.0 to 5.0% 5.1 to 10.0% 10.1 to 25.0% over 25% Soft Rot: 0.0 to 5.0% 5.1 to 10.0% 10.1 to 25.0% over 25% *Miscellaneous Tubers with disorders not attributable to storage disorders were included in the marketable catagory. Potatoes in this catagory include deformity, scab, insect chewing, etc. Superior potatoes for the market quality evaluation were removed from storage and each tuber examined for dry and/or soft rot. The market quality evaluation destroys the potatoes; therefore, no market quality evaluated potatoes are returned to the storage cubicles. On each market quality evaluation date twenty 25 lb bags of potatoes were examined (10 bags of treatment 5 and 10 bags for treatment 6). In the past years the production practices used for the integrated project have not influenced the storability of potatoes. The 1981 market quality data further confirms this past data for Superior potatoes. The data shown in Table 3 illustrates that non-bruised Superior potatoes store very well. The data is presented as market quality (percent good) in two catagories; by weight and by numbers. In a 25 lb bagged sample potato size can influence the results; therefore, the potato data is recorded as to potato weight and potato numbers. The market quality for the three storage evaluation dates and two production treatments are shown in Table 3. It appears that there is no difference in storability of Superior potatoes grown with the applica­ tion of Temek and Vorlex or Vorlex alone, see Table 3. Table 3. Market quality of 1981 Superior potatoes after storage invervals (77, 138, and 246 days). These potatoes were grown for the MSU Integrated project as treatment #5 (Temek and Vorlex) and treat­ ment #6 (Vorlex only). Production Treatment Market Quality Percent GoodBy tuber wt. storage period, Market Quality Percent Good By Market Quality Percent Good By tuber wt. storage period, days77 Market Quality Percent Good By tuber wt. storage period, days 138 days 246 94.3 94.5 94.4 96.5 94.6 95.5 96.1 97.1 96.6 #5 (Temek & Vorlex) #6 (Vorlex only) # 5 & #6 (averaged) tuber no. storage period, days 77 Market Quality Percent Good By tuber no. storage period, days 138 94.8 95.4 95.1 95.2 95.5 95.3 Market Quality Percent GoodBy tuber no. storage period, days246 95.9 97.1 96.5 Weight loss during storage was determined from 1981 Superior potatoes produced in the MSU Integrated Potato plots at the Montcalm Potato Research Station. Potatoes for this storage phase were taken from the Integrated project treat­ ments #5 and #6 where Temek and Vorlex were used as production variables (Table 1.) Bruising for this phase was held to a minimum. The only handling prior to storage was harvesting with the MSU plot potato harvester. Sixty samples were bagged, tagged, and weighed. Weight loss was determined by weighing after suberization and at three intervals during storage (77, 138 and 246 days). These potatoes were stored for 138 days at 50°F and then gradually lowered to 45 and held for a total of 245 storage days. Weight loss data are shown separately for treatment #5 (Temek and Vorlex) and treatment #6 (Vorlex alone). The data for the two treatments are also averaged, the weight loss results are shown in Table 4. Table 4. Weight loss from 1981 Superior potatoes during four intervals of storage. Potatoes were suberized for two weeks (65° and then 60°F) and then stored at 50° for 138 days. After 138 days the storage environment was gradually lowered to 45°F. Production Treatment Weight Loss Storage Period, Days Weight Loss Storage Period, Days 138 days 77 days During Suberization 246 days Weight Loss Storage Period, Days 7.7 7.1 2.1 1.6 - 3.8 0.161 5.1 4.3 - 6.2 0.036 2.2 1.3 - 4.7 0.169 4.9 4.1 - 5.8 0.064 4.2 3.5 - 5.1 0.054 5.3 4.2 - 6.2 0.038 6.3 - 8.0 0.029 6.7 - 8.1 0.031 Treatment #5 Weight loss, % Range in wt loss Wt loss factor* Treatment #6 Weight loss, % Range in wt loss Wt loss factor* Treatment 5 & 6 (Averaged) Weight loss, % Wt loss factor* *Weight loss % per day in storage. Weight loss appears not to be influenced by the production treatments using Temek or Vorlex. It is important to observe in Table 4 that weight loss during suberization is an important factor. Weight loss in the nature of two percent occurs even from potatoes that are gently handled (non-bruised catagory). After suberization weight loss is greatly reduced in a properly designed storage. Weight loss factor (weight loss per day in storage) is an important factor which can help a grower determine the economics of selling or holding potatoes. Many other factors help a grower to decide to sell or hold (mar­ ket quality deterioration, price, etc.) The weight loss factor predicts only the weight loss. For example, if a grower placed 10,000 cwt of Superior potatoes in a bin at harvest, how many cwt could he predict to lose due to weight loss at the end of 60 days and 240 days storage: 2.2 0.0165 4.6 0.059 5.2 0.037 7.4 0.030 10,000 cwt x 60 days x 0.59 WLF x 100 = 354 cwt 10,000 cwt x 240 days x .030 WLF x 100 = 720 cwt If potatoes contracted for $5 out of storage at the end of 60 days (2 months); should he hold for 240 days (8 months) and take the excess weight loss. At 40¢ per month in the storage the 8 month old potatoes should sell for $7.80 or 9646 cwt @ $5.00 = $48,230 9280 cwt @ $7.80 = $72,384 This case is weight loss alone and of course weight loss is not the sole con­ sideration but it is one of the many variables of potato storage. Denali potato storage phase. The 1981 Denali potatoes were harvested from the MSU Integrated Potato project plot at the MSU Potato Research Farm at Entrican, Michigan. These potatoes were harvested on September 18, 1981. The potatoes were divided into two lots. One lot was controlled bruised by rerunning the potatoes three times over a PTO operated stationary windrower (PTO 700 rpm). This lot was designated as the 3x bruised lot. The second lot was taken directly off the MSU plot harvester and run over the conveyor used to apply the Mertect solutions. This lot was designated as the non-bruised lot. One group of bruised and non-bruised potatoes was treated with a Mertect solu­ tion (applied with standard Delevan nozzles). Another group of bruised and non-bruised potatoes was treated with a solution of water only. Check lots of Denali potatoes were obtained from the alfalfa range (check A) and the corn range (check C). These check lots were obtained directly off the plot har­ vester and not run over the Mertect application conveyor. These check lots were bagged, tagged, and stored with the bruised and non-bruised lots described above. In total there were six treatments. Each treatment was stored at 40, 45, 50° for 55 and 116 days in the MSU cubicles, Table 5. Table 5. Pre mechanically bruised and chemically treated 1981 Denali potatoes from the MSU Integrated potato project. Code Designation A1 C1 NBW NBT BW BT Mechanical Treatment Check Check Non Bruised Non Bruised Bruised (3x) Bruised (3x) Chemical ____ Treatment Check Check 1 gal HQ/ton2 1 gal Mertect solution/ton3 1 gal H20/ton2 1 gal Mertect solution/ton3 1Check lots from the alfalfa and corn rotation plots. 2Potatoes run over conveyor, however, only water applied. 3Potatoes run over conveyor and Mertect solution of 0.42 oz 340F per gallon solution was applied using the standard Delevan nozzle. Discussion and Results Seventy two lots of 1981 Denali potatoes were treated, bagged, tagged and stored at three temperatures 40, 45 and 50°F and 95% RH. Prior to storage all bagged samples were suberized at 60° from September 18 to October 12 and 55° from October 12 to 19. The history of these potatoes is shown in Table 6. Table 6. History data for 1981 Denali potatoes after harvesting. Harvested: Method: Suberization at 60° Suberization at 55° Storage temperature 50° 50° environment Storage temperature 45° 45° environment Storage temperature 40° September 18, 1981 MSU plot harvester September 18 - October 5 October 5 - October 12 October 12 - 19 October 20 October 19 - October 27 October 27 October 27 Programmed bagged lots were examined and evaluated for market quality after 55 and 116 days storage. Each storage evaluation period for market quality con­ sisted of the individual tuber examination from two 25 lb bags per treatment for each storage temperature (36 bags). Market quality of the six treatments is compared for the two storage duration periods in Figures 1 and 2 and Table 7. These figures and table show the importance of minimized bruising. The non-bruised treatments have a higher market quality than the controlled mechanically bruised and treated potatoes. The potatoes that were chemically treated with Mertect 340F solution have a higher market quality than equivalent potatoes that were treated with water only. Figures 1 and 2 and Table 7 show that the highest market quality is for non­ bruised chemically treated potatoes and the poorest market qualitv is for the bruised water treated potaotes. The figures show that market qualitv deterio­ rates with an increase in storage life. The 1931 storage project was the first year of MSU storage research for the Denali potato. The optimum storage temperature for highest market quality is not known However, the 1981 data for the short term storage (55 days) shows that 45 and 50°F temperatures produced a higher fresh market potato quality than 40°F. The 40°F temperature produced the higher market quality for the 116 day storage period. Table 7. Market quality (good quality %) vs. storage temperature for treated 1981 Denali potatoes stored for 55 days in MSU cubi­ cles at 50, 45, and 40°F. Treatment* Check NBT NBW BT BW Average 50º Good Quality % Wt.** 71.4 90.3 76.8 57.5 34.3 66.1 50º Good Quality % No.** 45º Good Quality % Wt. 74.7 92.5 79.0 69.7 39.3 73.9 86.8 77.2 62.5 42.6 empty table cell68.6 45º Good Quality % No. 79.7 89.5 80.5 67.0 56.0 empty table cell 40º Good Quality % Wt. 40º Good Quality % No. 80.3 71.5 74.0 49.0 42.8 63.5 80.9 69.0 74.5 53.5 43.5 empty table cell Market quality (good quality) vs. storage temperature for treated 1981 Denali potatoes stored for 116 days in MSU cubicles at 50, 45, and 40°F. Check1 NBT NBW BT BW 84.8 63.8 65.1 23.4 27.5 52.9 87.6 68.9 67.4 23.8 49.6 81.9 75.1 63.8 26.8 26.9 54.9 empty table cell Average *See Table 1 for treatment code information. **Due to size variation of potatoes in a bagged sample the evaluated tubers classified as marketable are reported by weight and numbers of tubers. 1Check A and C were combined for this table. empty table cell 83.5 69.2 67.2 33.0 33.3 43.1 71.5 67.1 34.8 31.8 49.7 42.8 74.1 68.5 40.4 33.5 empty table cell Fig. 1. Market quality of chemically and mechanically treated 1981 Denali potatoes stored for 55 days at three temperatures The data points are calculated based on potato weights. See Table 1 for detailed description of treatments. *See Table 1 for treatment information. Fig. 2. Market quality of chemically and mechanically treated 1981 Denali potatoes stored for 116 days at three temperatures. The data points are calculated based on potato weights. See Table 1 for detailed description of treatments. The 1981 Denali potatoes stored at 40, 45 and 50°F were checked for fry color directly out of the respective storage environment and after recon­ ditioning 5° per week. Denali potatoes stored at 40° and 45° and reconditioned for four weeks did not respond to an acceptable fry color. The Denali potatoes stored at 50° had a fry color of 2.5 out of storage; 2.0 after reconditioning 1 week at 55° and 1.5 after reconditioning second week at 60°, Table 8. Table 8. Fry color for 1981 Denali potatoes stored at 40, 45 and 50°. Storage Temperature 40° Chipping Date May 6, 1982 Reconditioned 1st wk. at 45° May 13, 1982 Reconditioned 2nd wk. at 50° May 20, 1982 Reconditioned 3rd wk. at 55° May 27, 1982 Reconditioned 4th wk. at 60° June 3, 1982 45° May 6, 1982 Reconditioned 1st wk. at 50° May 13, 1982 Reconditioned 2nd wk. at 55° May 20, 1982 Reconditioned 3rd wk. at 60° May 27, 1982 empty table cell 50° Reconditioned 1st wk. at 55° Reconditioned 2nd wk. at 60° empty table cell June 3, 1982 May 6, 1982 empty table cell empty table cell June 3, 1982 Fry Color * 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 - 2.5 2.5 2.5 1.5 1.5 *Based on fry color standard chart 1-5 for potatoes for chipping. The 1981 Denali potatoes were checked for weight loss during suberization and at three intervals during storage (53, 114, and 177 days). Tables 9, 10 and 11 show the weight loss at the three storage temperatures 40, 45, and 50°F. Tables 9, 10, and 11 show that in general the weight loss for the non-bruised checks A and C is less than the non-bruised treated. An apparent reason is that the non-bruised treated potatoes did receive additional handling over the Mertect application conveyor. In general it is also shown that the bruised potatoes have higher weight loss than the non-bruised potatoes. The weight loss data also shows that in general weight loss is less for the bruised potatoes treated with Mertect than the lots treated with water only. Table 9. Weight loss from 1981 Denali potatoes during four intervals of storage. The potatoes were suberized for three weeks at 60 and 55°F then lowered at the rate of 5° per week to the storage environ- ment of 40°F. During Suberization Weight Loss Storage Period, Days 53 days Weight Loss Storage Production Treatment A Weight loss, % Range in wt loss 1.4 - 2.5 Wt loss factor % 0.12 2.0 C Weight loss, % Range in wt loss 1.5 - 2.7 Wt loss factor % 0.11 1.9 BT Weight loss, % Range in wt loss 2.5 - 4.1 Wt loss factor % 0.21 3.6 BW Weight loss, % Range in wt loss 2.8 - 4.2 Wt loss factor % 0.23 3.9 NBT Weight loss, % Range in wt loss 2.4 - 3.8 Wt loss factor % 0.16 2.8 NBW Weight loss, % Range in wt loss 2.0 - 2.9 Wt loss factor % 0.14 2.4 3.9 3.7 - 4.4 0.074 4.1 3.3 - 5.0 0.077 5.1 1.8 - 6.9 0.097 5.7 2.5 - 7.2 0.107 4.8 3.7 - 5.5 0.091 3.7 1.6 - 4.4 0.069 Period, Days114 days Weight Loss Storage Period, Days177 days 4.4 4.4 - 4.4 0.038 5.2 4.7 - 5.8 0.046 5.0 2.3 - 6.3 0.044 6.1 2.1 - 7.6 0.054 5.1 4.1 - 5.6 0.045 4.4 3.9 - 4.6 0.038 5.7 empty table cell 0.032 6.0 empty table cell 0.034 empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell 9.0 empty table cell 0.051 6.1 empty table cell 0.034 5.2 empty table cell 0.029 Table 10. Weight loss from 1981 Denali potatoes during four intervals of storage. The potatoes were suberized for three weeks at 60 and 55°F then lowered at the rate of 5° per week to the storage envir ment of 45°F. Production Treatment A During Suberization Weight loss, % Range in wt loss Wt loss factor % 2.5 2.3 - 2.6 0.15 C Weight loss, % Range in wt loss Wt loss factor % BT Weight loss, % Range in wt loss Wt loss factor % BW Weight loss, % Range in wt loss Wt loss factor % NBT Weight loss, % Range in wt loss Wt loss factor % NBW Weight loss, % Range in wt loss Wt loss factor % 2.2 2.2 - 2.3 0.13 3.9 3.3 - 4.9 0.23 3.7 2.8 - 4.6 0.22 2.7 2.4 - 3.1 0.16 2.6 2.2 - 3.0 0.15 Weight Loss Storage Period, Days 53 days Weight Loss Storage Period, Days114 days Weight Loss Storage Period, Days177 days 4.2 3.5 - 4.7 0.079 3.8 3.7 - 3.8 0.071 5.8 4.7 - 7.0 0.109 5.9 5.1 - 6.7 0.111 4.4 3.7 - 4.8 0.083 4.3 3.2 - 4.9 0.081 5.1 4.7 - 5.6 0.045 4.8 4.7 - 4.9 0.042 6.6 6.8 - 7.1 0.058 7.2 5.9 - 8.6 0.063 5.1 4.5 - 5.6 0.045 5.1 4.4 - 5.9 0.045 8.1 empty table cell 0.046 6.0 empty table cell 0.034 7.9 7.6 - 8.2 0.045 8.5 7.9 - 9.8 0.05 6.4 5.9 - 6.9 0.036 6.4 6.1 - 6.8 0.036 Table 11. Weight loss from 1981 Denali potatoes during four intervals of storage. The potatoes were suberized for three weeks at 60 and 55°F then lowered at the rate of 5° per week to the storage environ­ ment of 50°F. Production Treatment A During Suberization Weight loss, % Range in wt loss Wt loss factor % 3.0 2.5 - 3.5 0.18 c Weight loss, % Range in wt loss Wt loss factor % BT Weight loss, % Range in wt loss Wt loss factor % BW Weight loss, % Range in wt loss Wt loss factor % NBT Weight loss, % Range in wt loss Wt loss factor % NBW Weight loss, % Range in wt loss Wt loss factor % 3.4 3.0 - 3.6 0.20 4.7 4.0 - 5.1 0.28 4.2 1.7 - 5.4 0.25 4.1 3.6 - 4.4 0.24 3.6 2.5 - 4.5 0.21 Weight Loss Storage Period, Days 53 days Weight Loss Storage Period, Days 114 days Weight Loss Storage Period, Days177 days 4.5 3.4 - 5.5 0.086 5.1 4.9 - 5.9 0.096 5.8 2.4 - 7.6 0.110 6.5 5.5 - 7.7 0.123 5.7 4.9 - 6.8 0.110 5.0 4.6 - 5.8 0.095 5.1 6.0 8.2 8.9 5.0 - 5.3 empty table cell 0.045 0.046 5.5 - 6.5 empty table cell 0.053 0.050 7.7 5.3 - 9.9 0.068 7.8 6.8 - 9.1 0.069 7.1 6.3 - 8.3 0.062 6.0 5.6 - 6.8 0.053 10.5 10.5 - 10.5 0.059 10.2 10.2 - 10.3 0.058 8.6 8.1 - 9.1 0.049 8.6 8.0 - 9.2 0.049 CONCLUSION 1. Market quality (fresh market bins) was higher for short term storage (55 days) at 45 and 50°F than 40°F. 2. Market quality was higher for 116 day storage at 40°F than 45 and 50°F. 3. Non bruised potatoes have a higher market quality (fresh) than bruise treated potatoes. 4. Mertect treated bruised potatoes have a higher market quality than bruised non treated potatoes. 5. Non treated bruised potatoes have a higher weight loss than non treated non bruised potatoes. 6. In general weight loss is less for Mertect treated bruised potatoes than non treated bruised potatoes. Alcohol Production from Potato Processing Wastes J.N. Cash, R.D. Huang and D.R. Heldman Potato processing wastes (PPW) may constitute up to 50% of the potato crop which is processed for food use. This large volume of PPW generated annually represents a rather serious and costly disposal problem and also the wastage of a carbohydrate-rich renewable resource which is potentially convertable into fuel alcohol. There is the potential for production of 130 million gallons of. ethanol form the PPW which is annually produced in the U.S. A survey of several Michigan potato processing operations was conducted, in order to determine amounts of waste generated and the composition of waste streams. The wastes from a medium sized French fry plant, (Fig 1 and Table 1) were hydrolyzed with commercial amylase and glucoamylase to yield a substrate with maximal amounts of hexose sugars. (Fig 2, 3, and 4). A high alcohol tolerant strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was used to ferment the hydrolyzed effluent. Approximately 9% (v/v basis) ehtanol production was attained, with 90% efficiency of hexose utilization using a batch type fermentation. Continuous fermentation gave approximately 1.6 times as much productivity as batch type fermentation. In calculating net energy balance, it was found that 59,544 BTU's/Gal were used in the system prior to distillation (Table 2). Distillation uses another 56,578 BTU's/Gal for a total of 116,122 BTU's/Gal (Table 3). But the energy combustion for one gallon of ethanol is only 84,378 BTU's (Table 3). Consequently, in this study there was a negative energy balance. However, fermentation of PPW did neutralize the waste dispersal costs and that was the primary goal of this work. In addition, there are a number of things which could be done to improve the efficiency of this operation, such as, (1) Develop or improve microbiological systems which will allow hydrolysis and fermentation to proceed without the addition of extraneous enzymes; (2) Determine the feasibility of recovering heat from the various processes in the system and using it in subsequent operations; (3)Improve distillation processes by changing operating parameters and/or adding liquid/liquid extraction, membrane separation and using liquid/vapor phase absorption processes; (4) Investigate the effects on ehtanol production of combining PPW with other waste products, such as, cheese whey and fruit and vegetable pomace. Table 1. Profile of Waste from Different Potato Processing Operations TABLE 3. ENERGY BALANCE Operation Units Percent of Total Incoming Raw Potato Percent of Total Waste 4.0 0.2 34.0 2.5 7.0 16.0 20.3 16.0 100.0 *Final Hopper - Scrubber-Loss *Final Hopper - Triming Loss *Final Hopper - Slier Loss Grading, Cull, Silt Screened Waste Peel Loss Dry Handle Waste Percent Starch of Total Waste 0.49 0.01 1.01 0.27 0.34 2.00 2.19 1.15 7.46 *The final hopper included these fractions which contained 59.3 % of total waste and 76 % of total starch. *Final Hopper - Miscellaneous (Hydrosive & Centrifuge) Total 1.49 0.06 12.55 0.93 2.50 5.82 7.44 5.87 36.66 Table 2. Calculated Total Energy Input Prior to Distillation Activity Type 100% Efficiency Energy Expenditure BTU/gal 70% Efficiency Energy Expenditure BTU/gal Grinding Liquefaction Saccharification Fermentation (Batch) Total 7360.58 24409.58 2507.57 18015.88 49293.61 7360.58 30584.68 3582.24 18015.88 59543.38 Figure. 1 French Fry Plant Flow Chart and Waste Generation Units Figure 2. High Performance Liquid Chromatogram of Sugars from Ground Potato Processing Waste Figure 3. High Performance Liquid Chromatogram of Potato Processing Waste after Completion of Liquefaction with a-amylase ALCOHOL PRODUCTION FROM POTATO PROCESSING WASTES C. A. Reddy Department of Microbiology Michigan State University East Lansing, MI 48824-1101 SUMMARY: Direct fermentation of unhydrolyzed starch, recovered from potato processing wastes, by a synergistic mixed culture of a starch digesting fungus or yeast and a non-starch digesting, ethanol-producing yeast to produce alcohol was investigated. The results showed that a combination of Aspergillus niger and S. cerevisiae was better than a number of others tested in showing higher amylolytic activity and in giving greater yields of ethanol. Both amylolytic activity and ethanol yields were optimal at pH 5.5. The type of aeration employed had a profound effect on ethanol yields. The rate of production of alcohol was — greatly influenced by the concentration of Saccharomyces in the inoculum. Increasing Saccharomyces inoculum from 4% to 12% gave a dramatic increase in the rate of ethanol production. Ethanol yields greater than 96% of the theoretical were obtained. The results of this investigation clearly showed that fermentation of potato processing wastes by a mixture of starch-digesting fungus or yeast and alcohol producer such as Saccharomyces is clearly feasible on a laboratory scale. This fermentation needs to be scaled up to a pilot plant level to determine the industrial feasibility of the process. INTRODUCTION: It has been well established that during the processing of potatoes to produce french fries and other food products a substantial percentage (35-50%) of the potato tuber ends up as waste (Fig. 1). An estimated 4 x 10 kg of potato processing wastes (PPW) are generated per annum in the U.S. alone. The disposal of the PPW is very costly and also represents a wastage of enormous quantities of starch which is potentially utilizable. Fermentation of starch in PPW to ethanol would eliminate a costly disposal problem and potentially yield 130 million gallons of fuel grade alcohol. In most processes currently being employed for the production of ethanol from starchy feedstocks, the starch is first hydrolyzed to glucose by commercially available thermophilic amylases and the glucose produced is then fermented to ethanol (Fig. 2). With the eventual objective of improving the economy of PPW fermentation to alcohol, we investigated in this study the possibility of eliminating the initial step of starch hydrolysis by commercial amylases and instead use a synergistic mixture of amylase- producing fungus or yeast which digests starch to glucose and second organism, Saccharomyces cerevisiae which ferments sugar to ethanol. METHODS: Potato starch used in this investigation was recovered from waste stream generated by Allied Foods potato chip manufacturing plant located in Livonia, Michigan. This substrate is here after referred to as PPW and contained 98.6% (w/w) carbohydrate. Unless otherwise mentioned, fermentations were conducted in one liter flasks in a sterile medium containing PPW, peptone (0.1%) and minerals. All fermentations were conducted at 30 C at pH 5.5. Flasks were inoculated with different yeasts, fungi or a synergistic combination of both as described in results. Inoculum level was 5% (v/v) unless mentioned otherwise. Fermentation samples were collected at specified intervals and were analyzed for reducing sugar, total carbohydrate, ethyl alcohol, amylolytic activity and cell yield (dry weight). RESULTS: The results of fermentation of PPW by Aspergillus niger (a starch digesting fungus) alone, and by a mixture of A. niger and S. cerevisiae show that starch utilization by both the cultures was comparable but ethanol production was substantially higher by the mixed culture. Furthermore, ethanol production was proportional to the PPW concentration. A. niger in pure culture produced very small amounts of ethanol. The above results clearly indicated that the idea of using a synergistic combination of a starch-digesting microorganism and an alcohol-producing organism is a viable one; however, alcohol yields were relatively low. Therefore, experiments were initiated to optimize the fermentation conditions. The results in Fig. 4 show that the optimum pH for ethanol yield and amylolytic activity is between 5- 6. Other experiemnts (not shown here) suggested that S. cerevisiae concentration is the rate-limiting step in the fermentation. Hence the effect of increasing concentration of S. cerevisiae on fermentation was tested. The results (Fig. 5) showed that ethanol yields ~96% of the theoretical yeilds could be obtained within 2 days with 10-12% concentration of S. cerevisiae. Similar experiments with 8 different combinationns of S. cerevisiae and starch digesting organisms (other than A. niger) showed that A. niger plus cerevisiae is the most efficient combination. The results of this investigation clearly showed that fermentation of PPW by a mixture of a starch digesting fungus and an alcohol producer such as Saccharomyces is clearly feasible. Such a synergistic combination of organisms may greatly improve the economy of fermentation of PPW to produce fuel-grade alcohol. Fig. 1 POTATO PROCESSING WASTE Large percentage of the potato tuber ends up as waste An estimated four billion Kg wastes per annum Costly disposal problem ; Wastage of a potential resource Wased starch equivalent to about 130 million gallons of alcohol Fermentation of potato processing waste to alcohol has economic potential Fig. 3 Fig. 2 Fig.4 fig.5 Corn Hybrids, Plant Populations and Irrigation E.C. ROSSMAN and KEITH DYSINGER Department of Crop and Soil Sciences Performance data for 82 commercial corn hybrids evaluated in 1982 with and without irrigation are presented in Table 1 along with two and three year aver- ages for those tested in 1981 and 1980, also. Irrigation was applied when soil moisture reached 50% or less of water holding capacity at 6" level. Four inches of supplemental water was applied during July and August. Irrigated yields averaged 33.0 bushels more than nonirrigated — 146.0 vs. 113.0, an increase of 29%. Hybrids ranged from 108.6 to 183.3 with irrigation and 83.1 to 139.3 without irrigation. Hybrids significantly better than aver­ age yield (arranged in order of increasing grain moisture content at harvested) are listed below. Seventeen of the 20 hybrids were in the highest yielding group for both irrigated and nonirrigated plots. IRRIGATED Garno S90 (2X) Great Lakes GL-422 (2X) Stanton SX1095 (2X) Super Crost 2350 (2X) Pioneer 3901 (2X) Hyland HL-2454 (2X) Payco SX620 (2X) DeKalb EX-1123 (2X) Pioneer 3744 (2X) Northrup King PX37 (2X) Migro M-2018X (2X) Stauffer Seeds 606WX (2X) Great Lakes GL-522 (2X) DeKalb T1000 (2X) Northrup King PX39 (2X) DeKalb XL-32A (2X) Payco SX844 (2X) Stauffer Seeds S5260 (2X) Leader SX495 (2X) Kaltenberg KX68 (2X) NOT IRRIGATED Garno S90 (2X) Great Lakes GL-422 (2X) Stanton SX1095 (2X) Super Crost 2350 (2X) Pioneer 3901 (2X) Payco SX620 (2X) Pioneer 3744 (2X) Northrup King PX37 (2X) DeKalb EX-2120 (2X) Migro M-2018X (2X) Stauffer Seeds 606WX (2X) Great Lakes GL-522 (2X) DeKalb T1000 (2X) Northrup King PX39 (2X) DeKalb XL-32A (2X) Payco SX844 (2X) Stauffer Seeds S5650 (2X) Stauffer Seeds S5260 (2X) Leader SX495 (2X) Kaltenberg KX68 (2X) The correlation of irrigated with nonirrigated yields was highly significant, .817, indicating that the hybrids tended to respond alike in both situations. During the 15-year period, 1968-1982, the correlations have ranged between .7 and .9 except for 1976 when it was .490. All correlations have been highly significant. Average, highest and lowest yields for corn hybrids irrigated and not irrigated for the 15-year period, 1968-1982, are given in Table 2. The average yielding hy- brids have yielded 44 more bushels when irrigated. The highest yielding hybrids have responded with 57 bushels added yield while the lowest yielding hybrids have given only 30 bushels added yield when irrigated. These results demonstrate the importance of choosing high yielding hybrids to maximize returns from irrigation with little, if any, additional cost. There was three times more stalk lodging without irrigation, 3.8 vs. 11.4% (Table 1). In most (but not all) of the previous years, there was less lodging on the irrigated plots. Generally, stressed weaker plants on nonirrigated plots have been more susceptible to lodging. In 1982, the highest lodging was 9.2% stalk breakage when irrigated compared to 33.6% when not irrigated. PLANT POPULATION X HYBRIDS Five adapted hybrids at four plant populations irrigated and not irrigated have been grown in each of the 15 years, 1968-1982, Table 3. Over the 15-year period a harvest plant population of 23,300 has given the highest average yield (165 bushels per acre) when irrigated while 19,300 has given the highest yield (110 bushels) without irrigation. The 23,300 population irrigated has given the highest yield in 12 out of 15 years (1973, 1979 and 1981 being the exceptions). The irrigated yields in 1982 were 150, 168, 177 and 176 for harvest populations of 15,250, 19,300, 23,300 and 27,450, respectively. The 15-year average increase due to irrigation is 63 bushels per acre at the 23,300 population. Nonirrigated yields were 122, 131, 124 and 117 for the same four populations in 1982. Stalk lodging has increased with plant population. In 1982, there was 5-7 times more lodging at 28,100 than there was at 16,000. Moisture content of grain at harvest has averaged 1-2% higher for the higher populations. TABLE 1. NORTH CENTRAL MICHIGAN Montcalm County Trial - Irrigated vs. Not Irrigated One, Two, Three Year Averages - 1982, 1981, 1980 Zone 3 Hybrid (Brand-Variety) Stanton SX1090 (2X) Eastland 238 (MSX) McKenzie 870 (2X) DeKalb EX-1112 (2X) Hyland HL-2428 (2X) Dairyland DX1094 (2X) Payco SX599 (2X) Golden Harvest H-2380 (2X) Asgrow RX355 (2X) Stauffer Seeds S2202 (2X) DeKalb EX-1615 (2X) *tGarno S-90 (2X) Garno S-85 (2X) Dairyland DX1003 (2X) Payco SX431 (2X) % Moisture 1982 % Moisture 2 Yrs. % Moisture3 Yrs. Bushels Bushels Per Acre 1982 Not Irrig Bushels Per Acre 2 Years Irrig Per Acre1982Irrig Bushels Bushels Per Per Acre Acre 2 Years 3 Years Irrig Not Irrig Bushels Per Acre 3 YearsNot Irrig % Stalk Lodging1982Irrig % Stalk Lodging1982Not Irrig % Stalk Lodging 2 Years Irrig % Stalk Lodging 2 Years Not Irrig % Stalk Lodging 3 Years Irrig % Stalk Lodging 3 YearsNot Irrig — — 20.2 20.3 — 20.3 23 —— 20.5 20.5 — — 20.8 21.0 — — 21.0 21.1 21 — 21.1 21 — 21.2 — 22 21.2 22 — 21.3 21.4 23 21.6 — 136.3 —— 108.6 — 120.7 — 130.9 — 127.8 — 144.3 — 115.1 — 159.0 130.5 — 117.4 23 154.6 163.6 133.1 24 152.9 — 112.7 — — 0.0 — — 5.2 —— — 0.8 — — 108.9 94.4 —— — 108.6 106.3 —— — — —— 89.8 — — — 7.2 6.4 5.0 — 6.9 22.5 125 101 — 0.7 11.5 — — — 1.5 104.9 —— 90.1 —— — — — 1.5 124.2 — — — — 5.6 10.5 — 95.7 93.6 6.7 9.9 82 — — 4.8 15.0 6.3 79 — — 8.3 117 105 — — — — — 3.6 18.3 110.8 113 110 4.4 12.4 126.3 85 — —— 100.7 3.0 3.1 107 1.4 114.4 9.9 111 92.0 — — — — 6.3 10.6 142 114 138 136 134 — — — — — — 3 — — 11 7 4 4 4 — — — — — 9 — — — — — — — — — — — 15 — 9 — — — 8 8 — 4 7 5 — — — — — — — — — — 10 — 8 — (continued) TABLE 1. (continued) Hybrid (Brand-Variety) Stauffer Seeds S3242 (2X) Dairyland DX1096 (2X) Jacques JX97 (2X) DeKalb XL-8 (2X) Pride 3332 (2X) DeKalb XL-14AA (2X) *t Great Lakes GL-422 (2X) Funk G-4256 (3X) Leader SX475 (2X) Pioneer 3958 (2X) Northrup King PX449 (3X) Migro HP-266 (2X) Hyland HL-2440 (2X) *t Stanton SX1095 (2X) *t Super Croat 2350 (2X) *t Pioneer 3901 (2X) Pioneer 3906 (2X) Northrup King PX9288 (2X) Kaltenberg KX55 (2X) Great Lakes GL-455 (2X) * Hyland HL-2454 (2X) McKenzie 927 (MSX) *t Payco SX620 (2X) * DeKalb EX-1213 (2X) Harwick W901 (2X) Pioneer 3780 (2X) Stauffer Seeds S3306 (2X) P.A.G. SX181 (2X) McKenzie 980 (2X) *t Pioneer 3744 (2X) Funk 6-4224 (MSX) Northrup King PX485 (2X) Great Lakes GL-466 (2X) Migro HP-277 (2X) *t Northrup King PX37 (2X) t DeKalb EX-2120 (2X) Jacques JX151 (2X) P.A.G. SX189 (2X) Great Lakes GL-477 (2X) Pride 4461 (2X) Super Croat 2396 (2X) Paymaster 2990 (2X) Dairyland DX1006 (2X) *t Migro M-2018X (2X) Northrup King PX9415 (2X) % Moisture 1982 % Moisture 2 Yrs. % Moisture 3 Yrs. Bushels Per Acre 1982 Irrig -- 21.6 22 21.6 21.7 — 21.7 — 21.7 22 21.7 22 21.7 22 21.8 23 21.9 — 21.9 22 .-- 22.0 22.1 — 22.2 — 22.2 — 24 22.3 22.3 22 23 22.3 22.4 — 24 22.5 22.5 23 24 22.5 22.5 23 22.6 — 22.6 23 22.6 22 23 22.6 22.7 22 22.7 23 22.9 — 24 23.1 24 23.2 23.2 — 24 23.4 23 23.6 23.6 — _ 23.7 23.8 — 23.8 — 24 23.8 24.1 — 24.2 25 24.2 — 24.4 — 24.4 26 24.4 — -- -- -- 112.7 156.4 23 — 150.6 — 132.6 — 125.7 151.9 23 161.2 22 23 135.1 — 113.3 147.7 23 120.0 — 144.3 -- 118.8 — 166.6 24 162.1 162.4 23 — 149.0 — 122.1 — 139.1 155.5 23 164.6 — 122.1 — 164.1 — 163.2 141.2 23 24 151.7 — 120.2 150.3 24 — 140.3 — 160.1 123.7 24 — 123.9 — 158.2 — 143.5 — 171.5 — 145.7 — 149.5 — 158.9 156.2 25 — 143.0 158.8 26 — 153.8 — 155.3 169.0 27 — 152.7 Bushels Per Acre 1982 Not Irrig Bushels Per Acre 2 Years Irrig Bushels Bushels Per Acre 2 years Not Irrig Per Acre 3 Years Irrig Bushels Per Acre 3 Years Not Irrig % Stalk Lodging 1982 Irrig % Stalk Lodging1982 Not Irrig % Stalk Lodging 2 Years Irrig % Stalk Lodging 2 Years Not Irrig % Stalk Lodging 3 Years Irrig -- -- -- 12 10 15 — 9 7 11 13 13 -- -- -- -- 7 7 9 5 -- 5 4 4 4 — 10 — 14 11 -- __ 8 10 — — — 12 — 10 25 5 12 7 — 14 10 7 — -- -- 10 11 8 — 4 — -- -- -- -- -- 10 7 % Stalk Lodging 3 Years Not Irrig -- 12 — 8 10 14 14 -- 10 6 — — 17 __ — — — 24 10 — 17 — 15 — — 10 12 — 6 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- (continued) -- -- -- -- 10 12 4 5 2 5 -- -- --- — -- 139 97.1 2.3 117.1 7.9 111.0 — — — — 3.7 104.8 — — — — 3.9 104.7 109 139 117 91 — — 8.3 15.5 6.2 9.7 13.4 -- 4.6 -- 108 112.9 11.4 2.4 10.5 123.9 5.3 105.3 3.0 12.8 92.4 — — — — 3.2 18.9 -- 115.8 6.1 2.3 134 139 118 117 112 112 96 94 102 135 109 143 125 96 92 125 --- --- --- --- 103.7 3.7 117.7 — — — — 6.3 92.4 — — — — 2.5 125.8 — — — — 3.1 124.9 4.1 2.9 15.9 14.7 3.6 15.6 148 113 121 151 -- -- — -- -- -- — -- 4 148 120 146 140 124.7 6.7 111 3.0 109 — — 0.7 120.5 2.2 98.2 — — — — 4.5 9.2 -- 92 — — 4.9 13.1 101.0 4.5 15.4 121.9 110 128 142 118 145 ___ 142 105 —— 4.2 122.7 101.1 124.8 — — — — 2.3 121.1 83.1 105 5.5 85 — — 9.0 13.8 9.6 103 — — 3.0 14.4 3.6 33.6 82 134 125 119 85 137 112 136 119 137 2.2 103 114.6 93 — — 6.3 91.0 104.9 1.6 106 99 119.1 — — — — 2.3 117 — — 1.4 125.5 145 135 11.9 9.1 9.5 2.0 -- 8.6 97 117 115 100.2 95 101.9 — — — — 4.4 15.3 -- 101 — — 2.9 118.5 ---- - — 2.9 114.5 98 134.0 — — — — 1.5 6.2 5.9 4.2 -- 3.8 15.7 138 129 -- _ — -- 0.7 9.7 123.8 112.5 — — — — 5.8 12.6 -- 113.1 — — — — 3.1 13.6 -- 120 5.9 10.1 115.5 111.7 -- — — -- 5.9 11.2 -- 148 144 107 -- 2 2 7 7 6 8 — 6 7 4 5 3 2 4 3 3 7 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 141 145 110 112 5.8 12.3 118.9 115.5 — — — — 6.4 12.2 109.8 — — — — 6.5 16.0 -- 7.5 3.0 128.4 114.5 —— — — — 3.1 13.3 118 126 152 153 5 — -- 3 —— -- 7 11 — — 4 5 -- -- TABLE 1. (continued) Hybrid (Brand-Variety) % Moisture 1982 % Moisture 2 Yrs. % Moisture3 Yrs. Bushels Bushels Per Acre Per Acre1982Irrig 1982 Not Irrig Bushels Per Acre 2 Years Irrig Bushels Bushels Per Acre Per Acre 2 Years 3 Years Irrig Not Irrig Bushels Per Acre 3 Years Not Irrig % Stalk Lodging1982Irrig % Stalk Lodging1982Not Irrig % Stalk Lodging 2 Years Irrig % Stalk Lodging 2 Years Not Irrig % Stalk Lodging 3 Years Irrig % Stalk Lodging 3 YearsNot Irrig DeKalb T950 (2X) Stauffer Seeds S4402 (2X) Funk G-4315 (MSX) Payco SX788 (2X) Super Croat 2410 (2X) 24.6 24 24 24.6 24.7 — 26 24.8 25.1 26 — 130.4 — 155.5 —— 134.6 — 148.5 — 144.5 102.6 113 116.9 139 104.0 —— 119.4 140 138 119.8 — — 5.1 12.1 86 101 — — 8.0 12.9 — —— — 3.7 14.1 110 — — 9.0 5.2 109 — — 5.3 9.4 *tStauffer Seeds 606WX (2X) Stanton SX10100 (2X) *tGreat Lakes GL-522 (2X) Dairyland DX1105 (2X) *tDeKalb T1000 (2X) — — —- 26 — — 26 25.2 25.4 25.5 25.5 25.5 163.5 — 144.9 177.2 — 151.7 — 167.5 16.9 — — — — 9.2 12.4 8.9 128.2 — — — — 1.5 120.0 118 — — 0.0 133.1 109.0 — — —— — 3.7 107 125.3 — — 5.8 11.6 — 153 8.3 145 — — — 8 12 — — — — — 11 7 — — —— — — — — — — — — — 6 — — 9 — — — 5 7 —- 7 6 —— 0 4 Leader SX490 (2X) Kaltenberg KX61 (2X) *tNorthrup King PX39 (2X) *tDeKalb XL-32A (2X) Stauffer Seeds S5602 (2X) Leader SX510 (2X) *tPayco SX844 (2X) *tStauffer Seeds S5650 (2X) *tStauffer Seeds S5260 (2X) Golden Harvest XS-436 (2X) *tLeader SX495 (2X) *tKaltenberg KX68 (2X) Average Range Least Significant Difference — 25.5 — 25.6 — — 25.7 27 25.7 25.7 26 25.9 — 25.9 26 26.0 26.1 26.4 27 27 — 26.5 26.6 23.1 20.2 to 26.6 __ 27 24 21 to 27 152.9 —— 142.6 — 167.6 —— 183.3 — 134.3 — 135.0 — 169.6 —— 155.0 — 183.0 — 158.2 — — —- 112.6 _ — — 6.3 —— — 5.1 110.3 125.5 — — — — 2.4 —— — 2.9 132.8 3.7 104.6 115 97 — 154 128 —— 9.0 9.4 5.1 8.6 7.7 — 110.9 — — — —— — 128.7 128.4 — — — — 139.3 124.1 2.3 15.0 9.8 106 2.2 6.4 — 0.0 112 —— — 1.5 4.0 1.7 107 — 0.8 145 136 147 — — — 166.1 — 161.8 129.9 126.3 — 144 — — — 6.0 111 — — 2.7 8.2 6.8 — 24 146.0 113.0 134 102 136 110 3.8 11.4 — — — —— — — 3 4 — — — —— — 7 — — 10 — — — — — 2 2 5 4 5 8 — — — — — 5 — 4 — — — — 4 — 9 7 22 to 27 108.6 to 183.3 83.1 to 139.3 105 to 154 79 to 118 115 to 153 85 to 126 0.0 to 9.2 1.7 to 33.6 0 to 12 4 to 25 4 to 11 1.5 0.9 0.7 13.7 10.8 9 6 7 5 — — — — — — — — — — 12 6 to 24 *Significantly better than average yield, irrigated, in 1982. t Significantly better than average yield, not irrigated, in 1982. empty table cell Planted Harvested Soil Type May 6 November 3 Montcalm-McBride 1982 1981 Previous Crop Population Rows Fertilizer Irrigation Soil Type: pH P Soil Type: Soil Type: K sandy loam Alfalfa 21,000 30” 342-139-139 4 inches 5.6 562 (very high) 251 (high) May 2 November 6 Montcalm-McBride sandy loam Alfalfa 20,850 30” 323-143-143 4 inches 5.9 512 (very high) 284 (high) 1980 May 12 November 11 Montcalm-McBride sandy loam Alfalfa 20,700 30” 315-155-155 3 inches 6.9 528 (very high) 290 (high) Farm Cooperator: Theron Comden, Montcalm Research Farm, Lakeview County Extension Director: James Crosby, Stanton TABLE 2. Average, highest and lowest yields for corn hybrids irrigated and not irrigated for 15 years, 1968-1982. No. of Hybrids Tested AVERAGE Irrigated AVERAGE Not Irrigated HIGHEST HIGHEST Irrigated Not Irrigated Year 1982 1981 1980 1979 1978 1977 1976 1975 1974 1973 1972 1971 1970 1969 1968 82 90 71 83 73 74 80 75 76 72 72 56 64 63 56 146 115 126 109 144 125 156 154 112 114 157 163 144 146 136 AVERAGE empty table cell 137 113 87 114 67 88 73 72 125 103 101 137 28 103 86 96 93 183 141 i 167 142 186 158 183 207 134 138 206 211 194 185 182 175 139 111 156 92 112 88 93 157 122 120 179 42 128 109 123 118 Irrigated 109 85 74 67 92 89 120 106 65 78 99 91 95 97 92 91 L0WEST LOWEST Not Irrigated 83 62 65 42 61 56 49 80 58 73 91 11 70 56 65 61 TABLE 3. Average yield at four plant populations irrigated and not irrigated for 15 years, 1968-1982. Year 1982 1981 1980 1979 1978 1977 1976 1975 1974 1973 1972 1971 1970 1969 1968 15,25 0Irrigated 150 122 133 123 146 141 153 158 118 108 152 173 122 126 144 AVERAGE 139 15,25 0 Not Irrigated 19,300 Irrigated 19,30 0 Not Irrigated 120 93 123 77 92 74 72 136 100 97 132 37 91 91 114 98 168 132 146 140 164 152 174 183 130 134 187 189 144 158 169 158 131 102 135 87 110 81 84 164 111 116 159 35 112 109 130 110 23,30 0Irrigated 177 130 150 138 175 160 181 196 135 128 191 191 158 173 193 165 23,30 0 Not Irrigated 124 94 131 83 100 70 81 151 98 106 149 20 93 96 107 102 27,45 0Irrigated 176 119 141 131 165 150 161 172 120 108 161 181 151 148 178 150 27,45 0 Not Irrigated 117 86 124 78 94 69 68 146 94 102 144 11 85 86 89 94 BIOLOGICAL NITROGEN FIXATION (BNF) EXPERIMENT M.W. Adams, J.D. Kelly, A. Ghaderi, C. Samper This experiment was essentially a simple screening test of 92 entries on normal and low N-status sites at the Comden (Montcalm) Farm to see whether some genotypes under low soil N might, through BNF, approach or equal yields obtained when mineral N (as nitrate) was supplied. The low N site had been prepared by the growing and removal of a vegetative crop of Sudan grass on the site in 1980 and 1981 without benefit of applied N. Replications 1 and 2 were planted on the low N site (3 pounds N per 1,000,000 pounds soil), and replications 3 and 4 on an adjacent site receiving 40 pounds/acre of N at planting time. Plots consisted of single rows, 20 inches apart, 16 feet long; 2 meters (6.5 ft) were hand-pulled at maturity for a yield estimate. The yield figures given in Table 1 are in grams (454 grams equal 1 pound). Of the 92 entries, 23 (4 parents and 19 hybrid-derived selections) were introduced from Dr. F.A. Bliss of the University of Wisconsin. The Bliss lines had been specially selected for good yields under low N conditions and for the ability to fix nitrogen through symbiosis with bacteria. The remain- ing entries consisted of several navy and black bean varieties and strains from the MSU breeding program that had been selected and tested only under high or medium-high levels of soil nitrogen. Seed for planting did not receive supplemental inoculation since earlier experiments with commercial inoculants on a limited number of varieties had failed to demonstrate an effect. Natural inoculation in the field was depended upon. This proved only moderately successful. Natural nodulation occurred but it was not abundant. Our planter is now being modified to permit the addition of granular commercial inoculant to the seeded row at planting time, in 1983 experiments. All plots were visually scored on a 0 to 3 scale for nitrogen deficiency symptoms. Table 2 presents some summary calculations. Table 2. Summary of yield and nitrogen deficiency scores of particular sub-sets of the 92 entries grown at two levels of soil Nitrogen. Entries Univ. Wisc. Parents (4) Univ. Wisc. Selections (19) MSU Lines (69) MSU Selected Lines for Low Score (5) MSU Selected Lines for High Score (7) Low-N Score * 1.3 0.9 1.7 0.5 3.0 Low-N Yield 199.6 225.6 176.4 229.4 144.2 High-N Yield 207.9 210.2 280.0 278.0 277.9 *A score of 0 = no visible symptom of N-deficiency; 3 = moderate degree of leaf chlorosis. No severe chlorosis was observed in any plot. Discussion of Table 2 Let us consider first the University of Wisconsin materials in relation to the unselected 69 MSU entries. The 4 parental lines under low N showed some chlorosis, the 19 selections showed significantly less chlorosis, and the MSU lines, as a group, showed the most. The recorded average yields of these groups under low N vary in direct proportion, the best yields being the 225.6 gms/plot produced by the 19 Univ. of Wisconsin selections, and the poorest 176.4 by the 69 MSU entries. The 4 Univ. of Wisc. parental lines were almost exactly intermediate at 199.6 gms. With supplemental mineral N, the 4 parental lines rose slightly (about 4%) in yield; the average of the 69 MSU lines rose to 280 grams, a highly significant amount. Surprisingly, the yield of the 19 Univ. of Wisc, selections actually dropped a moderate amount with added N. They dropped to about the level of their original parental stocks, i.e., 210 grams and 208 grams, respectively. This, if confirmed by the 1983 tests, represents a very interesting finding. Two possible interpretations suggest themselves: 1. The 19 selections had been selected only for performance at low N levels, where clearly progress had been made. They had not been selected for performance at higher levels of N, and at that level, the 19 selections simply expressed a yield potential comparable to that of the 4 parental stocks from which they had come. 2. In failing to respond, as a group, to added N, but instead dropping below their yield under low N, the 19 selections might, in fact, have been the victims of unintended negative yield selection pressure. That is, it could be expected that with added N from fertilizer the yield should have risen significantly, as it did for all other entries. In fact, yield decreased, leading to the speculation (until rejected or confirmed in subsequent tests) that in the process of improving biological (symbiotic) nitrogen fixing capability, a majority of these 19 selections have incurred impaired ability to respond to supplemental mineral (fertilizer) nitrogen. Secondly, let us examine the behavior of the MSU lines. The 69 entries from the MSU gene pool had a higher (more sensitive) N-deficiency score than the Wisconsin material and a lower mean-yield (176.4 gms/plot). But their yield with added N was significantly greater, at 280 gms/plot. Clearly, the MSU lines on the average were inferior at low N but superior at high N. This is reflective of the selection history of the MSU materials. They had never been exposed to nor selected under low N conditions, always under high N conditions. Have we inadvertently, in selecting for responsiveness at high N, selected genotypes with less than average ability to nodulate and perform well at low N? Only further and more critical testing will tell. What we would like, of course, are lines that do well as both low and high N levels. One selection did, in fact, perform in this way. Entry #17, N81002, an upright navy seeded type, yielded 317.5 gms/plot under low N and 332.5 gms/plot under high N. This performance, too, has to be confirmed by repeated testing. A suggestive, but not critical, comparison was made of yields of MSU selections which scored either low (non-sensitive) or high (sensitive to N- deficiency). The last two rows of data in Table 2 give the results. Lines scoring 0.5 yielded 229.4 under low N, almost the same as the 19 Wisconsin selections, on average, and 278 under high N, which is the same as the average of all 69 MSU lines. The 7 lines which scored 3 for N-deficiency symptoms yielded an average of only 144.2 gms/plot under low N, the lowest of any group, and 277.9 gms under high N, the same as the average of all 69 MSU entries. The numbers of lines involved in these comparisons are too small for the results to be con- sidered completely reliable and the data come from only one year of testing, but there is the implication that genetic differences exist in bean gene pools for displaying chlorosis in response to low soil N (about 3 parts per million, by soil testing), that these differences are associated with yield differences at low N, and that yielding ability at high N is unaffected by differential genetic effects manifest at low N. In terms of the original objective, except for entrys #3, 17, 30, 32 and 36, in the MSU series, and the Univ, of Wisconsin selections, the answer must be in the negative. Of these, MSU entry #17 (Acc. # N81002) was clearly out- standing at both N levels. It remains to be seen whether this superiority will be sustained in 1983. The results leave unresolved the question as to whether lines can be deliberately bred to perform in a superior fashion both at low and at high soil N levels, utilizing BNF at the low or at both levels. Table 1. Performance of selected varieties and lines at two levels of soil Nitrogen. Entry # Name/Acc.# 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 15 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 C-20 4044 61690 N76007 N79021 N79023 N79028 N79034 N80014 N80038 N80043 N80054 N80058 N80059 N80061 N80068 N81002 N81004 N81016 N81017 N81023 N81026 N81037 N81038 N81052 N81058 N81062 N81064 N81086 N81095 Swan Valley N0 184.5 178.0 237.0 161.5 211.0 177.0 163.5 169.5 210.5 171.0 231.0 222.5 200.0 224.0 177.5 108.5 317.5 145.5 151.5 147.0 176.0 225.0 210.0 195.0 194.5 150.0 162.0 123.0 147.5 200.5 206.0 N1 357.5 247.5 224.0 350.5 248.0 221.5 313.0 228.5 324.5 267.5 267.0 286.0 253.0 376.0 298.5 336.5 332.5 253.5 316.5 216.5 264.5 308.0 298.0 251.0 357.5 290.5 266.0 381.5 204.0 215.0 343.0 (N1-N0) +173.0 + 69.5 - 13.0 +189.0 + 37.0 + 44.5 +149.5 + 59.0 +114.0 + 96.5 + 36.0 + 63.5 + 53.0 +152.0 +121.0 +228.0 + 15.0 +108.0 +165.0 + 69.5 + 88.5 + 83.0 + 88.0 + 56.0 +163.0 +140.5 +104.0 +258.5 + 56.5 + 14.5 +137.0 % Increase (Decrease) 93.8 39.0 -(5.5) 117.0 17.5 25.1 91.4 34.8 54.2 56.4 15.6 28.5 26.5 67.9 68.2 210.1 4.7 74.2 108.9 47.3 50.3 36.9 41.9 28.7 83.8 93.7 64.2 210.2 38.3 7.2 66.5 N0Common Blight 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.0 2.0 3.0 2.5 2.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 2.0 2.5 2.0 3.0 2.5 2.5 3.0 3.0 2.0 3.0 2.0 2.0 3.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 3.5 3.0 3.5 2.0 N0 Air Pollution 2.5 1.0 2.0 2.0 2.5 1.5 1.0 2.5 1.0 2.5 0.0 1.0 1.5 1.0 3.5 3.0 1.5 1.5 2.0 2.5 2.0 2.5 1.0 3.5 1.5 2.5 3.5 1.5 3.0 1.5 1.5 N0Nitrogen Stress 2.0 1.0 0.5 1.0 0.5 1.0 1.0 1.5 0.5 2.5 0.5 0.5 2.0 1.0 1.0 3.0 0.5 2.0 1.5 3.0 0.5 0.75 1.0 3.0 1.0 1.5 2.5 3.0 3.0 2.5 1.5 N1CBB 2 2 2 2 1 3 1 3 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 3 1 3 2 2 3 3 2 N1 Air Pollution N1N-Stress 1 0 1 0 1 3 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 4 1 1 4 2 3 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 2 3 2 0 Table 1. Continued Entry # 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 Name/Acc.# NEP-2 Fleetwood C-15 Seafarer B79004 B76001 B80026 B81008 B81005 B80029 B80030 Domi no Black Magic T-39 Midnight B79001 79B01001 79B01538 79B03107 80B00153 80B005Q8 80B00533 80B00541 80B00552 80B00572 80B00596 80B00962 80B01313 80B01519 80B01532 80B01561 N0 201.0 156.5 153.5 144.0 164.0 170.0 218.0 157.5 159.0 209.5 176.0 197.5 151.0 160.0 172.0 176.0 213.5 175.0 158.0 195.5 160.5 147.0 168.0 150.5 144.0 127.5 135.5 185.5 171.5 166.0 189.0 N1 204.0 166.0 245.0 286.5 172.0 331.0 290.0 265.5 221.0 247.5 342.5 282.0 304.5 198.5 282.0 260.5 241.0 294.0 328.0 339.0 333.0 282.0 266.0 297.0 247.5 272.0 293.0 270.5 284.5 235.5 267.5 (N1-N0) + 3.0 + 9.5 + 91.5 +142.5 + 8.0 +161.0 + 72.0 +108.0 + 62.0 + 38.0 +166.5 + 84.5 +153.5 + 38.5 +110.0 + 84.5 + 27.5 +119.0 +170.0 +143.5 +172.5 +135.0 + 98.0 +146.5 +103.5 +144.5 +157.5 + 85.0 +113.0 + 69.5 + 78.5 % Increase (Decrease) 1.5 6.1 59.6 99.0 4.9 94.7 33.0 68.6 39.0 18.1 94.6 42.8 101.7 24.1 64.0 48.0 12.9 68.0 107.6 73.4 107.5 91.8 58.3 97.3 71.9 113.3 116.2 45.8 65.9 41.9 41.5 N0Common Blight 2.0 3.5 4.0 3.5 3.5 4.0 3.5 2.0 3.0 3.5 3.5 3.5 2.5 3.5 3.0 3.5 3.0 2.0 3.5 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 3.5 2.5 3.5 3.0 2.0 2.0 N0Air Pollution 2.5 3.5 2.0 4.5 2.0 2.5 1.5 0.5 2.5 2.0 1.5 2.0 2.0 3.0 2.0 2.5 0.5 2.0 3.0 3.0 2.5 0.5 1.0 1.0 2.0 2.5 1.5 3.0 1.0 2.0 2.0 N0Nitrogen Stress 2.0 2.5 1.5 2.5 1.5 1.0 0.5 1.5 1.5 1.0 .75 1.0 2.0 1.5 1.0 1.5 1.2 1.7 2.0 1.7 2.0 2.5 2.0 2.0 2.5 2.5 2.0 2.5 2.5 2.2 2.0 N1 Air Pollution N1N-Stress 0 3 0 2 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 3 2 1 1 2 0 0 2 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 empty table cell 0 empty table cell 0 empty table cell 0 0 0 0 empty table cell empty table cell 0 0 2 3 3 1 1 0 1 2 N1CBB 2 3 3 4 3 1 1 1 3 3 2 2 1 3 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 3 2 2 1 empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell Table 1. Continued, respectively Entry # 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 Name/Acc.# 79N00457 79N00458 79N00947 79N00948 79N02337 Puebla 152 Jamapa 182055 182057 182056 Nep-2 182058 Pori1lo 182065 182063 182061 182060 182059 182062 182064 182070 182069 182070 182072 182071 182066 182067 182068 Sanilac N81077 N0 112.5 136.0 150.5 177.5 164.5 170.5 205.0 201.0 175.5 199.0 195.0 235.0 231.0 191.0 246.0 239.5 227.0 220.0 243.0 240.5 208.5 248.0 189.0 249.5 179.5 245.5 287.5 262.0 192.0 218.5 N1 265.5 265.5 292.5 274.5 205.0 206.5 204.0 203.5 182.0 239.0 260.5 261.0 248.5 182.0 251.5 192.0 191.5 219.0 283.0 184.5 176.5 233.0 187.5 270.0 144.0 201.5 193.0 200.0 172.5 221.0 (N1-N0) +153.0 +129.5 +142.0 + 97.0 + 40.5 + 36.0 - 1.0 + 2.5 + 6.5 + 40.0 + 65.5 + 26.0 + 17.5 - 9.0 + 5.5 - 47.5 - 35.5 - 1.0 + 40.0 - 56.0 - 32.0 - 15.0 - 1.5 + 20.5 - 35.5 - 44.0 - 94.5 - 62.0 - 19.5 + 2.5 % Increase (Decrease) 136.0 95.2 94.4 54.6 24.6 21.1 (.5) 1.2 3.7 20.1 33.6 11.1 7.6 (4.7) 2.2 (19.8) (15.6) (0.45) 16.5 (23.3) (15.3) (6.0) (.8) 8.2 (19.8) (17.9) (32.9) (23.7) (10.2) 1.1 N0Common Blight 2.5 2.5 2.0 2.5 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.5 2.5 2.0 1.0 1.0 2.0 1.5 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.5 2.0 3.0 2.5 3.0 3.0 3.0 2.5 2.5 2.0 3.5 3.0 NO Air Pollution 3.0 2.5 1.5 3.0 3.5 1.0 3.0 2.0 3.2 2.2 0.5 2.7 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.5 3.0 1.0 2.5 0.5 3.0 2.5 1.5 1.0 3.0 1.5 N0Nitrogen Stress 2.5 2.2 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.5 1.2 0.75 0.75 0.5 0.5 0.25 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.75 0.75 1.5 0.5 0.75 1.5 1.0 1.2 2.5 1.2 1.0 1.0 2.0 2.5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 N1 Air Pollution N1N-Stress N1CBB 3 empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell 1 3 3 0 0 0 empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell 0 empty table cell empty table cell 0 empty table cell 0 empty table cell 0 empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell 0 empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell 0 empty table cell empty table cell 0 empty table cell 2 empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell 2 3 1 3 0 3 0 0 empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell EARLY GENERATION CRANBERRY & KIDNEY BEAN POPULATION J.D. Kelly, M.W. Adamis, A. Ghaderi, A.W. Saettler, J. Taylor. CRANBERRY: The present objective of the program is to increase the seed size of the bush cranberry (CRAN-028) in order to better meet market acceptance and improve the yield potential and disease resistance of the present varieties. Twenty-six F4 generation lines derived from crops CRAN-028/ C81005, 800664 were grown in 2-row plots at Montcalm in 1982. Eight lines were selected for performance, adaptation, maturity and seed color. The seed size, determined by the 100-seed weight, ranged from 52 - 60g for the 8 selected lines as compared to 52g for Michicran and 45g for Cran-028. The 8 lines are currently being evaluated for reaction to halo blight and mosaic virus (BCMV) and the resistant lines will enter yield trials in 1983. The present objective of the kidney program is to improve the test weight of current dark red variety Montcalm, while retaining its yield potential and disease resistance. Thirty-seven F5 generation lines derived from the cross Charlevoix/Montcalm were grown in 2-row plots at Montcalm in 1982. Twenty-five lines were selected for performance, adaptation, maturity and seed color. The seed size was determined using the 100 - seed weight and the test weight was determined by weighing the beans contained in a fixed volume test weight cup. The data is shown below. Test Weight (g) (g) Test Weight Test Weight (g) Low High 204 213 200 193 210 199 Charlevoix Montcalm 25 lines The data indicates that the majority of the lines have satisfactory seed size and with the exception of 2 lines the remaining 23 lines had test weight values higher than the Montcalm check. Currently the lines are being evaluated for reaction to halo blight and BCMV and the resistant lines will enter yield trials in 1983. Mean 206 196 205 46.2 -53.5 48.1 48.7 19 19 3 KIDNEY: Entry 100-Seed Weight (g) No. of Samples EXPERIMENT 2218. CRANBERRY AND KIDNEY BEAN VARIETY TRIAL M.W. Adams, J.D. Kelly, A. Ghaderi, A.W. Saettler, J. Taylor This test consists of several experimentals from various sources, along with some extensively tested standards. The nursery was beset by common bacterial blight which was more prevalent on some entries (Charlevoix) than others, probably due to seed source. The Montcalm DRK, reasonably free of blight, was the top yielder at 22.8 bags/acre. Considering the rainfall pattern in 1982, this yield should have been at least 25 bags. The LRK 70688, which has been selected as an early maturing light red with halo blight tolerance, ranked second in yield. This line is under increase for release to seed growers. There were several other experimental light reds in the tests, some for the first time. Further tests are required before judging these. The new LRK, Ruddy, matured early like Redkloud, but did not yield well at this location. The seed size was the smallest of any line in the test. The chief objection to Cran 028 as a variety is its seed size. As shown in this test, Cran 028 is about 10% smaller than Michicran. We have been testing some other bush crans with larger seed sizes, numbers 422, 423, 424, 425. These lines are the equal or slightly better than Michicran in seed size, but about the same in yield (not significantly less). They are also earlier in maturity by some 6-9 days. These should be advanced to state-wide tests in 1983. EXPERIMENT 2218, MONTCALM FARM, 1982 - CRANBERRY & KIDNEY BEAN VARIETY TRIAL YIELD YIELD LB/A 2278 2249 2169 2163 2099 2098 2098 2083 2059 1996 1984 1950 1935 1927 1897 1889 1782 1745 1736 1683 1638 1473 % CHK* 155 126 122 121 100 118 118 99 98 112 111 109 109 92 90 90 100 98 83 94 92 100 109 — — 100 SEED Wt.g 51.2 51.6 57.8 58.0 52.2 53.0 52.8 41.2 54.2 59.0 50.8 51.0 60.8 53.5 47.1 52.7 49.8 55.9 53.6 41.6 56.8 52.6 52.6 2.7 3.6 DAYS TO DAYS TO MAT. FL. HT. Cm. SCORE DES. 95 89 98 95 96 97 85 93 90 98 87 88 97 88 94 89 88 98 87 87 98 94 92 4 2.0 — 48 42 50 48 52 51 42 42 48 50 42 42 49 48 49 48 42 51 49 42 51 48 47 — 42 36 45 45 25 45 32 25 38 45 33 35 44 35 41 41 35 45 35 31 47 41 38 4 — 4.6 2.5 2.5 2.5 3.0 1.0 2.5 2.0 1.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.5 2.5 2.5 3.0 2.0 2.0 2.5 1.5 2.0 2.5 2.2 — ACC. NO. SOURCE SEED* CLASS ENT. NO. MONTCALM 70688 2204 MECOSTA MICRAN * 9482 SACRAM S.BROWN 422 2602 70700 70684 MANITOU 425 CRAN028 424 * REDKLOUD NW341 423 RUDDY NW126 * CHARLEVOIX MSU MSU UCD MSU MSU MSU SVM MSU MSU UCD MSU MSU MSU MSU MSU MSU CU USDA MSU CU USDA MSU DRK LRK LRK LRK C LRK LRK — C LRK LRK LRK LRK C C C LRK LRK C LRK LRK DRK 16 10 19 8 6 7 14 18 1 20 11 12 9 4 5 3 13 22 2 17 21 15 empty table cell MEAN (22) LSD (.05) empty table cell C .V. empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell 1951 512 18.5 * % CHK - Yield as percent of check is shown as percent of the check variety in each commercial class ( DRK - Dark Red Kidneys LRK - Light Red Kidneys C - Cranberry ). PROCEDURE : Planted June 6, 1982, in 4-row plots — 16 foot long, 20 inch row width, 4 seeds/foot of row, in a randomized complete block with 4 replications. A 13 foot section of the 2 center rows was pulled at maturity. CRANBERRY BEAN OBSERVATION TRIAL J.D. Kelly, M.W. Adams, A. Ghaderi, J. Taylor - Dept. Crop and Soil Sciences A.W. Saettler - Dept. Botany and Plant Pathology MSU NO. U I NO. GROWTH HABIT YIELD (LB/A) SEED WT. (g/100 SEED) DES. SCORE* 07006 07007 07008 07009 8920 8921 8922 II I I I I I I 1780 1755 1895 1992 2070 2100 2146 MATURITY (day) 93 85 85 95 85 85 85 35 42 44 50 43 46 45 1 2 2 3 4 4 3 V1 V2 V3 V4 V5 V6 V7 * Des. Score: Indicates a desirability score where 1 is unsatisfactory and 5 is excellent. Procedure: Planted June 6, 1982 in 4-row plots -- 16 foot long, 20 inch row width, 4 seeds/foot of row. At maturity, the 4 rows were pulled as 2 replications to obtain a better estimate of each line's yield potential. The 7 cranberry lines were received from the University of Idaho for pre- liminary evaluation for adaptation to Michigan growing conditions. Lines coded V1 and V4 were later maturing while V1 had low desirability score (DS) of 1. Line V4 through V7 had reasonable yield potential and with exception of V4, all were early maturing. Lines V5 and V6 looked particularly promising with a DS value of 4. However, the smaller seed size of 43-46 g/100 seed is not desirable. It is planned to further evaluate lines V4-V7 in replicated yield plots at three locations in 1983. MICHIGAN POTATO INDUSTRY COMMISSION 500 North Homer Street Lansing, Michigan 48912 Bulk Rate U.S. Postage PAID Permit No. 979 Lansing, Mich.